{"pageNumber":"5021","pageRowStart":"125500","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":70012894,"text":"70012894 - 1985 - Multisample conversion of water to hydrogen by zinc for stable isotope determination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T20:46:51","indexId":"70012894","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multisample conversion of water to hydrogen by zinc for stable isotope determination","docAbstract":"Two techniques for the conversion of water to hydrogen for stable isotope ratio determination have been developed that are especially suited for automated multisample analysis. Both procedures involve reaction of zinc shot with a water sample at 450 ??C. in one method designed for water samples in bottles, the water is put in capillaries and is reduced by zinc in reaction vessels; overall savings in sample preparation labor of 75% have been realized over the standard uranium reduction technique. The second technique is for waters evolved under vacuum and is a sealed-tube method employing 9 mm o.d. quartz tubing. Problems inherent with zinc reduction include surface inhomogeneity of the zinc and exchange of hydrogen both with the zinc and with the glass walls of the vessels. For best results, water/zinc and water/glass surface area ratios of vessels should be kept as large as possible.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ac00284a058","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Kendall, C., and Coplen, T., 1985, Multisample conversion of water to hydrogen by zinc for stable isotope determination: Analytical Chemistry, v. 57, no. 7, p. 1437-1440, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00284a058.","startPage":"1437","endPage":"1440","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269213,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00284a058"},{"id":221975,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6095e4b0c8380cd71564","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012962,"text":"70012962 - 1985 - Errors and parameter estimation in precipitation-runoff modeling: 1. Theory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T10:38:12","indexId":"70012962","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Errors and parameter estimation in precipitation-runoff modeling: 1. Theory","docAbstract":"<p><span>Errors in complex conceptual precipitation-runoff models may be analyzed by placing them into a statistical framework. This amounts to treating the errors as random variables and defining the probabilistic structure of the errors. By using such a framework, a large array of techniques, many of which have been presented in the statistical literature, becomes available to the modeler for quantifying and analyzing the various sources of error. A number of these techniques are reviewed in this paper, with special attention to the peculiarities of hydrologic models. Known methodologies for parameter estimation (calibration) are particularly applicable for obtaining physically meaningful estimates and for explaining how bias in runoff prediction caused by model error and input error may contribute to bias in parameter estimation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR021i008p01195","usgsCitation":"Troutman, B.M., 1985, Errors and parameter estimation in precipitation-runoff modeling: 1. Theory: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 8, p. 1195-1213, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i008p01195.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1195","endPage":"1213","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a49e4b0c8380cd522b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Troutman, Brent M.","contributorId":195329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troutman","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012987,"text":"70012987 - 1985 - Low gradient permeability measurements in a triaxial system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T17:54:20.295371","indexId":"70012987","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1825,"text":"Geotechnique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Low gradient permeability measurements in a triaxial system","docAbstract":"<p><span>Permeability measurements were conducted with the flow-pump method on sand, sandy silt and silty clay specimens in a conventional triaxial system by introducing and withdrawing water at known constant flow rates into the base of a specimen with a flow-pump, and by monitoring the head difference induced across the length of the specimen with a sensitive differential pressure transducer. The results show that the previously reported advantages of the flow-pump method, compared with conventional constant head and falling head methods, were realized for permeability measurements in conventional triaxial equipment. These advantages are that direct flow rate measurements are avoided together with the associated errors that arise from the effects of contaminants on capillary menisci and the long periods of time involved in flow rate measurements; permeability measurements can be obtained much more rapidly and at substantially smaller gradients; errors from the small intercept in the otherwise linear flow rate versus hydraulic gradient relationship, and also from seepage-induced permeability changes, can easily be recognized and avoided or minimized. The results further show that the initial transient response of a specimen that precedes the steady state condition needed for a permeability measurement can require a substantial period of time. In this study the response times varied from a fraction of a minute for a sand specimen to more than 200 minutes for a silty clay specimen. Errors in permeability measurements from this transient response can easily be avoided with the flow-pump method but not with constant head and falling head methods.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Institution of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1680/geot.1985.35.2.145","usgsCitation":"Olsen, H.W., Nichols, R.W., and Rice, T.L., 1985, Low gradient permeability measurements in a triaxial system: Geotechnique, v. 35, no. 2, p. 145-157, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1985.35.2.145.","startPage":"145","endPage":"157","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220285,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40f2e4b0c8380cd65191","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olsen, H. W.","contributorId":10060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, R. W.","contributorId":51907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rice, T. L.","contributorId":11759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012895,"text":"70012895 - 1985 - Chloride flux out of Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:03","indexId":"70012895","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chloride flux out of Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"Monitoring of the chloride concentration, electrical conductivity, and discharge was carried out for the four major rivers of Yellowstone National Park from September 1982 to January 1984. Chloride flux out of the Park was determined from the measured values of chloride concentration and discharge. The annual chloride flux from the Park was 5.86 ?? 1010 g. Of this amount 45% was from the Madison River drainage basin, 32% from the Yellowstone River basin, 12% from the Snake River basin, and 11% from the Falls River basin. Of the annual chloride flux from the Yellowstone River drainage basin 36% was attributed to the Yellowstone Lake drainage basin. The geothermal contribution to the chloride flux was determined by subtracting the chloride contribution from rock weathering and atmospheric precipitation and is 94% of the total chloride flux. Calculations of the geothermal chloride flux for each river are given and the implications of an additional chloride flux out of the western Park boundary discussed. An anomalous increase in chloride flux out of the Park was observed for several weeks prior to the Mt. Borah earthquake in Central Idaho on October 28, 1983, reaching a peak value shortly thereafter. It is suggested that the rise in flux was a precursor of the earthquake. The information in this paper provides baseline data against which future changes in the hydrothermal systems can be measured. It also provides measurements related to the thermal contributions from the different drainage basins of the Park. ?? 1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Norton, D.R., and Friedman, I., 1985, Chloride flux out of Yellowstone National Park: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 26, no. 3-4, p. 231-250.","startPage":"231","endPage":"250","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5c4e4b0c8380cd4c3e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norton, D. R.","contributorId":78865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1013606,"text":"1013606 - 1985 - Antigen uptake by gill cells of Atlantic salmon given bath immunizations with Yersinia ruckeri bacterins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-16T15:58:26.560509","indexId":"1013606","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":749,"text":"American Zoologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Antigen uptake by gill cells of Atlantic salmon given bath immunizations with Yersinia ruckeri bacterins","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic Press","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D.P., Zapata, A., and Wisniewski, M., 1985, Antigen uptake by gill cells of Atlantic salmon given bath immunizations with Yersinia ruckeri bacterins: American Zoologist, v. 25, no. 4, p. 75A-75A.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"75A","endPage":"75A","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":417098,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/25.4.1"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b164","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, D. P.","contributorId":32469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zapata, A.G.","contributorId":54548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zapata","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wisniewski, M.","contributorId":11567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wisniewski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012898,"text":"70012898 - 1985 - Paraheritschioides, a new rugose coral genus from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-01T22:21:36.033928","indexId":"70012898","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paraheritschioides, a new rugose coral genus from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>Colonial rugose corals are rare and generally poorly diversified in the Upper Pennsylvanian of the western interior region, conterminous USA. Paraheritschioides n.gen., which includes P. grandis n.sp., and P. complexa n.sp. from the Oquirrh Formation in Idaho, provides a new tool for distinguishing Upper Pennsylvanian rocks in the western interior. The new genus is also represented by P. stevensi (Wilson) in the Permian McCloud Limestone of northern California. The new family Heritschioididae is created to include Paraheritschioides, Heritschioides, Amandophyllum and Heintzella.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontology Society","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Sando, W., 1985, Paraheritschioides, a new rugose coral genus from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Idaho: Journal of Paleontology, v. 59, no. 4, p. 979-985.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"979","endPage":"985","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":430688,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jpaleontol/article/59/4/979/108175/paraheritschioides-a-new-rugose-coral-genus-from"},{"id":222044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a74c8e4b0c8380cd77817","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sando, W.J.","contributorId":59470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sando","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012899,"text":"70012899 - 1985 - Ring distributions in alkali- and alkaline-earth aluminosilicate framework glasses- A raman spectroscopic study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-10T16:01:20.994394","indexId":"70012899","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2400,"text":"Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ring distributions in alkali- and alkaline-earth aluminosilicate framework glasses- A raman spectroscopic study","docAbstract":"<p><span>Raman spectra of crystalline polymorphs of a number of tectosilicate minerals having various sizes of smallest rings of TO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;tetrahedra (T = Si, Al) have been investigated to identify the bands that are sensitive indicators of the smallest rings in the network. The information obtained from the Raman spectra of tectosilicate minerals (e.g., SiO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;polymorphs, NaAlSi</span><sub>3</sub><span>O</span><sub>8</sub><span>&nbsp;(Ab), NaAlSiO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;(Ne), KAlSi</span><sub>3</sub><span>O</span><sub>8</sub><span>&nbsp;(Or), and KAlSi</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>6</sub><span>&nbsp;(Lc)) is used to interpret the Raman spectra of the isochemical glasses. It is shown that the frequency of the dominant&nbsp;</span><i>ν</i><sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;(TOT) band in the spectra of both crystals and glasses is related to the dominant size of TO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;rings in the structure. In agreement with previous X-ray RDF work, it is found that in the glasses of Ab and Jd (NaAlSi</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>6</sub><span>) compositions, six-membered rings of TO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;tetrahedra predominate. The Raman spectrum of Or glass, however, indicates that clusters of intermixed four- and six-membered rings of TO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;tetrahedra, similar to those existing in crystalline leucite, are also present in the glass. Raman evidence indicates that four-membered rings of TO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;tetrahedra predominate in the glass of An composition. Similarly, the higher frequency of the&nbsp;</span><i>ν</i><sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;(TOT) band in the spectrum of Ne glass as compared with the frequency the&nbsp;</span><i>ν</i><sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;(TOT) band in the spectra of crystalline cargenieite and nephelite indicates either an admixture of the four- and six-membered rings or the puckering of six-membered rings in the glass structure.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-3093(85)90311-4","issn":"00223093","usgsCitation":"Sharma, S., Philpotts, J., and Matson, D., 1985, Ring distributions in alkali- and alkaline-earth aluminosilicate framework glasses- A raman spectroscopic study: Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, v. 71, no. 1-3, p. 403-410, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(85)90311-4.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"403","endPage":"410","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222045,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad6be4b0c8380cd86ed3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sharma, S.K.","contributorId":45582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharma","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Philpotts, J.A.","contributorId":78360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Philpotts","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Matson, D.W.","contributorId":108366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matson","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012946,"text":"70012946 - 1985 - Comparison of digestion methods for total elemental analysis of peat and separation of its organic and inorganic components","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-23T15:58:06.031687","indexId":"70012946","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3541,"text":"The Analyst","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of digestion methods for total elemental analysis of peat and separation of its organic and inorganic components","docAbstract":"In order to find the most efficient digestion method for the total elemental recovery in peat, ten samples were subjected to different techniques and analysed for Ca, Mg, Fe, AI, Na, K, Mn, P, Zn, Cu, Li, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb and Si using atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. The most satisfactory procedures were dry ashing followed by hydrofluoric acid treatment and wet digestion using a mixture of hot nitric, perchloric and hydrofluoric acids. The wet digestion offers the advantage of a single decomposition method for the determination of Ca, Mg, Fe, AI, K, Na, Mn, Cu, Li, Zn and P. An alkaline fusion technique was required for the determination of Si. Hydrogen peroxide was used to separate the peat into its organic and inorganic components, leading to the total recovery of the elements for both fractions.","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry","doi":"10.1039/AN9851000237","issn":"00032654","usgsCitation":"Papp, C.S., and Harms, T.F., 1985, Comparison of digestion methods for total elemental analysis of peat and separation of its organic and inorganic components: The Analyst, v. 110, no. 3, p. 237-242, https://doi.org/10.1039/AN9851000237.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222753,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f85be4b0c8380cd4d050","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Papp, C. S.E.","contributorId":69304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papp","given":"C.","middleInitial":"S.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harms, T. F.","contributorId":76752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harms","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012993,"text":"70012993 - 1985 - Subdivision of thick sedimentary units into layers for simulation of groundwater flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T22:57:49.484978","indexId":"70012993","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subdivision of thick sedimentary units into layers for simulation of groundwater flow","docAbstract":"<p>Subdividing thick sedimentary units into model layers based solely on stratigraphy can lead to serious violation of groundwater flow modeling restraints and produce erroneous results. Borehole geophysical data can be used to suggest relative permeabilities and delineate model layers that are more likely to have uniform hydraulic properties than layers delineated by stratigraphic definitions alone. The uniformity within layers emphasizes the permeability contrast between layers, thereby allowing a quasi three-dimensional approach. These methods are applied to the thick sedimentary units of the Gulf Coastal Plain, USA.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Weiss, J.S., and Williamson, A.K., 1985, Subdivision of thick sedimentary units into layers for simulation of groundwater flow: Groundwater, v. 23, no. 6, p. 767-774.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"767","endPage":"774","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220398,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d0ce4b08c986b31d5f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiss, J. S.","contributorId":63414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williamson, A. K.","contributorId":57872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1014171,"text":"1014171 - 1985 - Succession patterns of zooplankton in fertilized culture ponds without fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T19:07:43.519817","indexId":"1014171","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Succession patterns of zooplankton in fertilized culture ponds without fish","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1985)47%3C183:SPOZIF%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Parmley, D.C., and Geiger, J.G., 1985, Succession patterns of zooplankton in fertilized culture ponds without fish: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 47, no. 3, p. 183-186, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1985)47%3C183:SPOZIF%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"186","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131944,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db69992d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parmley, D. C.","contributorId":50112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parmley","given":"D.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geiger, J. G.","contributorId":29340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geiger","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012991,"text":"70012991 - 1985 - Trace elements in disseminated sulfides, magnetite, and massive sulfides, West Shasta district, California.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-08T23:12:01.741394","indexId":"70012991","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace elements in disseminated sulfides, magnetite, and massive sulfides, West Shasta district, California.","docAbstract":"<p><span>Samples of massive sulfide layers show an enrichment in many minor and trace elements in the central part of layers. Comparison of trace element contents of massive sulfides, magnetite, and disseminated sulfides suggests differences in origin. Trace element contents of samples from various mines suggest regional variations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.80.8.2196","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Botinelly, T., Siems, D.F., and Sanzolone, R.F., 1985, Trace elements in disseminated sulfides, magnetite, and massive sulfides, West Shasta district, California.: Economic Geology, v. 80, no. 8, p. 2196-2205, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.8.2196.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2196","endPage":"2205","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220343,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb64fe4b08c986b326bbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Botinelly, Theodore","contributorId":101253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Botinelly","given":"Theodore","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Siems, D. F.","contributorId":101239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siems","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanzolone, R. F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012963,"text":"70012963 - 1985 - Low-frequency electrical properties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-18T16:30:17.506077","indexId":"70012963","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Low-frequency electrical properties","docAbstract":"<p><span>In the interpretation of induced polarization data, it is commonly assumed that metallic mineral polarization dominantly or solely causes the observed response. However, at low frequencies, there is a variety of active chemical processes which involve the movement or transfer of electrical charge. Measurements of electrical properties at low frequencies (such as induced polarization) observe such movement of charge and thus monitor many geochemical processes at a distance. Examples in which this has been done include oxidation-reduction of metallic minerals such as sulfides, cation exchange on clays, and a variety of clay-organic reactions relevant to problems in toxic waste disposal and petroleum exploration. By using both the frequency dependence and nonlinear character of the complex resistivity spectrum, these reactions may be distinguished from each other and from barren or reactionless materials.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1441880","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Olhoeft, G., 1985, Low-frequency electrical properties: Geophysics, v. 50, no. 12, p. 2492-2503, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1441880.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2492","endPage":"2503","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222048,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a55e4b0c8380cd68cac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olhoeft, G.R.","contributorId":10405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olhoeft","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012922,"text":"70012922 - 1985 - Comparison of methods for estimating ground-water pumpage for irrigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-30T14:42:20.550031","indexId":"70012922","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of methods for estimating ground-water pumpage for irrigation","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group  metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Ground-water pumpage for irrigation was measured at 32 sites on the eastern Snake River Plain in southern Idaho during 1983. Pumpage at these sites also was estimated by three commonly used methods, and pumpage estimates were compared to measured values to determine the accuracy of each estimate.</p><p>Statistical comparisons of estimated and metered pumpage using an F-test showed that only estimates made using the instantaneous discharge method were not significantly different (α. = 0.01) from metered values.</p><p>Pumpage estimates made using the power consumption method reflect variability in pumping efficiency among sites. Pumpage estimates made using the crop-consumptive use method reflect variability in water-management practices. Pumpage estimates made using the instantaneous discharge method reflect variability in discharges at each site during the irrigation season.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1985.tb02795.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Frenzel, S.A., 1985, Comparison of methods for estimating ground-water pumpage for irrigation: Groundwater, v. 23, no. 2, p. 220-226, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1985.tb02795.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"220","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222388,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2dae4b0c8380cd4b423","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frenzel, Steven A. sfrenzel@usgs.gov","contributorId":688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"Steven","email":"sfrenzel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":364846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012941,"text":"70012941 - 1985 - Carboniferous paleogeographic, phytogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-24T01:18:57.943376","indexId":"70012941","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carboniferous paleogeographic, phytogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id7\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id8\"><p>Two revised paleogeographic reconstructions of the Visean and Westphalian C-D stages are presented based on recent paleomagnetic, phytogeographic, stratigraphic, and tectonic data. These data change the positions of some continental blocks, and allow the definition of several new ones. The most important modifications that have been incorporated in these reconstructions are: (1) a proposed isthmus linking North America and Siberia across the Bering Strait; and (2) the separation of China and Southeast Asia in six major blocks, including South China, North China, Shan Thai-Malaya, Indochina, Qangtang, and Tarim blocks. Evidence is presented that suggests that at least the South China, Shan Thai-Malaya, and Qangtang blocks were derived from the northern margin of Gondwana.</p><p>Multivariate statistical analysis of phytogeographic data from the middle and late Paleozoic allow definition of a number of different phytogeographic units for four time intervals: (1) the Early Devonian, (2) Tournaisian—early Visean, (3) Visean, and (4) late Visean—early Namurian A. Pre-late Visean—early Namurian A floral assemblages from South China show affinities with northern Gondwana floras suggesting a southerly position and provides additional support for our reconstruction of South China against the northern margin of Gondwana. There is a marked decrease in the diversity of phytogeographic units in the Namurian and younger Carboniferous. This correlates closely with the time of assembly of most of Pangaea. The general pattern of Carboniferous phytogeographic units corresponds well with global distribution of continents shown on our paleogeographic reconstructions.</p><p>In addition, we have constructed paleoclimatic maps for the two Carboniferous time intervals. These maps stress the distribution of rainfall, as this should be strongly correlated with the floras. There is marked change in the rainfall patterns between the Visean and Westphalian C-D. This change corresponds with the closing of the Appalachian-Ouachita ocean between Laurussia and Gondwana, and reflects the removal of a low-latitude moisture source that probably gave rise to monsoonal conditions along the northern margin of Gondwana in the Visean and earlier times. As well, the presence of a substantial heat source at high elevation in the Late Carboniferous significantly influenced the distribution of climatic belts.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0166-5162(85)90009-6","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Rowley, D., Raymond, A., Parrish, J.T., Lottes, A., Scotese, C., and Ziegler, A., 1985, Carboniferous paleogeographic, phytogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 5, no. 1-2, p. 7-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(85)90009-6.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"42","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222687,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f374e4b0c8380cd4b81a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowley, D.B.","contributorId":6588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowley","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raymond, A.","contributorId":14118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymond","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parrish, Judith T.","contributorId":83945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrish","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":364897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lottes, A.L.","contributorId":28013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lottes","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scotese, C.R.","contributorId":16138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scotese","given":"C.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ziegler, A.M.","contributorId":47085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70012958,"text":"70012958 - 1985 - Insights on why graphic correlation (Shaw's method) works: A reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-26T16:25:46.05982","indexId":"70012958","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Insights on why graphic correlation (Shaw's method) works: A reply","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/628970","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Edwards, L.E., 1985, Insights on why graphic correlation (Shaw's method) works: A reply: Journal of Geology, v. 93, no. 4, p. 507-509, https://doi.org/10.1086/628970.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"507","endPage":"509","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221980,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c22e4b0c8380cd62acb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012909,"text":"70012909 - 1985 - A comparative study of stream water and stream sediment as geochemical exploration media in the Rio Tanama porphyry copper district, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-07T16:15:29.678761","indexId":"70012909","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparative study of stream water and stream sediment as geochemical exploration media in the Rio Tanama porphyry copper district, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"<div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">To test the relative effectiveness of stream water and sediment as geochemical exploration media in the Rio Tanama porphyry copper district of Puerto Rico, we collected and subsequently analyzed samples of water and sediment from 29 sites in the rivers and tributaries of the district. Copper, Mo, Pb, Zn,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>SO</i><sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, and pH were determined in the waters; Cu, Mo, Pb, and Zn were determined in the sediments. In addition, copper in five partial extractions from the sediments was determined. Geochemical contrast (anomaly-to-background quotient) was the principal criterion by which the effectiveness of the two media and the five extractions were judged.</div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">Among the distribution patterns of metals in stream water, that of copper most clearly delineates the known porphyry copper deposits and yields the longest discernable dispersion train. The distribution patterns of Mo, Pb, and Zn in water show little relationship to the known mineralization. The distribution of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>SO</i><sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in water delineates the copper deposits and also the more extensive pyrite alteration in the district; its recognizable downstream dispersion train is substantially longer than those of the metals, either in water or sediment. Low pH values in small tributaries delineate areas of known sulfide mineralization.</div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">The distribution patterns of copper in sediments clearly delineate the known deposits, and the dispersion trains are longer than those of copper in water.</div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">The partial determinations of copper related to secondary iron and manganese oxides yield the strongest geochemical contrasts and longest recognizable dispersion trains. Significantly high concentrations of molybdenum in sediments were found at only three sites, all within one-half km downstream of the known copper deposits. The distribution patterns of lead and zinc in sediments are clearly related to the known primary lead-zinc haloes around the copper deposits. The recognizable downstream dispersion trains of lead and zinc are shorter than those of copper.</div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(85)90044-5","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Learned, R.E., Chao, T.T., and Sanzolone, R.F., 1985, A comparative study of stream water and stream sediment as geochemical exploration media in the Rio Tanama porphyry copper district, Puerto Rico: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 24, no. 2, p. 175-195, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(85)90044-5.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"195","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222232,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e351e4b0c8380cd45f78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Learned, R. E.","contributorId":9638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Learned","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanzolone, R. F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012920,"text":"70012920 - 1985 - Degradation of carbohydrates and lignins in buried woods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T16:50:06.752297","indexId":"70012920","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Degradation of carbohydrates and lignins in buried woods","docAbstract":"<p><span>Spruce, alder, and oak woods deposited in coastal sediments were characterized&nbsp;</span><i>versus</i><span>&nbsp;their modern counterparts by quantification of individual neutral sugars and lignin-derived phenols as well as by scanning electron microscopy,&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup><span>C NMR, and elemental analysis. The buried spruce wood from a 2500 yr old deposit was unaltered whereas an alder wood from the same horizon and an oak wood from an open ocean sediment were profoundly degraded. Individual sugar and lignin phenol analyses indicate that at least 90 and 98 wt% of the initial total polysaccharides in the buried alder and oak woods, respectively, have been degraded along with 15–25 wt% of the lignin. At least 75% of the degraded biopolymer has been physically lost from these samples. This evidence is supported by the SEM,&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup><span>C NMR and elemental analyses, all of which indicate selective loss of the carbohydrate moiety. The following order of stability was observed for the major biochemical constituents of both buried hardwoods: vanillyl and&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>p-</mtext><mtext>hydroxyl</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">p-hydroxyl</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;lignin structural units &gt; syringyl and lignin structural units &gt; pectin &gt; α-cellulose &gt; hemicellulose. This sequence can be explained by selective preservation of the compound middle lamella regions of the wood cell walls. The magnitude and selectivity of the indicated diagenetic reactions are sufficient to cause major changes in the chemical compositions of wood-rich sedimentary organic mixtures and to provide a potentially large&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;nutrient source.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(85)90165-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hedges, J.I., Cowie, G., Ertel, J., James, B.R., and Hatcher, P.G., 1985, Degradation of carbohydrates and lignins in buried woods: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 49, no. 3, p. 701-711, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90165-6.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"701","endPage":"711","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222386,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe55e4b0c8380cd4ec9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedges, J. I.","contributorId":30757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedges","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowie, G.L.","contributorId":96009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowie","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ertel, J.R.","contributorId":84081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ertel","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"James, Barbour R.","contributorId":17372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Barbour","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70012959,"text":"70012959 - 1985 - Justification for a reduction in the crest-stage gage program in Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T16:18:44","indexId":"70012959","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Justification for a reduction in the crest-stage gage program in Louisiana","docAbstract":"<p>The crest-stage gage program in Louisiana was evaluated to determine if the data were adequate for use in developing regional flood-frequency equations and to determine if any crest-stage gage stations could be discontinued. An abundance of data at many crest-stage gage stations and a lack of data for urban areas and flat-slope areas indicated a need for a shift in the number, type, and locations of gages. Correlations and comparisons of annual peak discharges and watershed characteristics of 96 existing stations resulted in the elimination of 72 stations and the addition of one new station, reducing the total network to 25 stations that could be used for future flood-frequency analyses. </p><p>The adequacy of the reduced network for development and verification of regional flood-frequency equations was tested by comparing a set of regional flood-frequency equations developed using data from the full network with a set developed using data from the reduced network. The results indicate that the crest-stage gage network can be reduced to 25 stations and still provide adequate information for future flood-frequency analyses. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1985.tb00190.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Herbert, R.A., Carlson, D.D., and Wiche, G.J., 1985, Justification for a reduction in the crest-stage gage program in Louisiana: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 21, no. 6, p. 953-965, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1985.tb00190.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"953","endPage":"965","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221981,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-88.865067,29.752714],[-88.940346,29.657234],[-88.944435,29.658806],[-88.941605,29.674833],[-88.911751,29.699348],[-88.873611,29.758043],[-88.867973,29.79133],[-88.84301,29.82596],[-88.836296,29.855221],[-88.843277,29.86381],[-88.8312,29.878839],[-88.828247,29.920717],[-88.837379,29.944878],[-88.835495,29.974138],[-88.840866,29.995613],[-88.857368,30.027826],[-88.881454,30.053202],[-88.855583,30.034414],[-88.841225,30.012789],[-88.824158,29.970461],[-88.817017,29.93425],[-88.818146,29.889109],[-88.826538,29.847092],[-88.865067,29.752714]]],[[[-89.486709,29.621003],[-89.535202,29.648567],[-89.621109,29.657101],[-89.632698,29.671724],[-89.64975,29.672941],[-89.641228,29.635773],[-89.647324,29.625414],[-89.684486,29.624804],[-89.688141,29.615055],[-89.684486,29.602867],[-89.668648,29.580322],[-89.684486,29.563263],[-89.681092,29.534487],[-89.699698,29.523423],[-89.700501,29.515967],[-89.665813,29.49002],[-89.63533,29.489294],[-89.617558,29.468298],[-89.596533,29.456303],[-89.589536,29.437662],[-89.577096,29.433692],[-89.548686,29.465723],[-89.528429,29.454702],[-89.531943,29.425679],[-89.508551,29.386168],[-89.487308,29.393346],[-89.47714,29.411241],[-89.457303,29.393148],[-89.380001,29.391785],[-89.355528,29.381569],[-89.340304,29.381412],[-89.336589,29.378228],[-89.347615,29.365],[-89.350694,29.349544],[-89.32317,29.343982],[-89.303766,29.357455],[-89.283028,29.356467],[-89.2653,29.345352],[-89.24087,29.310081],[-89.224192,29.313792],[-89.200389,29.344418],[-89.189354,29.345061],[-89.179547,29.339608],[-89.165015,29.303039],[-89.140275,29.291085],[-89.129688,29.265632],[-89.100106,29.25022],[-89.095544,29.238028],[-89.105833,29.231608],[-89.106244,29.215912],[-89.10065,29.206314],[-89.090724,29.199992],[-89.068265,29.204166],[-89.067371,29.208636],[-89.029103,29.220956],[-89.015192,29.211561],[-89.000674,29.180091],[-89.00529,29.164949],[-89.013254,29.16328],[-89.024269,29.170043],[-89.047233,29.157833],[-89.03873,29.14238],[-89.032004,29.144747],[-89.023942,29.1337],[-89.051953,29.106554],[-89.062335,29.070234],[-89.09126,29.066931],[-89.105009,29.073641],[-89.121542,29.069074],[-89.143453,29.047591],[-89.162326,29.011713],[-89.16985,29.008703],[-89.186061,29.017993],[-89.18215,29.025486],[-89.189893,29.032635],[-89.197871,29.029701],[-89.211144,29.040813],[-89.217201,29.067275],[-89.225865,29.07866],[-89.23631,29.084605],[-89.254726,29.083261],[-89.25364,29.064954],[-89.259354,29.058358],[-89.29109,29.053097],[-89.315389,29.039081],[-89.32485,29.013805],[-89.338249,29.012935],[-89.383814,28.947434],[-89.41148,28.925011],[-89.419865,28.929709],[-89.408157,28.965341],[-89.398104,28.977016],[-89.375049,28.985368],[-89.334735,29.040335],[-89.354798,29.072543],[-89.374522,29.084174],[-89.405654,29.086936],[-89.411154,29.105838],[-89.409371,29.127855],[-89.432932,29.149023],[-89.455829,29.190991],[-89.482844,29.215053],[-89.5366,29.236212],[-89.606651,29.252023],[-89.671781,29.289028],[-89.697258,29.296679],[-89.782149,29.311132],[-89.850305,29.311768],[-89.853699,29.34064],[-89.820824,29.377486],[-89.816155,29.393518],[-89.826049,29.415589],[-89.843553,29.421677],[-89.845075,29.434615],[-89.832898,29.463536],[-89.849642,29.477996],[-89.902179,29.460011],[-89.932598,29.429288],[-89.95543,29.428527],[-89.991961,29.463536],[-90.01251,29.462775],[-90.032298,29.427005],[-90.029468,29.388136],[-90.036374,29.363661],[-90.031815,29.344251],[-90.034275,29.322661],[-90.028536,29.307083],[-90.013778,29.30271],[-90.009678,29.294785],[-90.019517,29.282213],[-90.057094,29.281331],[-90.060511,29.267729],[-90.070622,29.262537],[-90.101231,29.259804],[-90.096038,29.240673],[-90.073355,29.227282],[-90.073355,29.210611],[-90.04291,29.211765],[-90.005718,29.240627],[-89.969981,29.255753],[-89.959509,29.267677],[-89.951175,29.266124],[-89.950756,29.260801],[-90.022029,29.216065],[-90.104162,29.150407],[-90.174273,29.105301],[-90.223587,29.085075],[-90.245283,29.085824],[-90.348768,29.057817],[-90.349891,29.063681],[-90.325514,29.075138],[-90.29293,29.078761],[-90.253141,29.093772],[-90.250044,29.108067],[-90.234235,29.110268],[-90.234405,29.128824],[-90.248629,29.13837],[-90.280516,29.142521],[-90.27832,29.150691],[-90.302846,29.175098],[-90.300885,29.196171],[-90.293183,29.199789],[-90.275851,29.193668],[-90.271251,29.204639],[-90.286621,29.225694],[-90.311663,29.237954],[-90.311523,29.256374],[-90.332796,29.276956],[-90.367166,29.274128],[-90.372565,29.258923],[-90.387924,29.252786],[-90.383857,29.235606],[-90.399465,29.201046],[-90.432912,29.188132],[-90.443954,29.19583],[-90.472489,29.192688],[-90.467233,29.202549],[-90.494928,29.216713],[-90.46832,29.227532],[-90.462866,29.249809],[-90.450674,29.263739],[-90.510555,29.290925],[-90.526216,29.276492],[-90.552005,29.278512],[-90.565436,29.285111],[-90.582525,29.276037],[-90.589724,29.248521],[-90.583924,29.242886],[-90.565378,29.242475],[-90.544547,29.230683],[-90.544311,29.224292],[-90.556501,29.219913],[-90.560889,29.204261],[-90.618413,29.20329],[-90.624161,29.210366],[-90.633819,29.209128],[-90.645612,29.175867],[-90.636973,29.164572],[-90.647042,29.12858],[-90.677724,29.118742],[-90.700893,29.12147],[-90.718035,29.116611],[-90.731239,29.122886],[-90.764189,29.113374],[-90.773458,29.100133],[-90.799444,29.087377],[-90.803699,29.063709],[-90.79872,29.054841],[-90.765188,29.049403],[-90.7253,29.066616],[-90.692205,29.059607],[-90.63924,29.072848],[-90.637495,29.066608],[-90.730899,29.042259],[-90.839345,29.039167],[-90.844849,29.048721],[-90.841226,29.054266],[-90.844593,29.06728],[-90.862757,29.094863],[-90.877583,29.104891],[-90.898215,29.131342],[-90.961278,29.180817],[-90.981458,29.171211],[-91.000096,29.169481],[-91.023955,29.174784],[-91.031786,29.182188],[-91.094015,29.187711],[-91.129141,29.215863],[-91.199647,29.221287],[-91.278792,29.247776],[-91.334885,29.298775],[-91.33275,29.305816],[-91.291821,29.311357],[-91.276647,29.329825],[-91.266589,29.361218],[-91.251546,29.368659],[-91.238515,29.371999],[-91.222377,29.360703],[-91.207299,29.360703],[-91.197465,29.369882],[-91.200087,29.38955],[-91.218463,29.407235],[-91.211999,29.420931],[-91.221166,29.436421],[-91.258226,29.446954],[-91.265649,29.472362],[-91.2813,29.481547],[-91.294325,29.476894],[-91.335742,29.485886],[-91.356625,29.515191],[-91.402214,29.511914],[-91.420449,29.515745],[-91.447345,29.544749],[-91.468748,29.544299],[-91.517274,29.52974],[-91.531021,29.531543],[-91.525523,29.551904],[-91.537445,29.565888],[-91.553537,29.632766],[-91.570589,29.638312],[-91.625114,29.626195],[-91.648941,29.633635],[-91.627286,29.662132],[-91.626826,29.684753],[-91.618479,29.710816],[-91.621512,29.735429],[-91.632829,29.742576],[-91.667128,29.745822],[-91.710935,29.738993],[-91.737253,29.74937],[-91.752259,29.748264],[-91.783674,29.740689],[-91.85864,29.703121],[-91.88075,29.710839],[-91.875637,29.722316],[-91.878355,29.751025],[-91.859151,29.783331],[-91.854677,29.807436],[-91.869998,29.828328],[-91.889118,29.836023],[-91.90689,29.83094],[-91.915989,29.815654],[-91.940723,29.817008],[-91.983871,29.794516],[-92.056398,29.772313],[-92.107486,29.744429],[-92.144431,29.716418],[-92.149349,29.697052],[-92.111787,29.62177],[-92.093419,29.618694],[-92.02532,29.625647],[-92.000371,29.613143],[-91.965031,29.608019],[-91.935024,29.612239],[-91.922825,29.633173],[-91.898996,29.63701],[-91.882318,29.62977],[-91.863018,29.633739],[-91.841294,29.62962],[-91.838297,29.616041],[-91.821693,29.606049],[-91.784976,29.595204],[-91.774686,29.576387],[-91.712002,29.56474],[-91.711654,29.55427],[-91.765448,29.520844],[-91.771927,29.504871],[-91.770516,29.488953],[-91.782387,29.482882],[-91.800121,29.486828],[-91.821576,29.473925],[-91.8385,29.478874],[-91.862324,29.502393],[-91.878746,29.502937],[-91.906175,29.518052],[-91.969312,29.536893],[-92.02681,29.566805],[-92.046316,29.584362],[-92.158624,29.581616],[-92.21259,29.562479],[-92.25186,29.539354],[-92.309357,29.533026],[-92.402165,29.551269],[-92.61627,29.578729],[-92.744126,29.617608],[-92.974305,29.71398],[-93.088182,29.749125],[-93.226934,29.777519],[-93.295573,29.775071],[-93.344993,29.759618],[-93.475252,29.769242],[-93.68364,29.747153],[-93.766048,29.7295],[-93.837971,29.690619],[-93.87002,29.735482],[-93.891637,29.744618],[-93.893862,29.767289],[-93.926504,29.78956],[-93.927992,29.80964],[-93.91636,29.824968],[-93.86357,29.857177],[-93.838374,29.882855],[-93.818998,29.914822],[-93.807815,29.954549],[-93.786935,29.99058],[-93.741078,30.021571],[-93.737446,30.037283],[-93.722791,30.051162],[-93.70082,30.056274],[-93.70058,30.063666],[-93.716405,30.069122],[-93.734085,30.08613],[-93.702436,30.112721],[-93.701252,30.137376],[-93.69498,30.135185],[-93.688212,30.141376],[-93.717397,30.193439],[-93.720946,30.209852],[-93.705083,30.242752],[-93.706608,30.281187],[-93.714319,30.294282],[-93.738699,30.303794],[-93.765822,30.333318],[-93.756352,30.356166],[-93.757654,30.390423],[-93.722314,30.420729],[-93.702665,30.429947],[-93.6978,30.440583],[-93.716678,30.494006],[-93.710117,30.5064],[-93.714322,30.518562],[-93.740253,30.539569],[-93.729195,30.544842],[-93.727844,30.57407],[-93.712454,30.588479],[-93.681235,30.596102],[-93.6831,30.640763],[-93.654971,30.670184],[-93.629904,30.67994],[-93.609544,30.723139],[-93.619129,30.742002],[-93.607757,30.757657],[-93.592828,30.763986],[-93.584265,30.796663],[-93.563243,30.806218],[-93.554057,30.824941],[-93.558608,30.868822],[-93.567451,30.878524],[-93.567788,30.888302],[-93.556493,30.901451],[-93.551942,30.918646],[-93.530936,30.924534],[-93.526245,30.939411],[-93.549841,30.967118],[-93.567972,30.977981],[-93.571906,30.987614],[-93.566017,31.004567],[-93.539526,31.008498],[-93.516943,31.023662],[-93.516407,31.02955],[-93.532069,31.055264],[-93.52301,31.065241],[-93.526044,31.070773],[-93.546644,31.082989],[-93.551034,31.091111],[-93.549717,31.10516],[-93.539619,31.121844],[-93.544888,31.148844],[-93.53683,31.15862],[-93.533307,31.184463],[-93.55254,31.185605],[-93.588503,31.165581],[-93.598828,31.174679],[-93.607288,31.205403],[-93.604319,31.220794],[-93.616007,31.23396],[-93.613942,31.259375],[-93.620343,31.271025],[-93.642516,31.269508],[-93.668928,31.297975],[-93.68688,31.305166],[-93.663892,31.361953],[-93.66892,31.3664],[-93.671644,31.393352],[-93.704879,31.410881],[-93.697603,31.428409],[-93.70093,31.437784],[-93.749476,31.46869],[-93.74987,31.478929],[-93.730998,31.492119],[-93.726736,31.5116],[-93.739318,31.51505],[-93.743376,31.525196],[-93.780835,31.525384],[-93.798087,31.534044],[-93.818582,31.554826],[-93.834923,31.58621],[-93.838057,31.606795],[-93.827852,31.616551],[-93.818717,31.614556],[-93.816838,31.622509],[-93.818037,31.647892],[-93.826462,31.666919],[-93.804479,31.685664],[-93.802452,31.693186],[-93.814587,31.707444],[-93.819048,31.728858],[-93.830647,31.745811],[-93.822598,31.773559],[-93.834649,31.783309],[-93.839951,31.798597],[-93.874761,31.821661],[-93.874822,31.840611],[-93.884117,31.847606],[-93.889197,31.867693],[-93.901888,31.880063],[-93.904766,31.890599],[-93.927672,31.891497],[-93.938002,31.906917],[-93.971712,31.920384],[-94.018664,31.990843],[-94.029283,31.995865],[-94.041833,31.992402],[-94.042964,33.019219],[-93.073167,33.017898],[-91.166073,33.004106],[-91.173308,32.986088],[-91.201842,32.961212],[-91.199415,32.952314],[-91.214027,32.93032],[-91.199775,32.908512],[-91.170235,32.899391],[-91.15169,32.901935],[-91.134041,32.917676],[-91.131304,32.926919],[-91.137863,32.952756],[-91.130721,32.962257],[-91.137524,32.96955],[-91.135517,32.979657],[-91.111757,32.988361],[-91.09693,32.986412],[-91.080355,32.962794],[-91.081913,32.944768],[-91.064804,32.926464],[-91.064449,32.901064],[-91.070602,32.888659],[-91.105631,32.858396],[-91.143559,32.844739],[-91.161669,32.812465],[-91.164397,32.785821],[-91.157614,32.776033],[-91.165328,32.751301],[-91.154461,32.742339],[-91.123152,32.742798],[-91.054481,32.722259],[-91.063946,32.702926],[-91.118258,32.674075],[-91.152081,32.641508],[-91.151318,32.615919],[-91.141148,32.597209],[-91.119854,32.584795],[-91.049796,32.607188],[-91.038415,32.636443],[-91.025769,32.646573],[-91.014286,32.640482],[-91.0035,32.624845],[-91.010228,32.601927],[-91.03617,32.579556],[-91.080398,32.556442],[-91.061685,32.536448],[-90.994481,32.506331],[-90.988278,32.49119],[-91.004206,32.48214],[-91.038106,32.49044],[-91.093741,32.549128],[-91.116708,32.500139],[-91.116008,32.48314],[-91.095308,32.458741],[-91.052907,32.438442],[-91.029606,32.433542],[-90.993863,32.45085],[-90.96959,32.43949],[-90.966255,32.421027],[-90.99408,32.403862],[-91.004506,32.368144],[-90.993625,32.354047],[-90.912363,32.339454],[-90.897762,32.35436],[-90.89206,32.370579],[-90.878289,32.374548],[-90.882161,32.357552],[-90.905173,32.315497],[-90.933991,32.290343],[-90.951351,32.283199],[-90.963079,32.296285],[-90.979475,32.293702],[-90.982985,32.270294],[-90.969403,32.25252],[-90.98029,32.243601],[-90.983434,32.221305],[-90.991227,32.214662],[-91.001192,32.215173],[-91.021507,32.236149],[-91.039007,32.242349],[-91.050307,32.237949],[-91.061408,32.21865],[-91.071108,32.22605],[-91.083708,32.22645],[-91.113009,32.20655],[-91.133587,32.213432],[-91.162062,32.199035],[-91.174552,32.154978],[-91.165452,32.13429],[-91.113866,32.125731],[-91.08163,32.133992],[-91.053175,32.124237],[-91.048507,32.150152],[-91.058907,32.171251],[-91.057647,32.177354],[-91.050207,32.178451],[-91.00619,32.156957],[-91.004106,32.146152],[-91.017606,32.125153],[-91.030799,32.120566],[-91.034707,32.101053],[-91.080008,32.079154],[-91.082308,32.047555],[-91.103708,32.050255],[-91.139309,32.081754],[-91.16031,32.070354],[-91.16131,32.059755],[-91.15141,32.049255],[-91.088108,32.034455],[-91.075908,32.016828],[-91.104108,31.990357],[-91.16441,31.982557],[-91.18481,31.965557],[-91.19321,31.935658],[-91.18471,31.935058],[-91.18321,31.916159],[-91.20101,31.909159],[-91.234899,31.876863],[-91.267712,31.86266],[-91.266612,31.851161],[-91.245624,31.833165],[-91.255611,31.812662],[-91.269212,31.809162],[-91.284912,31.818362],[-91.293413,31.86016],[-91.333814,31.853261],[-91.345714,31.842861],[-91.365529,31.761628],[-91.355214,31.758063],[-91.325973,31.76151],[-91.286045,31.772062],[-91.263043,31.766995],[-91.259611,31.76129],[-91.263406,31.754468],[-91.275545,31.745515],[-91.338663,31.750005],[-91.365034,31.748184],[-91.371804,31.742948],[-91.397115,31.711364],[-91.395715,31.644165],[-91.401015,31.620365],[-91.421116,31.611565],[-91.436716,31.612665],[-91.474318,31.625365],[-91.497665,31.645371],[-91.515462,31.630372],[-91.517233,31.61346],[-91.488618,31.587466],[-91.466317,31.586066],[-91.422716,31.597065],[-91.403915,31.589766],[-91.405415,31.576466],[-91.414915,31.562166],[-91.443916,31.542466],[-91.479718,31.530366],[-91.511217,31.532612],[-91.52292,31.519841],[-91.515157,31.50338],[-91.518148,31.483483],[-91.513366,31.444396],[-91.500046,31.42052],[-91.472065,31.395925],[-91.471098,31.376917],[-91.47887,31.364955],[-91.504163,31.36495],[-91.521836,31.37517],[-91.532336,31.390275],[-91.539458,31.414021],[-91.537002,31.423184],[-91.545013,31.433026],[-91.565179,31.423447],[-91.576265,31.410498],[-91.578334,31.399067],[-91.568953,31.377629],[-91.55568,31.386413],[-91.546207,31.38248],[-91.548967,31.347255],[-91.507977,31.312943],[-91.508858,31.291644],[-91.515614,31.27821],[-91.564192,31.261633],[-91.637672,31.26768],[-91.654027,31.255753],[-91.652019,31.242691],[-91.644356,31.234414],[-91.601616,31.208573],[-91.588939,31.188959],[-91.591502,31.173118],[-91.624217,31.133729],[-91.626476,31.119125],[-91.61857,31.107328],[-91.56415,31.06683],[-91.559907,31.054119],[-91.564397,31.038965],[-91.578413,31.02403],[-91.636942,30.999416],[-89.728147,31.002431],[-89.73554,30.999715],[-89.728563,30.994396],[-89.736086,30.974446],[-89.727072,30.967395],[-89.735686,30.966573],[-89.756333,30.943498],[-89.744448,30.920577],[-89.750073,30.91293],[-89.7626,30.913736],[-89.758719,30.897319],[-89.773553,30.896862],[-89.770027,30.882254],[-89.779194,30.875185],[-89.768237,30.866392],[-89.771722,30.854677],[-89.783384,30.856022],[-89.780947,30.848542],[-89.790805,30.832131],[-89.781168,30.820123],[-89.785894,30.815962],[-89.800049,30.819078],[-89.804065,30.803247],[-89.811171,30.798921],[-89.806763,30.789069],[-89.816418,30.796054],[-89.821078,30.792523],[-89.831537,30.76761],[-89.826053,30.742322],[-89.816075,30.739366],[-89.83687,30.734661],[-89.836945,30.728201],[-89.828061,30.725018],[-89.83006,30.71631],[-89.845801,30.707314],[-89.835848,30.699555],[-89.835478,30.691166],[-89.847201,30.670038],[-89.837894,30.672514],[-89.841787,30.665557],[-89.852263,30.662934],[-89.836047,30.657298],[-89.821868,30.644024],[-89.818081,30.634019],[-89.823278,30.60823],[-89.814563,30.606152],[-89.818527,30.592688],[-89.807118,30.587337],[-89.808184,30.568795],[-89.790318,30.567524],[-89.803887,30.560581],[-89.794532,30.556554],[-89.791046,30.545046],[-89.780246,30.544607],[-89.775355,30.538848],[-89.768133,30.51502],[-89.76057,30.515761],[-89.758575,30.505942],[-89.726154,30.49256],[-89.715886,30.477797],[-89.68341,30.451793],[-89.678514,30.414012],[-89.683686,30.405873],[-89.657191,30.356515],[-89.629727,30.339287],[-89.626606,30.315457],[-89.639872,30.307281],[-89.64344,30.287682],[-89.631411,30.279662],[-89.631789,30.256924],[-89.614156,30.244595],[-89.615856,30.223195],[-89.596655,30.211796],[-89.574454,30.181697],[-89.562253,30.182397],[-89.541453,30.195397],[-89.533352,30.194797],[-89.524504,30.180753],[-89.537493,30.171745],[-89.562825,30.168667],[-89.587062,30.150648],[-89.617542,30.156422],[-89.640989,30.138612],[-89.656986,30.118381],[-89.678156,30.10829],[-89.683712,30.076018],[-89.72957,30.059628],[-89.731452,30.05104],[-89.7163,30.02811],[-89.724649,30.022454],[-89.733323,30.022054],[-89.763216,30.042108],[-89.818561,30.043328],[-89.857558,30.004439],[-89.844202,29.955645],[-89.829023,29.939228],[-89.804463,29.932588],[-89.748492,29.945831],[-89.727933,29.95878],[-89.71291,29.946349],[-89.742727,29.935894],[-89.746273,29.928221],[-89.742479,29.90817],[-89.711158,29.879287],[-89.692004,29.868722],[-89.660568,29.862909],[-89.613159,29.87216],[-89.598129,29.881409],[-89.591194,29.897018],[-89.592346,29.917253],[-89.574997,29.959455],[-89.574425,29.983738],[-89.58136,29.994722],[-89.501587,30.034037],[-89.494064,30.040972],[-89.499275,30.058893],[-89.493484,30.072191],[-89.481926,30.079128],[-89.458946,30.06345],[-89.418465,30.049747],[-89.372375,30.054729],[-89.368637,30.047256],[-89.372375,30.036671],[-89.422813,30.015495],[-89.432785,30.008022],[-89.433411,29.991205],[-89.432785,29.978752],[-89.40538,29.965672],[-89.379227,29.963804],[-89.378601,29.919588],[-89.368019,29.911491],[-89.331894,29.91585],[-89.315453,29.923208],[-89.273315,29.99382],[-89.250534,30.002361],[-89.243706,29.997236],[-89.249969,29.975597],[-89.218071,29.97275],[-89.231178,29.925484],[-89.244843,29.93004],[-89.280144,29.924915],[-89.318306,29.898149],[-89.322289,29.887333],[-89.289253,29.880499],[-89.241425,29.88961],[-89.236298,29.886763],[-89.236298,29.877081],[-89.269897,29.859997],[-89.383789,29.838928],[-89.383217,29.830385],[-89.372971,29.82526],[-89.345634,29.820135],[-89.342781,29.798496],[-89.33197,29.790524],[-89.318306,29.788815],[-89.277298,29.807608],[-89.277298,29.799635],[-89.284134,29.795649],[-89.284706,29.770021],[-89.269325,29.760912],[-89.271034,29.756355],[-89.305199,29.756926],[-89.337662,29.779135],[-89.354179,29.781412],[-89.367271,29.775148],[-89.386063,29.788815],[-89.394608,29.784828],[-89.399162,29.770592],[-89.428207,29.74155],[-89.42421,29.697638],[-89.44812,29.703316],[-89.530258,29.74375],[-89.560181,29.735472],[-89.572922,29.746616],[-89.634048,29.752981],[-89.651237,29.749479],[-89.644562,29.710957],[-89.618446,29.700768],[-89.592979,29.702042],[-89.599663,29.690262],[-89.596802,29.684212],[-89.573883,29.674025],[-89.53376,29.670204],[-89.487915,29.630405],[-89.486709,29.621003]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Louisiana\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"21","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fdae4b0c8380cd64891","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herbert, Richard A.","contributorId":6451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herbert","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlson, Darrell D.","contributorId":63000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"Darrell","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiche, Gregg J. gjwiche@usgs.gov","contributorId":1675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"Gregg","email":"gjwiche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012989,"text":"70012989 - 1985 - A quantitative analysis of the Lassen hydrothermal system, north central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T18:09:27","indexId":"70012989","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A quantitative analysis of the Lassen hydrothermal system, north central California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Our conceptual model of the Lassen system is termed a liquid-dominated hydrothermal system with a parasitic vapor-dominated zone. The essential feature of this model is that steam and steam-heated discharge at relatively high altitudes in Lassen Volcanic National Park (LVNP) and liquid discharge with high chloride concentrations at relatively low altitudes outside LVNP are both fed by an upflow of high-enthalpy two-phase fluid within the Park. Liquid flows laterally away from the upflow area toward the areas of high-chloride discharge, and steam rises through a vapor-dominated zone to feed the steam and steam-heated features. Numerical simulations show that several conditions are necessary for the development of this type of system, including (1) large-scale topographic relief; (2) an initial period of convective heating within an upflow zone followed by (3) a change in hydrologic or geologic conditions that initiates drainage of liquid from portions of the upflow zone; and (4) low-permeability barriers that inhibit the movement of cold water into the vapor zone. Simulations of thermal fluid withdrawal south of LVNP, carried out in order to determine the effects of such withdrawal on portions of the hydrothermal system within the Park, generally showed decreases in pressure and liquid saturation beneath the vapor zone which resulted in temporary increases and subsequent decreases in the rate of upflow of steam. A generalized production-injection scenario that could mitigate the effects of development on both the high-chloride and steam-fed features was identified.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR021i006p00853","usgsCitation":"Ingebritsen, S.E., and Sorey, M., 1985, A quantitative analysis of the Lassen hydrothermal system, north central California: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 6, p. 853-868, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i006p00853.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"853","endPage":"868","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220341,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lassen hydrothermal system","volume":"21","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9071e4b0c8380cd7fd3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70013031,"text":"70013031 - 1985 - Empirical estimates of cumulative refraction errors associated with procedurally constrained levelings based on the Gaithersburg- Tucson refraction tests of the National Geodetic Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-14T12:16:58.968907","indexId":"70013031","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Empirical estimates of cumulative refraction errors associated with procedurally constrained levelings based on the Gaithersburg- Tucson refraction tests of the National Geodetic Survey","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Analyses of results of the National Geodetic Survey's leveling refraction tests indicate that the standard deviation about the mean (σ) for high-scale minus low-scale rod readings closely correlates with measured refraction error. Use of this relation in conjunction with values for σ obtained from routinely constrained surveys provides a basis for estimating the refraction error associated with levelings of stipulated order and class.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GL012i005p00239","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Castle, R.O., Gilmore, T., Mark, R.K., and Shaw, R., 1985, Empirical estimates of cumulative refraction errors associated with procedurally constrained levelings based on the Gaithersburg- Tucson refraction tests of the National Geodetic Survey: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 12, no. 5, p. 239-242, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL012i005p00239.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219950,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0907e4b0c8380cd51d80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castle, R. O.","contributorId":79880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilmore, T.D.","contributorId":55830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmore","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mark, R. K.","contributorId":32159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shaw, R.H.","contributorId":103790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":2000106,"text":"2000106 - 1985 - Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T10:29:12","indexId":"2000106","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"79/31","title":"Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States","docAbstract":"This classification, to be used in a new inventory of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States, is intended to describe ecological taxa, arrange them in a system useful to resource managers, furnish units for mapping, and provide uniformity of concepts and terms. Wetlands are defined by plants (hydrophytes), soils (hydric soils), and frequency of flooding. Ecologically related areas of deep water, traditionally not considered wetlands, are included in the classification as deepwater habitats.Systems form the highest level of the classification hierarchy; five are defined-Marine, Estuarine, Riverine, Lacustrine, and Palustrine. Marine and Estuarine Systems each have two Subsystems, Subtidal and Intertidal; the Riverine System has four Subsystems, Tidal, Lower Perennial, Upper Perennial, and Intermittent; the Lacustrine has two, Littoral and Limnetic; and the Palustrine has no Subsystems.Within the Subsystems, Classes are based on substrate material and flooding regime, or on vegetative life form. The same Classes may appear under one or more of the Systems or Subsystems. Six Classes are based on substrate and flooding regime: (1) Rock Bottom with a substrate of bedrock, boulders, or stones; (2) Unconsolidated Bottom with a substrate of cobbles, gravel, sand, mud, or organic material; (3) Rocky Shore with the same substrates as Rock Bottom; (4) Unconsolidated Shore with the same substrates as Unconsolidated Bottom; (5) Streambed with any of the substrates; and (6) Reef with a substrate composed of the living and dead remains of invertebrates (corals, mollusks, or worms). The bottom Classes, (1) and (2) above, are flooded all or most of the time and the shore Classes, (3) and (4), are exposed most of the time. The Class Streambed is restricted to channels of intermittent streams and tidal channels that are dewatered at low tide. The life form of the dominant vegetation defines the five Classes based on vegetative form: (1) Aquatic Bed, dominated by plants that grow principally on or below the surface of the water; (2) Moss-Lichen Wetland, dominated by mosses or lichens; (3) Emergent Wetland, dominated by emergent herbaceous angiosperms; (4) Scrub-Shrub Wetland, dominated by shrubs or small trees; and (5) Forested Wetland, dominated by large trees.The Dominance Type, which is named for the dominant plant or animal forms, is the lowest level of the classification hierarchy. Only examples are provided for this level; Dominance Types must be developed by individual users of the classification.Modifying terms applied to the Classes or Subclasses are essential for use of the system. In tidal areas, the type and duration of flooding are described by four Water Regime Modifiers: subtidal, irregularly exposed, regularly flooded, and irregularly flooded. In nontidal areas, eight Regimes are used: permanently flooded, intermittently exposed, semipermanently flooded, seasonally flooded, saturated, temporarily flooded, intermittently flooded, and artificially flooded. A hierarchical system of Water Chemistry Modifiers, adapted from the Venice System, is used to describe the salinity of the water. Fresh waters are further divided on the basis of pH. Use of a hierarchical system of soil modifiers taken directly from U.S. soil taxonomy is also required. Special modifiers are used where appropriate: excavated, impounded, diked, partly drained, farmed, and artificial.Regional differences important to wetland ecology are described through a regionalization that combines a system developed for inland areas by R. G. Bailey in 1976 with our Marine and Estuarine provinces.The structure of the classification allows it to be used at any of several hierarchical levels. Special data required for detailed application of the system are frequently unavailable, and thus data gathering may be prerequisite to classification. Development of rules by the user will be required for specific map scales. Dominance Types and relationships of plant and anima","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Cowardin, L., Carter, V., Golet, F., and LaRoe, E., 1985, Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States: FWS/OBS 79/31, 132 p.","productDescription":"132 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"131","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de2ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cowardin, L.M.","contributorId":106435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowardin","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, V.","contributorId":61115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Golet, F.C.","contributorId":32124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golet","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LaRoe, E.T.","contributorId":103766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":2002401,"text":"2002401 - 1985 - Salmonid whirling disease: serological cross-reactivity confirms myxosporidian-actinosporean unity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:55","indexId":"2002401","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":70,"text":"Research Information Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"85-74","title":"Salmonid whirling disease: serological cross-reactivity confirms myxosporidian-actinosporean unity","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"595/FH","usgsCitation":"Markiw, M., 1985, Salmonid whirling disease: serological cross-reactivity confirms myxosporidian-actinosporean unity: Research Information Bulletin 85-74, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"1","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbdae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markiw, M.E.","contributorId":44865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markiw","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28861,"text":"wri854055 - 1985 - Investigation of selected streamflow characteristics of the Alabama River upstream from Selma, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-06T17:50:01.378241","indexId":"wri854055","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4055","title":"Investigation of selected streamflow characteristics of the Alabama River upstream from Selma, Alabama","docAbstract":"Available data for floods in the vicinity of Montgomery since the late 1800 's indicate that the flood of 1886 is the highest since settlement of the area in 1814. Profiles for floods in 1948, 1961, 1976, and 1979 were defined using floodmarks and recorded peak stages at gaging stations at Selma and Montgomery. The floods in 1948 and 1961 occurred before construction of Robert F. Henry Lock and Dam (formerly Jones Bluff Lock and Dam and Millers Ferry Lock and Dam). Considerable water-surface differences are indicated between the profiles for periods before and after construction of the dams. The investigation included a step-backwater model to reproduce profiles based on the actual flood profiles. After the actual flood profiles were reproduced, the model was used to compute additional profiles showing the effects of varying tributary inflow. The profiles were computed for discharges ranging from 80,000 ft3/s to 500 ,000 ft3/s. Stage-discharge relations were then developed for five sites upstream from Selma. Discharge coefficient curves for prevalent types of flow over the spillway at Robert F. Henry Lock and Dam were developed using discharges obtained from current-meter measurements and standard discharge equations for flow through gate-controlled spillways. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854055","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District","usgsCitation":"Nelson, G.H., Ming, C.O., and Psinakis, W.L., 1985, Investigation of selected streamflow characteristics of the Alabama River upstream from Selma, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4055, vi, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854055.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401757,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4055/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57740,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4055/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57739,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4055/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57737,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4055/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4055/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57738,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4055/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","city":"Selma","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.154541015625,\n              32.22906629627297\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.22894287109375,\n              32.22906629627297\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.22894287109375,\n              32.51207789841144\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.154541015625,\n              32.51207789841144\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.154541015625,\n              32.22906629627297\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4783e4b07f02db483979","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, G. H. Jr.","contributorId":23562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ming, C. O.","contributorId":9266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ming","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Psinakis, W. L.","contributorId":104074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Psinakis","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70176041,"text":"70176041 - 1985 - Compilation of hydrologic data for the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio area, Texas, 1982, with 1934-82 summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T10:35:11","indexId":"70176041","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5177,"text":"Edwards Underground Water District Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"42","title":"Compilation of hydrologic data for the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio area, Texas, 1982, with 1934-82 summary","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Edwards Underground Water District","usgsCitation":"Reeves, R., and Ozuna, G., 1985, Compilation of hydrologic data for the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio area, Texas, 1982, with 1934-82 summary: Edwards Underground Water District Bulletin 42, 131 p.","productDescription":"131 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327774,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6aef1e4b0f2f0cebe4621","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeves, R.D.","contributorId":95043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ozuna, G. B.","contributorId":25205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ozuna","given":"G. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1013962,"text":"1013962 - 1985 - You asked for it! Use of unregistered fishery compounds poses problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:30","indexId":"1013962","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":855,"text":"Aquaculture Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"You asked for it! Use of unregistered fishery compounds poses problems","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquaculture Magazine","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"None/FF","usgsCitation":"Collins, C., 1985, You asked for it! Use of unregistered fishery compounds poses problems: Aquaculture Magazine, v. 11, no. 5, p. 53-54.","productDescription":"p. 53-54","startPage":"53","endPage":"54","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de16e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, C.","contributorId":12415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}