Geological, chronological, and structural studies of the Long Valley-Mono/Inyo Craters area document a long history of related volcanic eruptions and earthquakes controlled by regional extensional tectonics of the Basin and Range province. This activity has persisted for hundreds of thousands of years and is likely to continue. The Long Valley magma chamber had a volume approaching 3000 km3 prior to its climatic caldera-forming eruption 0.7 m.y. ago but has been reduced to less than a third of this volume by cooling, eruption, and crystallization. Seismic evidence indicates that the main mass of the present Long Valley magma chamber is about 10 km in diameter and that its roof is 8–10 km deep with smaller cupolas as shallow as 4–5 km. Although a chamber of this size is probably capable of producing an eruption approaching 30 km3 of lava, the record over the past 0.5 m.y. suggests that eruptions of 1 km3 or less are far more likely. Models proposed for the current ground uplift and seismicity within the caldera require inflation of 0.1–0.2 km3 by additional magma since mid-1979, and some models suggest that inflation was accompanied by injection of a thin dike or dikes (probably of silicic magma) into the ring fracture zone beneath the south moat. Several of the M 5.8–6.2 earthquakes that occurred in the region beginning in 1978 had non-double-couple focal mechanisms. Whether these unusual mechanisms indicate injection of mafic (low-viscosity) magma at midcrustal depths in the Sierra Nevada block south of the caldera remains debatable. Studies of calderas of various ages throughout the world indicate that episodes of unrest are relatively common and do not invariably culminate in eruptions. Although current unrest is concentrated in the south moat of Long Valley caldera, the Inyo/Mono Craters probably hold a greater potential for producing an eruption in the foreseeable future. The Inyo/Mono Craters have erupted at 500-year intervals over the past 2000–3000 years, whereas the Long Valley magma chamber has erupted at about 200,000-year intervals over the past 700,000 years. In either case, a major earthquake near the caldera could strongly influence the course of volcanic activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB13p11111","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hill, D., Bailey, R., and Ryall, A., 1985, Active tectonic and magmatic processes beneath Long Valley Caldera, eastern California: An overview: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B13, p. 11111-11120, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB13p11111.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"11111","endPage":"11120","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6ade4b0c8380cd475a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, R. A.","contributorId":87531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryall, A.S.","contributorId":7695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryall","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197164,"text":"70197164 - 1985 - The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition, 2. Field intensity variations and discussion of reversal models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T14:26:27","indexId":"70197164","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition, 2. Field intensity variations and discussion of reversal models","docAbstract":"We carried out an extensive paleointensity study of the 15.5±0.3 m.y. Miocene reversed‐to‐normal polarity transition recorded in lava flows from Steens Mountain (south central Oregon). One hundred eighty‐five samples from the collection whose paleodirectional study is reported by Mankinen et al. (this issue) were chosen for paleointensity investigations because of their low viscosity index, high Curie point and reversibility, or near reversibility, of the strong field magnetization curve versus temperature. Application of the Thellier stepwise double heating method was very successful, yielding 157 usable paleointensity estimates corresponding to 73 distinct lava flows. After grouping successive lava flows that did not differ significantly in direction and intensity, we obtained 51 distinguishable, complete field vectors of which 10 are reversed, 28 are transitional, and 13 are normal. The record is complex, quite unlike that predicted by simple flooding or standing nondipole field models. It begins with an estimated several thousand years of reversed polarity with an average intensity of 31.5±8.5 μT, about one third lower than the expected Miocene intensity. This difference is interpreted as a long‐term reduction of the dipole moment prior to the reversal. When site directions and intensities are considered, truly transitional directions and intensities appear almost at the same time at the beginning of the transition, and they disappear simultaneously at the end of the reversal. Large deviations in declination occur during this approximately 4500±1000 year transition period that are compatible with roughly similar average magnitudes of zonal and nonzonal field components at the site. The transitional intensity is generally low, with an average of 10.9±4.9 μT for directions more than 45° away from the dipole field and a minimum of about 5 μT. The root‐mean‐square of the three field components X, Y, and Z are of the same order of magnitude for the transitional field and the historical nondipole field at the site latitude. However, a field intensity increase to pretransitional values occurs when the field temporarily reaches normal directions, which suggests that dipolar structure could have been briefly regenerated during the transition in an aborted attempt to reestablish a stationary field. Changes in the field vector are progressive but jerky, with at least two, and possibly three, large swings at astonishingly high rates. Each of those transitional geomagnetic impulses occurs when the field intensity is low (less than 10 μT) and is followed by an interval of directional stasis during which the magnitude of the field increases greatly. For the best documented geomagnetic impulse the rapid directional change corresponds to a vectorial intensity change of 6700±2700 nT yr−1, which is about 15–50 times larger than the maximum rate of change of the nondipole field observed during the last centuries. The occurrence of geomagnetic impulses seems to support reversal models assuming an increase in the level of turbulence within the liquid core during transitions. The record closes with an estimated several thousand years of normal polarity with an average intensity of 46.7±20.1 μT, agreeing with the expected Miocene value. However, the occurrence of rather large and apparently rapid intensity fluctuations accompanied by little change in direction suggests that the newly reestablished dipole was still somewhat unstable.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB12p10417","usgsCitation":"Prevot, M., Mankinen, E.A., Coe, R.S., and Gromme, C.S., 1985, The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition, 2. Field intensity variations and discussion of reversal models: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B12, p. 10417-10448, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB12p10417.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"10417","endPage":"10448","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354331,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff3a76e4b0da30c1bfd9fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prevot, M.","contributorId":75679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prevot","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coe, Robert S.","contributorId":20477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gromme, C. Sherman","contributorId":22236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gromme","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Sherman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013204,"text":"70013204 - 1985 - ANALYZING NUMERICAL ERRORS IN DOMAIN HEAT TRANSPORT MODELS USING THE CVBEM.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:25","indexId":"70013204","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"ANALYZING NUMERICAL ERRORS IN DOMAIN HEAT TRANSPORT MODELS USING THE CVBEM.","docAbstract":"Besides providing an exact solution for steady-state heat conduction processes (Laplace Poisson equations), the CVBEM (complex variable boundary element method) can be used for the numerical error analysis of domain model solutions. For problems where soil water phase change latent heat effects dominate the thermal regime, heat transport can be approximately modeled as a time-stepped steady-state condition in the thawed and frozen regions, respectively. The CVBEM provides an exact solution of the two-dimensional steady-state heat transport problem, and also provides the error in matching the prescribed boundary conditions by the development of a modeling error distribution or an approximative boundary generation. This error evaluation can be used to develop highly accurate CVBEM models of the heat transport process, and the resulting model can be used as a test case for evaluating the precision of domain models based on finite elements or finite differences.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Symposium","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Symposium. Presented at the 1985 ASME Energy-Sources Technology Conference & Exhibition.","conferenceLocation":"Dallas, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASME","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","usgsCitation":"Hromadka, T., 1985, ANALYZING NUMERICAL ERRORS IN DOMAIN HEAT TRANSPORT MODELS USING THE CVBEM., in Proceedings of the International Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Symposium, v. 2, Dallas, TX, USA, p. 22-30.","startPage":"22","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219840,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e62ee4b0c8380cd47207","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Chung Jin S.Lunardini Virgil J.Chakrabarti S.K.Wang Y.S.Sodhi D.S.Karal K.","contributorId":128309,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Chung Jin S.Lunardini Virgil J.Chakrabarti S.K.Wang Y.S.Sodhi D.S.Karal K.","id":536265,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Hromadka, T. V. II","contributorId":76464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hromadka","given":"T. V.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70197165,"text":"70197165 - 1985 - The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition: 1. Directional history, duration of episodes, and rock magnetism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T14:30:24","indexId":"70197165","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition: 1. Directional history, duration of episodes, and rock magnetism","docAbstract":"The thick sequence of Miocene lava flows exposed on Steens Mountain in southeastern Oregon is well known for containing a detailed record of a reversed‐to‐normal geomagnetic polarity transition. Paleomagnetic samples were obtained from the sequence for a combined study of the directional and intensity variations recorded; the paleointensity study is reported in a companion paper. This effort has resulted in the first detailed history of total geomagnetic field behavior during a reversal of polarity. A comparison of the directional variation history of the reversed and normal polarity intervals on either side of the transition with the Holocene record has allowed an estimate of the duration of these periods to be made. These time estimates were then used to calculate accumulation rates for the volcanic sequence and thereby provide a means for estimating time periods within the transition itself. The polarity transition was found to consist of two phases, each with quite different characteristics. At the onset of the first phase, a one‐third decrease in magnetic field intensity may have preceded the first intermediate field directions by about 600 years. Changes in field direction were confined near the local north‐south vertical plane when the actual reversal in direction occurred and normal polarity directions may have been attained within 550±150 years. The end of the first phase of the transition was marked by a brief (possibly 100–300 years) period with normal polarity and a pretransitional intensity which suggests a quasi‐normal dipole field structure existed during this interval. The second phase of the transition was characterized by a return to very low field intensities with the changes in direction describing a long counterclockwise loop in contrast to the earlier narrowly constrained changes. This second phase lasted 2900±300 years, and both normal directions and intensities were recovered at the same time. Both directional and intensity data document very erratic geomagnetic field behavior during the polarity transition. Changes in magnetic field direction were variable and occurred either (1) in a regular, progressive manner, (2) with sudden, extremely rapid angular changes (58°±21°/year), or (3) with little or no movement for periods of the order of 600±200 years. Changes in magnetic intensity occurred in a like manner and were sometimes correlated with changes in direction, but during other periods both directional and intensity changes occurred independently. Directional changes following the polarity transition occurred in a seemingly normal manner, although intensity fluctuations attest to some instability of the newly reestablished dipole.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/JB090iB12p10393","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E.A., Prevot, M., Gromme, C.S., and Coe, R.S., 1985, The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition: 1. Directional history, duration of episodes, and rock magnetism: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 90, no. B12, p. 10393-10416, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB12p10393.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"10393","endPage":"10416","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354332,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff3a76e4b0da30c1bfd9fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prevot, M.","contributorId":75679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prevot","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gromme, C. Sherman","contributorId":22236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gromme","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Sherman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coe, Robert S.","contributorId":20477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013252,"text":"70013252 - 1985 - SIMULATING FLOW IN THE TIDAL POTOMAC RIVER.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:33","indexId":"70013252","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"SIMULATING FLOW IN THE TIDAL POTOMAC RIVER.","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional unsteady flow model has been applied to the tidal Potomac River, including its major tributaries and marginal embayments, between Washington, D. C. and Indian Head, Md. The computer model has been calibrated to simulate the combined effects of tide, freshwater inflows, and wind conditions governing flow in the system of channels. The comprehensive flow data provided by the model can be used to better understand the physical, geochemical, biological, and other processes that affect the river's water quality.","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulics and Hydrology in the Small Computer Age, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0872624749","usgsCitation":"Schaffranek, R.W., 1985, SIMULATING FLOW IN THE TIDAL POTOMAC RIVER., Hydraulics and Hydrology in the Small Computer Age, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference., Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA, p. 134-140.","startPage":"134","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220471,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf56e4b0c8380cd8752e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaffranek, Raymond W.","contributorId":86314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70184472,"text":"70184472 - 1985 - Atlantic Flyway review: Region V: Laurel, Prince Georges County, MD (390-0765)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70184472,"text":"70184472 - 1985 - Atlantic Flyway review: Region V: Laurel, Prince Georges County, MD (390-0765)","indexId":"70184472","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Region V: Laurel, Prince Georges County, MD (390-0765)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5221999,"text":"5221999 - 1985 - Atlantic Flyway review: Region V","indexId":"5221999","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Region V"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5221999,"text":"5221999 - 1985 - Atlantic Flyway review: Region V","indexId":"5221999","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Region V"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T17:18:40","indexId":"70184472","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2881,"text":"North American Bird Bander","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Region V: Laurel, Prince Georges County, MD (390-0765)","docAbstract":"My being away nearly all of September and on half the October weekends cut deeply into this season's banding. Totals for permanent residents and winter residents were close to normal, but numbers of the transient species are not at all comparable with other years. The only species that seemed more common than usual was the Northern Cardinal, for which my total of 28 was the second highest in ten years. The Veery and Common Yellowthroat were missed for the first time. I had only 36 returns, of 9 species. The oldest was a 5-year-old White-throated Sparrow. A Yellow Warbler was the 113th species and the 31st species of warbler banded at this station.
","language":"English","publisher":"Western, Inland, and Eastern Bird Banding Associations","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C.S., 1985, Atlantic Flyway review: Region V: Laurel, Prince Georges County, MD (390-0765): North American Bird Bander, v. 10, no. 2, p. 56-56.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"56","endPage":"56","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337269,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337268,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.westernbirdbanding.org/nabb.html","text":"Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Prince George's County","city":"Laurel","volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c277f9e4b014cc3a3e7708","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, Chandler S. crobbins@usgs.gov","contributorId":4275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"Chandler","email":"crobbins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013046,"text":"70013046 - 1985 - Limnocythere bradburyi n.sp.: a modern ostracode from central Mexico and a possible Quaternary paleoclimatic indicator","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-21T11:20:27.045129","indexId":"70013046","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limnocythere bradburyi n.sp.: a modern ostracode from central Mexico and a possible Quaternary paleoclimatic indicator","docAbstract":"Limnocythere bradburyi is a new species of nonmarine ostracode that is living in several lakes in the central Mexican Plateau. These lakes are shallow, turbid, and pan-shaped, having relatively unstable and fluid substrates. Water levels of these lakes are high in the summer and low or dry in the winter. These lakes usually contain fresh to slightly saline water during the rainy season (summer-fall) and slightly saline water during the dry season (winter-spring), and have solute composition that is dominated by Na+, HCO3--CO32-, Cl- ions. The regional climate is characterized as humid temperate with mild equitable temperatures throughout the year. Winter temperatures are usually above 0oC, whereas summer temperatures are commonly below 30oC. The water temperature of the lakes containing L. bradburyi generally reflects atmospheric temperatures. The ostracode's life cycle coincides with the climatic wet cycle and is therefore completed during the warmest period of the year, which is in marked contrast to ostracodes living in lakes in the US and Canada that usually begin their life cycle with the spring rain and snow melt in cold water and complete their life cycle in warm water. This contrasting climatic life-cycle pattern between central Mexico and the US may be sufficient to explain why L. bradburyi occurs commonly in many Quaternary deposits in the southwestern US, but has not been found living in the US.
","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontological Society","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Forester, R.M., 1985, Limnocythere bradburyi n.sp.: a modern ostracode from central Mexico and a possible Quaternary paleoclimatic indicator: Journal of Paleontology, v. 59, no. 1, p. 8-20.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":430406,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1304823"},{"id":220121,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4797e4b0c8380cd678e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forester, R. M.","contributorId":76332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":40625,"text":"ofr791379 - 1985 - Federal coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Pillar 3 SE 7 1/2-minute quadrangle, San Juan and McKinley Counties, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-09T19:54:35.336224","indexId":"ofr791379","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1379","title":"Federal coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Pillar 3 SE 7 1/2-minute quadrangle, San Juan and McKinley Counties, New Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr791379","usgsCitation":"Berge Exploration Inc., 1985, Federal coal resource occurrence and coal development potential maps of the Pillar 3 SE 7 1/2-minute quadrangle, San Juan and McKinley Counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1379, Report: ii, 21 p.; 22 Plates: 28.96 x 22.78 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791379.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 21 p.; 22 Plates: 28.96 x 22.78 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416873,"rank":25,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-09T21:23:55.469847","indexId":"ofr84843B","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-843","chapter":"B","title":"Distribution of copper in heavy-mineral-concentrate samples from the Charlotte 1° x 2° quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84843B","usgsCitation":"Griffitts, W.R., Whitlow, J.W., Duttweiler, K., Siems, D.F., and Botinelly, T., 1985, Distribution of copper in heavy-mineral-concentrate samples from the Charlotte 1° x 2° quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-843, Report: 4 p.; 2 Plates: 38.17 x 26.14 inches and 37.56 x 26.11 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84843B.","productDescription":"Report: 4 p.; 2 Plates: 38.17 x 26.14 inches and 37.56 x 26.11 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416880,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13585.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":40023,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0843b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40022,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0843b/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40021,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0843b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143811,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0843b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Charlotte 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -82,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -82,\n 36\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6486ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffitts, W. R.","contributorId":10428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffitts","given":"W.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitlow, J. W.","contributorId":63810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitlow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duttweiler, K.A.","contributorId":68310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duttweiler","given":"K.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Siems, D. F.","contributorId":101239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siems","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Botinelly, Theodore","contributorId":101253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Botinelly","given":"Theodore","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":12339,"text":"ofr84843P - 1985 - Thorium, cerium, and monazite survey of the Charlotte 1° x 2° quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-09T21:48:17.346741","indexId":"ofr84843P","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-843","chapter":"P","title":"Thorium, cerium, and monazite survey of the Charlotte 1° x 2° quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84843P","usgsCitation":"Siems, D.F., Griffitts, W.R., Whitlow, J.W., and Duttweiler, K., 1985, Thorium, cerium, and monazite survey of the Charlotte 1° x 2° quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-843, Report: 5 p.; 1 Plate: 37.05 x 25.14 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84843P.","productDescription":"Report: 5 p.; 1 Plate: 37.05 x 25.14 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416883,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13599.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":40576,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0843p/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40575,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0843p/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0843p/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Charlotte 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -82,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -82,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bc06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Siems, D. F.","contributorId":101239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siems","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffitts, W. R.","contributorId":10428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffitts","given":"W.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitlow, J. W.","contributorId":63810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitlow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duttweiler, K.A.","contributorId":68310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duttweiler","given":"K.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013064,"text":"70013064 - 1985 - Lacustrine-humate model for primary uranium ore deposits, Grants uranium region, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T17:04:16.864261","indexId":"70013064","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lacustrine-humate model for primary uranium ore deposits, Grants uranium region, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Two generations of uranium ore, primary and redistributed, occur in fluvial sandstones of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in the San Juan basin; the two stages of ore formation can be related to the hydrologic history of the basin. Primary ore formed soon after Morrison deposition, in the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, and a model, the lacustrine-humate model, is offered that views primary mineralization as a diagenetic event related to early pore fluid evolution. The basic premise is that the humate, a pore-filling organic material closely associated with primary ore, originated as humic acids dissolved in pore waters of greenish-gray lacustrine mudstones deposited in the mud-flat facies of the Brushy Basin Member and similar \"K\" shale beds in the Westwater Can on Member. During compaction associated with early burial, formation water expelled from lacustrine mudstone units carried these humic acids into adjacent sandstone beds where the organics precipitated, forming the humate deposits that concentrated uranium.
During the Tertiary, much later in the hydrologic history of the basin, when Jurassic sediments were largely compacted, oxygenated ground water flowed basinward from uplifted basin margins. This invasion of Morrison sandstone beds by oxidizing ground waters redistributed uranium from primary ores along redox boundaries, forming ore deposits that resemble roll-front-type uranium ores.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)","doi":"10.1306/94885589-1704-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Turner-Peterson, C., 1985, Lacustrine-humate model for primary uranium ore deposits, Grants uranium region, New Mexico: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 69, no. 11, p. 1990-2020, https://doi.org/10.1306/94885589-1704-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"1990","endPage":"2020","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220347,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Grants uranium region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.64038174995106,\n 36.04693775500846\n ],\n [\n -108.64038174995106,\n 34.70563438153877\n ],\n [\n -106.912022747075,\n 34.70563438153877\n ],\n [\n -106.912022747075,\n 36.04693775500846\n ],\n [\n -108.64038174995106,\n 36.04693775500846\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4130e4b0c8380cd6537f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner-Peterson, C. 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A pitch of the spacecraft would be required. -Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, H.H., and Wildey, R., 1985, Absolute calibration of Landsat instruments using the moon.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 51, no. 9, p. 1391-1393.","startPage":"1391","endPage":"1393","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e64ae4b0c8380cd47308","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, H. H.","contributorId":40725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wildey, R.L.","contributorId":9700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildey","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013062,"text":"70013062 - 1985 - Vent evolution and lag breccia formation during the Cape Riva eruption of Santorini, Greece","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-26T16:44:32.08347","indexId":"70013062","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vent evolution and lag breccia formation during the Cape Riva eruption of Santorini, Greece","docAbstract":"The 18,500 yr. b.p. Cape Riva (CR) eruption of Santorini vented several km3 or more of magma, generating four eruption units: a basal Plinian fall deposit (CR-A) and three pyroclastic flow deposits (CR-B to CR-D upwards). CR-B and CR-D are welded ignimbrites; CR-C consists predominantly of up to 25 m thick coarse, lithic-rich co-ignimbrite lag breccias resulting from a climactic phase of the eruption. The initial Plinian phase occurred from a localized vent in N Santorini, and subsequent column collapse resulted in emplacement of CR-B. Towards the end of CR-B, new conduits were activated and pyroclastic flows discharged from multiple vents to generate the lag breccias (CR-C). CR-D probably records a return to a localized vent as the eruption waned. The eruption sampled a zoned magma chamber containing rhyodacite overlying andesite, and leaks of these magmas were manifested as the Skaros-Therasia lavas preceding the CR eruption. Plinian and initial ignimbrite stages occurred while the magma chamber was overpressured; subsequent underpressuring, due to magma discharge, caused fracturing of the chamber roof, caldera collapse, and eruption of pyroclastic flows from multiple vents. Activation and widening of new conduits during collapse resulted in the rapid escalation of discharge rate favoring the formation of lag breccias by: (i) promoting erosion of lithic debris at the surface vent; and (ii) raising surface exit pressures, thereby resulting in a dramatic increase in the grain size of the ejecta.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/628965","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Druitt, T.H., 1985, Vent evolution and lag breccia formation during the Cape Riva eruption of Santorini, Greece: Journal of Geology, v. 93, no. 4, p. 439-454, https://doi.org/10.1086/628965.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"454","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220345,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc201e4b08c986b32a89e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Druitt, T. H.","contributorId":60662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druitt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013065,"text":"70013065 - 1985 - Drainage development of the Green River Basin in southwestern Wyoming and its bearing on fish biogeography, neotectonics, and paleoclimates.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:38","indexId":"70013065","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Drainage development of the Green River Basin in southwestern Wyoming and its bearing on fish biogeography, neotectonics, and paleoclimates.","docAbstract":"The Upper Green River flows southward out of the Green River Basin through a series of deep canyons across the Uinta Mountains in a course that post-dates the deposition of the Bishop Conglomerate (Oligocene). After the Eocene lakes disappeared, drainage was generally eastward across the present Continental Divide, until the Green River was captured near Green River, Wyo. by south-flowing drainage in middle Pleistocene time, ca., 600 kyr ago. Capture of the Upper Green River as recently as middle Pleistocene time, if a valid hypothesis, must take into account the marked differences between the endemic and indigenous fish fauna of the Green River and that of the North Platte. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Hansen, W.R., 1985, Drainage development of the Green River Basin in southwestern Wyoming and its bearing on fish biogeography, neotectonics, and paleoclimates.: Mountain Geologist, v. 22, no. 4, p. 192-204.","startPage":"192","endPage":"204","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220348,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03cee4b0c8380cd50662","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, W. R.","contributorId":59378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000530,"text":"1000530 - 1985 - Food and feeding of fish in Hartwell Reservoir tailwater, Georgia-South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:34","indexId":"1000530","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3139,"text":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Food and feeding of fish in Hartwell Reservoir tailwater, Georgia-South Carolina","docAbstract":"Food of silver redhorse (Moxostoma anisurum), redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus), green sunfish (L. cyanellus), and bluegills (L. macrochirus) was examined to determine whether or not these fish in the Hartwell Reservoir tailwater (Savannah River, Georgia-South Carolina) ate organisms entrained from the reservoir or displaced from the tailwater during water releases associated with the production of hydropower. These fish fed primarily on aquatic insects, crayfish, and terrestrial organisms originating from the tailwater. Major periods of feeding occurred during nongeneration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Barwick, D.H., and Hudson, P.L., 1985, Food and feeding of fish in Hartwell Reservoir tailwater, Georgia-South Carolina: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, v. 39, p. 185-193.","productDescription":"p. 185-193","startPage":"185","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae7e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barwick, D. Hugh","contributorId":31327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barwick","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hugh","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hudson, Patrick L. 0000-0002-7646-443X phudson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7646-443X","contributorId":5616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Patrick","email":"phudson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70169293,"text":"70169293 - 1985 - Kinds of damage that could result from a great earthquake in the central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-12T15:03:30","indexId":"70169293","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinds of damage that could result from a great earthquake in the central United States","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1811-12 a series of three great earthquakes occurred in the New Madrid, Missouri seismic zone in the central United States. In addition to the three principal shocks, at least 15 other earthquakes of intensity VIII or more occurred within a year of the first large earthquake on December 16, 1811. The three main shocks were felt over the entire eastern United States. They were strong enough to cause minor damage cause minor damage as far away as Indiana and Ohio on the north, the Carolinas on the east, and southern Mississippi to the south. They were strong enough to cause severe or structural damage in parts of Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Arkansas. A later section in this article describes what happened in the epicentral region. Fortunately, few people lived in the severely shaken area in 1811; that is not the case today. What would happen if a series of earthquakes as large and numerous as the \"New Madrid\" earthquakes were to occur in the New Madrid seismic zone today?
\nThe photographs accompanying this article show some typical structural damage that occurred during various earthquakes in the United States. Structural damage to buildings beings at intensity VIII in the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, a scale used for assigning numbers to earthquake effects. Minor or architectural damage (cracked plaster, windows, and chimneys) occurs at intensities VI and VII, and effects on people and small objects predominate at intensities below VI (earthquake felt, direction and duration noted, dishes broken and so forth).
\nThe first four photographs show damage caused by intensity VIII and above. None of the damage shown in the photographs in this report occurred in earthquakes larger than the 1811-12 New Madrid shocks, and most of the examples are from considerably smaller shocks. The first two photos show damage to masonry buildings, mostly old and unreinforced, none designed to be earthquake resistant. How many such buildings are in use in your community? The second pair of photos show damage to modern structures close to the epicenter of a magnitude 6.5 earthquake, a small shock compared to the magnitudes (8.4-8.7) of the New Madrid earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Hooper, M.G., and Algermissen, S.T., 1985, Kinds of damage that could result from a great earthquake in the central United States: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 17, no. 3, p. 84-97.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"97","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319231,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.81298828125,\n 37.97018468810549\n ],\n [\n -87.95654296875,\n 37.94419750075404\n ],\n [\n -88.2861328125,\n 34.876918445772084\n ],\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 34.89494244739732\n ],\n [\n -90.81298828125,\n 37.97018468810549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be43e4b0f59b85e02ea0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, M. G.","contributorId":167776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hooper","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Algermissen, S. T.","contributorId":39790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Algermissen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70168844,"text":"70168844 - 1985 - Earthquakes March-April 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-24T15:40:15","indexId":"70168844","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes March-April 1985","docAbstract":"There were two major earthquakes (7.0-7.9) during this reporting period-both were in Chile and both caused fatalities. Earthquake-related deaths were also reported from the Philippine Islands, Bolivia, and China.
\nIn the United States a strong earthquake occurred in Alaska on March 9 and a magntidue 6.3 earthquake occurred off the coast of Oregon on March 13.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1985, Earthquakes March-April 1985: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 17, no. 5, p. 193-198.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"198","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318591,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56dabfc2e4b015c306f84c2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013057,"text":"70013057 - 1985 - Saudi Arabian seismic-refraction profile: A traveltime interpretation of crustal and upper mantle structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-07T18:12:15.640576","indexId":"70013057","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Saudi Arabian seismic-refraction profile: A traveltime interpretation of crustal and upper mantle structure","docAbstract":"The crustal and upper mantle compressional-wave velocity structure across the southwestern Arabian Shield has been investigated by a 1000-km-long seismic refraction profile. The profile begins in Mesozoic cover rocks near Riyadh on the Arabian Platform, trends southwesterly across three major Precambrian tectonic provinces, traverses Cenozoic rocks of the coastal plain near Jizan, and terminates at the outer edge of the Farasan Bank in the southern Red Sea. More than 500 surveyed recording sites were occupied, and six shot points were used, including one in the Red Sea.
Two-dimensional ray-tracing techniques, used to analyze amplitude-normalized record sections indicate that the Arabian Shield is composed, to first order, of two layers, each about 20 km thick, with average velocities of about 6.3 km/s and 7.0 km/s, respectively. West of the Shield-Red Sea margin, the crust thins to a total thickness of less than 20 km, beyond which the Red Sea shelf and coastal plain are interpreted to be underlain by oceanic crust.
A major crustal inhomogeneity at the northeast end of the profile probably represents the suture zone between two crustal blocks of different composition. Elsewhere along the profile, several high-velocity anomalies in the upper crust correlate with mapped gneiss domes, the most prominent of which is the Khamis Mushayt gneiss. Based on their velocities, these domes may constitute areas where lower crustal rocks have been raised some 20 km. Two intracrustal reflectors in the center of the Shield at 13 km depth probably represent the tops of mafic intrusives.
The Mohorovičić discontinuity beneath the Shield varies from a depth of 43 km and mantle velocity of 8.2 km/s in the northeast to a depth of 38 km and mantle velocity of 8.0 km/s depth in the southwest near the Shield-Red Sea transition. Two velocity discontinuities occur in the upper mantle, at 59 and 70 km depth.
The crustal and upper mantle velocity structure of the Arabian Shield is interpreted as revealing a complex crust derived from the suturing of island arcs in the Precarnbrian. The Shield is currently flanked by the active spreading boundary in the Red Sea.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(85)90287-2","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Mooney, W.D., Gettings, M.E., Blank, H., and Healy, J.H., 1985, Saudi Arabian seismic-refraction profile: A traveltime interpretation of crustal and upper mantle structure: Tectonophysics, v. 111, no. 3-4, p. 173-246, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(85)90287-2.","productDescription":"55 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"246","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[42.77933,16.34789],[42.64957,16.77464],[42.34799,17.07581],[42.27089,17.47472],[41.75438,17.83305],[41.22139,18.6716],[40.93934,19.48649],[40.24765,20.17463],[39.80168,20.33886],[39.1394,21.2919],[39.0237,21.98688],[39.06633,22.57966],[38.49277,23.68845],[38.02386,24.07869],[37.48363,24.28549],[37.15482,24.85848],[37.20949,25.08454],[36.93163,25.60296],[36.6396,25.82623],[36.24914,26.57014],[35.64018,27.37652],[35.13019,28.06335],[34.63234,28.05855],[34.78778,28.60743],[34.83222,28.95748],[34.95604,29.35655],[36.06894,29.19749],[36.50121,29.50525],[36.74053,29.86528],[37.50358,30.00378],[37.66812,30.33867],[37.99885,30.5085],[37.00217,31.50841],[39.00489,32.01022],[39.19547,32.16101],[40.39999,31.88999],[41.88998,31.19001],[44.7095,29.17889],[46.56871,29.09903],[47.45982,29.00252],[47.70885,28.52606],[48.41609,28.552],[48.80759,27.68963],[49.29955,27.46122],[49.47091,27.11],[50.15242,26.68966],[50.21294,26.27703],[50.1133,25.94397],[50.23986,25.60805],[50.52739,25.32781],[50.66056,24.9999],[50.81011,24.75474],[51.11242,24.55633],[51.38961,24.62739],[51.57952,24.2455],[51.61771,24.01422],[52.00073,23.00115],[55.0068,22.49695],[55.20834,22.70833],[55.66666,22],[54.99998,19.99999],[52.00001,19],[49.11667,18.61667],[48.18334,18.16667],[47.46669,17.11668],[47,16.95],[46.74999,17.28334],[46.36666,17.23332],[45.4,17.33334],[45.21665,17.43333],[44.06261,17.41036],[43.79152,17.31998],[43.38079,17.57999],[43.1158,17.08844],[43.21838,16.66689],[42.77933,16.34789]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Saudi Arabia\"}}]}","volume":"111","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b86fce4b08c986b31623f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gettings, M. E.","contributorId":25148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettings","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blank, H. R.","contributorId":50516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blank","given":"H. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Healy, J. H.","contributorId":48968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013055,"text":"70013055 - 1985 - Character and regional significance of Great Falls tectonic zone, east-central Idaho and west-central Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T17:01:30.219496","indexId":"70013055","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Character and regional significance of Great Falls tectonic zone, east-central Idaho and west-central Montana","docAbstract":"The Great Falls tectonic zone, here named, is a belt of diverse northeast-trending geologic features that can be traced from the Idaho batholith in the Cordilleran miogeocline, across thrust-belt structures and basement rocks of west-central and southwestern Montana, through cratonic rocks of central Montana, and into southwesternmost Saskatchewan, Canada. Geologic mapping in east-central Idaho and west-central Montana has outlined a continuous zone of high-angle faults and shear zones. These structures (1) extend more than 150 km (93 mi) northeastward from near Salmon, Idaho, toward Anaconda, Montana, (2) had recurrent movement from middle Proterozoic to Holocene time, (3) controlled the intrusion and orientation of Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary dike swarms, and (4) ontrolled the uplift and orientation of the Anaconda-Pintlar Range. Recurrent fault movement in this zone and strong structural control over igneous intrusion suggest a fundamental tectonic feature that has influenced the tectonic development of the Idaho-Montana area from at least middle Proterozoic time to the present.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/AD462506-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"O’Neill, J.M., and Lopez, D.A., 1985, Character and regional significance of Great Falls tectonic zone, east-central Idaho and west-central Montana: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 69, no. 3, p. 437-447, https://doi.org/10.1306/AD462506-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"447","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220229,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana","otherGeospatial":"Great Falls tectonic zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.94970703125,\n 44.62175409623324\n ],\n [\n -111.20361328125,\n 44.62175409623324\n ],\n [\n -111.20361328125,\n 46.76996843356982\n ],\n [\n -115.94970703125,\n 46.76996843356982\n ],\n [\n -115.94970703125,\n 44.62175409623324\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2cae4b0c8380cd4b38e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Neill, J. Michael jmoneill@usgs.gov","contributorId":99522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"J.","email":"jmoneill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lopez, David A.","contributorId":79445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopez","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013047,"text":"70013047 - 1985 - Possible precipitation of ice at low latitudes of Mars during periods of high obliquity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:38","indexId":"70013047","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Possible precipitation of ice at low latitudes of Mars during periods of high obliquity","docAbstract":"Most of the old cratered highlands of Mars are dissected by branching river valleys that appear to have been cut by running water1,2 yet liquid water is unstable everywhere on the martian surface. In the equatorial region, where most of the valleys are observed, even ice is unstable3,4. It has been suggested, therefore, that Mars had an early denser atmosphere with sufficient greenhouse warming to allow the existence of liquid water 5. Here, we suggest instead that during periods of very high obliquities, ice could accumulate at low latitudes as a result of sustained sublimation of ice from the poles and transport of the water vapour equatorwards. At low latitudes, the water vapour would saturate the atmosphere and condense onto the surface where it would accumulate until lower obliquities prevailed. The mechanism is efficient only at the very high obliquities that occurred before formation of Tharsis very early in the planet's history, but limited equatorial ice accumulation could also have occurred at the highest obliquities during the rest of the planet's history. Partial melting of the ice could have provided runoff to form the channels or replenish the groundwater system. ?? 1985 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/315559a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Jakosky, B., and Carr, M.H., 1985, Possible precipitation of ice at low latitudes of Mars during periods of high obliquity: Nature, v. 315, no. 6020, p. 559-561, https://doi.org/10.1038/315559a0.","startPage":"559","endPage":"561","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205008,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/315559a0"},{"id":220122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"315","issue":"6020","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e35e4b0c8380cd7a3d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jakosky, B. M.","contributorId":103003,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jakosky","given":"B. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":365161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29669,"text":"wri844128 - 1985 - A conceptual ground-water-quality monitoring network for San Fernando Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-06T18:23:59.479672","indexId":"wri844128","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4128","title":"A conceptual ground-water-quality monitoring network for San Fernando Valley, California","docAbstract":"A conceptual groundwater-quality monitoring network was developed for San Fernando Valley to provide the California State Water Resources Control Board with an integrated, basinwide control system to monitor the quality of groundwater. The geology, occurrence and movement of groundwater, land use, background water quality, and potential sources of pollution were described and then considered in designing the conceptual monitoring network. The network was designed to monitor major known and potential point and nonpoint sources of groundwater contamination over time. The network is composed of 291 sites where wells are needed to define the groundwater quality. The ideal network includes four specific-purpose networks to monitor (1) ambient water quality, (2) nonpoint sources of pollution, (3) point sources of pollution, and (4) line sources of pollution.
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","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-22.2.295","usgsCitation":"Wolf, K., 1985, Salmonid whirling disease: status in the United States, 1985: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 22, no. 2, p. 295-299, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-22.2.295.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"299","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480182,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-22.2.295","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129756,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdf17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolf, K.","contributorId":16344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014316,"text":"1014316 - 1985 - Diagnostic services available","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:26","indexId":"1014316","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":855,"text":"Aquaculture Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diagnostic services available","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquaculture Magazine","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"None/FF","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, G.L., and Mitchell, A., 1985, Diagnostic services available: Aquaculture Magazine, p. 43-44, 46, 48, 50-51.","productDescription":"p. 43-44, 46, 48, 50-51","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65db72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, G. L.","contributorId":70713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitchell, A.J.","contributorId":16345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}