Long period (LP) seismicity and very long period infrasound (iVLP) were recorded during continuous degassing from Mount Pagan, Mariana Islands, in July 2013 to January 2014. The frequency content of the LP and iVLP events and delay times between the two arrivals were remarkably stable and indicate nearly co-located sources. Using phase-weighted stacking over similar events to dampen noise, we find that the LP source centroid is located 60 m below and 180 m west of the summit vent. The moment tensor reveals a volumetric source modeled as resonance of a subhorizontal sill intersecting a dike. We model the seismoacoustic wavefields with a coupled earth-air 3-D finite difference code. The ratios of pressure to velocity measured at the infrasound arrays are an order of magnitude larger than the synthetic ratios, so the iVLP is not the result of LP energy transmitting into the atmosphere at its epicenter. Based on crater shape and dimensions determined by structure from motion, we model the iVLP as acoustic resonance of an exponential horn. The source of the continuous plume from gas analysis is shallow magmatic degassing, which repeatedly pressurized the dike-sill portion of the conduit over the 7 months of observation. Periodic gas release caused the geologically controlled sill to partially collapse and resonate, while venting of gas at the surface triggered resonance in the crater. LP degassing only accounts for ~12% of total degassing, indicating that most degassing is relatively aseismic and that multiple active pathways exist beneath the vent.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2015JB012490","usgsCitation":"Lyons, J.J., Haney, M.M., Werner, C.A., Kelly, P.J., Patrick, M.R., Kern, C., and Trusdell, F., 2016, Long period seismicity and very long period infrasound driven by shallow magmatic degassing at Mount Pagan, Mariana Islands: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 121, no. 1, p. 188-209, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012490.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"188","endPage":"209","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070836","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jb012490","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":330394,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana 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,{"id":70162410,"text":"70162410 - 2016 - Coupled downscaled climate models and ecophysiological metrics forecast habitat compression for an endangered estuarine fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-30T11:24:24","indexId":"70162410","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-22T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coupled downscaled climate models and ecophysiological metrics forecast habitat compression for an endangered estuarine fish","docAbstract":"Climate change is driving rapid changes in environmental conditions and affecting population and species’ persistence across spatial and temporal scales. Integrating climate change assessments into biological resource management, such as conserving endangered species, is a substantial challenge, partly due to a mismatch between global climate forecasts and local or regional conservation planning. Here, we demonstrate how outputs of global climate change models can be downscaled to the watershed scale, and then coupled with ecophysiological metrics to assess climate change effects on organisms of conservation concern. We employed models to estimate future water temperatures (2010–2099) under several climate change scenarios within the large heterogeneous San Francisco Estuary. We then assessed the warming effects on the endangered, endemic Delta Smelt, Hypomesus transpacificus, by integrating localized projected water temperatures with thermal sensitivity metrics (tolerance, spawning and maturation windows, and sublethal stress thresholds) across life stages. Lethal temperatures occurred under several scenarios, but sublethal effects resulting from chronic stressful temperatures were more common across the estuary (median >60 days above threshold for >50% locations by the end of the century). Behavioral avoidance of such stressful temperatures would make a large portion of the potential range of Delta Smelt unavailable during the summer and fall. Since Delta Smelt are not likely to migrate to other estuaries, these changes are likely to result in substantial habitat compression. Additionally, the Delta Smelt maturation window was shortened by 18–85 days, revealing cumulative effects of stressful summer and fall temperatures with early initiation of spring spawning that may negatively impact fitness. Our findings highlight the value of integrating sublethal thresholds, life history, and in situ thermal heterogeneity into global change impact assessments. As downscaled climate models are becoming widely available, we conclude that similar assessments at management-relevant scales will improve the scientific basis for resource management decisions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0146724","usgsCitation":"Brown, L.R., Komoroske, L., Wagner, R., Morgan-King, T., May, J.T., Connon, R., and Fangue, N.A., 2016, Coupled downscaled climate models and ecophysiological metrics forecast habitat compression for an endangered estuarine fish: PLoS ONE, Article e0146724; 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146724.","productDescription":"Article e0146724; 21 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066160","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146724","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314698,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Grizzly Bay, Honker Bay, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, Suisun Bay, upper San Francisco Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3,\n 37.8\n ],\n [\n -122.3,\n 38.6\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 38.6\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 37.8\n ],\n [\n -122.3,\n 37.8\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a352afe4b0b28f1183bbce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Komoroske, Lisa M","contributorId":152475,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Komoroske","given":"Lisa M","affiliations":[{"id":18933,"text":"NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wagner, R Wayne","contributorId":152476,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wagner","given":"R Wayne","affiliations":[{"id":13603,"text":"University of Texas, Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morgan-King, Tara 0000-0001-5632-5232","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-5232","contributorId":32804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan-King","given":"Tara","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"May, Jason T. 0000-0002-5699-2112 jasonmay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5699-2112","contributorId":617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Jason","email":"jasonmay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":589470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Connon, Richard E","contributorId":152478,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Connon","given":"Richard E","affiliations":[{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fangue, Nann A.","contributorId":152479,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fangue","given":"Nann","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70159883,"text":"sir20155175 - 2016 - Delineation of the Pahute Mesa–Oasis Valley groundwater basin, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-13T08:21:35","indexId":"sir20155175","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-22T13:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5175","title":"Delineation of the Pahute Mesa–Oasis Valley groundwater basin, Nevada","docAbstract":"This report delineates the Pahute Mesa–Oasis Valley (PMOV) groundwater basin, where recharge occurs, moves downgradient, and discharges to Oasis Valley, Nevada. About 5,900 acre-feet of water discharges annually from Oasis Valley, an area of springs and seeps near the town of Beatty in southern Nevada. Radionuclides in groundwater beneath Pahute Mesa, an area of historical underground nuclear testing at the Nevada National Security Site, are believed to be migrating toward Oasis Valley. Delineating the boundary of the PMOV groundwater basin is necessary to adequately assess the potential for transport of radionuclides from Pahute Mesa to Oasis Valley.
The PMOV contributing area is defined based on regional water-level contours, geologic controls, and knowledge of adjacent flow systems. The viability of this area as the contributing area to Oasis Valley and the absence of significant interbasin flow between the PMOV groundwater basin and adjacent basins are shown regionally and locally. Regional constraints on the location of the contributing area boundary and on the absence of interbasin groundwater flow are shown by balancing groundwater discharges in the PMOV groundwater basin and adjacent basins against available water from precipitation. Internal consistency for the delineated contributing area is shown by matching measured water levels, groundwater discharges, and transmissivities with simulated results from a single-layer, steady-state, groundwater-flow model. An alternative basin boundary extending farther north than the final boundary was rejected based on a poor chloride mass balance and a large imbalance in the northern area between preferred and simulated recharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155175","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Site Office, Office of Environmental Management, under Interagency Agreement, DE-NA0001654","usgsCitation":"Fenelon, J.M., Halford, K.J., and Moreo, M.T., 2016, Delineation of the Pahute Mesa–Oasis Valley groundwater basin, Nevada (ver. 1.1, May 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5175, 40 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155175.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 40 p.; Plate: 21.08 x 32.62 inches; Appendix B; Model Archive","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-033349","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438642,"rank":9,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7N58JFQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Appendix C of Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5175, Model archive of Pahute Mesa - Oasis Valley groundwater flow model"},{"id":314707,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5175/sir20155175_appendixB_BasinBALANCE.zip","text":"Appendix B","size":"1.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2015-5175 Appendix B zip"},{"id":314708,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5175/sir20155175_plate1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"3.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5175 Plate 1 PDF"},{"id":314709,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7N58JFQ","text":"Model Archive"},{"id":314817,"rank":6,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/sir2015_5175_WLcontours.xml","text":"Water-level altitude contours of Pahute Mesa-Oasis Valley and surrounding groundwater basins, Nevada and California"},{"id":314705,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5175/sir20155175.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5175 PDF"},{"id":314706,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5175/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":314818,"rank":7,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/sir2015_5175_GWbasins.xml","text":"Pahute Mesa-Oasis Valley and surrounding groundwater basins, Nevada and California"},{"id":321195,"rank":8,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5175/versionHist.txt"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.94921874999999,\n 35.951329861522666\n ],\n [\n -117.94921874999999,\n 38.28131307922969\n ],\n [\n -115.521240234375,\n 38.28131307922969\n ],\n [\n -115.521240234375,\n 35.951329861522666\n ],\n [\n -117.94921874999999,\n 35.951329861522666\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1: Originally posted January 22, 2016; Version 1.1: May 12, 2016","contact":"Director, Nevada Water Science Center
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http://nevada.usgs.gov/water/
Comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations between the sexes of mature fish may reveal important behavioral and physiological differences between the sexes. We determined whole-fish PCB concentrations in 23 female summer flounder Paralichthys dentatusand 27 male summer flounder from New Jersey coastal waters. To investigate the potential for differences in diet or habitat utilization between the sexes, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios were also determined. In 5 of the 23 female summer flounder, PCB concentrations in the somatic tissue and ovaries were determined. In addition, we used bioenergetics modeling to assess the contribution of the growth dilution effect to the observed difference in PCB concentrations between the sexes. Whole-fish PCB concentrations for females and males averaged 87 and 124 ng/g, respectively; thus males were 43% higher in PCB concentration compared with females. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios did not significantly differ between the sexes, suggesting that diet composition and habitat utilization did not vary between the sexes. Based on PCB determinations in the somatic tissue and ovaries, we predicted that PCB concentration of females would increase by 0.6%, on average, immediately after spawning due to release of eggs. Thus, the change in PCB concentration due to release of eggs did not explain the higher PCB concentrations observed in males. Bioenergetics modeling results indicated that the growth dilution effect could account for males being 19% higher in PCB concentration compared with females. Thus, the bulk of the observed difference in PCB concentrations between the sexes was not explained by growth dilution. We concluded that a higher rate of energy expenditure in males, stemming from greater activity and a greater resting metabolic rate, was most likely the primary driver for the observed difference in PCB concentrations between the sexes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0147223","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., Jensen, O.P., Rediske, R.R., O'Keefe, J., Vastano, A.R., and Pothoven, S.A., 2016, Differences in energy expenditures and growth dilution explain higher PCB concentrations in male summer flounder: PLoS ONE, v. 11, no. 1, p. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147223.","productDescription":"e0147223; 20 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068626","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147223","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314703,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.05334472656249,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -74.432373046875,\n 40.6723059714534\n ],\n [\n -74.9212646484375,\n 40.34654412118006\n ],\n [\n -74.7125244140625,\n 40.157885249506506\n ],\n [\n -74.8388671875,\n 40.094882122321174\n ],\n [\n -75.0860595703125,\n 39.985538414809746\n ],\n [\n -75.1409912109375,\n 39.90130858574735\n ],\n [\n -75.41015624999999,\n 39.7958755252971\n ],\n [\n -75.531005859375,\n 39.6606850221923\n ],\n [\n -75.5145263671875,\n 39.5633531658293\n ],\n [\n -75.5419921875,\n 39.46164364205549\n ],\n [\n -75.1849365234375,\n 38.976492485539424\n ],\n [\n -74.8223876953125,\n 38.6897975322717\n ],\n [\n -73.5260009765625,\n 38.86965182408357\n ],\n [\n -72.8118896484375,\n 39.20671884491848\n ],\n [\n -72.6800537109375,\n 39.8465036024177\n ],\n [\n -72.92724609375,\n 40.1452892956766\n ],\n [\n -73.32824707031249,\n 40.3758437769601\n ],\n [\n -73.66333007812499,\n 40.47620304302563\n ],\n [\n -74.05334472656249,\n 40.613952441166596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a360bbe4b0b28f1183bbed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jensen, Olaf P.","contributorId":92159,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jensen","given":"Olaf","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":12727,"text":"Rutgers University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rediske, Richard R.","contributorId":79053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rediske","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O'Keefe, James P.","contributorId":99499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Keefe","given":"James P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vastano, Anthony R.","contributorId":152434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vastano","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12727,"text":"Rutgers University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pothoven, Steven A.","contributorId":92998,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pothoven","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70160739,"text":"sim3350 - 2016 - Fish assemblage composition and mapped mesohabitat features over a range of streamflows in the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico, winter 2011-12, summer 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-21T13:43:58","indexId":"sim3350","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-21T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3350","title":"Fish assemblage composition and mapped mesohabitat features over a range of streamflows in the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico, winter 2011-12, summer 2012","docAbstract":"This report documents differences in the mapped spatial extents and physical characteristics of in-channel fish habitat evaluated at the mesohabitat scale during winter 2011–12 (moderate streamflow) and summer 2012 (low streamflow) at 15 sites on the Middle Rio Grande in New Mexico starting about 3 kilometers downstream from Cochiti Dam and ending about 40 kilometers upstream from Elephant Butte Reservoir. The results of mesohabitat mapping, physical characterization, and fish assemblage surveys are summarized from the data that were collected. The report also presents general comparisons of physical mesohabitat data, such as wetted area and substrate type, and biological mesohabitat data, which included fish assemblage composition, species richness, Rio Grande silvery minnow relative abundance, and Rio Grande silvery minnow catch per unit effort.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3350","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque District, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Pearson, D.K., Braun, C.L., and Moring, J.B., 2015, Fish assemblage composition and mapped mesohabitat features over a range of streamflows in the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico, winter 2011–12, summer 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3350, 7 sheets, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3350.","productDescription":"7 Sheets","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-056794","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314540,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3350/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":314541,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3350/pdf/sim3350.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3350"},{"id":314542,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3350/pdf/sim3350_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","size":"2.95 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3350"},{"id":314543,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3350/pdf/sim3350_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","size":"2.67 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3350"},{"id":314544,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3350/pdf/sim3350_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","size":"2.68 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3350"},{"id":314545,"rank":6,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3350/pdf/sim3350_sheet4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4","size":"4.45 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3350"},{"id":314546,"rank":7,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3350/pdf/sim3350_sheet5.pdf","text":"Sheet 5","size":"3.07 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3350"},{"id":314547,"rank":8,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3350/pdf/sim3350_sheet6.pdf","text":"Sheet 6","size":"2.75 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3350"},{"id":314548,"rank":9,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3350/pdf/sim3350_sheet7.pdf","text":"Sheet 7","size":"1.87 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3350"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Middle Rio Grande","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.21533203125,\n 33.61461929233378\n ],\n [\n -108.21533203125,\n 36.96744946416931\n ],\n [\n -105.6884765625,\n 36.96744946416931\n ],\n [\n -105.6884765625,\n 33.61461929233378\n ],\n [\n -108.21533203125,\n 33.61461929233378\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Texas Water Science Center
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This report documents a process of filtering of hypotheses that relate Missouri River Scaphirhynchus albus (pallid sturgeon) population dynamics to management actions including flow alterations, channel reconfigurations, and pallid sturgeon population augmentation. The filtering process was a partnership among U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to contribute to the Missouri River Recovery Management Plan process. The objective of the filtering process was to produce a set of hypotheses with high relevance to pallid sturgeon population dynamics and decision making on the Missouri River. The Missouri River Pallid Sturgeon Effects Analysis team filtered hundreds of potential hypotheses implicit in conceptual ecological models to develop a set of 40 candidate dominant hypotheses that were identified by experts as being important in pallid sturgeon population dynamics. Using a modified Delphi process and additional expert opinion, the team reduced this set of hypotheses to 23 working dominant hypotheses. We then matched the 23 hypotheses with management actions that could influence the biotic outcomes, resulting in as many as 176 potential effects between management actions and pallid sturgeon in the Missouri River. This number was consolidated to a candidate set of 53 working management hypotheses because some management actions applied to multiple life stages of the pallid sturgeon. We used an additional round of expert surveys to identify a set of 30 working management hypotheses. Finally, the set of working management hypotheses was filtered by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Recovery Program for actions that were within the agency’s authority and jurisdiction. This round resulted in a set of 21 hypotheses for initial modeling of linkages from management to pallid sturgeon population responses.
\nThe initial set of candidate hypotheses provides a useful starting point for quantitative modeling and adaptive management of the river and species. We anticipate that hypotheses will change from the set of working management hypotheses as adaptive management progresses. More importantly, hypotheses that have been filtered out of our multistep process are still being considered. These filtered hypotheses are archived and if existing hypotheses are determined to be inadequate to explain observed population dynamics, new hypotheses can be created or filtered hypotheses can be reinstated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151236","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri River Recovery Program","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R.B., Parsley, M.J., Annis, M.L., Colvin, M.E., Welker, T.L., and James, D.A., 2016, Development of working hypotheses linking management of the Missouri River to population dynamics of Scaphirhynchus albus (pallid sturgeon): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1236, 33 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151236.","productDescription":"v, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056930","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314405,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1236/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":314406,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1236/ofr20151236.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.03 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1236"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.63720703125,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -92.70263671874999,\n 39.18117526158749\n ],\n [\n -93.18603515624999,\n 39.65645604812829\n ],\n [\n -93.49365234375,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -93.515625,\n 41.32732632036622\n ],\n [\n -94.63623046875,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -94.921875,\n 42.08191667830631\n ],\n [\n -95.29541015625,\n 43.48481212891603\n ],\n [\n -96.39404296875,\n 44.29240108529005\n ],\n [\n -97.91015624999999,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -98.50341796875,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -99.1845703125,\n 47.87214396888731\n ],\n [\n -99.95361328125,\n 48.019324184801185\n ],\n [\n -100.94238281249999,\n 47.91634204016118\n ],\n [\n -101.7333984375,\n 48.4146186174932\n ],\n [\n -102.32666015625,\n 48.83579746243093\n ],\n [\n -103.38134765625,\n 48.83579746243093\n ],\n [\n -103.7548828125,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -104.74365234375,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -111.64306640625,\n 48.99463598353408\n ],\n [\n -114.76318359375,\n 48.98742700601184\n ],\n [\n -114.70825195312501,\n 48.36354888898689\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 47.879512933970496\n ],\n [\n -115.71899414062499,\n 47.50978034953473\n ],\n [\n -115.169677734375,\n 47.137424646293866\n ],\n [\n -114.63134765625001,\n 46.6795944656402\n ],\n [\n -114.312744140625,\n 46.66451741754235\n ],\n [\n -113.44482421875,\n 44.793530904744074\n ],\n [\n -112.82958984375,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -111.37939453125,\n 44.68427737181225\n ],\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 44.41808794374849\n ],\n [\n -109.44580078125,\n 43.27720532212024\n ],\n [\n -108.25927734375,\n 42.309815415686664\n ],\n [\n -107.4462890625,\n 42.42345651793833\n ],\n [\n -106.9189453125,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -107.33642578124999,\n 41.36031866306708\n ],\n [\n -107.16064453125,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -107.05078125,\n 40.27952566881291\n ],\n [\n -106.14990234375,\n 40.22921818870117\n ],\n [\n -105.6884765625,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -105.66650390625,\n 39.842286020743394\n ],\n [\n -106.3037109375,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -106.06201171875,\n 38.71980474264239\n ],\n [\n -104.7216796875,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -103.95263671874999,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -102.67822265625,\n 38.976492485539424\n ],\n [\n -100.96435546875,\n 38.77121637244273\n ],\n [\n -98.32763671875,\n 38.788345355085625\n ],\n [\n -96.767578125,\n 38.839707613545144\n ],\n [\n -95.9326171875,\n 38.736946065676\n ],\n [\n -95.51513671875,\n 38.37611542403604\n ],\n [\n -95.03173828125,\n 37.96152331396616\n ],\n [\n -94.37255859375,\n 37.38761749978395\n ],\n [\n -92.8125,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n -91.7578125,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -91.42822265625,\n 38.134556577054134\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 38.51378825951165\n ],\n [\n -90.63720703125,\n 38.805470223177466\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center
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The Comprehensive Sturgeon Research Project is a multiyear, multiagency collaborative research framework developed to provide information to support pallid sturgeon recovery and Missouri River management decisions. The project strategy integrates field and laboratory studies of pallid sturgeon reproductive ecology, early life history, habitat requirements, and physiology. The project scope of work is developed annually with collaborating research partners and in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Recovery—Integrated Science Program. The research consists of several interdependent and complementary tasks that engage multiple disciplines.
\nThe research tasks in the 2013 scope of work emphasized understanding reproductive migrations and spawning of adult pallid sturgeon, and hatch and drift of free embryos and larvae. These tasks were addressed in four study sections located in three hydrologically and geomorphologically distinct parts of the Missouri River Basin: the Upper Missouri River downstream from Fort Peck Dam, including downstream reaches of the Milk River, the Lower Yellowstone River, and the Lower Missouri River downstream from Gavins Point Dam. The research is designed to inform management decisions related to channel re-engineering, flow modification, and pallid sturgeon population augmentation on the Missouri River, and throughout the range of the species. Research and progress made through this project are reported to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers annually. This annual report details the research effort and progress made by the Comprehensive Sturgeon Research Project during 2013.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151197","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri River Recovery–Integrated Science Program U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Yankton, South Dakota","usgsCitation":"DeLonay, A.J., Jacobson, R.B., Chojnacki, K.A., Braaten, P.J., Buhl, K.J., Eder, B.L., Elliott, C.M., Erwin, S.O., Fuller,\nD.B., Haddix, T.M., Ladd, H.L.A., Mestl, G.E., Papoulias, D.M., Rhoten, J.C., Wesolek, C.J., and Wildhaber, M.L., 2016,\nEcological requirements for pallid sturgeon reproduction and recruitment in the Missouri River—Annual report 2013:\nU.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1197, 99 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151197.","productDescription":"xi, 99 p.","numberOfPages":"116","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056500","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314415,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1197/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":314416,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1197/ofr20151197.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1197"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.63720703125,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -92.70263671874999,\n 39.18117526158749\n ],\n [\n -93.18603515624999,\n 39.65645604812829\n ],\n [\n -93.49365234375,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -93.515625,\n 41.32732632036622\n ],\n [\n -94.63623046875,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -94.921875,\n 42.08191667830631\n ],\n [\n -95.29541015625,\n 43.48481212891603\n ],\n [\n -96.39404296875,\n 44.29240108529005\n ],\n [\n -97.91015624999999,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -98.50341796875,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -99.1845703125,\n 47.87214396888731\n ],\n [\n -99.95361328125,\n 48.019324184801185\n ],\n [\n -100.94238281249999,\n 47.91634204016118\n ],\n [\n -101.7333984375,\n 48.4146186174932\n ],\n [\n -102.32666015625,\n 48.83579746243093\n ],\n [\n -103.38134765625,\n 48.83579746243093\n ],\n [\n -103.7548828125,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -104.74365234375,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -111.64306640625,\n 48.99463598353408\n ],\n [\n -114.76318359375,\n 48.98742700601184\n ],\n [\n -114.70825195312501,\n 48.36354888898689\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 47.879512933970496\n ],\n [\n -115.71899414062499,\n 47.50978034953473\n ],\n [\n -115.169677734375,\n 47.137424646293866\n ],\n [\n -114.63134765625001,\n 46.6795944656402\n ],\n [\n -114.312744140625,\n 46.66451741754235\n ],\n [\n -113.44482421875,\n 44.793530904744074\n ],\n [\n -112.82958984375,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -111.37939453125,\n 44.68427737181225\n ],\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 44.41808794374849\n ],\n [\n -109.44580078125,\n 43.27720532212024\n ],\n [\n -108.25927734375,\n 42.309815415686664\n ],\n [\n -107.4462890625,\n 42.42345651793833\n ],\n [\n -106.9189453125,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -107.33642578124999,\n 41.36031866306708\n ],\n [\n -107.16064453125,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -107.05078125,\n 40.27952566881291\n ],\n [\n -106.14990234375,\n 40.22921818870117\n ],\n [\n -105.6884765625,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -105.66650390625,\n 39.842286020743394\n ],\n [\n -106.3037109375,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -106.06201171875,\n 38.71980474264239\n ],\n [\n -104.7216796875,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -103.95263671874999,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -102.67822265625,\n 38.976492485539424\n ],\n [\n -100.96435546875,\n 38.77121637244273\n ],\n [\n -98.32763671875,\n 38.788345355085625\n ],\n [\n -96.767578125,\n 38.839707613545144\n ],\n [\n -95.9326171875,\n 38.736946065676\n ],\n [\n -95.51513671875,\n 38.37611542403604\n ],\n [\n -95.03173828125,\n 37.96152331396616\n ],\n [\n -94.37255859375,\n 37.38761749978395\n ],\n [\n -92.8125,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n -91.7578125,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -91.42822265625,\n 38.134556577054134\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 38.51378825951165\n ],\n [\n -90.63720703125,\n 38.805470223177466\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center
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This report is intended to synthesize the state of the scientific understanding of pallid sturgeon ecological requirements to provide recommendations for future science directions and context for Missouri River restoration and management decisions. Recruitment of pallid sturgeon has been low to non-existent throughout its range. Emerging understanding of the genetic structure of pallid sturgeon populations sets a broad framework for species and river management decisions, including decisions about managing the future genetic diversity of the species, but also decisions about where and what type of river restoration actions will be effective for subpopulations of this highly migratory species. Adult pallid sturgeon may migrate hundreds of kilometers (km) to spawn and their progeny may disperse even greater distances downstream as drifting free embryos. As a result of their complex life history pallid sturgeon naturally exploit a wide range of habitats during their life cycles. The construction of dams and reservoirs has fragmented habitats and may have shifted Missouri River subpopulations downstream. Research has not identified one primary biological or ecological constraint that appears to limit populations of the pallid sturgeon. With the present (2013) state of knowledge many life stages and life-stage transitions cannot be ruled out as contributing to recruitment failure.
\nBiological opinions in 2000 (and amended in 2003) presented the dominant hypotheses for recruitment failure that existed at that time. Emphasis was on the role of the flow regime, specifically spring flow pulses (“spring rises”), to condition spawning substrate and cue reproductive aggregations and migrations, and on low flows and additional slow, shallow-water area to serve as rearing habitat for age-0 to juvenile pallid sturgeon. Studies on spawning habitat dynamics have documented that habitat patches selected for spawning by fish in the Lower Missouri River (Missouri River downstream from Gavins Point Dam to the confluence with the Mississippi River) are dominantly on outside, revetted bends in the deepest, fastest, and most turbulent water. Studies in more natural habitat on the Yellowstone River have documented spawning in convergent flow in the middle of the channel on discrete patches of gravel within a sand-dominated channel, an arrangement that may be more effective in attracting aggregations of reproductive fish compared to the nearly continuous revetment on the Lower Missouri River. Pallid sturgeon spawn in the spring and early summer during periods of increasing day length. Water temperature consistently exerts a threshold effect for spawning at 16–18 °C. In addition, the role of water temperature is indicated by pauses and reversals in upstream migrations that have been associated with cold weather fronts that create a transient decrease in water temperature. From 2005 to 2012 on the Lower Missouri River, no obvious relations between flow pulses and fish movements and spawning behaviors have been apparent. However, pallid sturgeon tracking at the Upper Missouri–Yellowstone confluence indicates that in most years, most telemetered pallid sturgeon migrate out of the Missouri River and into the Yellowstone River in the June–July timeframe in association with the spring pulse. This pattern was disrupted in 2011 when a high flow pulse with warm temperatures and high turbidity emanated from the Milk River, followed by record releases from Fort Peck Dam, and 36–39 percent of the telemetered population migrated up the Upper Missouri. This result supports the hypothesis that sufficiently large flow pulses may trigger migration and aggregation but it is not clear that functional pulses are within reservoir management authorities. Notably, a pallid sturgeon free embryo was captured on the Upper Missouri River in 2011 and another single, genetically confirmed embryo was captured on the Yellowstone River in 2012.
\nResearch on free-embryo drift has indicated the potential for hundreds of miles of downstream dispersal. Lack of distance to accommodate the extended downstream dispersal period of free embryos on the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers is the predominant hypothesis for recruitment failure in the upper basin. Long drift distances in the Lower Missouri River may be responsible for shifting Lower Missouri River sub-populations further into the Middle Mississippi River. Physical understanding of drift processes indicates that mean velocities could be slowed through decreased discharges or increased channel hydraulic radius (width and topographic diversity) to reduce free-embryo dispersal distances. In addition, the probability that free embryos are transported into and retained in channel-margin habitats is theoretically amenable to channel re-engineering that would increase cross-channel secondary currents in bends or channel expansions. Considerable uncertainty persists, however, about whether extended drift of Lower Missouri River larvae is responsible for recruitment failure. If drift distance is limiting, it is important to discern whether it would be advisable to retain larvae within the Missouri River, and where along the river restoration projects should be placed to optimize survival and growth of age-0 and juvenile sturgeon.
\nLongitudinal differences in female pallid sturgeon fecundity lend support to the hypothesis that recruitment failure may be due, in part, to fish having insufficient nutrition to produce the numbers of gametes needed for the population to grow, perhaps because of simultaneous declines in prey-fish populations and their habitats. Establishing a chain of causality from habitat decline, to prey-fish populations, to sturgeon diets, to sturgeon fecundity, and to pallid sturgeon population growth presents a considerable scientific challenge.
\nIn addition to the dominant hypotheses relating pallid sturgeon populations to changes in flow regime and channel morphology, other factors have been identified that might be sources of stress and contribute to recruitment failure. Among these are water quality and contaminants. Ambient water-quality monitoring on the Missouri River has demonstrated summer episodes when dissolved oxygen dips below 5 milligrams per liter, a threshold that may be stressful especially to age-0 and juvenile sturgeon. Documented cases of intersex in shovelnose and pallid sturgeon indicate that agricultural and municipal sources of endocrine disrupting chemicals also may have a role in pallid sturgeon recruitment failure.
\nScientific understanding of the ecological requirements of pallid sturgeon has increased almost exponentially in the last two decades, and efforts are now turning from understanding fundamental biology of the species to quantifying how population dynamics relate to potential management actions. Progress in developing the science needed to inform management actions on the Missouri River may benefit from continuation of monitoring of reproductive cycles, reproductive movements, growth, and survival of telemetry tagged adults, increased emphasis on focused, complementary field and laboratory studies of factors influencing early life history, implementation of studies to resolve the role of food limitations in growth, survival, and reproductive condition, and implementation of studies designed specifically to parameterize models linking management to populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155145","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri River Recovery—Integrated Science Program, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Yankton, South Dakota","usgsCitation":"DeLonay, A.J., Chojnacki, K.A., Jacobson, R.B., Albers, J.L., Braaten, P.J., Bulliner, E.A., Elliott, C.M., Erwin, S.O., Fuller, D.B., Haas, J.D., Ladd, H.L.A., Mestl, G.E., Papoulias, D.M., and Wildhaber, M.L., 2016, Ecological requirements for pallid sturgeon reproduction and recruitment in the Missouri River—A synthesis of science, 2005 to 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5145, 224 p. with appendixes, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155145.","productDescription":"xiv, 224 p.","numberOfPages":"242","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051552","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research 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4200 New Haven Road
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Modeling streamflow is an important approach for understanding landscape-scale drivers of flow and estimating flows where there are no streamgage records. In this study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with Colorado State University, the objectives were to model streamflow metrics on small, ungaged streams in the Upper Colorado River Basin and identify streams that are potentially threatened with becoming intermittent under drier climate conditions. The Upper Colorado River Basin is a region that is critical for water resources and also projected to experience large future climate shifts toward a drying climate. A random forest modeling approach was used to model the relationship between streamflow metrics and environmental variables. Flow metrics were then projected to ungaged reaches in the Upper Colorado River Basin using environmental variables for each stream, represented as raster cells, in the basin. Last, the projected random forest models of minimum flow coefficient of variation and specific mean daily flow were used to highlight streams that had greater than 61.84 percent minimum flow coefficient of variation and less than 0.096 specific mean daily flow and suggested that these streams will be most threatened to shift to intermittent flow regimes under drier climate conditions. Map projection products can help scientists, land managers, and policymakers understand current hydrology in the Upper Colorado River Basin and make informed decisions regarding water resources. With knowledge of which streams are likely to undergo significant drying in the future, managers and scientists can plan for stream-dependent ecosystems and human water users.
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2150 Centre Avenue, Building C
Fort Collins, CO 80526-8118
https://www.fort.usgs.gov/
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of check dam infrastructure on soil and water conservation at the catchment scale using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). This paired watershed study includes a watershed treated with over 2000 check dams and a Control watershed which has none, in the West Turkey Creek watershed, Southeast Arizona, USA. SWAT was calibrated for streamflow using discharge documented during the summer of 2013 at the Control site. Model results depict the necessity to eliminate lateral flow from SWAT models of aridland environments, the urgency to standardize geospatial soils data, and the care for which modelers must document altering parameters when presenting findings. Performance was assessed using the percent bias (PBIAS), with values of ±2.34%. The calibrated model was then used to examine the impacts of check dams at the Treated watershed. Approximately 630 tons of sediment is estimated to be stored behind check dams in the Treated watershed over the 3-year simulation, increasing water quality for fish habitat. A minimum precipitation event of 15 mm was necessary to instigate the detachment of soil, sediments, or rock from the study area, which occurred 2% of the time. The resulting watershed model is useful as a predictive framework and decision-support tool to consider long-term impacts of restoration and potential for future restoration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecohyd.2015.12.001","usgsCitation":"Norman, L.M., and Niraula, R., 2016, Model analysis of check dam impacts on long-term sediment and water budgets in southeast Arizona, USA: Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, v. 16, no. 3, p. 125-137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2015.12.001.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"137","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066106","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471316,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2015.12.001","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314538,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.9566650390625,\n 31.856564203952235\n ],\n [\n -109.9566650390625,\n 32.30802741894789\n ],\n [\n -109.22332763671875,\n 32.30802741894789\n ],\n [\n -109.22332763671875,\n 31.856564203952235\n ],\n [\n -109.9566650390625,\n 31.856564203952235\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a0afaee4b0961cf280dbf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norman, Laura M. 0000-0002-3696-8406 lnorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3696-8406","contributorId":967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Laura","email":"lnorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niraula, Rewati","contributorId":100714,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Niraula","given":"Rewati","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":588957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160037,"text":"ofr20151233 - 2016 - Salamander chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans) in the United States—Developing research, monitoring, and management strategies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-04T19:03:16.639043","indexId":"ofr20151233","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-20T09:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1233","title":"Salamander chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans) in the United States—Developing research, monitoring, and management strategies","docAbstract":"The recently (2013) identified pathogenic chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), poses a severe threat to the distribution and abundance of salamanders within the United States and Europe. Development of a response strategy for the potential, and likely, invasion of Bsal into the United States is crucial to protect global salamander biodiversity. A formal working group, led by Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI) scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins Science Center, and Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, was held at the USGS Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis in Fort Collins, Colorado, United States from June 23 to June 25, 2015, to identify crucial Bsal research and monitoring needs that could inform conservation and management strategies for salamanders in the United States. Key findings of the workshop included the following: (1) the introduction of Bsal into the United States is highly probable, if not inevitable, thus requiring development of immediate short-term and long-term intervention strategies to prevent Bsal establishment and biodiversity decline; (2) management actions targeted towards pathogen containment may be ineffective in reducing the long-term spread of Bsal throughout the United States; and (3) early detection of Bsal through surveillance at key amphibian import locations, among high-risk wild populations, and through analysis of archived samples is necessary for developing management responses. Top research priorities during the preinvasion stage included the following: (1) deployment of qualified diagnostic methods for Bsal and establishment of standardized laboratory practices, (2) assessment of susceptibility for amphibian hosts (including anurans), and (3) development and evaluation of short- and long-term pathogen intervention and management strategies. Several outcomes were achieved during the workshop, including development of an organizational structure with working groups for a Bsal Task Force, creation of an initial influence diagram to aid in identifying effective management actions in the face of uncertainty, and production of a list of potential management actions and key research uncertainties. Additional products under development include a Bsal Strategic Action plan, an emergency response plan, a monitoring and surveillance program, a standardized diagnostic approach, decision models for natural resource agencies, and a reporting database for salamander mortalities. This workshop was the first international meeting to address the threat of Bsal to salamander populations in the United States, with more than 30 participants from U.S. conservation and resource management agencies (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. National Park Service, and Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies) and academic research institutions in Australia, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151233","usgsCitation":"Grant, E.H.C., Muths, E., Katz, R.A., Canessa, Stefano, Adam, M.J., Ballard, J.R., Berger, Lee, Briggs, C.J., Coleman, Jeremy, Gray, M.J., Harris, M.C., Harris, R.N., Hossack, Blake, Huyvaert, K.P., Kolby, J.E., Lips, K.R., Lovich, R.E., McCallum, H.I., Mendelson, J.R., III, Nanjappa, Priya, Olson, D.H., Powers, J.G., Richgels, K.L.D., Russell, R.E., Schmidt, B.R., Spitzen-van der Sluijs, Annemarieke, Watry, M.K., Woodhams, D.C., and White, C.L., 2016, Salamander chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans) in the United States—Developing research, monitoring, and management strategies: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1233, 16 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151233.","productDescription":"v, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069828","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313292,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1233/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":313293,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1233/ofr20151233.pdf","text":"Report","size":"902 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1233"}],"contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12100 Beech Forest Road
Laurel, MD 20708
And
SO Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory
1 Migratory Way
Turners Falls, MA 01376
Previous studies have shown that the impacts of climate change on the hydrologic response of the Skagit River are likely to be substantial under natural (i.e. unregulated) conditions. To assess the combined effects of changing natural flow and dam operations that determine impacts to regulated flow, a new integrated daily-time-step reservoir operations model was constructed for the Skagit River Basin. The model was used to simulate current reservoir operating policies for historical flow conditions and for projected flows for the 2040s (2030–2059) and 2080s (2070–2099). The results show that climate change is likely to cause substantial seasonal changes in both natural and regulated flow, with more flow in the winter and spring, and less in summer. Hydropower generation in the basin follows these trends, increasing (+ 19%) in the winter/ spring, and decreasing (- 29%) in the summer by the 2080s. The regulated 100-year flood is projected to increase by 23% by the 2040s and 49% by the 2080s. Peak winter sediment loading in December is projected to increase by 335% by the 2080s in response to increasing winter flows, and average annual sediment loading increases from 2.3 to 5.8 teragrams (+ 149%) per year by the 2080s. Regulated extreme low flows (7Q10) are projected to decrease by about 30% by the 2080s, but remain well above natural low flows. Both current and proposed alternative flood control operations are shown to be largely ineffective in mitigating increasing flood risks in the lower Skagit due to the distribution of flow in the basin during floods.
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2016 - Summary of U.S. Geological Survey studies conducted in cooperation with the Citizen Potawatomi Nation, central Oklahoma, 2011–14","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-19T08:54:10","indexId":"sir20155182","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-19T09:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5182","title":"Summary of U.S. Geological Survey studies conducted in cooperation with the Citizen Potawatomi Nation, central Oklahoma, 2011–14","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey conducted hydrologic studies and published three U.S. Geological Survey scientific investigations reports in cooperation with the Citizen Potawatomi Nation from 2011 to 2014 to characterize the quality and quantity of water resources. The study areas of those reports consisted of approximately 960 square miles in parts of three counties in central Oklahoma. This study area has multiple abundant sources of water, being underlain by three principal aquifers (alluvial/terrace, Central Oklahoma, and Vamoosa-Ada), being bordered by two major rivers (North Canadian and Canadian), and having several smaller drainages including the Little River in the central part of the study area and Salt Creek in the southeastern part of the study area. The Central Oklahoma aquifer (also referred to as the “Garber-Wellington aquifer”) underlies approximately 3,000 square miles in central Oklahoma in parts of Cleveland, Logan, Lincoln, Oklahoma, and Pottawatomie Counties and much of the study area. Water from these aquifers is used for municipal, industrial, commercial, agricultural, and domestic supplies.
\nMuch of the water in the study area is of good quality; however, in some parts of this area water quality was impaired by very hard surface water and groundwater, large chloride concentrations in some smaller streams, relatively large concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients and large counts of fecal-indicator bacteria in the North Canadian River, and uranium concentrations that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level of 30 micrograms per liter for public water supplies in water samples collected from a small number of wells. Most stream-water samples collected from the Little River by the U.S. Geological Survey in 2012–13 had dissolved solids concentrations exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level for public water supplies of 500 milligrams per liter. Larger numbers of organic compounds were measured in water samples collected from the North Canadian River than the Little River.
\nNumerical groundwater-flow models were created to characterize flow systems in aquifers underlying this study area and areas of particular interest within the study area. Those models were used to estimate sustainable groundwater yields from parts of the North Canadian River alluvial aquifer, characterize groundwater/surface-water interactions, and estimate the effects of a 10-year simulated drought on streamflows and water levels in alluvial and bedrock aquifers. Pumping of wells at the Iron Horse Industrial Park was estimated to cause negligible infiltration of water from the adjoining North Canadian River. A 10-year simulated drought of 50 percent of normal recharge was tested for the period 1990–2000. For this period, the total amount of groundwater in storage was estimated to decrease by 8.6 percent in the North Canadian River alluvial aquifer and approximately 0.2 percent in the Central Oklahoma aquifer, and groundwater flow to streams was estimated to decrease by 28–37 percent. This volume of groundwater loss showed that the Central Oklahoma aquifer is a bedrock aquifer that has relatively low rates of recharge from the land surface. The simulated drought decreased simulated streamflow, composed of base flow, in the North Canadian River at Shawnee, Okla., which did not recover to predrought conditions until the relatively wet year of 2007 after the simulated drought period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155182","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Citizen Potawatomi Nation","usgsCitation":"Andrews, W.J., Becker, C.J., Ryter, D.W., and Smith, S.J., 2016, Summary of U.S. Geological Survey studies conducted\nin cooperation with the Citizen Potawatomi Nation, central Oklahoma, 2011–14: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific\nInvestigations Report 2015–5182, 22 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155182.","productDescription":"viii, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"33","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2011-01-01","ipdsId":"IP-068889","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314421,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5182/sir20155182.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5182"},{"id":314420,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5182/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.31689453125,\n 34.53371242139564\n ],\n [\n -97.31689453125,\n 35.290468565908775\n ],\n [\n -96.602783203125,\n 35.290468565908775\n ],\n [\n -96.602783203125,\n 34.53371242139564\n ],\n [\n -97.31689453125,\n 34.53371242139564\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oklahoma Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
202 NW 66th, Bldg 7
Oklahoma City, OK 73116
http://ok.water.usgs.gov/
Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush have been introduced widely throughout the western USA to enhance recreational fisheries, but high predatory demand can create challenges for management of yield and trophy fisheries alike. Lake Trout were introduced to Priest Lake, Idaho, during the 1920s, but few fishery-independent data are available to guide current or future management actions. We collected fishery-independent data to describe population dynamics and evaluate potential management scenarios using an age-structured population model. Lake Trout in Priest Lake were characterized by fast growth at young ages, which resulted in young age at maturity. However, adult growth rates and body condition were lower than for other Lake Trout populations. High rates of skipped spawning (>50%) were also observed. Model projections indicated that the population was growing (λ = 1.03). Eradication could be achieved by increasing annual mortality to 0.32, approximately twice the current rate. A protected slot length limit could increase population length-structure, but few fish grew fast enough to exit the slot. In contrast, a juvenile removal scenario targeting age-2 to age-5 Lake Trout maintained short-term harvest of trophy-length individuals while reducing overall population abundance.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2015.1111279","usgsCitation":"Ng, E.L., Fredericks, J.P., and Quist, M.C., 2016, Population dynamics and evaluation of alternative management strategies for nonnative Lake Trout in Priest Lake, Idaho: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 36, no. 1, p. 40-54, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2015.1111279.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"40","endPage":"54","ipdsId":"IP-065484","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336864,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Priest Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n 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-116.89453125,\n 48.59568400838304\n ],\n [\n -116.89487457275389,\n 48.58887166485966\n ],\n [\n -116.89659118652344,\n 48.583421128723685\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833ae4b014cc3a3a99e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ng, Elizabeth L.","contributorId":166901,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ng","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13247,"text":"University of Idaho, Fish and Wildlife Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":680781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fredericks, Jim P.","contributorId":166902,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fredericks","given":"Jim","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Quist, Michael C. 0000-0001-8268-1839 mquist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8268-1839","contributorId":171392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quist","given":"Michael","email":"mquist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":680681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70169055,"text":"70169055 - 2016 - Resprouting and seeding hypotheses: A test of the gap-dependent model using resprouting and obligate seeding subspecies of Arctostaphylos","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-16T11:06:19","indexId":"70169055","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-18T15:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3086,"text":"Plant Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resprouting and seeding hypotheses: A test of the gap-dependent model using resprouting and obligate seeding subspecies of Arctostaphylos","docAbstract":"Ecological factors favoring either postfire resprouting or postfire obligate seeding in plants have received considerable attention recently. Three ecological models have been proposed to explain patterns of these two life history types. In this study, we test these three models using data from California chaparral. We take an innovative approach to testing these models by not testing community or landscape patterns, but instead, investigating vegetation structure characteristic of four pairs of resprouting and (non-resprouting) obligate seeding subspecies of Arctostaphylos (Ericaceae), a dominant and diverse shrub genus in California chaparral. Data were analyzed for percentage bare ground, elevation, annual precipitation, number of fires, and time between fires and were compared independently for each subspecies pair. Results were consistently supportive of the gap-dependent model suggesting that obligate seeders are favored when post-disturbance gaps are large. Results were inconclusive or contrary to expectations for both of the other two models.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11258-015-0551-z","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., Parker, V.T., and Vasey, M.C., 2016, Resprouting and seeding hypotheses: A test of the gap-dependent model using resprouting and obligate seeding subspecies of Arctostaphylos: Plant Ecology, v. 217, no. 6, p. 743-750, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-015-0551-z.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"743","endPage":"750","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068142","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318854,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"217","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e7e0c2e4b0f59b85d6aad0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parker, V. Thomas","contributorId":167557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[{"id":24748,"text":"San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vasey, Michael C.","contributorId":167558,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vasey","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":24748,"text":"San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70168445,"text":"70168445 - 2016 - Tomographic image of a seismically active volcano: Mammoth Mountain, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-17T08:46:58","indexId":"70168445","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-16T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tomographic image of a seismically active volcano: Mammoth Mountain, California","docAbstract":"
High-resolution tomographic P wave, S wave, and VP/VS velocity structure models are derived for Mammoth Mountain, California, using phase data from the Northern California Seismic Network and a temporary deployment of broadband seismometers. An anomalous volume (5.1 × 109 to 5.9 × 1010m3) of low P and low S wave velocities is imaged beneath Mammoth Mountain, extending from near the surface to a depth of ∼2 km below sea level. We infer that the reduction in seismic wave velocities is due to the presence of CO2 distributed in oblate spheroid pores with mean aspect ratio α = 1.6 × 10−3 to 7.9 × 10−3 (crack-like pores) and mean gas volume fraction ϕ = 8.1 × 10−4 to 3.4 × 10−3. The pore density parameter κ = 3ϕ/(4πα) = na3=0.11, where n is the number of pores per cubic meter and a is the mean pore equatorial radius. The total mass of CO2 is estimated to be 4.6 × 109 to 1.9 × 1011 kg. The local geological structure indicates that the CO2 contained in the pores is delivered to the surface through fractures controlled by faults and remnant foliation of the bedrock beneath Mammoth Mountain. The total volume of CO2 contained in the reservoir suggests that given an emission rate of 500 tons day−1, the reservoir could supply the emission of CO2 for ∼25–1040 years before depletion. Continued supply of CO2 from an underlying magmatic system would significantly prolong the existence of the reservoir.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2015JB012537","usgsCitation":"Dawson, P.B., Chouet, B.A., and Pitt, A., 2016, Tomographic image of a seismically active volcano: Mammoth Mountain, California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 121, no. 1, p. 114-133, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012537.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"114","endPage":"133","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069204","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471325,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jb012537","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":318020,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mammoth Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.06021118164062,\n 37.68083151896963\n ],\n [\n -119.03205871582031,\n 37.68137494751297\n ],\n [\n -118.99291992187499,\n 37.678386041261184\n ],\n [\n -118.9651107788086,\n 37.67213612088675\n ],\n [\n -118.94588470458984,\n 37.65528588731532\n ],\n [\n -118.9434814453125,\n 37.639519302998295\n ],\n [\n -118.96751403808594,\n 37.62021427322739\n ],\n [\n -118.98983001708984,\n 37.60498423376982\n ],\n [\n -119.03480529785156,\n 37.604440246103636\n ],\n [\n -119.06570434570312,\n 37.60716014465307\n ],\n [\n -119.0869903564453,\n 37.61831068887273\n ],\n [\n -119.08939361572266,\n 37.63734433906192\n ],\n [\n -119.08493041992186,\n 37.655557695625056\n ],\n [\n -119.08802032470703,\n 37.6756687492631\n ],\n [\n -119.0701675415039,\n 37.68246179265685\n ],\n [\n -119.06021118164062,\n 37.68083151896963\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"121","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c304e0e4b0946c6520881d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, Phillip B. dawson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Phillip","email":"dawson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":620200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, Bernard A. 0000-0001-5527-0532 chouet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5527-0532","contributorId":3304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"Bernard","email":"chouet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":620201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pitt, Andrew M. pitt@usgs.gov","contributorId":3893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitt","given":"Andrew M.","email":"pitt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":620202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159603,"text":"ofr20151215 - 2016 - Hydrologic conditions in the South Coast aquifer, Puerto Rico, 2010–15","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-15T13:39:04","indexId":"ofr20151215","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-15T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1215","title":"Hydrologic conditions in the South Coast aquifer, Puerto Rico, 2010–15","docAbstract":"In 1958, the U.S. Geological Survey began documenting hydrologic conditions, including groundwater levels, groundwater withdrawals for agricultural irrigation and public water supply, and water quality, in the South Coast aquifer, Puerto Rico. This information has improved the understanding of the water resources of the region. The hydrologic data indicate that (1) groundwater levels declined as much as 40 feet in the Salinas area and 11 feet in the Guayama area during 2012–14; (2) groundwater withdrawals for agricultural irrigation increased from 6.0 to 10.5 million gallons per day, or 75 percent, from 2010 to 2012; and (3) total groundwater withdrawals decreased from 29.3 to 23.8 million gallons per day from 2010 to 2014. The quantity and quality of water in the aquifer is primarily affected by variations in aquifer recharge as a result of changing rainfall or modes of irrigation; however, the spatial patterns and magnitude of water withdrawals for all uses have a secondary impact on the quantity and quality of water in the aquifer.
\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration data from climatological stations indicate that the 30-year normal precipitation for the period 1991–2010 in the South Coastal and Southern Slopes climatological regions was about 37.74 and 61.61 inches, respectively; the 30-year moving average precipitation for the period 1985–2014 was 37.94 and 61.80 inches, respectively, for these regions. The mean annual precipitation during 2012–14 was 13 percent below the 30-year moving average for the South Coastal climatological region and 7.7 percent below for the Southern Slopes climatological region. When rainfall is below the 30-year moving average, recharge is diminished and groundwater levels decline. Annual precipitation in the South Coast aquifer, which includes a large part of the South Coastal and Southern Slopes climatological regions, was 39.42, 37.25, and 34.89 inches per year for 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively.
\nWater level declines reduce the thickness of freshwater in the unconfined parts of the South Coast aquifer. Additionally, the pumping-induced migration of poor-quality water from deep or seaward areas of the aquifer can contribute to reductions in the thickness of freshwater in the aquifer. The reduction in the freshwater saturated thickness of the aquifer in areas near Ponce, Juana Díaz, Salinas, and Guayama is of particular concern because the total saturated thickness of the aquifer is thinner in these areas. Total dissolved solids concentration in groundwater samples indicates a small positive trend in Ponce, Santa Isabel, Salinas, and Guayama. Diminished aquifer recharge during 2012 to 2015 and, to a lesser extent, increased groundwater withdrawals have resulted in a reduction in the freshwater saturated thickness of the aquifer. The reduction in freshwater saturated thickness of the aquifer may affect freshwater resources available for agriculture and public water supply. A prolonged time period with reduced aquifer recharge may have substantial implications for groundwater levels and fresh groundwater availability.
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Lake sediment oxygen isotope records (calcium carbonate-δ18O) in the western North American Cordillera developed during the past decade provide substantial evidence of Pacific ocean–atmosphere forcing of hydroclimatic variability during the Holocene. Here we present an overview of 18 lake sediment δ18O records along with a new compilation of lake water δ18O and δ2H that are used to characterize lake sediment sensitivity to precipitation-δ18O in contrast to fractionation by evaporation. Of the 18 records, 14 have substantial sensitivity to evaporation. Two records reflect precipitation-δ18O since the middle Holocene, Jellybean and Bison Lakes, and are geographically positioned in the northern and southern regions of the study area. Their comparative analysis indicates a sequence of time-varying north–south precipitation-δ18O patterns that is evidence for a highly non-stationary influence by Pacific ocean–atmosphere processes on the hydroclimate of western North America. These observations are discussed within the context of previous research on North Pacific precipitation-δ18O based on empirical and modeling methods. The Jellybean and Bison Lake records indicate that a prominent precipitation-δ18O dipole (enriched-north and depleted-south) was sustained between ~ 3.5 and 1.5 ka, which contrasts with earlier Holocene patterns, and appears to indicate the onset of a dominant tropical control on North Pacific ocean–atmosphere dynamics. This remains the state of the system today. Higher frequency reversals of the north–south precipitation-δ18O dipole between ~ 2.5 and 1.5 ka, and during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, also suggest more varieties of Pacific ocean–atmosphere modes than a single Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) type analogue. Results indicate that further investigation of precipitation-δ18O patterns on short (observational) and long (Holocene) time scales is needed to improve our understanding of the processes that drive regional precipitation-δ18O responses to Pacific ocean–atmosphere variability, which in turn, will lead to a better understanding of internal Pacific ocean–atmosphere variability and its response to external climate forcing mechanisms.
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Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1238","title":"Assessing the impact of Hurricanes Irene and Sandy on the morphology and modern sediment thickness on the inner continental shelf offshore of Fire Island, New York","docAbstract":"This report documents the changes in seabed morphology and modern sediment thickness detected on the inner continental shelf offshore of Fire Island, New York, before and after Hurricanes Irene and Sandy made landfall. Comparison of acoustic backscatter imagery, seismic-reflection profiles, and bathymetry collected in 2011 and in 2014 show that sedimentary structures and depositional patterns moved alongshore to the southwest in water depths up to 30 meters during the 3-year period. The measured lateral offset distances range between about 1 and 450 meters with a mean of 20 meters. The mean distances computed indicate that change tended to decrease with increasing water depth. Comparison of isopach maps of modern sediment thickness show that a series of shoreface-attached sand ridges, which are the dominant sedimentary structures offshore of Fire Island, migrated toward the southwest because of erosion of the ridge crests and northeast-facing flanks as well as deposition on the southwest-facing flanks and in troughs between individual ridges. Statistics computed suggest that the modern sediment volume across the about 81 square kilometers of common sea floor mapped in both surveys decreased by 2.8 million cubic meters, which is a mean change of –0.03 meters, which is smaller than the resolution limit of the mapping systems used.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151238","usgsCitation":"Schwab, W.C., Baldwin, W.E., and Denny, J.F., 2016, Assessing the impact of Hurricanes Irene and Sandy on the morphology and modern sediment thickness on the inner continental shelf offshore of Fire Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1238, 15 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151238.","productDescription":"v, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-067754","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314316,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1238/pdf/ofr20151238.pdf","text":"Report","size":"782 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1238"},{"id":314303,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ofr/2015/1238","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2015-1238"},{"id":314315,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1238/images/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Fire Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.32824707031249,\n 40.629587853312174\n ],\n [\n -72.76382446289062,\n 40.777421721005936\n ],\n [\n -72.75283813476562,\n 40.76182096906601\n ],\n [\n -73.08517456054688,\n 40.643135583312805\n ],\n [\n -73.28292846679688,\n 40.60978237983301\n ],\n [\n -73.32824707031249,\n 40.629587853312174\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
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This report describes a study of the hydrology, hydrogeological framework, numerical groundwater-flow models, and results of simulations of the effects of water use and drought for the Beaver-North Canadian River alluvial aquifer, northwestern Oklahoma. The purpose of the study was to provide analyses, including estimating equal-proportionate-share (EPS) groundwater-pumping rates and the effects of projected water use and droughts, pertinent to water management of the Beaver-North Canadian River alluvial aquifer for the Oklahoma Water Resources Board.
\nThe Beaver-North Canadian River alluvial aquifer consists of unconsolidated sand, gravel, silt, and clay in varying proportions that underlies the Beaver and North Canadian River Valleys for approximately 175 miles (mi) from the Oklahoma Panhandle to the western edge of Oklahoma City in central Oklahoma. The aquifer as delineated for this study varies from 4 to 12 mi wide and is as thick as 308 feet (ft) in the northwest where the aquifer includes the Ogallala Formation.
\nThere are two distinct but in most areas hydraulically connected alluvial units that compose the Beaver-North Canadian River alluvial aquifer: a Quaternary-age topographically higher terrace deposit and a topographically lower, younger alluvium along the active river channel that includes active and Quaternary-age alluvium. The Beaver River composes the headwaters of the North Canadian River, which begins at the confluence of the Beaver River and Wolf Creek. The aquifer is divided for water management into two geographic areas: Reach I upstream from Canton Dam and Reach II downstream from Canton Dam. Reach I covers an area of approximately 874 square miles (mi2), and Reach II covers an area of approximately 371 mi2. The Beaver-North Canadian River alluvial aquifer crosses several climatic zones, from semiarid in the west to continental subhumid in the east. Mean annual precipitation varies from 23.5 inches (in.) in the western part of this aquifer to 35.7 in. in the east.
\nSurface-water demands were met through numerous temporary and permanent surface-water diversions from the Beaver and North Canadian Rivers during the period of study. During the study period, seven diversions removed a mean annual 2,000 acre-feet (acre-ft) of water from Reach I. There were 14 diversions from Reach II with a mean annual permitted volume of approximately 81,000 acre-ft, including diversion into the Lake Hefner Canal for the Oklahoma City public water supply. During the period of this study, 17 temporary surface-water diversion permits were active in Reach I, with total permitted volumes of 2,000 acre-ft, and 41 diversions were active in Reach II, with total permitted volumes of 38,000 acre-ft. The total water use for each temporary permit was assumed to be taken over the 3-month period allotted to temporary withdrawal permits.
\nThe groundwater-use analysis full period of record, 1967–2011, was divided into two sub-intervals because of varying water use, 1970–80 and 1981–2011. Groundwater use in Reach I and Reach II was substantially greater from 1970 to 1980 compared to the rest of the period, and the sub-period 1981–2011 was used because this period includes recent population growth and modern irrigation methods. The total mean annual groundwater use in Reach I was 15,309 acre-feet per year (acre-ft/yr) during 1967–2011; 20,724 acre-ft/yr during 1970–80, and 13,739 acre-ft/yr during 1981–2011. Total mean annual groundwater use in Reach II was similar but slightly less than in Reach I, with 14,098 acre-ft/yr during 1967–2011; 19,963 acre-ft/yr during 1970–80; and 12,285 acre-ft/yr during 1981–2011.
\nIrrigation composed 72 percent of groundwater use in Reach I and 48 percent of groundwater use in Reach II during the 1967–2011 period. Public water supply was a much smaller proportion of total groundwater use in Reach I (15 percent) than in Reach II (39 percent). The proportion of groundwater use for power was 10 percent in Reach I and 5.2 percent in Reach II. All other water-use categories in Reach I only composed 2.2 percent of groundwater use in Reach I. In Reach II, industrial, mining, and commercial categories combined accounted for 4.4 percent of groundwater use; recreation, fish, and wildlife groundwater use accounted for 2.3 percent; and nonirrigated agriculture accounted for 1.5 percent of groundwater use.
\nPermian-age bedrock underlies the Beaver-North Canadian River alluvial aquifer. In the east, the Dog Creek Shale, the Duncan Sandstone, and the Blaine and Chickasha Formations, none of which are notable sources of groundwater in the study area, underlie the Beaver-North Canadian River alluvial aquifer. In the northwestern part of Reach I, bedrock is composed of the Rush Springs and Marlow Formations, which are productive aquifers in some areas. The Cloud Chief Formation is not a source of groundwater.
\nOne hydrogeological unit was delineated in the Beaver-North Canadian River alluvial aquifer, composed of the terrace deposits and alluvium, with limited flow between this unit and bedrock units. Groundwater in this aquifer generally flows from northwest to southeast and across the aquifer toward the Beaver and North Canadian Rivers.
\nGroundwater recharge from precipitation was estimated for the entire Beaver-North Canadian River alluvial aquifer and then itemized for both reaches by using a soil-water-balance (SWB) model. At two locations in Reach I, a water-table fluctuation method was used to estimate local recharge. Total mean annual groundwater recharge from the soil-water-balance method was estimated to be approximately 136,400 acre-ft in Reach I and 82,400 acre-ft in Reach II; the mean annual recharge for both reaches combined was approximately 218,800 acre-ft. Two sites in Reach I located at observation wells with continuous water-level measurements and nearby streamflow-gaging stations with precipitation gages were used to estimate the percentage of precipitation that becomes groundwater recharge. The Woodward site was located at observation well OW-4 near the Woodward, Okla. (07237500), streamflow-gaging station. Total precipitation and recharge for the Woodward and Seiling sites were calculated for the water year 2013. The Woodward site had a total of 14.18 in. of precipitation and 6.3 in. of recharge was calculated, equaling 44 percent of precipitation. The mean percentage of precipitation that was estimated to become recharge in the SWB model for the period 1980–2011 at that location was 9.2 percent, although adjacent SWB-model cells were as high as 20 percent of precipitation. The Seiling site had a total of 26.84 in. of precipitation during the water year 2013, and a total of 6.9 in. of recharge was estimated, equaling 25.9 percent of precipitation. At the Seiling site, the mean percentage of precipitation that became recharge in the SWB model for the period 1980–2011 was 23.0 percent.
\nThe principal inflow to the Beaver-North Canadian River alluvial aquifer was estimated to be surface recharge from precipitation, and plant evapotranspiration was estimated to be the greatest discharge, followed by stream and lake base flow, groundwater pumping, and flow to seeps and springs along the eastern margin of the aquifer. Reach I also included inflow from the High Plains aquifer as lateral inflow of groundwater, though this flow was estimated to be a very minor component of the total water budget. Most of the Beaver and North Canadian Rivers were determined to be gaining streamflow from groundwater, but several reaches in Reach I upstream from Wolf Creek were determined to be losing streamflow through infiltration to the aquifer.
\nAquifer hydrogeologic characteristics were estimated from borehole lithologic logs, well-construction information, and published aquifer tests and during numerical model calibration. The maximum saturated aquifer thickness in Reach I was estimated to be 308 ft, and the mean thickness was estimated to be 36 ft. The maximum saturated thickness in Reach II was estimated to be 86 ft, and the mean thickness was estimated to be 29 ft. Mean hydraulic conductivity of Reach I was estimated to be 70 feet per day (ft/d) with a range of 7–279 ft/d. Mean hydraulic conductivity in Reach II was estimated to be 92 ft/d with a range of 4–279 ft/d.
\nBoth reach models were calibrated manually by using trial-and-error adjustment of recharge, hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, and conductance of boundary conditions. The Reach I model used 28 head observations during the steady-state period of 1980 and 487 head observations during the transient period of 1981–2011. The root-mean-square error of head residuals (observed minus simulated head) was 3.86 ft, and 83 percent of head residuals were between -5 and 5 ft. The Reach II model was calibrated to 75 steady-state head observations and 134 head observations during the transient period. The root-mean-square error of head residuals for that reach was 3.58 ft, and similar to Reach I, 85 percent of residuals were between -5 and 5 ft.
\nSeveral analyses were performed by using the numeric groundwater-flow models as predictive tools, including estimating the EPS pumping rate for both reaches. The EPS is defined by the Oklahoma Water Resources Board as an annual per-acre groundwater-pumping rate that will reduce saturated thickness in half of the aquifer to 5 ft or less over a period of 20 years; additional estimates were made for periods of 40 and 50 years. Other analyses included using models to estimate the effects of groundwater pumping and a prolonged drought on groundwater in storage and streamflow and lake storage of water.
\nThe EPS pumping rate was found to be approximately 0.57 acre-feet per acre per year ([acre-ft/acre]/yr) in Reach I and 0.73 (acre-ft/acre)/yr in Reach II for a 20-year period. For a 40-year period, the annual EPS pumping rate was determined to be 0.54 (acre-ft/acre)/yr in Reach I and 0.61 (acre-ft/acre)/yr in Reach II. For a 50-year period, the EPS pumping rate was determined to be 0.53 (acre-ft/acre)/yr in Reach I and 0.61 (acre-ft/acre)/yr in Reach II.
\nGroundwater pumping at the 2011 rate for 50 years resulted in a 3.6-percent decrease in the amount of water in groundwater storage in Reach I and a decrease of 2.5 percent in the amount of groundwater in storage in Reach II. A cumulative 32-percent increase in pumping greater than the 2011 rate over a period of 50 years caused a decrease in groundwater storage of 4.0 percent in Reach I and 3.3 percent in Reach II.
\nA hypothetical severe drought was simulated by using aquifer recharge flow rates during the drought year of 2011 for a period of 10 years. All other flows including evapotranspiration and groundwater pumping were set at estimated 2011 rates. The hypothetical drought caused a decrease in water in aquifer storage by about 7 percent in Reach I and 7 percent in Reach II. Another analysis of the effects of hypothetical drought estimated the effects of drought on streamflow and lake storage. The hypothetical drought was simulated by decreasing recharge by 75 percent for a selected 10-year period (1994–2004) during the 1980–2011 simulation. In Reach I, the amounts of water stored in Canton Lake and streamflow at the Seiling, Okla., streamflow-gaging station were analyzed. Streamflow at the Seiling station decreased by a mean of 75 percent and was still diminished by 10 percent after 2011. In Reach II, the effect of drought on the streamflow at the Yukon, Okla., streamflow-gaging station was examined. The greatest mean streamflow decrease was approximately 60 percent during the simulated drought, and after 2011, the mean decrease in streamflow was still about 5 percent. Canton Lake storage decreased by as much as 83 percent during the simulated drought and did not recover by 2011.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155183","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Oklahoma Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Ryter, D.W., and Correll, J.S., 2016, Hydrogeological framework, numerical simulation of groundwater flow, and effects of projected water use and drought for the Beaver-North Canadian River alluvial aquifer, northwestern Oklahoma (ver.1.1, February 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5183, 63 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155183.","productDescription":"xi, 63 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056873","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314354,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5183/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":314355,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5183/sir20155183.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.48 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5183"},{"id":318346,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5183/versionHist.txt","size":"1 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIR 2015-5183"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Beaver-North Canadian River alluvial aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -100,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -97.5,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -97.5,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -100,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted January 14, 2016; Version 1.1: February 24, 2016","contact":"Director, Oklahoma Water Science Center
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Process dynamics in fluvial-based dryland environments are highly complex with fluvial, aeolian, and alluvial processes all contributing to landscape change. When anthropogenic activities such as dam-building affect fluvial processes, the complexity in local response can be further increased by flood- and sediment-limiting flows. Understanding these complexities is key to predicting landscape behavior in drylands and has important scientific and management implications, including for studies related to paleoclimatology, landscape ecology evolution, and archaeological site context and preservation. Here we use multi-temporal LiDAR surveys, local weather data, and geomorphological observations to identify trends in site change throughout the 446-km-long semi-arid Colorado River corridor in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA, where archaeological site degradation related to the effects of upstream dam operation is a concern. Using several site case studies, we show the range of landscape responses that might be expected from concomitant occurrence of dam-controlled fluvial sand bar deposition, aeolian sand transport, and rainfall-induced erosion. Empirical rainfall-erosion threshold analyses coupled with a numerical rainfall–runoff–soil erosion model indicate that infiltration-excess overland flow and gullying govern large-scale (centimeter- to decimeter-scale) landscape changes, but that aeolian deposition can in some cases mitigate gully erosion. Whereas threshold analyses identify the normalized rainfall intensity (defined as the ratio of rainfall intensity to hydraulic conductivity) as the primary factor governing hydrologic-driven erosion, assessment of false positives and false negatives in the dataset highlight topographic slope as the next most important parameter governing site response. Analysis of 4+ years of high resolution (four-minute) weather data and 75+ years of low resolution (daily) climate records indicates that dryland erosion is dependent on short-term, storm-driven rainfall intensity rather than cumulative rainfall, and that erosion can occur outside of wet seasons and even wet years. These results can apply to other similar semi-arid landscapes where process complexity may not be fully understood.
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- Comparison of four different energy balance models for estimating evapotranspiration in the Midwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T09:24:56","indexId":"70162073","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-14T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3709,"text":"Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of four different energy balance models for estimating evapotranspiration in the Midwestern United States","docAbstract":"The development of different energy balance models has allowed users to choose a model based on its suitability in a region. We compared four commonly used models—Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) model, Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) model, Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) model, and the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model—using Landsat images to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) in the Midwestern United States. Our models validation using three AmeriFlux cropland sites at Mead, Nebraska, showed that all four models captured the spatial and temporal variation of ET reasonably well with an R2 of more than 0.81. Both the METRIC and SSEBop models showed a low root mean square error (<0.93 mm·day−1) and a high Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (>0.80), whereas the SEBAL and SEBS models resulted in relatively higher bias for estimating daily ET. The empirical equation of daily average net radiation used in the SEBAL and SEBS models for upscaling instantaneous ET to daily ET resulted in underestimation of daily ET, particularly when the daily average net radiation was more than 100 W·m−2. Estimated daily ET for both cropland and grassland had some degree of linearity with METRIC, SEBAL, and SEBS, but linearity was stronger for evaporative fraction. Thus, these ET models have strengths and limitations for applications in water resource management.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/w8010009","usgsCitation":"Singh, R.K., and Senay, G., 2016, Comparison of four different energy balance models for estimating evapotranspiration in the Midwestern United States: Water, v. 8, no. 1, art9: 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/w8010009.","productDescription":"art9: 19 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071106","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w8010009","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314323,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","city":"Mead","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.580810546875,\n 41.16030461996852\n ],\n [\n -96.580810546875,\n 41.28219255498905\n ],\n [\n -96.3717269897461,\n 41.28219255498905\n ],\n [\n -96.3717269897461,\n 41.16030461996852\n ],\n [\n -96.580810546875,\n 41.16030461996852\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5698c6b0e4b0fbd3f7fa4bda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singh, Ramesh K. 0000-0002-8164-3483 rsingh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8164-3483","contributorId":3895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"Ramesh","email":"rsingh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. senay@usgs.gov","contributorId":150062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel B.","email":"senay@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160050,"text":"70160050 - 2016 - The effects of heterospecifics and climatic conditions on incubation behavior within a mixed-species colony","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T10:45:19","indexId":"70160050","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-14T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2190,"text":"Journal of Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of heterospecifics and climatic conditions on incubation behavior within a mixed-species colony","docAbstract":"Parental incubation behavior largely influences nest survival, a critical demographic process in avian population dynamics, and behaviors vary across species with different life history breeding strategies. Although research has identified nest survival advantages of mixing colonies, behavioral mechanisms that might explain these effects is largely lacking. We examined parental incubation behavior using video-monitoring techniques on Alcatraz Island, California, of black-crowned night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax(hereinafter, night-heron) in a mixed-species colony with California gulls Larus californicus and western gulls L. occidentalis. We first quantified general nesting behaviors (i.e. incubation constancy, and nest attendance), and a suite of specific nesting behaviors (i.e. inactivity, vigilance, preening, and nest maintenance) with respect to six different daily time periods. We employed linear mixed effects models to investigate environmental and temporal factors as sources of variation in incubation constancy and nest attendance using 211 nest days across three nesting seasons (2010–2012). We found incubation constancy (percent of time on the eggs) and nest attendance (percent of time at the nest) were lower for nests that were located < 3 m from one or more gull nest, which indirectly supports the predator protection hypothesis, whereby heterospecifics provide protection allowing more time for foraging and other self-maintenance activities. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical evidence of the influence of one nesting species on the incubation behavior of another. We also identified distinct differences between incubation constancy and nest attentiveness, indicating that these biparental incubating species do not share similar energetic constraints as those that are observed for uniparental species. Additionally, we found that variation in incubation behavior was a function of temperature and precipitation, where the strength of these effects was dependent on the time of day. Overall, these findings strengthen our understanding of incubation behavior and nest ecology of a colonial-nesting species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/jav.00900","usgsCitation":"Coates, P.S., Brussee, B.E., Hothem, R.L., Howe, K.H., Casazza, M.L., and Eadie, J.M., 2016, The effects of heterospecifics and climatic conditions on incubation behavior within a mixed-species colony: Journal of Avian Biology, v. 47, no. 3, p. 399-408, https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.00900.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"408","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066910","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314313,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Alcatraz Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.42599725723267,\n 37.8248194145315\n ],\n [\n -122.42599725723267,\n 37.82863288343018\n ],\n [\n -122.42013931274413,\n 37.82863288343018\n ],\n [\n -122.42013931274413,\n 37.8248194145315\n ],\n [\n -122.42599725723267,\n 37.8248194145315\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5698c6b2e4b0fbd3f7fa4be6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coates, Peter S. 0000-0003-2672-9994 pcoates@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-9994","contributorId":3263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"Peter","email":"pcoates@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brussee, Brianne E. 0000-0002-2452-7101 bbrussee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2452-7101","contributorId":4249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brussee","given":"Brianne","email":"bbrussee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hothem, Roger L. roger_hothem@usgs.gov","contributorId":1721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"Roger","email":"roger_hothem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howe, Kristy H. khowe@usgs.gov","contributorId":147803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"Kristy","email":"khowe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":581720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eadie, John M.","contributorId":34067,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eadie","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6961,"text":"Department of Wildlife, Fish & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70162101,"text":"70162101 - 2016 - Diel feeding ecology of Slimy Sculpin in a tributary to Skaneateles Lake, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-13T13:20:02","indexId":"70162101","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-13T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diel feeding ecology of Slimy Sculpin in a tributary to Skaneateles Lake, New York","docAbstract":"Interactions among the benthic community are typically overlooked but play an important role in fish community dynamics. We examined the diel feeding ecology of Slimy Sculpin (Cottus cognatus) from Grout Brook, a tributary to Skaneateles Lake. Of the six time periods examined, Slimy Sculpin consumed the least during the nighttime (2400 h and 0400 h). Chironomids were the major prey consumed during all time periods except for 2400 h when ephemeropterans were the major prey consumed. There was a moderate preference by Slimy Sculpin for food from the benthos (0.59 ± 0.06) with Diptera (Chironomids), Ephemeroptera (Baetidae), and Trichoptera (Brachycentridae) representing the major taxa. Slimy Sculpin appear to be opportunistic feeders selecting what is most available in the brook. Index of fullness was variable and averaged 1.15% across the diel cycle. Daily ration was measured as a function of fish dry body weight and ranged from 0.12 to 0.22. Estimates of daily consumption ranged from 0.007% to 4.0% of body weight, which corresponds to reports for other species. These findings have application in gauging the relative importance of Slimy Sculpin in streams where highly valued salmonid species also occur.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.1674/amid-175-01-37-46.1","usgsCitation":"Chalupnicki, M.A., and Johnson, J.H., 2016, Diel feeding ecology of Slimy Sculpin in a tributary to Skaneateles Lake, New York: American Midland Naturalist, v. 175, no. 1, p. 37-46, https://doi.org/10.1674/amid-175-01-37-46.1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"46","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055360","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314280,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Grout Brook, Skaneateles Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.44905090332031,\n 42.76314586689494\n ],\n [\n -76.44905090332031,\n 42.94838139765314\n ],\n [\n -76.26091003417969,\n 42.94838139765314\n ],\n [\n -76.26091003417969,\n 42.76314586689494\n ],\n [\n -76.44905090332031,\n 42.76314586689494\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"175","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5697752ee4b039675d00a6bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chalupnicki, Marc A. mchalupnicki@usgs.gov","contributorId":3236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalupnicki","given":"Marc","email":"mchalupnicki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":588517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, James H. 0000-0002-5619-3871 jhjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-3871","contributorId":389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"James","email":"jhjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70204449,"text":"70204449 - 2016 - Integrative modelling reveals mechanisms linking productivity and plant species richness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-24T13:43:37","indexId":"70204449","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-13T13:03:52","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrative modelling reveals mechanisms linking productivity and plant species richness","docAbstract":"How ecosystem productivity and species richness are interrelated is one of the most debated subjects in the history of ecology. Decades of intensive study have yet to discern the actual mechanisms behind observed global patterns. Here, by integrating the predictions from multiple theories into a single model and using data from 1,126 grassland plots spanning five continents, we detect the clear signals of numerous underlying mechanisms linking productivity and richness. We find that an integrative model has substantially higher explanatory power than traditional bivariate analyses. In addition, the specific results unveil several surprising findings that conflict with classical models. These include the isolation of a strong and consistent enhancement of productivity by richness, an effect in striking contrast with superficial data patterns. Also revealed is a consistent importance of competition across the full range of productivity values, in direct conflict with some (but not all) proposed models. The promotion of local richness by macroecological gradients in climatic favourability, generally seen as a competing hypothesis, is also found to be important in our analysis. The results demonstrate that an integrative modelling approach leads to a major advance in our ability to discern the underlying processes operating in ecological systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/nature16524","usgsCitation":"Grace, J.B., Anderson, T.M., Seabloom, E.W., Borer, E.T., Adler, P.B., Harpole, W., Hautier, Y., Hillebrand, H., Lind, E.M., Partel, M., Bakker, J.D., Buckley, Y.M., Crawley, M.J., Damschen, E.I., Davies, K.F., Fay, P.A., Firn, J., Gruner, D.S., Hector, A., Knops, J.M., MacDougall, A.S., Melbourne, B.A., Morgan, J.W., Orrock, J., Prober, S.M., and Smith, M., 2016, Integrative modelling reveals mechanisms linking productivity and plant species richness: Nature, v. 529, p. 390-393, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16524.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"390","endPage":"393","ipdsId":"IP-051258","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/344413","text":"External Repository"},{"id":365909,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"529","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":766959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, T. 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