Nonmarine ostracodes occur as partly exfoliated carapaces and internal molds at the base of the Bramwell Member of the Bluestone Formation, which represents the uppermost Mississippian (Namurian A), stratigraphic subdivision in West Virginia and Virginia. These specimens are important in that they permit the determination of a variety of adductor-muscle-attachment scars. The adductor-muscle-attachment scar patterns illustrated herein for the first time are the oldest recorded in North America for nonmarine ostracodes. The new family Carbonitidae and superfamily Carbonitacea are established on the basis of the pattern of adductor-muscle-attachment scars. The following nonmarine genera in this unit are illustrated in open nomenclature: Carbonita Strand, 1928; Whipplella? Holland, 1934; Gutschickia Scott, 1944; Pruvostina? Scott and Summerson, 1943; Darwinula Brady and Robertson, 1885; and two steinkerns of geisinid ostracodes, 'Pseudo-ornamentation' on molds is illustrated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontology Society","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Sohn, I.G., 1985, Latest Mississippian (Namurian A) nonmarine ostracodes from West Virginia and Virginia: Journal of Paleontology, v. 59, no. 2, p. 446-460.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"446","endPage":"460","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221934,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":430689,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1305038"}],"volume":"59","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a457be4b0c8380cd67363","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sohn, I. G.","contributorId":70751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohn","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012310,"text":"70012310 - 1985 - Solid state recording current meter conversion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T10:48:44","indexId":"70012310","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Solid state recording current meter conversion","docAbstract":"The authors describe the conversion of an Endeco-174 current meter to a solid-state recording current meter. A removable solid-state module was designed to fit in the space originally occupied by an 8-track tape cartridge. The module contains a CPU and 128 kilobytes of nonvolatile CMOS memory. The solid-state module communicates with any terminal or computer using an RS-232C interface at 4800 baud rate. A primary consideration for conversion was to keep modifications of the current meter to a minimum. The communication protocol was designed to emulate the Endeco tape translation unit, thus the need for a translation unit was eliminated and the original data reduction programs can be used without any modification. After conversion, the data recording section of the current meter contains no moving parts; the storage capacity of the module is equivalent to that of the original tape cartridge.
","largerWorkTitle":"Oceans Conference Record (IEEE)","conferenceTitle":"Ocean Engineering and the Environment - Conference Record.","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","issn":"01977385","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., and Wang, L., 1985, Solid state recording current meter conversion, in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE), San Diego, CA, USA, p. 752-754.","startPage":"752","endPage":"754","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf6ae4b0c8380cd87592","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Lichen","contributorId":79622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Lichen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012905,"text":"70012905 - 1985 - Case for periodic, colossal jokulhlaups from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T00:46:32.439823","indexId":"70012905","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Case for periodic, colossal jokulhlaups from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula","docAbstract":"Two classes of field evidence firmly establish that late Wisconsin glacial Lake Missoula drained periodically as scores of colossal jökulhlaups (glacier-outburst floods). (1) More than 40 successive, flood-laid, sand-to-silt graded rhythmites accumulated in back-flooded valleys in southern Washington. Hiatuses are indicated between flood-laid rhythmites by loess and volcanic ash beds. Disconformities and nonflood sediment between rhythmites are generally scant because precipitation was modest, slopes gentle, and time between floods short. (2) In several newly analyzed deposits of Pleistocene glacial lakes in northern Idaho and Washington, lake beds comprising 20 to 55 varves (average = 30–40) overlie each successive bed of Missoula-flood sediment. These and many other lines of evidence are hostile to the notion that any two successive major rhythmites were deposited by one flood; they dispel the notion that the prodigious floods numbered only a few.
The only outlet of the 2,500-km3 glacial Lake Missoula was through its great ice dam, and so the dam became incipiently buoyant before the lake could rise enough to spill over or around it. Like Grímsvötn, Iceland, Lake Missoula remained sealed as long as any segment of the glacial dam remained grounded; when the lake rose to a critical level ∼600 m in depth, the glacier bed at the seal became buoyant, initiating underflow from the lake. Subglacial tunnels then grew exponentially, leading to catastrophic discharge. Calculations of the water budget for the lake basin (including input from the Cordilleran ice sheet) suggest that the lakes filled every three to seven decades. The hydrostatic prerequisites for a jökulhlaup were thus re-established scores of times during the 2,000- to 2,500-yr episode of last-glacial damming.
J Harlen Bretz's “Spokane flood” outraged geologists six decades ago, partly because it seemed to flaunt catastrophism. The concept that Lake Missoula discharged regularly as jökulhlaups now accords Bretz's catastrophe with uniformitarian principles.
The West Shasta copper-zinc district, Shasta County, California, contains many volcanogenic sulfide deposits within Middle Devonian rhyolites that have not been highly metamorphosed. The district was selected by the U.S. Geological Survey for intensive geological, geochemical, and geophysical study under the Development of Assessment Techniques (DAT) project because accessible exposures have been created by erosion and mining. This report describes the geophysical methods applied to characterize the electrical properties of selected West Shasta massive sulfide deposits and their host rocks, at both small (less than 25 ft) and large (greater than 25 ft) scales. The electrical techniques used galvanic (spectral induced polarization--SIP) and induction (very low frequency--VLF, slingram, and time domain electro-magnetics--TDEM) methods.In situ spectral induced polarization measurements were carried out to determine whether or not conductive anomalies in the district could be differentiated by their polarization signatures. The sulfide, in situ, induced polarization-phase spectral signatures (the induced polarization effect as a function of frequency) have much less character and lack the distinctive shape reported for other massive sulfide deposits; however, they do have some identifiable massive sulfide traits, such as low resistivity and variable polarizability. The nondescript sulfide spectral signature is attributed to the poor development of polarization processes due to a high percentage of resistive, nonpolarizable gangue minerals, lack of pore space, and limited electrolytic fluids. Large-scale spectral induced polarization measurements over the Hornet orebody have a greater polarization than the in situ measurements. This observation, in addition to the fact that much of the Hornet sulfide body has been removed by previous mining activity, suggests that the dominant polarization processes occur at the ground-water-sulfide interface.Combined use of induction techniques, which have different depths of penetration, were used to locate conductive anomalies and determine their shape and depth. All the induction surveys over the Hornet orebody detected the conductive tabular-shaped massive pyritic sulfide deposit hosted in resistive rhyolite. Shallow penetrating induction methods near the Keystone mine detected a conductive fault zone where a block of shale has been downfaulted into volcanic rock. Integrated interpretation of deeper penetrating induction data over this conductive fault zone indicates that parts of the shale are also conductive, demonstrating that the integrated use of several induction methods provides better conductor definition than a single method.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.80.8.2213","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Horton, R.J., Smith, B.D., and Washburne, J., 1985, Electrical geophysical investigations of massive sulfide deposits and their host rocks, West Shasta copper-zinc district: Economic Geology, v. 80, no. 8, p. 2213-2229, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.8.2213.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2213","endPage":"2229","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220344,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0890e4b0c8380cd51b8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton, R. J.","contributorId":19926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, B. D.","contributorId":71123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Washburne, J.C.","contributorId":105431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Washburne","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013084,"text":"70013084 - 1985 - Origin of discontinuities in coal-bearing strata at roaring creek (basal Pennsylvanian of Indiana)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-24T01:16:41.188792","indexId":"70013084","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of discontinuities in coal-bearing strata at roaring creek (basal Pennsylvanian of Indiana)","docAbstract":"Basal Pennsylvanian coal-bearing strata exposed along Roaring Creek, west-central Indiana, exhibit extreme lateral discontinuity. Coal seams abruptly change in thickness and elevation; they split, grade into shale, are cut out by channels and disrupted by soft-sediment deformational structures. Initial sediments were laid down by a network of southwest-flowing streams that traversed a deeply channelized upland surface of Mississippian carbonate rocks. Channels aggraded rapidly as uplands were worn down, so the region changed through time from uplands to upper deltaic plain. Local environments included channels, localized point bars, small natural levees and crevasse splays, overbank deposits, and swamps. Differential compaction and subsidence, slumping stream banks, and possibly collapsing sinkholes influenced sedimentation. As a consequence, coals are too discontinuous for economical mining, although they are locally thick and high in quality.
Results from multi-year investigations in the San Francisco Bay estuary show that large abundance fluctuations within benthic macroinvertebrate populations reflect both (1) within-year periodicity of reproduction, recruitment, and mortality that is not necessarily coincident with seasonal changes of the environment (e.g., the annual temperature cycle), and (2) aperiodic density changes (often larger than within-year fluctuations) following random perturbations of the environment. Density peaks of the small, short-lived estuarine invertebrates that comprise the vast majority of individuals in the bay's relatively homogeneous benthic community normally occur between spring and autumn depending on the species, in large part a reflection of reproductive periodicity. However, because mild winters permit reproductive activity in some of the common species throughout much of the year, other factors are important to within-year density fluctuations in the community. Seasonally predictable changes in freshwater inflow, wind and tidal mixing, microalgal biomass, and sediment erosion/deposition patterns all contribute to observed seasonal changes in abundance. For example, the commonly observed decline in abundance during winter reflects both short-lived species that die after reproducing and the stress of winter conditions (e.g., inundation by less saline, sediment-laden water and the decline in both planktonic and benthic algal biomass - a direct source of food for the shallow-water benthos). On the other hand, data from several studies suggest that observed 'recruitment' and 'mortality' may in fact be the migration of juveniles and adults to and from study sites. For example, the common amphipod Ampelisca abdita apparently moves from shallow to deep water, or from up-estuary to down-estuary locations, coincident with periods of high river runoff in winter. Growth of individuals within the few studied species populations is also highly seasonal, and appears to be coincident with seasonal increases in the abundance of planktonic and/or benthic microalgae. Two multi-year studies have shown that, in addition to within-year periodicity, major restructuring of the benthic community can occur as a result of anomalous (usually climate-related) perturbations of the benthic habitat. For example, during wet years freshwater-intolerant species disappear from the upper part of the estuary and from shallow areas of the bay. During a two-year drought these same species colonized the extreme upper end of the estuary in large numbers. Other aperiodic perturbations include localized instances of sediment erosion or deposition and algal mat accumulations that greatly depress abundance. Additionally, there is evidence (observations that the clam Macoma balthica establishes large populations only when the amphipod A. abdita is not abundant) that species interactions can contribute greatly to interannual variations. Thus, while community composition may change little over the long term, year-to-year predictability of species abundances is low. ?? 1985 Dr W. Junk Publishers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00048691","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Nichols, F., and Thompson, J., 1985, Time scales of change in the San Francisco Bay benthos: Hydrobiologia, v. 129, no. 1, p. 121-138, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048691.","startPage":"121","endPage":"138","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205029,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048691"}],"volume":"129","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3ace4b08c986b325f30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, F.H.","contributorId":88020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"F.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, J.K.","contributorId":103300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013107,"text":"70013107 - 1985 - Recovery of dichlorobenzenes, nitrobenzene, and naphthalene during evaporative concentration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T20:48:28","indexId":"70013107","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recovery of dichlorobenzenes, nitrobenzene, and naphthalene during evaporative concentration","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/ac00284a077","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Matthews, E., 1985, Recovery of dichlorobenzenes, nitrobenzene, and naphthalene during evaporative concentration: Analytical Chemistry, v. 57, no. 7, p. 1494-1496, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00284a077.","startPage":"1494","endPage":"1496","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269215,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00284a077"}],"volume":"57","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a334e4b0e8fec6cdb7b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matthews, E.W.","contributorId":35070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthews","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013086,"text":"70013086 - 1985 - An empirical equation of state for hydrothermal seawater (3.2 percent NaCl)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-08T17:33:54.433348","indexId":"70013086","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An empirical equation of state for hydrothermal seawater (3.2 percent NaCl)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.285.8.725","usgsCitation":"Bischoff, J.L., and Rosenbauer, R.J., 1985, An empirical equation of state for hydrothermal seawater (3.2 percent NaCl): American Journal of Science, v. 285, no. 8, p. 725-763, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.285.8.725.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"725","endPage":"763","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220624,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"285","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea35e4b0c8380cd486e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":365251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenbauer, Robert J. brosenbauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"Robert","email":"brosenbauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012375,"text":"70012375 - 1985 - Element mobility during alteration of silicic ash to kaolinite - A study of tonstein","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-25T16:47:35.142486","indexId":"70012375","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Element mobility during alteration of silicic ash to kaolinite - A study of tonstein","docAbstract":"A laterally persistent kaolinitic mudstone parting (tonstein) occurring in a Wyoming coal bed of Eocene age was sampled to estimate the compositional contrast with a probable silicic ash precursor, and to determine the compositional influence of leached ash on immediately adjacent coal. With the exception of Al, and possibly Ti, the tonstein is highly to moderately leached of major elements, relative to a range of compositions estimated for silicic ash of the region. In agreement with the behaviour of geochemically similar major elements, alkali trace elements (Rb, Cs) are highly leached, transition-series metals moderately leached, and Ga is residual. Additional immobile trace elements are Zr and Hf but some other trace elements that are considered relatively immobile during low-temperature alteration (Th, Ta, Nb, REE, Y) were apparently leached by the low-Eh, low-pH, organic-rich pore fluids of the coal-forming swamp.
The migrational range of many of the leached elements is highly limited by the intimate association of tonstein with enclosing organic matter. Mixtures of coal + minor tonstein that occur within 20 mm of contacts are consistently enriched in some elements relative to either tonstein or nearby coal (U, Cu), or relative to calculated mixtures of tonstein and coal in their measured proportions (Th, Y, REE, Pb, Ba, V, Ti). Direct observations by fission-track radiography and electron microprobe indicate a preference of U and Fe for the organic component of mixtures. Metal fixation is probably by adsorption on insoluble organic matter (humic acids), or by precipitation as minor sulphides in these low-sulphur coals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00471.x","issn":"00370746","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., 1985, Element mobility during alteration of silicic ash to kaolinite - A study of tonstein: Sedimentology, v. 32, no. 4, p. 567-579, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00471.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"567","endPage":"579","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222253,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08b7e4b0c8380cd51c36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, R. A. 0000-0002-4047-5129","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":106930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":363405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013099,"text":"70013099 - 1985 - An ocean bottom seismometer study of shallow seismicity near the Mid- America Trench offshore Guatemala","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-25T14:53:05.449242","indexId":"70013099","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An ocean bottom seismometer study of shallow seismicity near the Mid- America Trench offshore Guatemala","docAbstract":"Five ocean bottom seismometers recorded seismicity near the Mid-America Trench offshore Guatemala for 27 days in 1979. The array was emplaced in the lower slope region, just above the topographic trench, in the area investigated during Deep Sea Drilling Project legs 67 and 84. Approximately 170 events were recorded by three or more seismometers, and almost half were located with statistical hypocentral errors of less than 10 km. Most epicenters were located immediately landward of the trench axis, and many were further confined to a zone northwest of the array. In terms of depth, most events were located within the subducting Cocos plate rather than in the overlying plate or at the plate-plate boundary. Their apparent concentration in the lower crust and upper mantle may suggest that the upper crust does not have the strength to support earthquake-generating stresses. The data permit construction of a magnitude-duration scale, calibrated with mb magnitudes for events located by the World-Wide Standard Seismograph Network (WWSSN) and recorded by our array and by the network recording foreshocks and aftershocks of the 1979 Petatlan earthquake. Most magnitudes ranged between 3.0 and 4.0 mb, and the threshold magnitude of locatable events was about 2.8 mb. Two distinct composite focal mechanisms were determined. One appears to indicate high-angle reverse faulting in the subducting plate, in a plane parallel to trench axis strike. The other, constructed for some earthquakes in the zone northwest of the array, seems to show normal faulting along possible fault planes oriented quasi-perpendicular to the trench axis. The normal faulting is consistent with the segmentation of the Cocos plate that has been proposed from land evidence. Such segmentation might be evidenced offshore by normal faulting along planes subperpendicular to trench strike. Alternatively, the seismicity zone and associated normal faulting mechanism may be the subsurface expression of the tectonics responsible for the San Jose Canyon, a prominent submarine canyon located farther upslope. Finally, projection of our seismicity sample and of well-located WWSSN events from 1954 to 1980 onto a plane perpendicular to the trench axis shows a distinct gap between the shallow seismicity located by our array, and the deeper Wadati-Benioff zone seismicity located by the WWSSN. We tentatively ascribe this gap to inadequate sampling, but we suggest that it requires further investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB13p11397","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Ambos, E.L., Hussong, D., and Holman, C., 1985, An ocean bottom seismometer study of shallow seismicity near the Mid- America Trench offshore Guatemala: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B13, p. 11397-11412, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB13p11397.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"11397","endPage":"11412","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219835,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea98e4b0c8380cd4897e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ambos, E. L.","contributorId":23957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ambos","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hussong, D.M.","contributorId":99696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hussong","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holman, C.E.","contributorId":20892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holman","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012918,"text":"70012918 - 1985 - Concentrations and source areas of ice nuclei in the Alaskan atmosphere.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-14T13:06:06","indexId":"70012918","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2217,"text":"Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentrations and source areas of ice nuclei in the Alaskan atmosphere.","docAbstract":"The results indicate a seasonal variation in nucleus concentration with a winter minimum and a north-to-south trend in the increasing average concentration. Some episodes of high concentrations were correlated with 500 mb isobaric transport from Eurasia and 700 mb cyclogenesis over Alaska. These results suggest that local nucleus sources play a dominant role in the seasonal variation, while some individual episodes are caused by external or regional influences. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1175/1520-0450(1985)024<0377:CASAOI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fountain, A.G., and Ohtake, T., 1985, Concentrations and source areas of ice nuclei in the Alaskan atmosphere.: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, v. 24, no. 4, p. 377-382, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1985)024<0377:CASAOI>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"377","endPage":"382","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480170,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1985)024<0377:casaoi>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":222384,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269327,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1985)024<0377:CASAOI>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f98ae4b0c8380cd4d673","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fountain, A. G.","contributorId":29815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fountain","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ohtake, T.","contributorId":26446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohtake","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013059,"text":"70013059 - 1985 - Proximal bedded deposits related to pyroclastic flows of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-28T21:43:45.357798","indexId":"70013059","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proximal bedded deposits related to pyroclastic flows of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"Thin-bedded, dacitic, pumiceous pyroclastic-flow deposits partly cover the steep northern flank of Mount St. Helens volcano, Washington. They are termed proximal bedded pyroclastic-flow (PBPF) deposits and were formed during the eruption of May 18, 1980. These unconsolidated deposits, as much as 20 m thick, are characterized by well-defined, chiefly plane-parallel bedding sets separated by erosion surfaces. Most beds dip generally parallel to the slope of the underlying volcano flank, which averages 15° to the north but locally is as much as 30°. Individual beds range in thickness from 2 mm to >1 m. Cross-bedding, in which bedding sets dip gently to the north or locally to the south, is abundant. Cross-bedding is generally associated with large longitudinal dunes, apparently antidunes. Some cross-bedding sets, however, constitute small longitudinal anti-dunes (chute-and-pool structures) containing stoss-side beds that migrated south and dip steeply south toward the crater source.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<1373:PBDRTP>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rowley, P.D., MacLeod, N.S., Kuntz, M.A., and Kaplan, A., 1985, Proximal bedded deposits related to pyroclastic flows of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens, Washington: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 96, no. 11, p. 1373-1383, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<1373:PBDRTP>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1373","endPage":"1383","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220288,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.45928961535084,\n 46.36694436062862\n ],\n [\n -122.45928961535084,\n 46.10477449114575\n ],\n [\n -121.95666510363209,\n 46.10477449114575\n ],\n [\n -121.95666510363209,\n 46.36694436062862\n ],\n [\n -122.45928961535084,\n 46.36694436062862\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8fb3e4b0c8380cd7f8f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowley, P. D.","contributorId":87551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowley","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacLeod, N. S.","contributorId":55816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacLeod","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuntz, M. A.","contributorId":33323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuntz","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaplan, A.M.","contributorId":69234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaplan","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013003,"text":"70013003 - 1985 - An estimate of hydrothermal fluid residence times and vent chimney growth rates based on 210Pb Pb ratios and mineralogic studies of sulfides dredged from the Juan de Fuca Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-10T21:44:29.513906","indexId":"70013003","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An estimate of hydrothermal fluid residence times and vent chimney growth rates based on 210Pb Pb ratios and mineralogic studies of sulfides dredged from the Juan de Fuca Ridge","docAbstract":"The210PbPb ratios across two sulfide samples dredged from the Juan de Fuca Ridge are used to estimate the growth rate of the sulfide material and the residence time of the hydrothermal fluid within the oceanic crust from the onset of basalt alteration.210Pb is added to the hydrothermal fluid by two processes: (1) high-temperature alteration of basalt and (2) if the residence time of the fluid is on the order of the 22.3-year half-life of210Pb, by in-situ growth from222Rn (Krishnaswami and Turekian, 1982). Stable lead is derived only from the alteration of basalt.
The210Pb/Pb ratio across one sample was ∼ 0.5 dpm/10−6 g Pb, and across the other it was ∼ 0.4 dpm/10−6 g Pb. These values are quite close to the238UP/b ratios of basalts from the area, suggesting that the residence time of the hydrothermal fluid from the onset of basalt alteration is appreciably less than the mean life of210Pb, i.e., the time required for ingrowth from the radon.
An apparent growth rate of 1.2 cm/yr is derived from the slope of the210Pb/Pb curve for one of the samples. This is consistent with its mineralogy and texture which suggest an accretionary pattern of development. There is no obvious sequential growth pattern, and virtually no gradient in210Pb/Pb across the second sample. This is consistent with alteration of the original210Pb/Pb distribution by extensive remobilization reactions which are inferred from the mineralogic and textural relationships of the sample.
Common-depth-point (CDP) seismic reflection data in the southwestern Bahamas reveal the northern edge of the tectonized zone that resulted from the late Mesozoic-early Cenozoic collision of Cuba and the Bahamas. Two seismic facies are present: a basin facies and a shallow-water carbonate-platform facies. In Santaren Channel, between Cay Sal and the Great Bahama Bank, a 5-sec thick group of coherent flat-lying reflections is inferred to represent an accumulation of deep-water basinal carbonate deposits approximately 10 km thick. At the southern end of Santaren Channel and in Nicholas Channel toward the west, the basinal carbonate section thins abruptly and overlies zones that lack coherent reflections. These structureless zones, which are attended by positive gravity anoma ies, are inferred to represent shallow-water carbonate-platform materials. Neither seismic facies has associated short wavelength magnetic anomalies.
A 10-km broad anticline occurs at the south end of Santaren Channel. Platform carbonates in the core of this structure overlie Early Cretaceous and older basinal carbonate deposits and are onlapped by Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic basinal facies. The structure is inferred to be a hanging-wall anticline at the northern limit of the Cuban fold-thrust belt formed in the Late Cretaceous. In eastern Nicholas Channel, a 40-km broad, tilted block of platform carbonate material appears to have been uplifted prior to the latest Cretaceous. This feature is onlapped by Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic deposits. A depositional-erosional carbonate-platform edge of Early Cretaceous age occurs in western Nicholas Channel at its juncture with the Straits of Florida. An Early Cretaceous platform margin at this location indicates that a deeper water embayment extended northward into the Straits of Florida, around northern Cay Sal Bank, and back into Santaren Channel during the Early Cretaceous.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/AD462BD2-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Ball, M.M., Martin, R.G., Bock, W.D., Sylwester, R., Bowles, R.M., Taylor, D., Coward, E., Dodd, J.E., and Gilbert, L., 1985, Seismic structure and stratigraphy of northern edge of Bahaman-Cuban collision zone: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 69, no. 8, p. 1275-1294, https://doi.org/10.1306/AD462BD2-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1275","endPage":"1294","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222495,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"The Bahamas","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-77.53466,23.75975],[-77.78,23.71],[-78.03405,24.28615],[-78.40848,24.57564],[-78.19087,25.2103],[-77.89,25.17],[-77.54,24.34],[-77.53466,23.75975]]],[[[-77.82,26.58],[-78.91,26.42],[-78.98,26.79],[-78.51,26.87],[-77.85,26.84],[-77.82,26.58]]],[[[-77,26.59],[-77.17255,25.87918],[-77.35641,26.00735],[-77.34,26.53],[-77.78802,26.92516],[-77.79,27.04],[-77,26.59]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"The Bahamas\"}}]}","volume":"69","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf27e4b0c8380cd873ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, M. M.","contributorId":46941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, R. G.","contributorId":100431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bock, W. D.","contributorId":99701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bock","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sylwester, R. E.","contributorId":34137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sylwester","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bowles, R. M.","contributorId":24497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowles","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Taylor, D.","contributorId":79238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Coward, E. L.","contributorId":84375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coward","given":"E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dodd, J. E.","contributorId":57867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gilbert, L.","contributorId":36294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70013045,"text":"70013045 - 1985 - Seasonal variation in sediment transport on the Russian River shelf, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-04T15:06:31.77465","indexId":"70013045","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal variation in sediment transport on the Russian River shelf, California","docAbstract":"Near-bottom currents, light transmission and scattering, and bottom pressure were measured with GEOPROBE tripods and vector-averaging current meters during June 1979 to April 1980 on the central shelf 10 km west of the Russian River, California. The instruments were located on the mid-shelf mud belt composed of bimodal sandy clayey silts contributed principally by the Russian River. During the summer season of persistent northwesterly, upwelling-favorable winds, the average and maximum current speeds 5 m above the bottom were 11 and 31 cm s−1, respectively. The mean (subtidal) flow at 5 m above bottom was poleward and slightly offshore at about 6 cm s−1. The strongest wave-generated bottom currents were about 10 cm s−1, but oscillatory velocities > 5 cm s−1 were infrequent. Suspended-matter concentrations, derived from the optical data at 1.9 m above the bottom, ranged from 1 to 6 mg l−1. The optical data show that the currents and waves were generally below threshold levels for sediment erosion through the summer. In contrast, during the autumn and, particularly, the winter months, the average and maximum concentrations of suspended matter increased substantially. The increases were primarily caused by larger waves from distant storms and short intervals of strong currents associated with local storms and, secondarily, by the large seasonal flow of the Russian River. Wind-driven and wave-generated bottom currents were as large as 37 and 45 cm s−1, respectively, during local storms in December 1979 and February 1980. Suspended-matter concentrations averaged about 7 mg l−1 during non-storm winter periods, but increased to nearly 150 mg l−1 during a December storm. Estimates of suspended-matter flux near the bottom show that the local winter storms, which had a combined duration of about 12 days, could account for 30 to 50% of the total annual suspended-sediment transport at the mid-shelf site. Although intervals of large swell were at times superimposed on southward advective currents, the major sediment-transport events were caused by strong southerly winds that produced poleward bottom currents with a significant offshore component. The primary aspects of the distribution of modern sediments on this shelf are in good agreement with the observed poleward transport.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(85)90007-X","usgsCitation":"Drake, D., and Cacchione, D., 1985, Seasonal variation in sediment transport on the Russian River shelf, California: Continental Shelf Research, v. 4, no. 5, p. 495-514, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(85)90007-X.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"495","endPage":"514","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220120,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Russian River shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.51559980216115,\n 38.6469199916873\n ],\n [\n -123.51559980216115,\n 38.21661585272099\n ],\n [\n -122.84406049552042,\n 38.21661585272099\n ],\n [\n -122.84406049552042,\n 38.6469199916873\n ],\n [\n -123.51559980216115,\n 38.6469199916873\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88ece4b08c986b316c39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":365159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012204,"text":"70012204 - 1985 - Geochemical mass-balance relationships for selected ions in precipitation and stream water, Catoctin Mountains, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T10:37:27","indexId":"70012204","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical mass-balance relationships for selected ions in precipitation and stream water, Catoctin Mountains, Maryland","docAbstract":"Results of a study of input/output mass balances for major ions based on the chemical composition of precipitation and stream-water, geochemical reactions with different loading rates of hydrogen ion, and watershed processes influencing the chemical character of stream-waters in two small watershed areas are reported with a view to predicting the effect of additions of acidic rain to the watershed systems. Geochemical weathering processes account for the observed changes in the chemistry of stream flow. Although present in bedrock in extremely small quantities, calcite plays an important role in neutralization of the total hydrogen-ion input.
","language":"English","publisher":"AJS","doi":"10.2475/ajs.285.10.931","issn":"00029599","usgsCitation":"Katz, B., Bricker, O., and Kennedy, M., 1985, Geochemical mass-balance relationships for selected ions in precipitation and stream water, Catoctin Mountains, Maryland: American Journal of Science, v. 285, no. 10, p. 951-962, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.285.10.931.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"951","endPage":"962","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480171,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.285.10.931","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":222295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States 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\"}}]}","volume":"285","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1687e4b0c8380cd551a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy, M.M.","contributorId":10817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013015,"text":"70013015 - 1985 - Redescription of Bellerophon bittneri (Gastropoda: Triassic) from Wyoming.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:27","indexId":"70013015","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1335,"text":"Contributions to Geology - University of Wyoming, Laramie","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Redescription of Bellerophon bittneri (Gastropoda: Triassic) from Wyoming.","docAbstract":"Bellerophon bittneri Newell and Kummel is an Early Triassic bellerophontacean from the Dinwoody Formation in the Wind River Mountains. The available type material consists of one fair, but incomplete, external mold, which resembles a Bellerophon but is actually a Retispira. After repeated search, additional specimens were found at one locality in the southern Wind River Range of Wyoming; Retispira bittneri is redescribed from this new material. Like other Triassic bellerophontaceans, there is nothing unusual about the species apart from occurrence in the Mesozoic; it is clearly congeneric with Permian Retispira from underlying rocks. -Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Geology - University of Wyoming, Laramie","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Yochelson, E.L., Boyd, D., and Wardlaw, B., 1985, Redescription of Bellerophon bittneri (Gastropoda: Triassic) from Wyoming.: Contributions to Geology - University of Wyoming, Laramie, v. 23, no. 2, p. 99-104.","startPage":"99","endPage":"104","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3abe4b0e8fec6cdb911","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yochelson, E. L.","contributorId":50948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yochelson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boyd, D.W.","contributorId":34652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wardlaw, B.","contributorId":14111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wardlaw","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013087,"text":"70013087 - 1985 - Anomalous 13C enrichment in modern marine organic carbon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:35","indexId":"70013087","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anomalous 13C enrichment in modern marine organic carbon","docAbstract":"Marine organic carbon is heavier isotopically (13C enriched) than most land-plant or terrestrial organic C1. Accordingly, ??13C values of organic C in modern marine sediments are routinely interpreted in terms of the relative proportions of marine and terrestrial sources of the preserved organic matter2,3. When independent geochemical techniques are used to evaluate the source of organic matter in Cretaceous or older rocks, those rocks containing mostly marine organic C are found typically to have lighter (more-negative) ??13C values than rocks containing mostly terrestrial organic C. Here we conclude that marine photosynthesis in mid-Cretaceous and earlier oceans generally resulted in a greater fractionation of C isotopes and produced organic C having lighter ??13C values. Modern marine photosynthesis may be occurring under unusual geological conditions (higher oceanic primary production rates, lower PCO2) that limit dissolved CO2 availability and minimize carbon isotope fractionation4. ?? 1985 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/315216a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Arthur, M., Dean, W., and Claypool, G., 1985, Anomalous 13C enrichment in modern marine organic carbon: Nature, v. 315, no. 6016, p. 216-218, https://doi.org/10.1038/315216a0.","startPage":"216","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205053,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/315216a0"},{"id":220673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"315","issue":"6016","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1985-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec45e4b0c8380cd49166","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, M.A.","contributorId":24791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":8475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013106,"text":"70013106 - 1985 - Extended computer system simsag","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T15:47:23","indexId":"70013106","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extended computer system simsag","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(85)90033-0","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Zhou, D., 1985, Extended computer system simsag: Computers & Geosciences, v. 11, no. 4, p. 509-511, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(85)90033-0.","startPage":"509","endPage":"511","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266190,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(85)90033-0"},{"id":219955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e3de4b0c8380cd53370","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhou, D.","contributorId":98037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013080,"text":"70013080 - 1985 - PREPRO: a computer program for encoding regional exploration data for use in characteristic analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T15:45:56","indexId":"70013080","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"PREPRO: a computer program for encoding regional exploration data for use in characteristic analysis","docAbstract":"The preprocessor (PREPRO) computer program offers the exploration geologist a variety of options for encoding regional exploration data into ternary form for use in characteristic analysis. PREPRO's options include variable-input formats, cursor input, ordering among a set of input variables, and selectable ternary transformations. Moreover, the program provides for the display of results which, in turn, makes possible review, reselection, and retransformation of variables. Most important, the performance of the listed steps in an interactive computing environment results in rapid and efficient preprocessing of the data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(85)90082-2","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Bridges, N., Hanley, J., and McCammon, R., 1985, PREPRO: a computer program for encoding regional exploration data for use in characteristic analysis: Computers & Geosciences, v. 11, no. 5, p. 513-519, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(85)90082-2.","startPage":"513","endPage":"519","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266189,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(85)90082-2"},{"id":220567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7374e4b0c8380cd77041","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bridges, N.J.","contributorId":20320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanley, J.T.","contributorId":73192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanley","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCammon, R.B.","contributorId":17218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCammon","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}