The recent decline of apple snail (Pomacea paludosa) populations in canals surrounding Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge in southern Florida coincided with the use of copper-diquat for the control of the aquatic weed hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata). Field and laboratory studies were designed to assess the effects of copper-diquat on apple snails, which are the primary food of the endangered snail kite Rostrhamus sociabilis (formerly known as the Everglade kite). Acute toxicities (96-h LC50 values) of Cutrine-Plus and Komeen (chelated formulations of copper) to immature apple snails were 22 and 24 μg/L, respectively. Diquat was toxic at a concentration of 1,800 μg/L and did not increase the toxicity of copper when the chemicals were used in combination. Evaluation of field samples indicated that copper concentrations were higher in detritus than in water, plants and mud, and that there was a gradient of copper concentration from the canal to the interior, the highest residues being in samples from the canal. Copper associated with detritus (up to 150 μg/g) had no effect on growth or survival of apple snails in field cage and tank studies. Also, field applications of copper-diquat to hydrilla had no effect on survival of caged adult and immature snails. Copper from field applications was rapidly taken out of solution by plants and organic material in the water and subsequently incorporated into the bottom detritus. Although the effects of repeated applications of copper-diquat and high body burdens of copper (accumulated during exposure to herbicidal treatment) on survival and reproduction of apple snails are not known, the information available indicates that treatment of hydrilla with copper-diquat was probably not responsible for the decline in the apple snail population. Application at recommended rates should pose no threat to these snails in the organically rich waters of southern Florida.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620030306","usgsCitation":"Winger, P.V., Imlay, M., McMillan, W., Martin, T., Takekawa, J.E., and Johnson, W., 1984, Field and laboratory evaluation of the influence of copper-diquat on apple snails in southern Florida: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 3, no. 3, p. 409-424, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620030306.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"424","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5957","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winger, P. V.","contributorId":43075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winger","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Imlay, M.J.","contributorId":44637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imlay","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McMillan, W.E.","contributorId":106606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMillan","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Martin, T.W.","contributorId":82422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Takekawa, Jean E.","contributorId":146991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Takekawa","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":16768,"text":"USFWS, Nisqually NWR, Olympia, WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":338518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, W.W.","contributorId":20032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5223355,"text":"5223355 - 1984 - Residues of organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and heavy metals in biota from Apalachicola River, Florida, 1978","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-14T15:39:24.933335","indexId":"5223355","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:29","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2533,"text":"Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Residues of organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and heavy metals in biota from Apalachicola River, Florida, 1978","docAbstract":"Seventy-seven composite samples composed of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), channel catfish (Ictaluras punctatus), threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense), Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea), burrowing mayfly (Hexagenia sp.), water snake (Natrix spp.), and little green heron (Butorides virescens) were collected from upper and lower reaches of the Apalachicola River, Florida, in 1978 for residue analysis of organochlorine insecticides, PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), and metals. Compared with data from the National Pesticide Monitoring Program and criteria recommended for the protection of aquatic life, residue concentrations were moderately high in the Apalachicola River. Biota from the upper river generally had higher organic and lower metal residues than those from the lower river. Highest residues in the biota were total DDT, total PCBs, and toxaphene. Although individual mean concentrations were below 2 μg/g and total organic contaminant residues never exceeded 5 μg/g, residue concentrations of DDT, PCBs, and toxaphene (particularly from the upper river) exceeded recommended permissible levels for the protection of aquatic life. Metal residues were generally below 1 μg/g. Exceptions were arsenic residues in threadfin shad (1.07 μg/g) and Asiatic clams (1.75 μg/g), and selenium in eggs of channel catfish (1.39 μg/g). The residues observed in the biota, particularly from the upper station, indicated moderate contamination of the Apalachicola River system at the time samples were collected.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Official Analytical Chemists","doi":"10.1093/jaoac/67.2.325","usgsCitation":"Winger, P.V., Sieckman, C., May, T., and Johnson, W., 1984, Residues of organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and heavy metals in biota from Apalachicola River, Florida, 1978: Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, v. 67, p. 325-333, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/67.2.325.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"325","endPage":"333","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486958,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/67.2.325","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":199757,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b936","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winger, P. 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Raffaele","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:46","indexId":"5221912","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:29","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3214,"text":"The Quarterly Review of Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] A Guide to the Birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, by Herbert A. Raffaele","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quarterly Review of Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1984, [Book review] A Guide to the Birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, by Herbert A. Raffaele: The Quarterly Review of Biology, v. 59, no. 1.","productDescription":"82","startPage":"82","numberOfPages":"82","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18429,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2827919","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"59","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5dd9a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221911,"text":"5221911 - 1984 - [Book review] West Virginia Birds--Distribution and Ecology, by G. A. Hall","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:46","indexId":"5221911","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:29","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1186,"text":"Carnegie Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] West Virginia Birds--Distribution and Ecology, by G. A. Hall","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Carnegie Magazine","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1984, [Book review] West Virginia Birds--Distribution and Ecology, by G. A. 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Seven clutches were laid before the chicks from the first brood fledged, and 11 were laid after the chicks from the first brood fledged. In each case, parents alternately fed chicks from the first brood and incubated the second clutch. Sixteen of the 18 clutches disappeared, were addled, or were deserted. Young hatched from the two other second clutches, but all chicks died or disappeared 2-4 days after hatching. We suggest that a second clutch, laid before chicks from the first brood fledged, probably results from a physiological miscue associated with chick loss from the first brood and stimulated by an unusual surplus of food. Conversely, when laid after chicks from the first brood fledge, a second clutch might function as insurance, permitting a pair to raise young late in the season if chicks from the first brood are lost. In either case, parents must partition care between eggs and chicks from the second clutch and fledged chicks from the first brood. Accordingly, the successful fledging of chicks from two broods in a single season is unlikely unless exceptionally favorable conditions occur.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Wiggins, D., Morris, R., Nisbet, I., and Custer, T., 1984, Occurrence and timing of second clutches in common terns: The Auk, v. 101, no. 2, p. 281-287.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"287","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341256,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4086366"},{"id":196989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db6960c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiggins, D.A.","contributorId":42318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiggins","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morris, R.D.","contributorId":39487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nisbet, I.C.T.","contributorId":54942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nisbet","given":"I.C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":334963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5221967,"text":"5221967 - 1984 - [Book review] Proceedings of the symposium on birds of the sea and shore","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-16T10:32:00","indexId":"5221967","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:29","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] Proceedings of the symposium on birds of the sea and shore","docAbstract":"The symposium, held in 1979 at the University of Cape Town, commemorates the 50th anniversary of the Southern African Ornithological Society and the 150th anniversary of the University. Quite expectedly, participants were predominantly South African, with a few Europeans and Americans. Thirty-seven presentations, plus a summary, were given at the meeting, but only 26 papers were published; the rest had Abstracts only. The book is divided into five subject areas: Feeding Ecology (6 papers), Patterns of Distribution (5 papers), Distribution Studies (4 papers), Conservation of Species and Habitats (6 papers), and Physiology and Breeding Biology (5 papers).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R.M., 1984, [Book review] Proceedings of the symposium on birds of the sea and shore: The Auk, v. 101, no. 1, p. 204-206.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"204","endPage":"206","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341255,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4086257 "}],"volume":"101","issue":"1","publicComments":"A review of: Proceedings of the symposium on birds of the sea and shore, 1979. J. Cooper (Ed.). 1981. Cape Town, African Seabird Group (FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700 South Africa). 473 pp. Paper covers.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47b9e4b07f02db4a25b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R. Michael","contributorId":87854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221897,"text":"5221897 - 1984 - Formalin preservation of avian blood for metal and DDE analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:43","indexId":"5221897","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:29","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formalin preservation of avian blood for metal and DDE analysis","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Wiemeyer, S.N., Moore, J.F., and Mulhern, B., 1984, Formalin preservation of avian blood for metal and DDE analysis: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 33, no. 5, p. 525-532.","productDescription":"525-532","startPage":"525","endPage":"532","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18424,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.springerlink.com/content/q2123nh5630u5020/?p=06c788a3c2ff48329eb9031021f814fb&pi=77","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"33","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de181","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiemeyer, Stanley N.","contributorId":78279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiemeyer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, John F.","contributorId":30185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mulhern, B.M.","contributorId":98683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulhern","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221906,"text":"5221906 - 1984 - The range of the snail kite and its history in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:46","indexId":"5221906","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:27","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1125,"text":"Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The range of the snail kite and its history in Florida","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Sykes, P., 1984, The range of the snail kite and its history in Florida: Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences, v. 29, no. 6, p. 211-264.","productDescription":"211-264","startPage":"211","endPage":"264","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640fa2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sykes, P.W. Jr.","contributorId":107385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sykes","given":"P.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221901,"text":"5221901 - 1984 - Sight record of band-rumped storm-petrel off the coast of Palm Beach County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-03T13:32:26.987701","indexId":"5221901","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:27","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1668,"text":"Florida Field Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sight record of band-rumped storm-petrel off the coast of Palm Beach County, Florida","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Florida Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Sykes, P., Langridge, H., and Trotsky, T., 1984, Sight record of band-rumped storm-petrel off the coast of Palm Beach County, Florida: Florida Field Naturalist, v. 12, no. 1, p. 17-18.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":421537,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sora.unm.edu/node/134019"},{"id":197145,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Palm Beach County","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.12439892798696,\n 26.913909020530625\n ],\n [\n -80.12439892798696,\n 26.29166255998574\n ],\n [\n -79.49052898183002,\n 26.29166255998574\n ],\n [\n -79.49052898183002,\n 26.913909020530625\n ],\n [\n -80.12439892798696,\n 26.913909020530625\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3d87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sykes, P.W. Jr.","contributorId":107385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sykes","given":"P.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langridge, H.P.","contributorId":53057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langridge","given":"H.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trotsky, T.","contributorId":13336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trotsky","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221904,"text":"5221904 - 1984 - Comparison of methods of preserving tissues for pesticide analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-19T17:47:25.661354","indexId":"5221904","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:27","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of methods of preserving tissues for pesticide analysis","docAbstract":"Formalin preservation, freezing, spoiling followed by freezing, and phenoxyethanol were compared in terms of concentrations of DDT, DDD, DDE, endrin, and heptachlor epoxide measured in brain, liver and carcass of birds fed dietary dosages of pesticides and in spiked egg homogenate. Phenoxyethanol proved to be an unsatisfactory preservative; the amount of ‘extractable lipid’ was excessive, and measurements of concentrations in replicates were erratic. Concentrations of residues in formalin-preserved and frozen samples did not differ significantly in any tissue. Percentage lipid in brains and eggs, however, were significantly lower in formalin-preserved samples. Samples of muscle and liver that had been spoiled before freezing yielded less DDD, and muscle samples yielded more DDT than formalin-preserved samples. We conclude that formalin preservation is a satisfactory method for preservation of field samples and that the warming and spoiling of samples that may occur unavoidably in the field will not result in misleading analytical results.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00398780","usgsCitation":"Stickel, W.H., Stickel, L., Dyrland, R.A., and Hughes, D., 1984, Comparison of methods of preserving tissues for pesticide analysis: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 4, no. 2, p. 113-118, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00398780.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193436,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae320","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stickel, W. H.","contributorId":23239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stickel, L.F.","contributorId":41095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dyrland, R. A.","contributorId":102164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyrland","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hughes, D.L.","contributorId":85675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5221905,"text":"5221905 - 1984 - DDE in birds: Lethal residues and loss rates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T16:55:38.385834","indexId":"5221905","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:27","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"DDE in birds: Lethal residues and loss rates","docAbstract":"Lethal brain residues of DDE2 were determined experimentally in four species of wild birds given dietary dosage of 1,500 ppm DDE until one-half had died, then sacrificing the survivors, chemically analyzing the tissues, and comparing results in dead birds and survivors. In all species, residues of 300 to 400 ppm of DDE in the brain were considered to show increasing likelihood of death from DDE, confirming results of an earlier study with a single species. Body residues (ppm wet weight) were not diagnostic, overlapping grossly in dead birds and survivors, but averaging higher in survivors. Body residues (ppm lipid base), however, were higher in dead birds and did not overlap those in survivors.
Loss rate was followed in grackles fed 1,500 ppm DDE for 7 days, then given untreated feed and sacrificed at intervals of 7, 28, 56, and 112 days. DDE was lost slowly from the bodies, at a rate of 0.30% per day (estimated half-life 229 days). DDE was lost more rapidly from brains, half of the initial concentration being reached in 25 days; concentrations in brains increased thereafter in close correlation with percentage of fat in the body.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01055640","usgsCitation":"Stickel, W.H., Stickel, L.F., Dyrland, R.A., and Hughes, D.L., 1984, DDE in birds: Lethal residues and loss rates: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 13, no. 1, p. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055640.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197223,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stickel, William H.","contributorId":178252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stickel","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stickel, Lucille F.","contributorId":76598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"Lucille","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dyrland, R. A.","contributorId":102164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyrland","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hughes, Donald L.","contributorId":41899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5221903,"text":"5221903 - 1984 - Reproductive success of black skimmers in Texas relative to environmental pollutants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:37","indexId":"5221903","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:27","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproductive success of black skimmers in Texas relative to environmental pollutants","docAbstract":"We studied the nesting ecology of Black Skimmers along the lower Texas coast during 1978-1981 to learn more of their reproductive status and to evaluate the effects of organochlorine pollutants, such as DDE, on productivity. For 542 nests, the average clutch size was 3.3 eggs. Flooding was the major cause of colony destruction and abandonment. Clutch size in renest attempts decreased significantly from that in first attempts. Overall fledging success (fledglings/total pairs) averaged 1 0 fledgling per pair. There was a significant negative correlation between number of nest attempts and fledging success on a colony basis. Also, clutch size and fledging success were significantly correlated. DDE residues in some skimmer eggs were high (up to 51 ppm, wet weight), with 35% of all eggs sampled containing- >1 0 ppm DDE. However, eggshell thinning of only 4-12% was demonstrated on a colony basis and log DDE residues in individual eggs were not significantly correlated with shell thickness. DDE residues in Texas eggs were 5-fold higher than in South Carolina eggs where no shell thinning was detected.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"White, D.H., Mitchell, C.A., and Swineford, D.M., 1984, Reproductive success of black skimmers in Texas relative to environmental pollutants: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 55, no. 1, p. 18-30.","productDescription":"18-30","startPage":"18","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":18380,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/JFO/v055n01/p0018-p0030.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":193435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60eef2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Donald H.","contributorId":97868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitchell, C. A.","contributorId":54543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swineford, D. M.","contributorId":106839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swineford","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221125,"text":"5221125 - 1984 - The eighty-fourth Audubon Christmas bird count. North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:43","indexId":"5221125","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:27","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":708,"text":"American Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The eighty-fourth Audubon Christmas bird count. North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Sykes, P., 1984, The eighty-fourth Audubon Christmas bird count. North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida: American Birds, v. 38, no. 4, p. 411-414.","productDescription":"411-414","startPage":"411","endPage":"414","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dea9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sykes, P.W. Jr.","contributorId":107385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sykes","given":"P.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221146,"text":"5221146 - 1984 - Annual variation in the distribution, abundance, and habitat response of the palila (Loxioides bailleui)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-25T14:16:02","indexId":"5221146","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:26","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual variation in the distribution, abundance, and habitat response of the palila (Loxioides bailleui)","docAbstract":"We studied the distribution, population size, and habitat response of the Palila (Loxioides bailleui) during the 1980-1984 nonbreeding seasons to infer factors that limit the population and to develop management strategies. Distribution was fairly constant from year to year. Palila were confined to the subalpine woodland on Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii, occurred between 2,000 and 2,850 m elevation, and reached highest densities on the southwest slopes. The population showed large annual fluctuations, from 6,400 birds in 1981 to 2,000 in 1984. The width of woodland was the most important variable in determining habitat response. Palila were more common in areas with greater crown cover, taller trees, and a higher proportion of native plants in the understory. Annual variation in Palila density within a habitat reflected variation in levels of their staple food, mamane pods. The main limiting factors of the population appeared to be the availability of good habitat and levels of their staple food. Palila had strongly depressed densities in the Pohakuloa flats area. This low density could not be explained by gross habitat features or food levels. Site tenacity, thermal stress, disturbance, and disease were hypothesized explanations. Our study indicated that the most effective management strategies would be the removal of feral ungulates and certain noxious plants from Palila habitat and the extension of the woodland zone to areas now intensively grazed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4086892","usgsCitation":"Scott, J.M., Mountainspring, S., van Riper, C., Kepler, C.B., Jacobi, J., Burr, T., and Giffen, J.G., 1984, Annual variation in the distribution, abundance, and habitat response of the palila (Loxioides bailleui): The Auk, v. 101, no. 4, p. 647-664, https://doi.org/10.2307/4086892.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"647","endPage":"664","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4086892","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":194206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b7a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, J. M.","contributorId":55766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mountainspring, Stephen","contributorId":22450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mountainspring","given":"Stephen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":333131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kepler, C. B.","contributorId":62548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kepler","given":"C.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jacobi, J.D.","contributorId":13570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobi","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Burr, T.A.","contributorId":101756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burr","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Giffen, Jon G.","contributorId":17325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giffen","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":5221916,"text":"5221916 - 1984 - Reproduction by an altricial songbird, the red-winged blackbird, in fields treated with the organophosphate insecticide fenthion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T17:00:29.314462","indexId":"5221916","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:26","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2163,"text":"Journal of Applied Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproduction by an altricial songbird, the red-winged blackbird, in fields treated with the organophosphate insecticide fenthion","docAbstract":"(1) Breeding red-winged blackbirds were used as a model to study the effects of a single application of an organophosphate insecticide, fenthion, on reproduction of altricial songbirds.
(2) The insecticide had no significant effect on frequency of nest abandonment, clutch size, hatching success, or fledgling success.
(3) Growth rates of young nestlings were lower in nests on one of two treated areas, but overall growth rates of survivors were not significantly different from controls in nests on nearby unsprayed areas.
(4) The insecticide had no measured effect on male spatial organization.
(5) Measures of abundance of the principal nestling food item, noctuid larvae, showed that one application of the insecticide significantly reduced the abundance of the food supply, but the reduction of food supply did not result in a decrease in nestling growth rates or fledgling success.
","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.2307/2403038","issn":"00218901","usgsCitation":"Powell, G., 1984, Reproduction by an altricial songbird, the red-winged blackbird, in fields treated with the organophosphate insecticide fenthion: Journal of Applied Ecology, v. 21, no. 1, p. 83-95, https://doi.org/10.2307/2403038.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193768,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Albany County","city":"Laramie","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.7489013671875,\n 41.13729606112276\n ],\n [\n -105.48660278320312,\n 41.13729606112276\n ],\n [\n -105.48660278320312,\n 41.33454482366021\n ],\n [\n -105.7489013671875,\n 41.33454482366021\n ],\n [\n -105.7489013671875,\n 41.13729606112276\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62cc08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, G.V.N.","contributorId":23894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"G.V.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221915,"text":"5221915 - 1984 - Comparative toxicity of acephate in laboratory mice, white-footed mice, and meadow voles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T16:22:46.30737","indexId":"5221915","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:26","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative toxicity of acephate in laboratory mice, white-footed mice, and meadow voles","docAbstract":"The LD50 (95% confidence limits) of the organophosphorus insecticide acephate was estimated to be 351, 380, and 321 mg/kg (295–416, 280–516, and 266–388 mg/kg) for CD-1 laboratory mice (Mus musculus), white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis), and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), respectively. In a second study, these species were provided mash containing 0, 25, 100, and 400 ppm acephate for five days. Brain and plasma cholinesterase activities were reduced in a dose-dependent manner to a similar extent in the three species (inhibition of brain acetyl-cholinesterase averaged for each species ranged from 13 to 22% at 25 ppm, 33 to 42% at 100 ppm, and 56 to 57% at 400 ppm). Mash intake, body or liver weight, plasma enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferase), hepatic enzyme activities (aniline hydroxylase, 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase, and glutathione S-transferase), and cytochrome content (P-450 and b5) were not affected by acephate ingestion, although values differed among species. In a third experiment, mice and voles received 400 ppm acephate for 5 days followed by untreated food for up to 2 weeks. Mean inhibition of brain acetylcholin-esterase for the three species ranged from 47 to 58% on day 5, but by days 12 and 19, activity had recovered to 66 to 76% and 81 to 88% of concurrent control values. These findings indicate that CD-1 laboratory mice, white-footed mice, and meadow voles are equally sensitive to acephate when maintained under uniform laboratory conditions. Several factors (e.g., behavior, food preference, habitat) could affect routes and degree of exposure in the field, thereby rendering some species of wild rodents ecologically more vulnerable to organophosphorus insecticides.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01056263","usgsCitation":"Rattner, B., and Hoffman, D.J., 1984, Comparative toxicity of acephate in laboratory mice, white-footed mice, and meadow voles: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 13, no. 4, p. 483-491, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01056263.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"483","endPage":"491","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193767,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae47b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":95843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett A.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":335010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":335009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223752,"text":"5223752 - 1984 - Phenotypic variation of the Mexican duck (Anas platyrhynchos diazi) in Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T14:37:28.667605","indexId":"5223752","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:26","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phenotypic variation of the Mexican duck (Anas platyrhynchos diazi) in Mexico","docAbstract":"A collection of 98 breeding Mexican Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos diazi) was made in Mexico from six areas between the United States border with Chihuahua and Lake Chapala, Jalisco, in order to study geographic variation. Plumage indices showed a relatively smooth clinal change from north to south; northern populations were most influenced by the Northern Mallard (A. platyrhynchos) phenotype. Measurements of total, wing, and culmen lengths and bill width were usually significantly larger in males at any one site, but showed no regular geographic trends. Hybridization between platyrhynchos and diazi phenotypes may or may not be increasing in the middle Rio Grande and Rio Conchos valleys; available data are insufficient to decide. A spring 1978 aerial census yielded an estimate of 55,500 diazi -like birds in Mexico. Populations of diazi appear to be as large as the available habitat allows; management should be directed towards increasing and stabilizing the nesting habitat; and the stability of the zone of intergradation should be investigated.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1366994","usgsCitation":"Scott, N., and Reynolds, R., 1984, Phenotypic variation of the Mexican duck (Anas platyrhynchos diazi) in Mexico: Condor, v. 86, no. 3, p. 266-274, https://doi.org/10.2307/1366994.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"266","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200354,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68669d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, N.J. Jr.","contributorId":8407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"N.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, R.P.","contributorId":104439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223602,"text":"5223602 - 1984 - Chromosome numbers and ecological observations of ferns from El Tirol, Paraguay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:37","indexId":"5223602","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:26","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1630,"text":"Fern Gazette","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chromosome numbers and ecological observations of ferns from El Tirol, Paraguay","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fern Gazette","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Smith, A., and Foster, M., 1984, Chromosome numbers and ecological observations of ferns from El Tirol, Paraguay: Fern Gazette, v. 12, p. 321-329.","productDescription":"321-329","startPage":"321","endPage":"329","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e21aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, A.R.","contributorId":73718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foster, M.S. 0000-0001-8272-4608","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-4608","contributorId":10116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221914,"text":"5221914 - 1984 - Methyl parathion and fenvalerate toxicity in American kestrels: Acute physiological responses and effects of cold","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-24T13:03:58","indexId":"5221914","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:26","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1174,"text":"Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methyl parathion and fenvalerate toxicity in American kestrels: Acute physiological responses and effects of cold","docAbstract":"Physiological and toxicological effects of p.o. methyl parathion (0.375-3.0 mg/kg) or fenvalerate (1000-4000 mg/kg) were examined over a 10-h period in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) maintained in thermoneutral (22?C) and cold (-5?C) environments. Methyl parathion was highly toxic (estimated median lethal dose of 3.08 mg/kg, 95% confidence limits of 2.29 -4.14 mg/kg), producing dose-dependent inhibition of brain and plasma cholinesterase activity, hyperglycemia, and elevated plasma corticosterone concentration. Brain and plasma cholinesterase inhibition in excess of 50% was associated with transient but pronounced hypothermia 2 h after intubation, although the magnitude of this response was yariable. Fenvalerate, at doses far exceeding those encountered in the environment, caused mild intoxication and elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase activity. Cold intensified methyl parathion toxicity, but did not affect that of fenvalerate. Thus, it would appear that organophosphorus insecticides pose far greater hazard than pyrethroids to raptorial birds.","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/y84-129","usgsCitation":"Rattner, B., and Franson, J.C., 1984, Methyl parathion and fenvalerate toxicity in American kestrels: Acute physiological responses and effects of cold: Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, v. 62, no. 7, p. 787-792, https://doi.org/10.1139/y84-129.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"787","endPage":"792","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a56e4b07f02db62d61b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":95843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett A.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":335007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221518,"text":"5221518 - 1984 - Turkey sighting on Keauhou Ranch, Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-12T18:11:24","indexId":"5221518","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:26","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":601,"text":"'Elepaio","printIssn":"0013-6069","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Turkey sighting on Keauhou Ranch, Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"No abstract available.