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,{"id":70013262,"text":"70013262 - 1985 - SCHLUMBERGER SOUNDING RESULTS OVER THE NEWBERRY VOLCANO AREA, OREGON.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:29","indexId":"70013262","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"SCHLUMBERGER SOUNDING RESULTS OVER THE NEWBERRY VOLCANO AREA, OREGON.","docAbstract":"Schlumberger soundings were made in the Newberry volcano area of Oregon to categorize the electrical properties of possible Cascade geothermal systems. An east-west geoelectric cross section constructed from the interpreted soundings shows a low-resistivity zone in the caldera, that corresponds to the increase in thermal gradient observed in a U. S. Geological Survey test well. Another low resistivity zone about 600 m deep is present just to the west of the caldera boundary. A north-south geoelectric cross section shows the configuration of the western low-resistivity zone. Maps of interpreted resistivity at depths of 750 and 1000 m show that the main low resistivity area west of the caldera has two tongues, one oriented easterly and the other oriented southerly.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"1985 International Symposium on Geothermal Energy. Geothermal Resources Council 1985 Annual Meeting.","conferenceLocation":"Kailua-Kona, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, USA","issn":"01935933","isbn":"093441260X","usgsCitation":"Bisdorf, R.J., 1985, SCHLUMBERGER SOUNDING RESULTS OVER THE NEWBERRY VOLCANO AREA, OREGON., <i>in</i> Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 9, no. pt 2, Kailua-Kona, HI, USA, p. 389-394.","startPage":"389","endPage":"394","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220637,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf12e4b0c8380cd87398","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bisdorf, Robert J.","contributorId":107277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bisdorf","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70013263,"text":"70013263 - 1985 - Copper and silver accumulation in transplanted and resident clams (Macoma balthica) in South San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T10:54:00","indexId":"70013263","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2664,"text":"Marine Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Copper and silver accumulation in transplanted and resident clams (Macoma balthica) in South San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"<p>Accumulation of Cu and Ag by soft tissues of the deposit-feeding clam Macoma balthica was less than half in clams transplanted to a contaminated area than in clams native to that area. During a period of tissue growth, the transplants retained 50% and 90%, respectively, of the net Cu and Ag accumulated, but loss of metals from soft tissue by the resident population equalled net accumulation. Copper accumulation in the transplants did not occur during some periods when increases in the metal body burden of the resident population indicated that environmental exposures were high. The difference in metal accumulation of the two groups of clams may be the result of past environmental exposures. The results illustrate some limitations of using transplants as indicators of pollution events or of pollutant impact upon resident populations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0141-1136(85)90133-3","issn":"01411136","usgsCitation":"Cain, D., and Luoma, S.N., 1985, Copper and silver accumulation in transplanted and resident clams (Macoma balthica) in South San Francisco Bay: Marine Environmental Research, v. 15, no. 2, p. 115-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(85)90133-3.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.84912109375,\n              37.274052809979054\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.57470703125,\n              37.274052809979054\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.57470703125,\n              37.88352498087131\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.84912109375,\n              37.88352498087131\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.84912109375,\n              37.274052809979054\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbf7e4b0c8380cd4e060","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cain, D.J.","contributorId":68329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70013266,"text":"70013266 - 1985 - MODELING HYDRAULIC PROBLEMS USING THE CVBEM AND THE MICROCOMPUTER.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:17","indexId":"70013266","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"MODELING HYDRAULIC PROBLEMS USING THE CVBEM AND THE MICROCOMPUTER.","docAbstract":"The Complex Variable Boundary Element Method (CVBEM) offers an effective and efficient means for modeling two-dimensional potential and related flow problems. The method has been applied to various hydraulic and hydrodynamic problems - surface water, ground water, and other flows - and has proven its accuracy, reliability and usefulness. The paper describes the CVBEM and its application.","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulics and Hydrology in the Small Computer Age, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0872624749","usgsCitation":"Lai, C., and Hromadka, T., 1985, MODELING HYDRAULIC PROBLEMS USING THE CVBEM AND THE MICROCOMPUTER., Hydraulics and Hydrology in the Small Computer Age, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference., Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA, p. 444-449.","startPage":"444","endPage":"449","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4ad3e4b0c8380cd690a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lai, Chintu","contributorId":16860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lai","given":"Chintu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hromadka, T. V. II","contributorId":76464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hromadka","given":"T. V.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70009948,"text":"70009948 - 1985 - Gases and trace elements in soils at the North Silver Bell deposit, Pima County, Arizona - Reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-07T16:17:27.241793","indexId":"70009948","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gases and trace elements in soils at the North Silver Bell deposit, Pima County, Arizona - Reply","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(85)90009-3","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Hinkle, M.E., and Reimer, G., 1985, Gases and trace elements in soils at the North Silver Bell deposit, Pima County, Arizona - Reply: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 24, no. 1, p. 134-138, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(85)90009-3.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"134","endPage":"138","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219197,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14e1e4b0c8380cd54bef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkle, M. E.","contributorId":11612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reimer, G.M.","contributorId":59800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimer","given":"G.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70014061,"text":"70014061 - 1985 - Anomalous hydrogen emissions from the San Andreas fault observed at the Cienega Winery, central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:29","indexId":"70014061","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anomalous hydrogen emissions from the San Andreas fault observed at the Cienega Winery, central California","docAbstract":"We began continuous monitoring of H2 concentration in soil along the San Andreas and Calaveras faults in central California in December 1980, using small H2/O2 fuel-cell sensors. Ten monitoring stations deployed to date have shown that anomalous H2 emissions take place occasionally in addition to diurnal changes. Among the ten sites, the Cienega Winery site has produced data that are characterized by very small diurnal changes, a stable baseline, and remarkably distinct spike-like H2 anomalies since its installation in July 1982. A major peak appeared on 1-10 November 1982, and another on 3 April 1983, and a medium peak on 1 November 1983. The occurrences of these peaks coincided with periods of very low seismicity within a radius of 50 km from the site. In order to methodically assess how these peaks are related to earthquakes, three H2 degassing models were examined. A plausible correlational pattern was obtained by using a model that (1) adopts a hemicircular spreading pattern of H2 along an incipient fracture plane from the hypocenter of an earthquake, (2) relies on the FeO-H2O reaction for H2 generation, and (3) relates the accumulated amount of H2 to the mass of serpentinization of underlying ophiolitic rocks; the mass was tentatively assumed to be proportional to the seismic energy of the earthquake. ?? 1985 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00874606","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Sato, M., Sutton, A.J., and McGee, K., 1985, Anomalous hydrogen emissions from the San Andreas fault observed at the Cienega Winery, central California: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 122, no. 2-4, p. 376-391, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00874606.","startPage":"376","endPage":"391","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205627,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874606"},{"id":225420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec48e4b0c8380cd49188","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sato, M.","contributorId":50201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sato","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutton, A. J. 0000-0003-1902-3977","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-3977","contributorId":28983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGee, K.A.","contributorId":6059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70013427,"text":"70013427 - 1985 - CROSS-SHORE TRANSPORT OF BIMODAL SANDS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:34","indexId":"70013427","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"CROSS-SHORE TRANSPORT OF BIMODAL SANDS.","docAbstract":"Foreshore sediment level and sediment size were monitored as part of an extensive nearshore processes experiment - DUCK 82. Changes in foreshore texture were compared with computed values of onshore transported material based on current measurements from the surf zone and sediment transport theory. Preliminary results indicate reasonable agreement between predicted size of sediment transported onshore and beach texture changes. It is also demonstrated that coarse sediment may move onshore while finer material may simultaneously move offshore. Refs.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference","conferenceTitle":"Nineteenth Coastal Engineering Conference, Proceedings of the International Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Houston, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0872624382","usgsCitation":"Richmond, B.M., and Sallenger, 1985, CROSS-SHORE TRANSPORT OF BIMODAL SANDS., <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference, v. 2, Houston, TX, USA, p. 1997-2008.","startPage":"1997","endPage":"2008","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2e6e4b0c8380cd4b481","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Edge, Billy L.","contributorId":64575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edge","given":"Billy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508489,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Richmond, Bruce M. 0000-0002-0056-5832 brichmond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-5832","contributorId":2459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Bruce","email":"brichmond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":366042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sallenger, Jr.","contributorId":105768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012920,"text":"70012920 - 1985 - Degradation of carbohydrates and lignins in buried woods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T16:50:06.752297","indexId":"70012920","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Degradation of carbohydrates and lignins in buried woods","docAbstract":"<p><span>Spruce, alder, and oak woods deposited in coastal sediments were characterized&nbsp;</span><i>versus</i><span>&nbsp;their modern counterparts by quantification of individual neutral sugars and lignin-derived phenols as well as by scanning electron microscopy,&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup><span>C NMR, and elemental analysis. The buried spruce wood from a 2500 yr old deposit was unaltered whereas an alder wood from the same horizon and an oak wood from an open ocean sediment were profoundly degraded. Individual sugar and lignin phenol analyses indicate that at least 90 and 98 wt% of the initial total polysaccharides in the buried alder and oak woods, respectively, have been degraded along with 15–25 wt% of the lignin. At least 75% of the degraded biopolymer has been physically lost from these samples. This evidence is supported by the SEM,&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup><span>C NMR and elemental analyses, all of which indicate selective loss of the carbohydrate moiety. The following order of stability was observed for the major biochemical constituents of both buried hardwoods: vanillyl and&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>p-</mtext><mtext>hydroxyl</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">p-hydroxyl</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;lignin structural units &gt; syringyl and lignin structural units &gt; pectin &gt; α-cellulose &gt; hemicellulose. This sequence can be explained by selective preservation of the compound middle lamella regions of the wood cell walls. The magnitude and selectivity of the indicated diagenetic reactions are sufficient to cause major changes in the chemical compositions of wood-rich sedimentary organic mixtures and to provide a potentially large&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;nutrient source.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(85)90165-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hedges, J.I., Cowie, G., Ertel, J., James, B.R., and Hatcher, P.G., 1985, Degradation of carbohydrates and lignins in buried woods: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 49, no. 3, p. 701-711, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90165-6.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"701","endPage":"711","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222386,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe55e4b0c8380cd4ec9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedges, J. I.","contributorId":30757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedges","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowie, G.L.","contributorId":96009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowie","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ertel, J.R.","contributorId":84081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ertel","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"James, Barbour R.","contributorId":17372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Barbour","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70012957,"text":"70012957 - 1985 - Phase relations and adiabats in boiling seafloor geothermal systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-10T21:45:57.678143","indexId":"70012957","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phase relations and adiabats in boiling seafloor geothermal systems","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id3\"><p>Observations of large salinity variations and vent temperatures in the range of 380–400°C suggest that boiling or two-phase separation may be occurring in some seafloor geothermal systems. Consideration of flow rates and the relatively small differences in density between vapors and liquids at the supercritical pressures at depth in these systems suggests that boiling is occurring under closed-system conditions. Salinity and temperature of boiling vents can be used to estimate the pressure-temperature point in the subsurface at which liquid seawater first reached the two-phase boundary. Data are reviewed to construct phase diagrams of coexisting brines and vapors in the two-phase region at pressures corresponding to those of the seafloor geothermal systems. A method is developed for calculating the enthalpy and entropy of the coexisting mixtures, and results are used to construct adiabats from the seafloor to the<i>P-T</i><span>&nbsp;</span>two-phase boundary. Results for seafloor vents discharging at 2300 m below sea level indicate that a 385°C vent is composed of a brine (7% NaCl equivalent) in equilibrium with a vapor (0.1% NaCl). Brine constitutes 45% by weight of the mixture, and the fluid first boiled at approximately 1 km below the seafloor at 415°C, 330 bar. A 400°C vent is primarily vapor (88 wt.%, 0.044% NaCl) with a small amount of brine (26% NaCl) and first boiled at 2.9 km below the seafloor at 500°C, 520 bar. These results show that adiabatic decompression in the two-phase region results in dramatic cooling of the fluid mixture when there is a large fraction of vapor.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(85)90177-3","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Bischoff, J.L., and Pitzer, K.S., 1985, Phase relations and adiabats in boiling seafloor geothermal systems: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 75, no. 4, p. 327-338, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(85)90177-3.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"327","endPage":"338","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221979,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a787ce4b0c8380cd786e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pitzer, Kenneth S.","contributorId":94435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitzer","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012928,"text":"70012928 - 1985 - Catastrophic eruptions of the directed-blast type at Mount St. Helens, Bezymianny and Shiveluch volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-07T16:19:36.050249","indexId":"70012928","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2304,"text":"Journal of Geodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Catastrophic eruptions of the directed-blast type at Mount St. Helens, Bezymianny and Shiveluch volcanoes","docAbstract":"<p>This paper describes catastrophic eruptions of Mount St. Helens (1980), Bezymianny (1955–1956), and Shiveluch (1964) volcanoes. A detailed description of eruption stages and their products, as well as the quantitative characteristics of the eruptive process are given. The eruptions under study belong to the directed-blast type. This type is characterized by the catastrophic character of the climatic stage during which a directed blast, accompanied by edifice destruction, the profound ejection of juvenile pyroclastics and the formation of pyroclastic flows, occur. The climatic stage of all three eruptions has similar characteristics, such as duration, kinetic energy of blast (10<sup>17</sup>−10<sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>J), the initial velocity of debris ejection, morphology and size of newly-formed craters. But there are also certain differences. At Mount St. Helens the directed blast was preceeded by failure of the edifice and these events produced separable deposits, namely debris avalanche and directed blast deposits which are composed of different materials and have different volumes, thickness and distribution. At Bezymianny, failure did not precede the blast and the whole mass of debris of the old edifice was outburst only by blast. The resulting deposits, represented by the directed blast agglomerate and sand facies, have characteristics of both the debris avalanche and the blast deposit at Mount St. Helens. At Shiveluch directed-blast deposits are represented only by the directed-blast agglomerate; the directed-blast sand facies, or blast proper, seen at Mount St. Helens is absent. During the period of Plinian activity, the total volumes of juvenile material erupted at Mount St. Helens and at Besymianny were roughly comparable and exceeded the volume of juvenile material erupted at Shiveluch, However, the volume of pyroclastic-flow deposits erupted at Mount St. Helens was much less.</p><p>The heat energy of all three eruptions is comparable: 1.3 × 10<sup>18</sup>, 3.8−4.8 × 10<sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and 1 × 10<sup>17</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>J for Shiveluch, Bezymianny, and Mount St. Helens, respectively.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0264-3707(85)90035-3","issn":"02643707","usgsCitation":"Bogoyavlenskaya, G., Braitseva, O., Melekestsev, I., Kiriyanov, V.Y., and Dan, M.C., 1985, Catastrophic eruptions of the directed-blast type at Mount St. Helens, Bezymianny and Shiveluch volcanoes: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 3, no. 3-4, p. 189-218, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-3707(85)90035-3.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222508,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f3c9e4b0c8380cd4b95b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bogoyavlenskaya, G.E.","contributorId":87691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bogoyavlenskaya","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Braitseva, O.A.","contributorId":31910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braitseva","given":"O.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melekestsev, I.V.","contributorId":7004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melekestsev","given":"I.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kiriyanov, V. Yu","contributorId":87294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiriyanov","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"Yu","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dan, Miller C.","contributorId":9771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dan","given":"Miller","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70012956,"text":"70012956 - 1985 - Electrical Techniques for Engineering Applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-03T00:50:29.946984","indexId":"70012956","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1115,"text":"Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electrical Techniques for Engineering Applications","docAbstract":"Surface electrical geophysical methods have been used in such engineering applications as locating and delineating shallow gravel deposits, depth to bedrock, faults, clay zones, and other geological phenomena. Other engineering applications include determining water quality, tracing ground water contaminant plumes and locating dam seepages. Various methods and electrode arrays are employed to solve particular geological problems. The sensitivity of a particular method or electrode array depends upon the physics on which the method is based, the array geometry, the electrical contrast between the target and host materials, and the depth to the target. Each of the available electrical methods has its own particular advantages and applications which the paper discusses.","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.xxii.4.421","issn":"00045691","usgsCitation":"Bisdorf, R.J., 1985, Electrical Techniques for Engineering Applications: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, v. 22, no. 4, p. 421-433, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.xxii.4.421.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"433","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221978,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a045ce4b0c8380cd50932","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bisdorf, Robert J.","contributorId":107277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bisdorf","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012922,"text":"70012922 - 1985 - Comparison of methods for estimating ground-water pumpage for irrigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-30T14:42:20.550031","indexId":"70012922","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of methods for estimating ground-water pumpage for irrigation","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group  metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Ground-water pumpage for irrigation was measured at 32 sites on the eastern Snake River Plain in southern Idaho during 1983. Pumpage at these sites also was estimated by three commonly used methods, and pumpage estimates were compared to measured values to determine the accuracy of each estimate.</p><p>Statistical comparisons of estimated and metered pumpage using an F-test showed that only estimates made using the instantaneous discharge method were not significantly different (α. = 0.01) from metered values.</p><p>Pumpage estimates made using the power consumption method reflect variability in pumping efficiency among sites. Pumpage estimates made using the crop-consumptive use method reflect variability in water-management practices. Pumpage estimates made using the instantaneous discharge method reflect variability in discharges at each site during the irrigation season.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1985.tb02795.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Frenzel, S.A., 1985, Comparison of methods for estimating ground-water pumpage for irrigation: Groundwater, v. 23, no. 2, p. 220-226, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1985.tb02795.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"220","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222388,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2dae4b0c8380cd4b423","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frenzel, Steven A. sfrenzel@usgs.gov","contributorId":688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"Steven","email":"sfrenzel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":364846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012954,"text":"70012954 - 1985 - Late Holocene vegetation changes in Greenwater Valley, Mojave Desert, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-26T15:36:31","indexId":"70012954","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Holocene vegetation changes in Greenwater Valley, Mojave Desert, California","docAbstract":"Small-scale late Holocene vegetation changes were determined from a series of 13 modern and fossil packrat middens collected from a site in the Greenwater Valley, northern Mojave Desert, California. Although the site is above the modern lower limit of Coleogyne ramosissima (black-brush), macrofossils of this shrub are only present in samples younger than 270 yr B.P. In order to measure changes more subtle than presence vs absence, macrofossil concentrations were quantified, and principal components and factor analyses were used to distinguish midden plant assemblages. Both the presence/absence data and the statistical analyses suggest a downward shift of 50 to 100 m for Coleogyne (blackbrush) communities between 1435 and 1795 A.D. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(85)90030-4","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Cole, K., and Webb, R.H., 1985, Late Holocene vegetation changes in Greenwater Valley, Mojave Desert, California: Quaternary Research, v. 23, no. 2, p. 227-235, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90030-4.","startPage":"227","endPage":"235","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266546,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90030-4"},{"id":221922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44ece4b0c8380cd66ed3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, K.L.","contributorId":87507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, R. H.","contributorId":13648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70013007,"text":"70013007 - 1985 - Erosion of the Laurentide region of North America by glacial and glaciofluvial processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-26T15:37:37","indexId":"70013007","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Erosion of the Laurentide region of North America by glacial and glaciofluvial processes","docAbstract":"Collection of seismic reflection data from continental margins and ocean basins surrounding North America makes it possible to estimate the amount of material eroded from the area formerly covered by Laurentide ice sheets since major glaciation began in North America. A minimum estimate is made of 1.62 ?? 106 km3, or an average 120 m of rock physically eroded from the Laurentide region. This figure is an order of magnitude higher than earlier estimates based on the volume of glacial drift, Cenozoic marine sediments, and modern sediment loads of rivers. Most of the sediment produced during Laurentide glaciation has already been transported to the oceans. The importance of continental glaciation as a geomorphic agency in North America may have to be reevaluated. Evidence from sedimentation rates in ocean basins surrounding Greenland and Antarctica suggests that sediment production, sediment transport, and possibly denudation by permanent ice caps may be substantially lower than by periodic ice caps, such as the Laurentide. Low rates of sediment survival from the time of the Permo-Carboniferous and Precambrian glaciations suggest that predominance of marine deposition during some glacial epochs results in shorter lived sediment because of preferential tectonism and cycling of oceanic crust versus continental crust. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(85)90026-2","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Bell, M., and Laine, E., 1985, Erosion of the Laurentide region of North America by glacial and glaciofluvial processes: Quaternary Research, v. 23, no. 2, p. 154-174, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90026-2.","startPage":"154","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266547,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90026-2"},{"id":220562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a3de4b0c8380cd52272","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, M.","contributorId":74138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laine, E.P.","contributorId":64385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laine","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012909,"text":"70012909 - 1985 - A comparative study of stream water and stream sediment as geochemical exploration media in the Rio Tanama porphyry copper district, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-07T16:15:29.678761","indexId":"70012909","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparative study of stream water and stream sediment as geochemical exploration media in the Rio Tanama porphyry copper district, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"<div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">To test the relative effectiveness of stream water and sediment as geochemical exploration media in the Rio Tanama porphyry copper district of Puerto Rico, we collected and subsequently analyzed samples of water and sediment from 29 sites in the rivers and tributaries of the district. Copper, Mo, Pb, Zn,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>SO</i><sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, and pH were determined in the waters; Cu, Mo, Pb, and Zn were determined in the sediments. In addition, copper in five partial extractions from the sediments was determined. Geochemical contrast (anomaly-to-background quotient) was the principal criterion by which the effectiveness of the two media and the five extractions were judged.</div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">Among the distribution patterns of metals in stream water, that of copper most clearly delineates the known porphyry copper deposits and yields the longest discernable dispersion train. The distribution patterns of Mo, Pb, and Zn in water show little relationship to the known mineralization. The distribution of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>SO</i><sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in water delineates the copper deposits and also the more extensive pyrite alteration in the district; its recognizable downstream dispersion train is substantially longer than those of the metals, either in water or sediment. Low pH values in small tributaries delineate areas of known sulfide mineralization.</div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">The distribution patterns of copper in sediments clearly delineate the known deposits, and the dispersion trains are longer than those of copper in water.</div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">The partial determinations of copper related to secondary iron and manganese oxides yield the strongest geochemical contrasts and longest recognizable dispersion trains. Significantly high concentrations of molybdenum in sediments were found at only three sites, all within one-half km downstream of the known copper deposits. The distribution patterns of lead and zinc in sediments are clearly related to the known primary lead-zinc haloes around the copper deposits. The recognizable downstream dispersion trains of lead and zinc are shorter than those of copper.</div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(85)90044-5","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Learned, R.E., Chao, T.T., and Sanzolone, R.F., 1985, A comparative study of stream water and stream sediment as geochemical exploration media in the Rio Tanama porphyry copper district, Puerto Rico: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 24, no. 2, p. 175-195, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(85)90044-5.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"195","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222232,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e351e4b0c8380cd45f78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Learned, R. E.","contributorId":9638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Learned","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanzolone, R. F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":40627,"text":"ofr8040 - 1985 - Federal coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Pinehaven 7 1/2-minute quadrangle, McKinley County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-09T20:44:38.689192","indexId":"ofr8040","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-40","title":"Federal coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Pinehaven 7 1/2-minute quadrangle, McKinley County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr8040","usgsCitation":"Berge Exploration Inc., 1985, Federal coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Pinehaven 7 1/2-minute quadrangle, McKinley County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-40, Report: ii, 19 p.; 9 Plates: 29.79 x 23.48 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8040.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 19 p.; 9 Plates: 29.79 x 23.48 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416875,"rank":12,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75179.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":77395,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0040/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":77394,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0040/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":77393,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0040/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":77392,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0040/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":77391,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0040/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":77390,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0040/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":77389,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0040/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":77388,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0040/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":77387,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0040/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":77386,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0040/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173137,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0040/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"McKinley County","otherGeospatial":"Pinehaven 7 1/2-minute quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.75,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.625,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.625,\n              35.375\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.75,\n              35.375\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.75,\n              35.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f6c23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berge Exploration Inc.","contributorId":128031,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Berge Exploration Inc.","id":530368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012899,"text":"70012899 - 1985 - Ring distributions in alkali- and alkaline-earth aluminosilicate framework glasses- A raman spectroscopic study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-10T16:01:20.994394","indexId":"70012899","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2400,"text":"Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ring distributions in alkali- and alkaline-earth aluminosilicate framework glasses- A raman spectroscopic study","docAbstract":"<p><span>Raman spectra of crystalline polymorphs of a number of tectosilicate minerals having various sizes of smallest rings of TO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;tetrahedra (T = Si, Al) have been investigated to identify the bands that are sensitive indicators of the smallest rings in the network. The information obtained from the Raman spectra of tectosilicate minerals (e.g., SiO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;polymorphs, NaAlSi</span><sub>3</sub><span>O</span><sub>8</sub><span>&nbsp;(Ab), NaAlSiO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;(Ne), KAlSi</span><sub>3</sub><span>O</span><sub>8</sub><span>&nbsp;(Or), and KAlSi</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>6</sub><span>&nbsp;(Lc)) is used to interpret the Raman spectra of the isochemical glasses. It is shown that the frequency of the dominant&nbsp;</span><i>ν</i><sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;(TOT) band in the spectra of both crystals and glasses is related to the dominant size of TO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;rings in the structure. In agreement with previous X-ray RDF work, it is found that in the glasses of Ab and Jd (NaAlSi</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>6</sub><span>) compositions, six-membered rings of TO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;tetrahedra predominate. The Raman spectrum of Or glass, however, indicates that clusters of intermixed four- and six-membered rings of TO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;tetrahedra, similar to those existing in crystalline leucite, are also present in the glass. Raman evidence indicates that four-membered rings of TO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;tetrahedra predominate in the glass of An composition. Similarly, the higher frequency of the&nbsp;</span><i>ν</i><sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;(TOT) band in the spectrum of Ne glass as compared with the frequency the&nbsp;</span><i>ν</i><sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;(TOT) band in the spectra of crystalline cargenieite and nephelite indicates either an admixture of the four- and six-membered rings or the puckering of six-membered rings in the glass structure.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-3093(85)90311-4","issn":"00223093","usgsCitation":"Sharma, S., Philpotts, J., and Matson, D., 1985, Ring distributions in alkali- and alkaline-earth aluminosilicate framework glasses- A raman spectroscopic study: Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, v. 71, no. 1-3, p. 403-410, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(85)90311-4.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"403","endPage":"410","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222045,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad6be4b0c8380cd86ed3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sharma, S.K.","contributorId":45582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharma","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Philpotts, J.A.","contributorId":78360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Philpotts","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Matson, D.W.","contributorId":108366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matson","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012898,"text":"70012898 - 1985 - Paraheritschioides, a new rugose coral genus from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-01T22:21:36.033928","indexId":"70012898","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paraheritschioides, a new rugose coral genus from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>Colonial rugose corals are rare and generally poorly diversified in the Upper Pennsylvanian of the western interior region, conterminous USA. Paraheritschioides n.gen., which includes P. grandis n.sp., and P. complexa n.sp. from the Oquirrh Formation in Idaho, provides a new tool for distinguishing Upper Pennsylvanian rocks in the western interior. The new genus is also represented by P. stevensi (Wilson) in the Permian McCloud Limestone of northern California. The new family Heritschioididae is created to include Paraheritschioides, Heritschioides, Amandophyllum and Heintzella.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontology Society","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Sando, W., 1985, Paraheritschioides, a new rugose coral genus from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Idaho: Journal of Paleontology, v. 59, no. 4, p. 979-985.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"979","endPage":"985","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":430688,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jpaleontol/article/59/4/979/108175/paraheritschioides-a-new-rugose-coral-genus-from"},{"id":222044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a74c8e4b0c8380cd77817","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sando, W.J.","contributorId":59470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sando","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012895,"text":"70012895 - 1985 - Chloride flux out of Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:03","indexId":"70012895","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chloride flux out of Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"Monitoring of the chloride concentration, electrical conductivity, and discharge was carried out for the four major rivers of Yellowstone National Park from September 1982 to January 1984. Chloride flux out of the Park was determined from the measured values of chloride concentration and discharge. The annual chloride flux from the Park was 5.86 ?? 1010 g. Of this amount 45% was from the Madison River drainage basin, 32% from the Yellowstone River basin, 12% from the Snake River basin, and 11% from the Falls River basin. Of the annual chloride flux from the Yellowstone River drainage basin 36% was attributed to the Yellowstone Lake drainage basin. The geothermal contribution to the chloride flux was determined by subtracting the chloride contribution from rock weathering and atmospheric precipitation and is 94% of the total chloride flux. Calculations of the geothermal chloride flux for each river are given and the implications of an additional chloride flux out of the western Park boundary discussed. An anomalous increase in chloride flux out of the Park was observed for several weeks prior to the Mt. Borah earthquake in Central Idaho on October 28, 1983, reaching a peak value shortly thereafter. It is suggested that the rise in flux was a precursor of the earthquake. The information in this paper provides baseline data against which future changes in the hydrothermal systems can be measured. It also provides measurements related to the thermal contributions from the different drainage basins of the Park. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Norton, D.R., and Friedman, I., 1985, Chloride flux out of Yellowstone National Park: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 26, no. 3-4, p. 231-250.","startPage":"231","endPage":"250","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5c4e4b0c8380cd4c3e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norton, D. R.","contributorId":78865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012894,"text":"70012894 - 1985 - Multisample conversion of water to hydrogen by zinc for stable isotope determination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T20:46:51","indexId":"70012894","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multisample conversion of water to hydrogen by zinc for stable isotope determination","docAbstract":"Two techniques for the conversion of water to hydrogen for stable isotope ratio determination have been developed that are especially suited for automated multisample analysis. Both procedures involve reaction of zinc shot with a water sample at 450 ??C. in one method designed for water samples in bottles, the water is put in capillaries and is reduced by zinc in reaction vessels; overall savings in sample preparation labor of 75% have been realized over the standard uranium reduction technique. The second technique is for waters evolved under vacuum and is a sealed-tube method employing 9 mm o.d. quartz tubing. Problems inherent with zinc reduction include surface inhomogeneity of the zinc and exchange of hydrogen both with the zinc and with the glass walls of the vessels. For best results, water/zinc and water/glass surface area ratios of vessels should be kept as large as possible.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ac00284a058","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Kendall, C., and Coplen, T., 1985, Multisample conversion of water to hydrogen by zinc for stable isotope determination: Analytical Chemistry, v. 57, no. 7, p. 1437-1440, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00284a058.","startPage":"1437","endPage":"1440","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269213,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00284a058"},{"id":221975,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6095e4b0c8380cd71564","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012892,"text":"70012892 - 1985 - Changes in drilling density and discovery rates through time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:03","indexId":"70012892","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in drilling density and discovery rates through time","docAbstract":"An alternative to time sequence evaluation of field size distributions is presented. Oil fields are ranked in relation to level of prior exploration in the vicinity of discovery wells. Field size distribution patterns for discoveries at sequential levels of prior exploration are evaluated independently from the time sequence of discoveries within the region. Interregional comparisons are made in terms of field discoveries at equivalent levels of prior exploration. The study area covers a large region (approximately 78,000 Km2) of central and northwest Kansas. ?? 1985 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01032928","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Collins, D., 1985, Changes in drilling density and discovery rates through time: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 17, no. 4, p. 375-393, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01032928.","startPage":"375","endPage":"393","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205164,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01032928"},{"id":221920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f411e4b0c8380cd4bb06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, D.R.","contributorId":72128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012948,"text":"70012948 - 1985 - Correlation of ash-flow tuffs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T00:43:02.071606","indexId":"70012948","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlation of ash-flow tuffs","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15239102\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Discrimination and correlation of ash-flow sheets is important in structurally complex, long-lived volcanic fields where such sheets provide the best keys to the regional stratigraphic framework. Three-dimensional complexities resulting from pulsatory eruptions, sectorial emplacement, mechanical sorting during outflow, thermal and compositional zoning of magmas, the physical zoning of cooling units, and structural and erosional disruption can make such correlation and discrimination difficult. When lithologic, magnetic, petrographic, chemical, and isotopic criteria for correlating ash-flow sheets are critically evaluated, many problems and pitfalls can be identified. Distinctive phenocrysts, pumice clasts, and lithic fragments are among the more reliable criteria, as are high-precision K-Ar ages and thermal remanent magnetization (TRM) directions in unaltered welded tuff. Chemical correlation methods should rely principally upon welded or nonwelded pumice blocks, not upon the ash-flow matrix, which is subject to fractionation, mixing, and contamination during emplacement. Compositional zoning of most large sheets requires that many samples be analyzed before phenocryst, glass, or whole-rock chemical trends can be used confidently as correlation criteria.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<968:COAT>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hildreth, W., and Mahood, G., 1985, Correlation of ash-flow tuffs: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 96, no. 7, p. 968-974, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<968:COAT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"968","endPage":"974","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222755,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc35e4b0c8380cd4e196","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahood, G.","contributorId":34267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahood","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012946,"text":"70012946 - 1985 - Comparison of digestion methods for total elemental analysis of peat and separation of its organic and inorganic components","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-23T15:58:06.031687","indexId":"70012946","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3541,"text":"The Analyst","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of digestion methods for total elemental analysis of peat and separation of its organic and inorganic components","docAbstract":"In order to find the most efficient digestion method for the total elemental recovery in peat, ten samples were subjected to different techniques and analysed for Ca, Mg, Fe, AI, Na, K, Mn, P, Zn, Cu, Li, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb and Si using atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. The most satisfactory procedures were dry ashing followed by hydrofluoric acid treatment and wet digestion using a mixture of hot nitric, perchloric and hydrofluoric acids. The wet digestion offers the advantage of a single decomposition method for the determination of Ca, Mg, Fe, AI, K, Na, Mn, Cu, Li, Zn and P. An alkaline fusion technique was required for the determination of Si. Hydrogen peroxide was used to separate the peat into its organic and inorganic components, leading to the total recovery of the elements for both fractions.","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry","doi":"10.1039/AN9851000237","issn":"00032654","usgsCitation":"Papp, C.S., and Harms, T.F., 1985, Comparison of digestion methods for total elemental analysis of peat and separation of its organic and inorganic components: The Analyst, v. 110, no. 3, p. 237-242, https://doi.org/10.1039/AN9851000237.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222753,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f85be4b0c8380cd4d050","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Papp, C. S.E.","contributorId":69304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papp","given":"C.","middleInitial":"S.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harms, T. F.","contributorId":76752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harms","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012941,"text":"70012941 - 1985 - Carboniferous paleogeographic, phytogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-24T01:18:57.943376","indexId":"70012941","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carboniferous paleogeographic, phytogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id7\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id8\"><p>Two revised paleogeographic reconstructions of the Visean and Westphalian C-D stages are presented based on recent paleomagnetic, phytogeographic, stratigraphic, and tectonic data. These data change the positions of some continental blocks, and allow the definition of several new ones. The most important modifications that have been incorporated in these reconstructions are: (1) a proposed isthmus linking North America and Siberia across the Bering Strait; and (2) the separation of China and Southeast Asia in six major blocks, including South China, North China, Shan Thai-Malaya, Indochina, Qangtang, and Tarim blocks. Evidence is presented that suggests that at least the South China, Shan Thai-Malaya, and Qangtang blocks were derived from the northern margin of Gondwana.</p><p>Multivariate statistical analysis of phytogeographic data from the middle and late Paleozoic allow definition of a number of different phytogeographic units for four time intervals: (1) the Early Devonian, (2) Tournaisian—early Visean, (3) Visean, and (4) late Visean—early Namurian A. Pre-late Visean—early Namurian A floral assemblages from South China show affinities with northern Gondwana floras suggesting a southerly position and provides additional support for our reconstruction of South China against the northern margin of Gondwana. There is a marked decrease in the diversity of phytogeographic units in the Namurian and younger Carboniferous. This correlates closely with the time of assembly of most of Pangaea. The general pattern of Carboniferous phytogeographic units corresponds well with global distribution of continents shown on our paleogeographic reconstructions.</p><p>In addition, we have constructed paleoclimatic maps for the two Carboniferous time intervals. These maps stress the distribution of rainfall, as this should be strongly correlated with the floras. There is marked change in the rainfall patterns between the Visean and Westphalian C-D. This change corresponds with the closing of the Appalachian-Ouachita ocean between Laurussia and Gondwana, and reflects the removal of a low-latitude moisture source that probably gave rise to monsoonal conditions along the northern margin of Gondwana in the Visean and earlier times. As well, the presence of a substantial heat source at high elevation in the Late Carboniferous significantly influenced the distribution of climatic belts.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0166-5162(85)90009-6","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Rowley, D., Raymond, A., Parrish, J.T., Lottes, A., Scotese, C., and Ziegler, A., 1985, Carboniferous paleogeographic, phytogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 5, no. 1-2, p. 7-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(85)90009-6.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"42","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222687,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f374e4b0c8380cd4b81a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowley, D.B.","contributorId":6588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowley","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raymond, A.","contributorId":14118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymond","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parrish, Judith T.","contributorId":83945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrish","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":364897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lottes, A.L.","contributorId":28013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lottes","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scotese, C.R.","contributorId":16138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scotese","given":"C.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ziegler, A.M.","contributorId":47085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70012824,"text":"70012824 - 1985 - A procedure for estimating Bacillus cereus spores in soil and stream-sediment samples — A potential exploration technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-07T16:22:27.925604","indexId":"70012824","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A procedure for estimating <i>Bacillus cereus</i> spores in soil and stream-sediment samples — A potential exploration technique","title":"A procedure for estimating Bacillus cereus spores in soil and stream-sediment samples — A potential exploration technique","docAbstract":"<div id=\"SP0005\" class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">The presence of bacterial spores of the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Bacillus cereus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>group in soils and stream sediments appears to be a sensitive indicator of several types of concealed mineral deposits, including vein-type gold deposits. The<span>&nbsp;</span><i>B. cereus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>assay is rapid, inexpensive, and inherently reproducible. The test, currently under investigation for its potential in mineral exploration, is recommended for use on a research basis.</div><div id=\"SP0010\" class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">Among the aerobic spore-forming bacilli, only<span>&nbsp;</span><i>B. cereus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and closely related strains produce an opaque zone in egg-yolk emulsion agar. This characteristic, also known as the Nagler of lecitho-vitellin reaction, has long been used to rapidly indentify and estimate presumptive<span>&nbsp;</span><i>B. cereus</i>. The test is here adapted to permit rapid estimation of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>B. cereus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>spores in soil and stream-sediment samples. Relative standard deviation was 10.3% on counts obtained from two 40-replicate pour-plate determinations. As many as 40 samples per day can be processed. Enough procedural detail is included to permit investigation of the test in conventional geochemical laboratories using standard microbiological safety precautions.</div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(85)90028-7","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Watterson, J., 1985, A procedure for estimating Bacillus cereus spores in soil and stream-sediment samples — A potential exploration technique: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 23, no. 3, p. 243-252, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(85)90028-7.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"252","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221852,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e50be4b0c8380cd46abb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watterson, J.R.","contributorId":102890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watterson","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}