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,{"id":5221941,"text":"5221941 - 1984 - Effects of egg oiling on larid productivity and population dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-13T16:00:32","indexId":"5221941","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:22","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of egg oiling on larid productivity and population dynamics","docAbstract":"<p>Small quantities of petroleum may adhere to the plumage, feet, or nest materials of breeding birds and be transferred to their eggs during incubation. In this study, oil was applied to naturally incubated Great Black-backed Gull (<i>Larus marinus</i>) and Herring Gull (<i>L. argentatus</i>) eggs, and its effects on reproductive success were assessed. Embryo survival was inversely proportional to the quantity of petroleum applied to eggshell surfaces. Dose responses, however, were dependent on embryonic age at the time of treatment. Eggs of either species, treated with 10-20 μl of No. 2 fuel oil 4-8 days after laying, experienced significant reductions in hatching success. Embryos oiled past the midpoint of the 28-day incubation period were insensitive to as much as 100 μl of petroleum. Fuel oil weathered outdoors for several weeks was as toxic as fresh oil to larid embryos. Productivity estimates obtained following various oil treatments indicated that only under severe conditions (e.g. large doses of petroleum contaminating young embryos) could egg oiling have a significant impact upon populations of the Herring Gull and species with similar life-history characteristics. Species that are more sensitive to oil, however, those having lower reproductive potentials and higher postfledging mortality rates or those subject to other stresses, may be more adversely affected by oil pollution.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Lewis, S., and Malecki, R., 1984, Effects of egg oiling on larid productivity and population dynamics: The Auk, v. 101, no. 3, p. 584-592.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"584","endPage":"592","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341258,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4086612"}],"volume":"101","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db615c97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, S.J.","contributorId":50231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malecki, R.A.","contributorId":70498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malecki","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221959,"text":"5221959 - 1984 - Sensitivity of nestling and adult starlings to dicrotophos, an organophosphate pesticide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:08","indexId":"5221959","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1561,"text":"Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitivity of nestling and adult starlings to dicrotophos, an organophosphate pesticide","docAbstract":"The 24-hr median lethal dose (LD50) of dicrotophos (3-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-cis-crotonamide dimethyl phosphate) for free-living 5-day-old nestling European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris, LDso = 4.92 mg/kg body wt) was about one-half that obtained for free-living 15day-old nestlings (9.59 mg/kg) and captive adult males (8.37 mg/kg) and females (8.47 mg/ kg). Nestlings and adults with low pretreatment body weights appeared to be more vulnerable to organophosphate (OP) exposure. Brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity was severely depressed in all birds that died (74-94%); the degree of inhibition did not vary with age or sex. Inhibition of brain ChE in 5-day-old nestlings alive 24 hr post dose (X = 28-43%) was lower than that of 15-day-old (X = 55-68%) and adult (X = 55-77%) survivors. Body weights of OP-dosed birds that died were depressed an average of 20 to 46% in 5-day-olds, 7 to 20% in 15-day-olds, and 0 to 10% in adults; weight losses varied inversely with age and dosage, and directly with time to death. Average weight losses in 5- and 15-day-old survivors (X < 31 and 26%, respectively) varied directly with dose and exceeded comparable values for adults (X = 3-15%). Results suggest that (1) young nestling songbirds may be nearly twice as sensitive as adults to OPs, (2) growth of nestlings may be severely depressed following OP exposure, and (3) recovery of brain ChE activity following exposure to ChE inhibitors may be more rapid in nestlings than adults. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0013-9351(84)90152-X","collaboration":"3012_Grue.pdf","usgsCitation":"Grue, C., and Shipley, B., 1984, Sensitivity of nestling and adult starlings to dicrotophos, an organophosphate pesticide: Environmental Research, v. 35, no. 2, p. 454-465, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-9351(84)90152-X.","productDescription":"454-465","startPage":"454","endPage":"465","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18249,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-9351(84)90152-X","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f7910","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grue, C.E.","contributorId":86446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grue","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shipley, B.K.","contributorId":103762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shipley","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221945,"text":"5221945 - 1984 - Avian models for toxicity testing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-14T15:13:00.891075","indexId":"5221945","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2520,"text":"Journal of the American College of Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Avian models for toxicity testing","docAbstract":"<p><span>The use of birds as test models in experimental and environmental toxicology as related to health effects is reviewed, and an overview of descriptive tests routinely used in wildlife toxicology is provided. Toxicologic research on birds may be applicable to human health both directly by their use as models for mechanistic and descriptive studies and indirectly as monitors of environmental quality. Topics include the use of birds as models for study of teratogenesis and embryotoxicity, neurotoxicity, behavior, trends of environmental pollution, and for use in predictive wildlife toxicology. Uses of domestic and wild-captured birds are discussed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Sage Journals","doi":"10.3109/10915818409104398","usgsCitation":"Hill, E.F., and Hoffman, D.J., 1984, Avian models for toxicity testing: Journal of the American College of Toxicology, v. 3, no. 6, p. 357-376, https://doi.org/10.3109/10915818409104398.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193863,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aefe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, E. F.","contributorId":14362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221960,"text":"5221960 - 1984 - Lead concentrations and reproduction in highway-nesting barn swallows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T14:45:24.305417","indexId":"5221960","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead concentrations and reproduction in highway-nesting barn swallows","docAbstract":"Swallows (Hirundo rustica) collected within the right-of-way of a major Maryland highway were greater than those found in Barn Swallows nesting within a rural area. Lead concentrations in the feathers of adults from the highway colony were also greater than Lead concentrations in the carcasses and stomach contents of adult and nestling Barn those of rural adults, but concentrations in the feathers of nestlings from the two locations were similar. Activity of u-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in red blood cells was lower in highway-nesting adults and their young than in their rural counterparts, although hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrits did not differ. The number of eggs, nestlings, and body weights of the latter at 16-18 days of age were similar in the two colonies, as were body weights of adults from the two areas. These results suggest that contamination of roadside habitats by lead from automotive emissions does not pose a serious hazard to birds that are aerial feeders.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1366811","usgsCitation":"Grue, C., O'Shea, T., and Hoffman, D.J., 1984, Lead concentrations and reproduction in highway-nesting barn swallows: Condor, v. 86, no. 4, p. 383-389, https://doi.org/10.2307/1366811.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"383","endPage":"389","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196199,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a88e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grue, C.E.","contributorId":86446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grue","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Shea, T. J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":50100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5221956,"text":"5221956 - 1984 - Heptachlor seed treatment contaminates hawks, owls, and eagles of Columbia Basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:35","indexId":"5221956","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3234,"text":"Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heptachlor seed treatment contaminates hawks, owls, and eagles of Columbia Basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"We evaluated organochlorine residues in 12 species of hawks. owls, and eagles from the Columbia Basin of Oregon between 1978 and 1981. Companion studies showed that heptachlor epoxide (HE) induced adult mortality and reduced productivity of the Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) and American Kestrel (Falco sparverius).ln this study, brain tissue from raptors found dead and sample eggs from 90 nests were analyzed for organochlorines. The primary concern was HE that entered raptor food chains through the ingestion of heptachlor-treated seed by their prey. HE residues were detected in eggs from 9 of 10 species and ranged as high as 4.75 ppm (wet wt), but no definite effects of HE on productivity were readily apparent from the limited series of nests. However, the hazard of heptachlor seed treatments to birds of prey was demonstrated by the occurrence of lethal residues of HE in brain tissue of 3 Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) and 1 Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus). Other organochlorine pesticides were present in the eggs and significant relationships were found between DDE and eggshell thickness for the Swainson's Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) and Western Screech-Owl (Otus kennicotti), although shell thinning (9.6% and 7.4%) was below the generally accepted range where reproductive problems have been known to occur.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., Blus, L.J., and Kaiser, T., 1984, Heptachlor seed treatment contaminates hawks, owls, and eagles of Columbia Basin, Oregon: Raptor Research, v. 18, no. 2, p. 41-48.","productDescription":"41-48","startPage":"41","endPage":"48","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202111,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635c6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blus, L. J.","contributorId":38116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blus","given":"L.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaiser, T. E.","contributorId":75486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"T. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5221955,"text":"5221955 - 1984 - High PCB residues in birds from the Sheboygan River, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T10:56:07","indexId":"5221955","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High PCB residues in birds from the Sheboygan River, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p><span>Organochlorine residues were measured in the carcasses and, in some cases, brains and stomach contents of four species of birds collected along the Sheboygan River, Wisconsin during the years 1976 to 1980. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were high in all samples and were the contaminants of greatest concern. Carcass residues ranged from 23 to 218 ppm PCBs on a wet weight basis; these are levels associated with reproductive impairment in laboratory studies with some birds. Food items in the stomachs of collected birds contained from 12 to 58 ppm PCBs, indicating a heavy contamination of food sources. The brain of one bird contained 220 ppm PCBs, a level that is not in the lethal range but is very high. Birds feeding in the contaminated portions of the Sheboygan River may have been harmed by high PCB levels.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00398784","usgsCitation":"Heinz, G., Swineford, D.M., and Katsma, D.E., 1984, High PCB residues in birds from the Sheboygan River, Wisconsin: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 4, no. 2, p. 155-161, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00398784.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"161","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Sheboygan River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.78573989868164,\n              43.71925681186759\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.75887489318848,\n              43.71925681186759\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.75887489318848,\n              43.73978616175876\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.78573989868164,\n              43.73978616175876\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.78573989868164,\n              43.71925681186759\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6887a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinz, Gary gheinz@usgs.gov","contributorId":3049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinz","given":"Gary","email":"gheinz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":335120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swineford, Douglas M.","contributorId":176501,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swineford","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Katsma, Dale E.","contributorId":7790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katsma","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5221954,"text":"5221954 - 1984 - Toxicity of anticholinesterase insecticides to birds: Technical grade versus granular formulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:36","indexId":"5221954","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1480,"text":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicity of anticholinesterase insecticides to birds: Technical grade versus granular formulations","docAbstract":"The acute toxicities of 13 granular anticholinesterase insecticides were compared with their technical grade active ingredients by administering single oral doses of chemical to adult Northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) and evaluating resultant LD50 values and dose-response curves. Similar tests with ringed turtledoves (Streptopelia risoria) were conducted with five of the granular formulations to check for interspecific differences. The test chemicals were Amaze 15G (isofenphos), Counter 15G (terbufos), Dasanit 15G (fensulfothion), Diazinon 14G (diazinon), Di-Syston 15G (disulfoton), Dyfonate 20G (fonofos), Furadan 10G (carbofuran), Lorsban 15G (chlorpyrifos), Nemacur 15G (fenamiphos), Parathion 10G (parathion), Tattoo 10G (bendiocarb), Temik 15G (aldicarb), and Thimet 15G (phorate). Information is also presented on dose-response relations and their use in hazard assessment, granule size and hazard, response patterns, and toxic signs. The general conclusions were: (1) The organophosphates (fenamiphos and fensulfothion) and the carbamate (aldicarb) were the most toxic of the insecticides tested. (2) The granular formulation and its technical grade active ingredient were of equivalent toxicity, or the granular was significantly less toxic. (3) The dose-response curve enhances hazard assessment. (4) Ingestion of a single granule of Temik 15G was shown to be life threatening to bobwhite-sized birds, and ingestion of fewer than five granules could be lethal to sparrow-sized birds for Dasanit 15G, Diazinon 14G, Dyfonate 20G, Furadan 15G, and Nemacur 15G. (5) It is therefore suggested that the hazard associated with granular insecticides may be more dependent on which species (cf. size and feeding behavior) inhabit a treated area than on the actual application rate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0147-6513(84)90015-0","collaboration":"3024_Hill.pdf","usgsCitation":"Hill, E.F., and Camardese, M., 1984, Toxicity of anticholinesterase insecticides to birds: Technical grade versus granular formulations: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 8, no. 6, p. 551-563, https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(84)90015-0.","productDescription":"551-563","startPage":"551","endPage":"563","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18253,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(84)90015-0","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"8","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698801","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, E. F.","contributorId":14362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Camardese, M.B.","contributorId":106591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camardese","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221947,"text":"5221947 - 1984 - Acute toxicity of diazinon is similar for eight stocks of bobwhite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-12T15:56:20.734736","indexId":"5221947","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute toxicity of diazinon is similar for eight stocks of bobwhite","docAbstract":"<p><span>Nine-week-old bobwhite (</span><i>Colinus virginianus</i><span>) from eight different game farms were tested for their sensitivity to an acute oral exposure of technical-grade diazinon (phosphorothioic acid&nbsp;</span><i>O,O</i><span>-diethyl-</span><i>O</i><span>-[6-methyl-2-(l-methylethyl) -4-pyrimidinyl]ester). Extraneous variables associated with interlaboratory differences in husbandry were eliminated by incubating eggs and rearing chicks to test age for all stocks simultaneously in the same facilities at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Under this single set of conditions, the responses of the eight stocks of bobwhite to diazinon were statistically inseparable, with LD</span><sub>50</sub><span>&nbsp;values varying from 13 mg/kg (95% confidence interval, 8–21 mg/kg) to 17 mg/kg (95% confidence interval, 11–25 mg/kg). The pooled LD</span><sub>50</sub><span>&nbsp;for the eight stocks was 14.7 mg/kg (95% confidence interval, 13.1–16.5 mg/kg).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620030108","usgsCitation":"Hill, E.F., Camardese, M., Heinz, G.H., Spann, J.W., and DeBevec, A., 1984, Acute toxicity of diazinon is similar for eight stocks of bobwhite: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 3, no. 1, p. 61-66, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620030108.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196527,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697dc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, E. F.","contributorId":14362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Camardese, M.B.","contributorId":106591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camardese","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heinz, G. H.","contributorId":85905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spann, J. W.","contributorId":93435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spann","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeBevec, A.B.","contributorId":74097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeBevec","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":5221946,"text":"5221946 - 1984 - Subchronic mercury exposure in coturnix and a method of hazard evaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-12T15:58:11.190092","indexId":"5221946","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subchronic mercury exposure in coturnix and a method of hazard evaluation","docAbstract":"<p><span>The sublethal toxicity of inorganic (HgCl</span><sub>2</sub><span>) and organic (CH</span><sub>3</sub><span>HgCl) mercury chloride was studied in coturnix (</span><i>Coturnix japonica</i><span>) by feeding them mercuric compounds (CH</span><sub>3</sub><span>HgCl at concentrations of 0.125,0.5,2 and 8 ppm; HgCl</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;at 0.5, 2, 8 and 32 ppm) in&nbsp;</span><i>ad libitum</i><span>&nbsp;diets from hatching to adulthood. Differences of response to the mercurials were compared on the basis of selected indicator enzymes and plasma chemistries. Comparisons of response to equivalent concentrations of the two mercurials and dose-response relationships were made at 1,3,5,7 and 9 weeks. Changes of activity were detected for brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the plasma enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT). Changes of ASAT, LDH and OCT were then quantified by probit analysis and the mercurials were compared through their median effective concentrations (EC</span><sub>50</sub><span>). This quantal procedure was based on the establishment of normal control values for each enzyme and then classifying mercury-treated outliers (more than ± 2 SD) as respondents. The EC</span><sub>50</sub><span>&nbsp;values at 9 weeks for ASAT, LDH and OCT, respectively, were 9, 3 and 63 ppm for HgCl</span><sub>2</sub><span>, and 5, 1 and 4 ppm for CH</span><sub>3</sub><span>HgCl. These results provided the basis for two hazard indices that were calculated by dividing the EC</span><sub>50</sub><span>&nbsp;into the oral LD</span><sub>50</sub><span>&nbsp;and the 5-d dietary LC</span><sub>50</sub><span>. Mercury also had contradictory effects on gonadal maturation in both sexes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620030311","usgsCitation":"Hill, E.F., and Soares, J.H., 1984, Subchronic mercury exposure in coturnix and a method of hazard evaluation: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 3, no. 3, p. 489-502, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620030311.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"489","endPage":"502","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194055,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, E. F.","contributorId":14362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soares, J. H. Jr.","contributorId":31707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soares","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221944,"text":"5221944 - 1984 - Subchronic organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity in mallards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T17:01:45.997169","indexId":"5221944","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3612,"text":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subchronic organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity in mallards","docAbstract":"<p><span>Eighteenweek-old mallard hens received 0, 10, 30, 90, or 270 ppm technical grade EPN (phenylphosphonothioic acid&nbsp;</span><i>O</i><span>-ethyl-</span><i>O</i><span>-4-nitrophenyl ester) in the diet for 90 days. Ataxia was first observed in the 270-ppm group after 16 days, in the 90-ppm group after 20 days, in the 30-ppm group after 38 days; 10 ppm failed to produce ataxia. By the end of 90 days all 6 birds in the 270-ppm group exhibited ataxia or paralysis whereas 5 of 6 birds in the 90-ppm group and 2 of 6 birds in the 30-ppm group were visibly affected. Treatment with 30 ppm or more resulted in a significant reduction in body weight. Brain neurotoxic esterase activity was inhibited by averages of 16, 69, 73, and 74% in the 10-, 30-, 90-, and 270-ppm groups, respectively. Brain acetylcholinesterase, plasma cholinesterase, and plasma alkaline phosphatase were significantly inhibited as well. Distinct histopathological effects were seen in the 30-, 90-, and 270-ppm groups which included demyelination and degeneration of axons of the spinal cord. Additional ducks were exposed in a similar manner to 60-, 270-, or 540-ppm leptophos (phosphonothioic acid&nbsp;</span><i>O</i><span>-4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl-</span><i>O</i><span>-methylphenyl ester) which resulted in similar behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological alterations. these findings indicate that adult mallards are probably somewhat less sensitive than chickens to subchronic dietary exposure to organophosphorus insecticides that induce delayed neurotoxicity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0041-008X(84)90083-8","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., Sileo, L., and Murray, H.C., 1984, Subchronic organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity in mallards: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, v. 75, no. 1, p. 128-136, https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(84)90083-8.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"128","endPage":"136","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197224,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6998eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sileo, L.","contributorId":46895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sileo","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, H. C.","contributorId":30702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5221943,"text":"5221943 - 1984 - Neurotoxic and teratogenic effects of an organophosphorus insecticide (phenyl phosphonothioic acid-<i>O</i>-ethyl-<i>O</i>-[4-nitrophenyl] ester) on mallard development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-11T18:01:00.813525","indexId":"5221943","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3612,"text":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Neurotoxic and teratogenic effects of an organophosphorus insecticide (phenyl phosphonothioic acid-<i>O</i>-ethyl-<i>O</i>-[4-nitrophenyl] ester) on mallard development","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>Phenyl phosphonothioic acid-</span><i>O</i><span>-ethyl-</span><i>O</i><span>-[4-nitrophenyl] ester (EPN) is one of the 10 most frequently used organophosphorus insecticides and caused delayed neurotoxicity in adult chickens and mallards. Small amounts of organophosphorus insecticides placed on birds' eggs are embryotoxic and teratogenic. For this reason, the effects of topical egg application on EPN were examined on mallard (</span><i>Anas platyrhynchos</i><span>) embryo development. Mallard eggs were treated topically at 72 hr of incubation with 25 μl of a nontoxic oil vehicle or with EPN in the vehicle at concentrations of approximately 12, 36, or 108 μg/g egg, equivalent to one, three, and nine times the agricultural level of application used to spray crops. Treatment with EPN resulted in 22 to 44% mortality over this dose range by 18 days of development compared with 4 and 5% for untreated and vehicle-treated controls. EPN impaired embryonic growth and was highly teratogenic: 37–42% of the surviving embryos at 18 days were abnormal with cervical and axial scoliosis as well as severe edema. Brain weights were significantly lower in EPN-treated groups at different stages of development including hatchlings. Brain neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activity was inhibited by as much as 91% at 11 days, 81% at 18 days, and 79% in hatchlings. Examination of brain NTE activity during the course of normal development revealed an increase of nearly sixfold from Day 11 through hatching. The most rapid increase occurred between Day 20 and hatching. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was inhibited by as much as 41% at 11 days, 47% at 18 days, and 20% in hatchlings. Plasma cholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase activities were inhibited and plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity was increased at one or more stages of development. Hatchlings from EPN-treated eggs were weaker and slower to right themselves. Histopathological examination did not reveal demyelination and axonopathy of the spinal cord that was characteristic of delayed neurotoxicity in adult birds.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0041-008X(84)90334-X","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., and Sileo, L., 1984, Neurotoxic and teratogenic effects of an organophosphorus insecticide (phenyl phosphonothioic acid-<i>O</i>-ethyl-<i>O</i>-[4-nitrophenyl] ester) on mallard development: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, v. 73, no. 2, p. 284-294, https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(84)90334-X.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"284","endPage":"294","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193769,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697a4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sileo, L.","contributorId":46895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sileo","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5223690,"text":"5223690 - 1984 - Estimating prey size and number in crayfish-eating snakes, genus Regina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:43","indexId":"5223690","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1892,"text":"Herpetologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating prey size and number in crayfish-eating snakes, genus Regina","docAbstract":" Snakes of the genus Regina feed almost exclusively on crayfish. The paired, symmetrical gastroliths of crayfish are not digested and are detectable from x-rays of the snake. Gastrolith length is directly proportional to carapace length and can be obtained from x-rays. Carapace length can be converted to kcal of ingested energy. Using these relationships and repeated captures of radio-telemetered Regina, estimates of food consumption and energy intake by freeliving snakes are feasible. New information on prey selectivity, feeding behavior, and predator-prey size relations in Regina grahami and R. septemvittata are presented and compared with similar data for other snakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetologica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Godley, J., McDiarmid, R., and Rojas, N., 1984, Estimating prey size and number in crayfish-eating snakes, genus Regina: Herpetologica, v. 40, no. 1, p. 82-88.","productDescription":"82-88","startPage":"82","endPage":"88","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18247,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3892464","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc8cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godley, J.S.","contributorId":15731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godley","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDiarmid, R.W.","contributorId":15130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDiarmid","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rojas, N.N.","contributorId":41555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rojas","given":"N.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5223650,"text":"5223650 - 1984 - Species groups in Proechimys (Rodentia: Echimyidae) as indicated by karyology and bullar morphology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-01T11:23:30.958054","indexId":"5223650","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Species groups in Proechimys (Rodentia: Echimyidae) as indicated by karyology and bullar morphology","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">The genus<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Proechimys</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is divisible into four groups of species on the basis of bullar septal patterns. Each of the four groups can be further characterized by distinctive distributions and karyotypes. The subgenus<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Trinomys</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>guairae</i><span>&nbsp;</span>species group each are comprised of phylogenetically closely-related species. The<span>&nbsp;</span><i>semispinosus</i>- and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>brevicauda</i>-groups, although generally distinctive on the basis of bullar septa, are not phylogenetically equivalent to the first two groups. The<span>&nbsp;</span><i>brevicauda</i>-group, for example, consists of at least three separate species complexes. The taxonomy used in this report reflects several nomenclatural changes from that used in the recent literature. In addition, previously unreported karyotypes are described for<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P. quadruplicatus, P. gularis, P. decumanus, P. oris, P. oconnelli</i>, and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P. mincae</i>.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1381195","usgsCitation":"Gardner, A.L., and Emmons, L., 1984, Species groups in Proechimys (Rodentia: Echimyidae) as indicated by karyology and bullar morphology: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 65, no. 1, p. 10-25, https://doi.org/10.2307/1381195.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"10","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200381,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545f76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, A. L.","contributorId":97213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"A.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emmons, L.H.","contributorId":84476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmons","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221515,"text":"5221515 - 1984 - Special Report: Recent advances in the California condor research and recovery program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:50","indexId":"5221515","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1498,"text":"Endangered Species Technical Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Special Report: Recent advances in the California condor research and recovery program","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Endangered Species Technical Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Part II,  ESTB 10(2):5-6, 1985","usgsCitation":"Goodloe, R., 1984, Special Report: Recent advances in the California condor research and recovery program: Endangered Species Technical Bulletin, v. 9, no. 12, p. 8-10.","productDescription":"8-10","startPage":"8","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e6450","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goodloe, R.B.","contributorId":25662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodloe","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5223551,"text":"5223551 - 1984 - First records of Juan Fernandes (<i>Pterodroma e. externa</i>) and Stejneger's (<i>Pterodroma longirostris</i>) petrels from Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-12T18:14:28","indexId":"5223551","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":601,"text":"'Elepaio","printIssn":"0013-6069","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First records of Juan Fernandes (<i>Pterodroma e. externa</i>) and Stejneger's (<i>Pterodroma longirostris</i>) petrels from Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.<br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawai'i Audobon Society","publisherLocation":"Honolulu, HI","usgsCitation":"Clapp, R.B., 1984, First records of Juan Fernandes (<i>Pterodroma e. externa</i>) and Stejneger's (<i>Pterodroma longirostris</i>) petrels from Hawaii: 'Elepaio, v. 44, no. 10, p. 97-98.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"98","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","volume":"44","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3b5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clapp, R. B.","contributorId":9371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clapp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5223604,"text":"5223604 - 1984 - [Part 2] A new species of Sarcoglottis (Orchidaceae) from Paraguay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:37","indexId":"5223604","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3373,"text":"Selbyana","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Part 2] A new species of Sarcoglottis (Orchidaceae) from Paraguay","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Selbyana","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Burns-Balogh, P., and Foster, M., 1984, [Part 2] A new species of Sarcoglottis (Orchidaceae) from Paraguay: Selbyana, v. 9, p. 189-190.","productDescription":"189-190","startPage":"189","endPage":"190","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47b8e4b07f02db4a1337","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns-Balogh, P.","contributorId":43077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns-Balogh","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foster, M.S. 0000-0001-8272-4608","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-4608","contributorId":10116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221968,"text":"5221968 - 1984 - Population trends and environmental contaminants in herons in the Tennessee Valley, 1980-81","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T12:38:59.305317","indexId":"5221968","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population trends and environmental contaminants in herons in the Tennessee Valley, 1980-81","docAbstract":"Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) eggs (N = 40) collected in 1980 from four of the largest colonies in the Tennessee Valley contained organochlorine pesticide, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), and chromium concentrations below those associated with reduced productivity.  Low concentrations of organochlorine pesticide and PCB residues also were found in eggs (N = 31) from three of the larger Black-crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) colonies in the Tennessee Valley.  However, DDE concentrations in two of the Black-crowned Night-Heron eggs exceeded levels associated with reduced nesting success.  Mercury was found in all eggs of both species with residues ranging to a high of 2.0 ppm; residues  of this magnitude have not been identified as reducing nesting success of either of these two species.  Green-backed Heron (Butorides striatus) eggs collected in 1981 near a former DDT manufacturing site in the Tennessee Valley had the highest DDE concentrations ever reported for this species;  the effect of these high concentrations on productivity is not known. Eggshell thickness of Great Blue Heron, Green-backed Heron, and Black- crowned Night-Heron eggs averaged 7.5%, 7.6%, and 3% thinner, respectively, than shell thickness of eggs collected before 1947.  This amount of  thinning is not deleterious; intraclutch variation in shell thickness is often this high.  Shell thickness in all three species was correlated (P lt 0.1) with DDE concentrations.  The number of nesting pairs of Great Blue Herons and Black-crowned Night-Herons at each of the colonies studied has been stable or increasing during the previous decade. These population data, combined with the residue data, suggest that organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, mercury, and chromium are not adversely affecting these populations.  However, we did not assess nesting success which would be a  requisite for confirming this.","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521083","usgsCitation":"Fleming, W.J., Pullin, B., and Swineford, D.M., 1984, Population trends and environmental contaminants in herons in the Tennessee Valley, 1980-81: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 7, no. 1, p. 63-73, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521083.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196246,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e615","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, W. James","contributorId":85279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pullin, B.P.","contributorId":106600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pullin","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swineford, D. M.","contributorId":106839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swineford","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5221970,"text":"5221970 - 1984 - Tissue lead distribution and hematologic effects in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) fed biologically incorporated lead","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-24T13:09:34","indexId":"5221970","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tissue lead distribution and hematologic effects in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) fed biologically incorporated lead","docAbstract":"American kestrels were fed a diet containing 0.5, 120, 212, and 448 ppm (dry wt) biologically incorporated lead (Pb) for 60 days. The diet consisted of homogenized 4-wk-old cockerels raised on feed mixed with and without lead. No kestrels died and weights did not differ among treatment groups. The control group (0.5 ppm Pb) had the lowest mean concentration of lead and the high dietary group had the highest for the following tissues: Kidney, liver, femur, brain, and blood. Concentrations of lead were significantly correlated among tissues. There were no differences among treatment groups for packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, or erythrocyte count.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-20.1.39","usgsCitation":"Custer, T., Franson, J.C., and Pattee, O.H., 1984, Tissue lead distribution and hematologic effects in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) fed biologically incorporated lead: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 20, no. 1, p. 39-43, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-20.1.39.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b3e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":335159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pattee, O. H.","contributorId":46459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pattee","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5221976,"text":"5221976 - 1984 - Disseminated visceral coccidiosis in sandhill cranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:10","indexId":"5221976","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2528,"text":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disseminated visceral coccidiosis in sandhill cranes","docAbstract":"Disseminated visceral coccidiosis (DVC) caused by Eimeria spp was first recognized as a disease entity in captive sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) and whooping cranes (G americana) at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Because cranes produced at the Center are reintroduced to the wild to augment wild populations, studies involving both experimentally induced and natural infections were initiated to determine the potential or actual occurrence of DVC in wild Gruidae. Nine sandhill cranes dosed orally with eimerian oocysts of wild origin developed lesions characteristic of DVC. Extraintestinal granulomas associated with developing schizonts were found in 6 birds. Similar lesions were observed in wild sandhill cranes throughout parts of midwestern United States, Alaska, and Saskatchewan. These studies revealed the wide geographic distribution and the high frequency of occurrence of DVC in wild cranes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, J.W., Novilla, M., Fayer, R., and Iverson, G., 1984, Disseminated visceral coccidiosis in sandhill cranes: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 185, no. 11, p. 1343-1346.","productDescription":"1343-1346","startPage":"1343","endPage":"1346","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"185","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a32a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, J. W.","contributorId":81854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Novilla, M.N.","contributorId":18716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novilla","given":"M.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fayer, R.","contributorId":98684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fayer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Iverson, G.C.","contributorId":30590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5221516,"text":"5221516 - 1984 - Feeding flights of nesting wading birds at a Virginia colony","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T12:42:23.011669","indexId":"5221516","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feeding flights of nesting wading birds at a Virginia colony","docAbstract":"Feeding flights of Snowy Egrets (Egretta thula), Tricolored Herons (E. tricolor), Little Blue Herons (E. caerulea), and Cattle Egrets (Bubulcus ibis) were monitored at a small nesting colony near Chincoteague, Virginia during late May and June 1979. All four species varied their flight directions over a series of days.  Cattle Egrets oriented in a different direction (toward uplands) from the other three wetland-feeding species, which oriented toward Spartina marsh areas.  None of the species showed a tendency to form groups while departing from or arriving at the colony.  Tide level had little influence on flight directions used.  Comparisons are made between these results and those from a similar study in coastal North  Carolina.","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521084","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., 1984, Feeding flights of nesting wading birds at a Virginia colony: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 7, no. 1, p. 74-79, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521084.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"74","endPage":"79","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197604,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.66111223625715,\n              38.19295328072141\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.66111223625715,\n              36.88630319807231\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.0571083300075,\n              36.88630319807231\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.0571083300075,\n              38.19295328072141\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.66111223625715,\n              38.19295328072141\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5d7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5223601,"text":"5223601 - 1984 - Jewel bird jamboree","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:37","indexId":"5223601","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2825,"text":"Natural History","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Jewel bird jamboree","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural History","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Foster, M., 1984, Jewel bird jamboree: Natural History, v. 93, no. 7, p. 54-59.","productDescription":"54-59","startPage":"54","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db624325","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, M.S. 0000-0001-8272-4608","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-4608","contributorId":10116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5222870,"text":"5222870 - 1984 - Testing for variation in taxonomic extinction probabilities: A suggested methodology and some results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-05T16:31:57.200057","indexId":"5222870","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3001,"text":"Paleobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing for variation in taxonomic extinction probabilities: A suggested methodology and some results","docAbstract":"<p><span>Several important questions in evolutionary biology and paleobiology involve sources of variation in extinction rates. In all cases of which we are aware, extinction rates have been estimated from data in which the probability that an observation (e.g., a fossil taxon) will occur is related both to extinction rates and to what we term encounter probabilities. Any statistical method for analyzing fossil data should at a minimum permit separate inferences on these two components. We develop a method for estimating taxonomic extinction rates from stratigraphic range data and for testing hypotheses about variability in these rates. We use this method to estimate extinction rates and to test the hypothesis of constant extinction rates for several sets of stratigraphic range data. The results of our tests support the hypothesis that extinction rates varied over the geologic time periods examined. We also present a test that can be used to identify periods of high or low extinction probabilities and provide an example using Phanerozoic invertebrate data. Extinction rates should be analyzed using stochastic models, in which it is recognized that stratigraphic samples are random variates and that sampling is imperfect.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0094837300008307","usgsCitation":"Conroy, M., and Nichols, J., 1984, Testing for variation in taxonomic extinction probabilities: A suggested methodology and some results: Paleobiology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 328-337, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0094837300008307.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"328","endPage":"337","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193468,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-02-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b8a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conroy, M.J.","contributorId":84690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conroy","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221975,"text":"5221975 - 1984 - Disposition of dietary dieldrin in the little brown bat and correlation of skin levels with body burden","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:44","indexId":"5221975","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disposition of dietary dieldrin in the little brown bat and correlation of skin levels with body burden","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Clark, D.R., and Prouty, R.M., 1984, Disposition of dietary dieldrin in the little brown bat and correlation of skin levels with body burden: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 33, no. 2, p. 177-183.","productDescription":"177-183","startPage":"177","endPage":"183","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":18199,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.springerlink.com/content/g32m1n752588h5q0/?p=c0f449280de84839959b9569e3ea5fa9&pi=26","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":196975,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a2c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, D. R. Jr.","contributorId":40928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prouty, R. M.","contributorId":31349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prouty","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}