Streamflow discharge is usually determined indirectly from measurements of the river stage at gaging stations and through the use of stage-discharge relationships (rating curves). However, in alluvial streams, stage-discharge relationships change continually and, sometimes, quite markedly. Such changes may be caused by major floods, seasonal variations, or long-term secular trends associated with changes in the river channel. Consequently, reliable estimates of discharge using rating curves are not possible unless frequent direct measurements of discharge are made. Such measurements involve appreciable costs, and it is important to evaluate their contribution in increasing the accuracy of estimation of quantities of interest such as mean daily, monthly or annual flow. A methodology for the evaluation of the efficiency of data-collection strategies for alluvial rivers is developed and applied to stations on the Missouri River, U.S.A. A flexible and expedient model describing the variability of discharges and shifts in the stage-discharge relationship is developed. Procedures for the estimation of parameters and the validation of the model using actual data are presented. The calibrated and validated model is then employed in simulations to evaluate the effect of sampling strategies (such as frequency and accuracy of discharge measurements) on the accuracy of estimated mean daily, monthly and annual flow. Curves relating the cost of sampling to the achieved accuracy can be generated, and the optimization of sampling strategies given accuracy or budget objectives or constraints can be achieved.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(84)90186-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Kitanidis, P., Lara, O.G., and Lane, R., 1984, Evaluation of the efficiency of streamflow data collection strategies for alluvial rivers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 72, no. 1-2, p. 85-103, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90186-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"103","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220409,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ce2e4b0c8380cd52d2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kitanidis, P.K.","contributorId":63274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitanidis","given":"P.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lara, O. G.","contributorId":31001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lara","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, R.W.","contributorId":86228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013169,"text":"70013169 - 1984 - Late quaternary sediments, minerals, and inferred geochemical history of Didwana Lake, Thar Desert, India","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-16T15:28:26.891809","indexId":"70013169","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late quaternary sediments, minerals, and inferred geochemical history of Didwana Lake, Thar Desert, India","docAbstract":"Variations in clastic sediment texture, mineralogy of both evaporites formed at the surface and precipitates formed below the lake floor, and the relative chemical activities of the major dissolved components of the chemical precipitates, have allowed reconstruction of the history of salinity and water-level changes in Didwana Lake, Thar Desert, India. Hypersaline conditions prevailed at about the Last Glacial Maximum, with little evidence of clastic sediments entering the lake. Between ca. 13,000 and 6000 B.P. the lake level fluctuated widely, the lake alternately hypersaline and fresh, and clastic sediments were delivered to the lake at a low rate. Deep-water conditions occurred ca. 6000 B.P. and clastic influx increased abruptly. The water level dropped towards 4000 B.P. when the lake dried briefly. Since 4000 B.P. the lake has been ephemeral with a lowered rate of sedimentation and mildly saline conditions rather like those of today. This sequence of changes documented in the lake parallels changes in vegetation recorded in published pollen diagrams from both the Thar and the Arabian Sea. Correlation of the various lines of evidence suggests that the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum at Didwana was dry and windy with a weak monsoon circulation. The monsoon was re-established between ca. 13,000 and a little before 6000 B.P., and, when winter rainfall increased ca. 6000 B.P., the lake filled to its maximum depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(84)90006-3","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Wasson, R., Smith, G., and Agrawal, D., 1984, Late quaternary sediments, minerals, and inferred geochemical history of Didwana Lake, Thar Desert, India: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 46, no. 4, p. 345-372, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(84)90006-3.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"372","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220293,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India","otherGeospatial":"Didwana Lake, Thar Deser","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 74.20830973397764,\n 27.538838395300488\n ],\n [\n 74.20830973397764,\n 27.201083582211524\n ],\n [\n 74.785913156556,\n 27.201083582211524\n ],\n [\n 74.785913156556,\n 27.538838395300488\n ],\n [\n 74.20830973397764,\n 27.538838395300488\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4558e4b0c8380cd67238","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wasson, R.J.","contributorId":34780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasson","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, G.I.","contributorId":103694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Agrawal, D.P.","contributorId":16712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agrawal","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013909,"text":"70013909 - 1984 - An overview of paleogene molluscan biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Gulf of Alaska region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-16T15:15:08.632102","indexId":"70013909","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An overview of paleogene molluscan biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Gulf of Alaska region","docAbstract":"Paleogene marine strata in the Gulf of Alaska region occur in three geographic areas and may be characterized by their molluscan faunal composition and paleoecology: a western area consisting of the Alaska Peninsula, Kodiak Island, and adjacent islands; a central area encompassing Prince William Sound; and an eastern area extending from the mouth of the Copper River to Icy Point in the Lituya district. Strata in the western area include the Ghost Rocks, Narrow Cape (in part), Sitkalidak, Stepovak, Belkofski, and Tolstoi Formations; in the central area Paleogene strata are assigned entirely to the Orca Group; Paleogene strata in the eastern area include the Kulthieth and Poul Creek Formations and several coeval units. Environments ranging from marginal marine to bathyal and from subtropical to cool-temperate are inferred for the various molluscan faunas. Sediments range from interbedded coal and marine sands to deep-water turbidites. The known Paleogene molluscan faunas of these three southern Alaskan areas permit recognition of biostratigraphic schemes within each area, preliminary correlations between faunas of the three areas, and more general correlations with faunas of the Pacific Northwest, the Far Eastern U.S.S.R., and northern Japan.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(84)90082-8","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Marincovich, L., and McCoy, S., 1984, An overview of paleogene molluscan biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Gulf of Alaska region: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 47, no. 1-2, p. 91-102, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(84)90082-8.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"102","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226118,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -170.16016898665896,\n 52.53370257192515\n ],\n [\n -165.87722752127797,\n 53.011068953297425\n ],\n [\n -150.56744496884684,\n 57.07373444976588\n ],\n [\n -152.06112809170114,\n 58.543491125197704\n ],\n [\n -157.20426229979498,\n 58.73570361951738\n ],\n [\n -170.08830120094672,\n 53.82391633092445\n ],\n [\n -170.16016898665896,\n 52.53370257192515\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eaace4b0c8380cd489e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marincovich, L. Jr.","contributorId":16157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marincovich","given":"L.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCoy, S. Jr.","contributorId":75287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCoy","given":"S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014083,"text":"70014083 - 1984 - Age and correlation of emerged pliocene and pleistocene deposits, U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-16T15:01:27.053261","indexId":"70014083","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and correlation of emerged pliocene and pleistocene deposits, U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"Paleontologic and paleomagnetic investigations were conducted on several hundred Pliocene and Pleistocene marine samples from five regions of the emerged Atlantic Coastal Plain: (1) the Delmarva Peninsula, (2) eastern Virginia, (3) central and northern North Carolina, (4) southern North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina, and (5) the Charleston area, South Carolina. Molluscan and ostracode interval and assemblage zonations, which are the primary means of regional correlation, have been calibrated using planktic biochronologic, paleomagnetic, radiometric and amino-acid recemization data. These multiple dating criteria were used to determine the age and, where possible, the duration of marine transgressive/regressive sequences. A correlation chart illustrates the age relationships of 27 formations from five regions. One important conclusion is some of the Yorktown Formation of Virginia and North Carolina (including the “Duplin” Formation), and some of the Raysor of South Carolina are late Pliocene in age. The late Pliocene Chowan River Formation of North Carolina is older than the early Pleistocene Waccamaw Formation of South Carolina, which in turn may be older than the James City Formation of North Carolina. During the last 1.0 million years, multiple marine transgressions occurred in each region, but the age of these middle and late Pleistocene formations often may differ from one area to the next.
A significant result of the study is the evidence for the lack of time equivalence of formations in the five different regions; that is, the sequence of marine transgressions in one region does not necessarily correspond to that in another. This appears to be the result of differing subsidence and uplift histories, the patchiness of the depositional record, and the limitations of the dating techniques in light of the rapidity and frequency of sea-level fluctuations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(84)90079-8","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., Bybell, L., Poore, R., Blackwelder, B.W., Liddicoat, J.C., and Hazel, J.E., 1984, Age and correlation of emerged pliocene and pleistocene deposits, U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 47, no. 1-2, p. 21-51, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(84)90079-8.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"51","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225812,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.234375,\n 39.13006024213511\n ],\n [\n -75.65185546874999,\n 39.690280594818034\n ],\n [\n -78.06884765624999,\n 39.53793974517628\n ],\n [\n -81.6943359375,\n 33.394759218577995\n ],\n [\n -81.36474609375,\n 32.58384932565662\n ],\n [\n -80.74951171875,\n 32.045332838858506\n ],\n [\n -76.97021484375,\n 34.32529192442733\n ],\n [\n -75.56396484375,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n -75.60791015625,\n 37.28279464911045\n ],\n [\n -74.970703125,\n 38.41055825094609\n ],\n [\n -75.234375,\n 39.13006024213511\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8d7e4b0c8380cd47eeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":367529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bybell, L.M. 0000-0002-4760-7542","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":11220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"L.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poore, R.Z.","contributorId":35314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"R.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blackwelder, B. W.","contributorId":104136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwelder","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liddicoat, J. C.","contributorId":76781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liddicoat","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hazel, J. E.","contributorId":89187,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hazel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70014084,"text":"70014084 - 1984 - Neogene stratigraphy of the submerged U.S. Atlantic margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-13T16:12:42.564623","indexId":"70014084","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Neogene stratigraphy of the submerged U.S. Atlantic margin","docAbstract":"Thirty boreholes and several hundred sea-floor samples provide a detailed but incomplete record of Neogene strata and depositional environments along the submerged part of the United States Atlantic margin. Three major sedimentary basins, the Blake Plateau Basin, the Baltimore Canyon Trough, and the Georges Bank Basin, contain Neogene sedimentary prisms as thick as 1200 m, comprising bathyal marine to nonmarine strata. Middle Miocene rocks compose the most widely represented and thickest unit (> 600 m in the Baltimore Canyon Trough). Calcareous microfossils provide excellent biostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental indicators except in some sparsely fossilferous shallow-water intervals and where shallow-water diatomaceous assemblages predominate. However, in outer sublittoral assemblages of the Blake Plateau Basin and Baltimore Canyon Trough, the co-occurrence of abundant diatoms, radiolarians, and planktic foraminifera provide an excellent opportunity for intercalibration of biozones. Preliminary correlations between chronostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental interpretations indicate a close association of depositional sequences with sea-level fluctuations, but some local exception persist.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(84)90083-X","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Poag, C.W., 1984, Neogene stratigraphy of the submerged U.S. Atlantic margin: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 47, no. 1-2, p. 103-127, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(84)90083-X.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"127","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225813,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Atlantic margin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.21473626467579,\n 45.56400160658059\n ],\n [\n -75.89249608207597,\n 40.57001008222211\n ],\n [\n -81.63246101855188,\n 32.43539505606307\n ],\n [\n -82.04072839900807,\n 30.364306803599554\n ],\n [\n -80.52464146673184,\n 25.886508698926903\n ],\n [\n -77.03753292314397,\n 27.57808131902972\n ],\n [\n -65.43896538425625,\n 43.37717206733501\n ],\n [\n -67.21473626467579,\n 45.56400160658059\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6450e4b0c8380cd72983","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, C. Wylie","contributorId":52714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wylie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013319,"text":"70013319 - 1984 - Neogene molluscan stages of the West Coast of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-16T15:21:26.470744","indexId":"70013319","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Neogene molluscan stages of the West Coast of North America","docAbstract":"Neogene marine sediments of the West Coast of North America were deposited in a series of widely spaced basins that extended geographically from the western and northern Gulf of Alaska (60°N) to southern California (33°N). Rich molluscan faunas occur extensively throughout these deposits and form the basis for biostratigraphic schemes that are useful for correlating within and between individual basins. Early biostratigraphic work was concerned with faunas from particular horizons and with the stratigraphic range of diverse taxa, such as Pecten and Turritella, without reference to other fossil groups. Succeeding work increasingly dealt with the relationships of molluscan zones to benthic and, later, planktonic foraminiferal stages. In recent years the age limits of Neogene molluscan stages have become better documented by reference to planktonic microfossils from dated DSDP cores and onshore faunas.
Neogene molluscan faunas from California, the Pacific Northwest states (Oregon and Washington), and southern Alaska have been treated separately due to differences in faunal composition and geographic isolation. As a result, a different biostratigraphic sequence has been described for each region. Pacific Northwest stages have been formally named and defined, and their names are also used informally for Alaskan faunas. California Neogene stages were proposed early in this century, are in need of redescription, and their usage is informal. Precise correlations between the three regional sequences have not yet been achieved, due to the low number of co-occurring species and the general lack of planktonic microfossils in these largely shallow-water faunas. The objectives of ongoing research include: fuller documentation of the faunas of California and Pacific Northwest stages; formal description of California stages; improved correlation between regional stage sequences; refinement of age estimates for stage boundaries; and, establishment of Neogene stages for Alaskan faunas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(84)90022-1","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Marincovich, L., 1984, Neogene molluscan stages of the West Coast of North America: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 46, no. 1-3, p. 11-24, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(84)90022-1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220528,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"California, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"British Columbia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -140.62983472920033,\n 60.58400932046334\n ],\n [\n -121.64960121391485,\n 33.52522907665377\n ],\n [\n -118.0675797095897,\n 32.45484505685331\n ],\n [\n -114.11428012825937,\n 32.82730499941407\n ],\n [\n -114.5983833681297,\n 35.57473668760612\n ],\n [\n -119.49611318026915,\n 39.15156796516043\n ],\n [\n -119.80273808795062,\n 41.88223308573585\n ],\n [\n -117.17898657848735,\n 42.25894561686526\n ],\n [\n -116.61248280646399,\n 46.341056999454025\n ],\n [\n -116.64659824810718,\n 48.677806603546586\n ],\n [\n -114.77408096538828,\n 49.81429632925091\n ],\n [\n -120.81774730494959,\n 60.19576593940528\n ],\n [\n -140.62983472920033,\n 60.58400932046334\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a644ce4b0c8380cd72978","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marincovich, L. Jr.","contributorId":16157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marincovich","given":"L.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014066,"text":"70014066 - 1984 - Distribution and ecology of deep-water benthic foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-16T15:08:16.465443","indexId":"70014066","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and ecology of deep-water benthic foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"Bathyal and abyssal foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico are distributed among thirteen generic predominance facies. Five predominance facies nearly encircle the Gulf basin along the slope and rise; a sixth predominance facies blankets the Sigsbee Plain, and a seventh is restricted to the Mississippi Fan. The remaining eight predominance facies have more restricted distributions. The areal patterns of these predominance facies can be related chiefly to water mass and substrate characteristics; modifications are brought about by calcite dissolution, upwelling, and sill depth. Analysis of ancient generic predominance facies is useful in predicting relative paleobathymetry and other paleoenvironmental properties.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(84)90090-7","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Poag, C.W., 1984, Distribution and ecology of deep-water benthic foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 48, no. 1, p. 25-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(84)90090-7.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225487,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.13858134169811,\n 29.197248880700073\n ],\n [\n -97.13858134169811,\n 21.67225015871294\n ],\n [\n -83.08875993352926,\n 21.67225015871294\n ],\n [\n -83.08875993352926,\n 29.197248880700073\n ],\n [\n -97.13858134169811,\n 29.197248880700073\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a028ae4b0c8380cd500bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, C. W.","contributorId":16402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013270,"text":"70013270 - 1984 - Unzipping of the volcano arc, Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-28T13:19:05.525932","indexId":"70013270","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unzipping of the volcano arc, Japan","docAbstract":"The bimodal suite (BMS) comprises leucotonalitic and trondhjemitic gneisses interlayered with amphibolites. Based on geochemical parameters three main groups of siliceous gneiss are recognized: (i) SiO2 < 73%, Al2O3 > 14%, and fractionated light rare-earth element (REE) and flat heavy REE patterns; (ii) SiO2 and Al2O3 contents similar to (i) but with strongly fractionated REE patterns with steep heavy REE slopes; (iii) SiO2 > 73%, Al2O3 < 14%, Zr ∼ 500 ppm and high contents of total REE having fractionated light REE and flat heavy REE patterns with large negative Eu anomalies. The interlayered amphibolites have major element abundances similar to those of basaltic komatiites, Mg-tholeiites and Fe-rich tholeiites. The former have gently sloping REE patterns, whereas the Mg-tholeiites have non-uniform REE patterns ranging from flat (∼ 10 times chondrite) to strongly light REE-enriched. The Fe-rich amphibolites have flat REE patterns at 20–30 times chondrite.
The Dwalile metamorphic suite, which is preserved in the keels of synforms within the BMS, includes peridotitic komatiites that have depleted light REE patterns similar to those of compositionally similar volcanics in the Onverwacht Group, Barberton, basaltic komatiites and tholeiites. The basaltic komatiites have REE patterns parallel to those of the BMS basaltic komatiites but with lower total REE contents. The Dwalile tholeiites have flat REE patterns.
The basic and ultrabasic liquids were derived by partial melting of a mantle source which may have been heterogeneous or the heterogeneity may have resulted from sequential melting of the mantle source. The Fe-rich amphibolites were derived either from liquids generated at shallow levels or from liquids generated at depth which subsequently underwent extensive fractionation.
In general, there is a limiting depth in a drillhole above which the reliability of a single determination of heat flow decreases rapidly with decreasing depth and below which the statistical uncertainty of a heat flow determination does not change perceptibly with increasing depth. This feature has been established empirically for a test case comprising a group of twelve heat flow sites in the Republic of Zambia. The technique consists of constructing heat flow versus depth curves for individual sites by progressively discarding data from the lower part of the hole and recomputing heat flow from the remaining data. For the Zambian test case, the curves converge towards a uniform value of 67 ± 3 mW m−2 when all available data are used, but values of heat flow calculated for shallow(< 100 m) parts of the same holes range from 45 to 95 mW m−2. The heat flow versus depth curves are enclosed by a perturbation envelope which has an amplitude of 40 mW m−2 at the surface and decreases linearly to the noise level at 190 m. For the test region of Zambia a depth of 170 m is needed to guarantee a heat flow measurement within ± 10% of the background regional value. It is reasonable to expect that this depth will be shallower in some regions and deeper in others. Features of heat flow perturbation envelopes can be used as quantitative reliability indices for heat flow studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(84)90070-2","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Chapman, D.S., Howell, J., and Sass, J.H., 1984, A note on drillhole depths required for reliable heat flow determinations: Tectonophysics, v. 103, no. 1-4, p. 11-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(84)90070-2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220196,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4c2e4b0c8380cd468d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, David S.","contributorId":93192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"David","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howell, Jack","contributorId":92990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"Jack","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sass, John H.","contributorId":69596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013941,"text":"70013941 - 1984 - Oligocene tectonics and sedimentation, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T15:16:41.755151","indexId":"70013941","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oligocene tectonics and sedimentation, California","docAbstract":"During the Oligocene epoch, California was marked by extensive nonmarine sedimentation, in contrast to its pre-Oligocene and post-Oligocene depositional history. The Oligocene continental deposits are especially widespread in southern California and fill a number of small and generally partly restricted basins. Fluvial facies in many basins prograded over previously deposited lower Tertiary turbidites. Volcanism, from widespread centers, was associated with the nonmarine sedimentation. However, some basins remained marine and a few contain Oligocene turbidites and pelagic sediments deposited at bathyal depths.
The Oligocene redbeds of California do not form a post-orogenic molasse sequence comparable to the Old Red Sandstone or Alpine molasse. They are synorogenic and record local uplift of basins and surrounding source areas. Late Cretaceous to contemporary orogenesis in California has been generally characterized by the formation of small restricted basins of variable depth adjacent to small upland areas in response to strike-slip faulting.
Deposition of Oligocene redbeds was associated with climatic change from warm and humid to cold and semiarid, and a global lowering of sea level. Oligocene tectonism occurred during the transition from subduction of the Farallon Plate to initiation of the modern San Andreas transform system. However, the major influence that caused uplift, formation of fault-bounded basins, and extensive redbed deposition, especially in southern California, was the approach of the Pacific—Farallon spreading ridge to the western margin of California.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(84)90084-8","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Nilsen, T., 1984, Oligocene tectonics and sedimentation, California: Sedimentary Geology, v. 38, no. 1-4, p. 305-336, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(84)90084-8.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"336","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225673,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.78292543050603,\n 41.97057915664769\n ],\n [\n -124.4131945565704,\n 38.993561336650515\n ],\n [\n -122.31765799179524,\n 35.729185699233476\n ],\n [\n -120.14818260143954,\n 33.85477140683112\n ],\n [\n -117.37479892783924,\n 32.536771595067066\n ],\n [\n -114.44263074812577,\n 32.54217267400776\n ],\n [\n -114.22583932906319,\n 34.60378613476084\n ],\n [\n -119.91574659111643,\n 39.32948005445555\n ],\n [\n -119.90047967604241,\n 42.01525201756317\n ],\n [\n -124.78292543050603,\n 41.97057915664769\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6d67e4b0c8380cd75100","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nilsen, Tor H.","contributorId":100016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nilsen","given":"Tor H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013162,"text":"70013162 - 1984 - Depositional environments and paleogeography of the Upper Miocene Wassuk Group, west-central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T15:25:02.017608","indexId":"70013162","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Depositional environments and paleogeography of the Upper Miocene Wassuk Group, west-central Nevada","docAbstract":"Fluvial and lacustrine deposits of the Miocene Wassuk Group, exposed in Coal Valley, west-central Nevada, are divided into five lithofacies: (1) diatomite, claystone, siltstone, and carbonaceous siltstone deposited in a lake with paludal conditions at the margin; (2) upward-coarsening sequences of sandstone deposited on a delta and fan-delta; (3) channel-form sandstone deposited on a distal braided alluvial plain; (4) clast-supported conglomerate deposited on a proxial braided alluvial plain or distal alluvial fan; and (5) matrix-supported conglomerate deposited on a distal to middle alluvial fan.
Petrographic analysis records an upsection change from a predominantly andesitic to a predominantly plutonic provenance. This change, combined with the overall upward-coarsening of the Wassuk Group and the great thickness (2400 m) of the sequence, suggests active uplift and rapid subsidence during deposition of the group. Facies relationships and paleocurrent directions indicate source areas to the south, southeast and west of Coal Valley.
The Miocene Wassuk Group was deposited in an intra-arc basin with penecontemporaneous volcanism and tectonic activity. Syndepositional faulting at the southern margin of Coal Valley between 13 and 11 m.y. ago suggests an early episode of northeast-southwest extension prior to the onset of east-west basin and range extension.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(84)90078-2","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Golia, R., and Stewart, J., 1984, Depositional environments and paleogeography of the Upper Miocene Wassuk Group, west-central Nevada: Sedimentary Geology, v. 38, no. 1-4, p. 159-180, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(84)90078-2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"180","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220181,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"west-central Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.40698202422459,\n 39.09282750646997\n ],\n [\n -119.40698202422459,\n 38.44851649785684\n ],\n [\n -118.61900547067495,\n 38.44851649785684\n ],\n [\n -118.61900547067495,\n 39.09282750646997\n ],\n [\n -119.40698202422459,\n 39.09282750646997\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059febfe4b0c8380cd4eed9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Golia, R.T.","contributorId":44288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golia","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, John H.","contributorId":14383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"John H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013954,"text":"70013954 - 1984 - Fluvial sedimentation on a quivering craton: Influence of slight crustal movements on fluvial processes, upper Jurassic Morrison formation, western Colorado Plateau","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T15:10:43.951853","indexId":"70013954","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluvial sedimentation on a quivering craton: Influence of slight crustal movements on fluvial processes, upper Jurassic Morrison formation, western Colorado Plateau","docAbstract":"One of the most important challenges facing the fluvial sedimentologist is identification of processes outside the stream channel that influence deposition of fluvial sediments. Detailed studies in the lower sequence of the Salt Wash Member (Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic) demonstrate that crustal deformation at the site of deposition may considerably influence braided-stream processes. Late Jurassic crustal movements in the western part of the Colorado Plateau are interpreted largely from thickness variations and facies distribution, but other features such as vertical repetition of facies, coincidence with at least parts of present-day folds, and the geographic distribution of bedding parameters measured in the fluvial deposits, are also used as corroborating evidence of syndepositional tectonism. These features indicate that several of the large uplifts and basins in the region as well as some of the smaller folds within them were actively moving during deposition of the lower sequence.
Tectonic activity altered the stream gradients, which in turn governed sinuosity, flow regime, energy levels, and sediment distribution. Cross-bedding studies indicate that reduced gradients within downwarped areas led to slight increases in sinuosity of the braided-stream channels and of the small sub-channels within them. The lowered gradients apparently resulted in a decrease in the depth of the channels and allowed the streams to flood more readily, producing abundant upper-flow regime horizontal laminations in the channel deposits. In addition, greater quantities of sediment containing higher proportions of sand were deposited in downwarped areas than in positive localities. The inability of the streams to transport bed load through downwarped areas indicates loss of stream energy. However, an increase in the quantity of upper-flow regime horizontal laminations in the same downwarped areas suggests that an increase in flow regime is not necessarily accompanied by an increase in energy levels, at least in regions of slight tectonic activity where the local configuration of the stream channels may change appreciably. Strata presently dip less than 2° throughout most of the region, and this relatively small amount of deformation reflects the combined effects of Late Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary tectonism. This demonstrates that the amount of structural deformation at the site of deposition may appear to be insignificant, yet it can cause appreciable changes in the nature of braided-stream deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(84)90073-3","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Peterson, F., 1984, Fluvial sedimentation on a quivering craton: Influence of slight crustal movements on fluvial processes, upper Jurassic Morrison formation, western Colorado Plateau: Sedimentary Geology, v. 38, no. 1-4, p. 21-49, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(84)90073-3.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"49","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225862,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.6752897011516,\n 38.18170973324786\n ],\n [\n -111.6752897011516,\n 36.616707102762064\n ],\n [\n -109.97941273181166,\n 36.616707102762064\n ],\n [\n -109.97941273181166,\n 38.18170973324786\n ],\n [\n -111.6752897011516,\n 38.18170973324786\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a12a5e4b0c8380cd543a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, Fred fpeterson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Fred","email":"fpeterson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":367238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014047,"text":"70014047 - 1984 - A review of crust and upper mantle structure studies of the Snake River Plain-Yellowstone volcanic system: A major lithospheric anomaly in the western U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-26T16:52:03.221469","indexId":"70014047","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of crust and upper mantle structure studies of the Snake River Plain-Yellowstone volcanic system: A major lithospheric anomaly in the western U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The Snake River Plain-Yellowstone volcanic system is one of the largest, basaltic, volcanic field in the world. Here, there is clear evidence for northeasterly progression of rhyolitic volcanism with its present position in Yellowstone. Many theories have been advanced for the origin of the Snake River Plain-Yellowstone system. Yellowstone and Eastern Snake River Plain have been studied intensively using various geophysical techniques. Some sparse geophysical data are available for the Western Snake River Plain as well. Teleseismic data show the presence of a large anomalous body with low P- and S-wave velocities in the crust and upper mantle under the Yellowstone caldera. A similar body in which compressional wave velocity is lower than in the surrounding rock is present under the Eastern Snake River Plain. No data on upper mantle anomalies are available for the Western Snake River Plain. Detailed seismic refraction data for the Eastern Snake River Plain show strong lateral heterogeneities and suggest thinning of the granitic crust from below by mafic intrusion. Available data for the Western Snake River Plain also show similar thinning of the upper crust and its replacement by mafic material. The seismic refraction results in Yellowstone show no evidence of the low-velocity anomalies in the lower crust suggested by teleseismic P-delay data and interpreted as due to extensive partial melting. However, the seismic refraction models indicate lower-than-normal velocities and strong lateral inhomogeneities in the upper crust. Particularly obvious in the refraction data are two regions of very low seismic velocities near the Mallard Eake and Sour Creek resurgent domes in the Yellowstone caldera. The low-velocity body near the Sour Creek resurgent dome is interpreted as partially molten rock. Together with other geophysical and thermal data, the seismic results indicate that a sub-lithospheric thermal anomaly is responsible for the time-progressive volcanism along the Eastern Snake River Plain. However, the exact mechanism responsible for the volcanism and details of magma storage and migration are not yet fully understood.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(84)90209-9","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Iyer, H.M., 1984, A review of crust and upper mantle structure studies of the Snake River Plain-Yellowstone volcanic system: A major lithospheric anomaly in the western U.S.A.: Tectonophysics, v. 105, no. 1-4, p. 291-308, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(84)90209-9.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"308","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226198,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.75522630969246,\n 48.99647522967908\n ],\n [\n -121.34357181116266,\n 40.94856106036778\n ],\n [\n -120.51316857399542,\n 40.82964955876772\n ],\n [\n -116.84272791453125,\n 41.89549551259576\n ],\n [\n -115.64848818410448,\n 41.3864499907779\n ],\n [\n -113.86318033209798,\n 41.953660184765866\n ],\n [\n -110.16687892122758,\n 43.55396021584184\n ],\n [\n -110.88285627702768,\n 48.99647522967908\n ],\n [\n -120.75522630969246,\n 48.99647522967908\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e54fe4b0c8380cd46c9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iyer, H. M.","contributorId":17997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iyer","given":"H.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013892,"text":"70013892 - 1984 - Crustal structure of the Appalachian Highlands in Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-27T15:53:18.625814","indexId":"70013892","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure of the Appalachian Highlands in Tennessee","docAbstract":"Crustal structure of the southern Appalachians and adjacent Interior Low Plateaus in Tennessee is derived from seismic-refraction measurements observed by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1965 along reversed lines, normal (NW-SE) and parallel (NE-SW) to the structure of the Appalachian Highlands' major geologic divisions. Its easternmost part is located approximately 80 km southwest of the westernmost part of the COCORP seismic-reflection traverse within the Blue Ridge province. The velocity-depth models derived for both observational directions consist of three crustal layers with surprisingly high velocities, being about 6.1-6.2 km/s in the upper crust down to 7-10 km depth, 6.7-6.8 km/s for the middle crust between about 17 and 34 km and varying from 7.1 to 7.4 km/s for the lower crust at about 40-47 km depth. The boundaries between the three crustal layers as well as the crust-mantle boundary are transition zones of up to 11 km thickness. Similar to old orogens in other parts of the earth, the main result is a thick crust, at places in excess of 50 km, with high average velocity and a broad crust-mantle transition zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(84)90170-7","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Prodehl, C., Schlittenhardt, J., and Stewart, S., 1984, Crustal structure of the Appalachian Highlands in Tennessee: Tectonophysics, v. 109, no. 1-2, p. 61-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(84)90170-7.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"76","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225859,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.5710918770125,\n 36.48942173779831\n ],\n [\n -90.31145359952295,\n 34.978847126844116\n ],\n [\n -84.83869592546016,\n 35.001180610300125\n ],\n [\n -84.32955924931457,\n 35.03143158917508\n ],\n [\n -83.24187257764022,\n 35.60255042817792\n ],\n [\n -81.6504228297176,\n 36.337544081213366\n ],\n [\n -81.67445326401526,\n 36.60071959757968\n ],\n [\n -88.17804473973936,\n 36.63028858771913\n ],\n [\n -88.19788810140045,\n 36.54062638542621\n ],\n [\n -89.5710918770125,\n 36.48942173779831\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcede4b0c8380cd4e508","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prodehl, C.","contributorId":100376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prodehl","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schlittenhardt, J.","contributorId":83678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlittenhardt","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, S.W.","contributorId":34550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014020,"text":"70014020 - 1984 - A seismic hazard map of India and adjacent areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-27T15:45:16.001861","indexId":"70014020","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A seismic hazard map of India and adjacent areas","docAbstract":"We have produced a probabilistic seismic hazard map showing peak ground accelerations in rock for India and neighboring areas having a 10% probability of being exceeded in 50 years. Seismogenic zones were identified on the basis of historical seismicity, seismotectonics and geology of the region. Procedures for reducing the incompleteness of earthquake catalogs were followed before estimating recurrence parameters. An eastern United States acceleration attenuation relationship was employed after it was found that intensity attenuation for the Indian region and the eastern United States was similar. The largest probabilistic accelerations are obtained in the seismotectonic belts of Kirthar, Hindukush, Himalaya, Arakan-Yoma, and the Shillong massif where values of over 70% g have been calculated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(84)90156-2","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Khattri, K., Rogers, A.M., Perkins, D.M., and Algermissen, S.T., 1984, A seismic hazard map of India and adjacent areas: Tectonophysics, v. 108, no. 1-2, p. 93-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(84)90156-2.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"134","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225864,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 67.21762106125573,\n 31.68731396118072\n ],\n [\n 67.21762106125573,\n 5.9107565155947555\n ],\n [\n 90.44877764248156,\n 5.9107565155947555\n ],\n [\n 90.44877764248156,\n 31.68731396118072\n ],\n [\n 67.21762106125573,\n 31.68731396118072\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e57fe4b0c8380cd46d90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Khattri, K.N.","contributorId":60391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khattri","given":"K.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rogers, A. M.","contributorId":92251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perkins, D. M.","contributorId":83922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Algermissen, S. T.","contributorId":39790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Algermissen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70009949,"text":"70009949 - 1984 - Chronology of late Wisconsinan glaciation in middle North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-16T15:55:47.441598","indexId":"70009949","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronology of late Wisconsinan glaciation in middle North America","docAbstract":"We propose a chronology of late Wisconsinan glacial fluctuations in middle North America, from Alberta to Wisconsin, based on radiocarbon dates derived solely from wood. Previous chronologies of the southwestern margin of the North American Continental Ice Sheet have depended to a considerable degree on radiocarbon dates from fine-grained organic sediment. This material is commonly contaminated with older carbon, resulting in chronologic confusion. By using only dates from wood, much of the confusion disappears. However, because of the scarcity of wood dates, only four of the sixteen identified fluctuations are accurately dated: an advance into Iowa about 14,000 to 13,500 BP, an advance into South Dakota and Iowa about 12,300 BP, an advance into the Lake Michigan basin about 11,700 BP, and an advance into the Lake Superior basin about 9900 BP. In addition, the beginning of late Wisconsinan glaciation, before 20,000 BP, is fairly well documented. None of the fluctuations in the western part of the region are accurately dated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(82)90019-1","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Clayton, L., and Moran, S., 1984, Chronology of late Wisconsinan glaciation in middle North America: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 1, no. 1, p. 55-82, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(82)90019-1.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"82","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219198,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"middle North America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.8417594308521,\n 51.000027078369186\n ],\n [\n -117.8417594308521,\n 40.11762020254906\n ],\n [\n -95.57599373023534,\n 40.11762020254906\n ],\n [\n -95.57599373023534,\n 51.000027078369186\n ],\n [\n -117.8417594308521,\n 51.000027078369186\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5f8e4b0c8380cd4c507","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clayton, L.","contributorId":55145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, S.R.","contributorId":20888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013271,"text":"70013271 - 1984 - Groundwater-flow parameter estimation and quality modeling of the Equus Beds aquifer in Kansas, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-14T16:53:54.718216","indexId":"70013271","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater-flow parameter estimation and quality modeling of the Equus Beds aquifer in Kansas, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The salinity problems created in the Burrton area as a result of poor oil-field brine disposal practices of the past continue to be a major concern to the area depending on the Equus Beds aquifer for water, including the City of Wichita, Kansas. In this paper, an attempt is made to predict where and how fast the brine plume will move in this area, and what the average chloride concentrations in different parts of the aquifer are. In order to make such predictions, it was necessary to get a calibrated model of the groundwater-flow velocity field. Multiple regression analysis is used for parameter estimation of the steady-state groundwater-flow equation applied in the most critical area of the Equus Beds aquifer. Results of such an analysis produced a correlation coefficient of 0.992 between calculated and observed values of hydraulic head. A chloride transport modeling effort is then carried out despite some serious data deficiencies, the significance of which are evaluated through sensitivity analysis. Thus, starting with the quasi steady-state conditions of the early 1940's, it was possible to match the present chloride distribution satisfactorily. Chloride concentration predictions made for the year 2000 indicate that the quality of the Wichita well-field waters will not generally deteriorate from their present condition by that time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(84)90164-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Sophocleous, M., 1984, Groundwater-flow parameter estimation and quality modeling of the Equus Beds aquifer in Kansas, U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 69, no. 1-4, p. 197-222, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90164-1.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"222","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219846,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"Equus Beds aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.75234872951685,\n 38.17839167762153\n ],\n [\n -97.75234872951685,\n 37.4855633758371\n ],\n [\n -96.79405394886194,\n 37.4855633758371\n ],\n [\n -96.79405394886194,\n 38.17839167762153\n ],\n [\n -97.75234872951685,\n 38.17839167762153\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2dcde4b0c8380cd5c02c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sophocleous, M.A.","contributorId":18032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013401,"text":"70013401 - 1984 - Use of a digital model to evaluate hydrogeologic controls on groundwater flow in a fractured rock aquifer at Niagara Falls, New York, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-15T15:51:34.651381","indexId":"70013401","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of a digital model to evaluate hydrogeologic controls on groundwater flow in a fractured rock aquifer at Niagara Falls, New York, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The Hyde Park landfill is a 15-acre (6.1 ha) chemical waste disposal site located north of Niagara Falls, New York. Underlying the site in descending order are: (1) low-permeability glacial till and lacustrine deposits; (2) a moderately permeable fractured rock aquifer - the Lockport Dolomite; and (3) a low-permeability unit - the Rochester Shale. The site is bounded on three sides by groundwater drains; the Niagara River gorge, the Niagara Power Project canal, and the Niagara Power Project buried conduits.
The mechanism by which groundwater moves through fractured rocks underlying a hazardous waste site was investigated using a digital simulation approach. Three hypotheses were tested related to flow in the fractured rocks underlying Hyde Park landfill. For this purpose we used a Galerkin finite-element approximation to solve a saturated-unsaturated flow equation.
A primary focus was to investigate anisotropy in the Lockport Dolomite, that is the effectiveness of horizontal (bedding) joints vs. vertical joints as water-transmitting openings. Three hydrogeologic scenarios were set up — each with prescribed limits on the hydrologic parameters. Scenario 1 specified strongly anisotropic conditions in the Lockport Dolomite (horizontal hydraulic conductivity along bedding joints exceeds vertical conductivity by 2–3 orders of magnitude), uniform areal recharge (5 in. yr.−1 or 12.7 cm yr.−1) except at the landfill where there is no recharge, and no flow through the base of the Rochester Shale. Scenario 2 also specified strongly anisotropic conditions in the Lockport; however, areal recharge was 6 in. yr.−1 (15.2 cm yr.−1) except at the landfill where the recharge was 2 in. yr.−1 (5.1 cm yr.−1), and outflow from the Rochester occurred. Scenario 3 specified isotropic conditions (that is, permeability along horizontal and vertical joints is the same in the Lockport Dolomite), recharge rates were the same as in scenario 2 and outflow through Rochester occurred.
Scenario 2 provided the closest agreement between the simulated and measured heads while scenario 3 provided the poorest agreement. Among the three scenarios tested, scenario 2 (with strongly anisotropic conditions in the Lockport Dolomite with added recharge through the landfill cap and limited flow through the Rocherster Shale) is considered the most realistic hydrogeologic model.
Based on simulation with the hydrogeologic parameters of scenario 2, groundwater flow near the Hyde Park site can be summarized as follows:
1. (1) Specific discharge (Darcy velocity) ranges from ≈0.01 to 0.1 ft. day−1 (0.003 to 0.03 m day−1) in the upper unit of the Lockport Dolomite to slightly more than 0.0001 ft. day−1 (0.00003 m day−1) in the Rochester Shale. Real velocities are highest in the upper unit of the Lockport, ranging from ≈1 to 5 ft. day−1 (0.3 to 1.5 m day−1) if the average effective porosity is assumed to be 0.02.
2. (2) A groundwater divide exists east of the landfill, indicating that all groundwater originating near or flowing beneath the landfill will flow toward and discharge in the gorge.
3. (3) Highest flow velocities (and presumably greatest potential for transporting chemical contaminants) occur in the upper unit of the Lockport and part of the lower unit of the Lockport Dolomite between the landfill and the gorge. The average time required for groundwater to move from the landfill to the discharge points at the gorge along selected flow paths in the Lockport Dolomite is estimated to be 5-6 yr.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(84)90049-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Maslia, M., and Johnston, R., 1984, Use of a digital model to evaluate hydrogeologic controls on groundwater flow in a fractured rock aquifer at Niagara Falls, New York, U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 75, no. 1-4, p. 167-194, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90049-0.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"194","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220091,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Niagara Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.07144327825095,\n 43.09286795115449\n ],\n [\n -79.07144327825095,\n 43.07801889165893\n ],\n [\n -79.05037086913583,\n 43.07801889165893\n ],\n [\n -79.05037086913583,\n 43.09286795115449\n ],\n [\n -79.07144327825095,\n 43.09286795115449\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe8fe4b08c986b329661","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maslia, M.L.","contributorId":24090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maslia","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, R.H.","contributorId":19536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013618,"text":"70013618 - 1984 - Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 2. Mathematical modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-15T16:00:11.629528","indexId":"70013618","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 2. Mathematical modeling","docAbstract":"Three models describing solute transport of conservative ion species and another describing transport of species which adsorb linearly and reversibly on bed sediments are developed and tested. The conservative models are based on three different conceptual models of the transient storage of solute in the bed. One model assumes the bed to be a well-mixed zone with flux of solute into the bed proportional to the difference between stream concentration and bed concentration. The second model assumes solute in the bed is transported by a vertical diffusion process described by Fick's law. The third model assumes that convection occurs in a selected portion of the bed while the mechanism of the first model functions everywhere. The model for adsorbing species assumes that the bed consists of particles of uniform size with the rate of uptake controlled by an intraparticle diffusion process.
All models are tested using data collected before, during and after a 24-hr. pulse injection of chloride, strontium, potassium and lead ions into Uvas Creek near Morgan Hill, California, U.S.A. All three conservative models accurately predict chloride ion concentrations in the stream. The model employing the diffusion mechanism for bed transport predicts better than the others.
The adsorption model predicts both strontium and potassium ion concentrations well during the injection of the pulse but somewhat overestimates the observed concentrations after the injection ceases. The overestimation may be due to the convection of solute deep into the bed where it is retained longer than the 3-week post-injection observation period. The model, when calibrated for strontium, predicts potassium equally well when the adsorption equilibrium constant for strontium is replaced by that for potassium.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(84)90047-7","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Jackman, A.P., Walters, R.A., and Kennedy, V.C., 1984, Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 2. Mathematical modeling: Journal of Hydrology, v. 75, no. 1-4, p. 111-141, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90047-7.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"141","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220155,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Clara County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":227,\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Santa 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A. P.","contributorId":46957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walters, R. A.","contributorId":34174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy, V. C.","contributorId":46080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013436,"text":"70013436 - 1984 - Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 1. Conceptual model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-15T16:08:38.668793","indexId":"70013436","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 1. Conceptual model","docAbstract":"Stream sediments adsorb certain solutes from streams, thereby significantly changing the solute composition; but little is known about the details and rates of these adsorptive processes. To investigate such processes, a 24-hr. injection of a solution containing chloride, strontium, potassium, sodium and lead was made at the head of a 640-m reach of Uvas Creek in west-central Santa Clara County, California. Uvas Creek is a cobble-bed pool-and-riffle stream draining the eastern slopes of the Santa Cruz Mountains. By September 12, 1973, after a long dry season, Uvas Creek had a low (0.0215 m3s−1 average) flow which varied diurnally, from 0.018 to 0.025 m3s−1. Because stream discharge varied while the injection rate was constant, the concentration of tracers (injected solutes), after mixing in the stream, varied inversely with discharge.
Chloride, a nonreactive solute, served as a tracer of water movement. Analysis of extensive chloride concentration data at five sites below the injection point during and after the injection demonstrated that there was considerable underflow of water through the stream gravels; however, the extent of underflow varied greatly within the study reach. Pre-injection water, displaced by tracer-laden water percolating through the gravels, diluted tracers in the stream channel, giving the mistaken impression of groundwater inflow at some points. Accurate measurement of total discharge in such streams requires prolonged tracer injection unless a reach can be found where underflow is negligible.
Strontium and potassium were adsorbed by the bed sediments to a moderate extent and lead was strongly adsorbed. A high proportion of these metals could be removed by adsorption from percolating underflow because of extensive and intimate contact with bed sediments. After channel clearing following injection cutoff, 51% of the added strontium and 96% of the lead remained in the study reach, whereas only 19% of the chloride remained. Packets of sized sediment, placed in the stream before the experiment and withdrawn during and after the injection, indicated that the strontium absorbed on the 0.42–0.50-mm size sediment appeared to achieve near equilibrium with dissolved strontium within less than 2 hr. whereas 3.4–4.0-mm grains had not reached that stage after 24 hr.
The cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of the sediments shows a “bimodal” distribution with grain size. Largest values are in the finest sizes, lower values in the fine-to-medium sand-size range, intermediate values in the coarse- to very coarse-grained sand, and decreasing values with size above very coarse-grained sand. This considerable exchange capacity in coarse-sand to granule-size particles means that a streambed, that has not been infilled with fines to reduce permeability, can be highly reactive and accessible throughout a rather thick sediment layer and hence have a large and available reactive capacity.
As stream discharge increases from low flow, the ratio of underflow to channel flow should decrease rapidly with resultant diminution in percent of solutes sorbed within a particular stream reach.
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Conceptual model: Journal of Hydrology, v. 75, no. 1-4, p. 67-110, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90046-5.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"110","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220588,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Clara County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":227,\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Santa 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V. C.","contributorId":46080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackman, A. P.","contributorId":46957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zand, S.M.","contributorId":25699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zand","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zellweger, G. W.","contributorId":55445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Avanzino, R.J.","contributorId":37336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013221,"text":"70013221 - 1984 - Experimental studies in natural groundwater recharge dynamics: Assessment of recent advances in instrumentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-14T17:00:46.569772","indexId":"70013221","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental studies in natural groundwater recharge dynamics: Assessment of recent advances in instrumentation","docAbstract":"To quantify and model the natural groundwater-recharge process, two sites in south-central Kansas, U.S.A., were instrumented with various modern sensors and data microloggers. The atmospheric-boundary layer and the unsaturated and saturated soil zones were monitored as a unified regime. Data from the various sensors were collected using microloggers in combination with magnetic-cassette tape, graphical and digital recorders, analog paper-tape recorders, and direct observations to evaluate and automate data collection and processing.
Atmospheric sensors included an anemometer, a tipping-bucket raingage, an air-temperature thermistor, a relative-humidity probe, a net radiometer, and a barometric-pressure transducer. Sensors in the unsaturated zone consisted of soil-temperature thermocouples, tensiometers coupled with pressure transducers and dial gages, gypsum blocks, and a neutron moisture probe operated by an observer. The saturated-zone sensors consisted of a water-level pressure transducer, a conventional float gage connected to a variable potentiometer, soil thermocouples, and a number of multiple-depth piezometers.
Evaluation of the operation of these sensors and recorders indicated that certain types of equipment such as pressure transducers are very sensitive to environmental conditions. Extraordinary steps had to be taken to protect some of the equipment, whereas other equipment seemed to be reliable under all conditions. Based on such experiences, a number of suggestions aimed at improving such investigations are outlined.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(84)90133-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Sophocleous, M., and Perry, C.A., 1984, Experimental studies in natural groundwater recharge dynamics: Assessment of recent advances in instrumentation: Journal of Hydrology, v. 70, no. 1-4, p. 369-382, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90133-1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"382","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220081,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.1748871630371,\n 38.507940104645996\n ],\n [\n -99.1748871630371,\n 37.64917420455242\n ],\n [\n -97.68600447634276,\n 37.64917420455242\n ],\n [\n -97.68600447634276,\n 38.507940104645996\n ],\n [\n -99.1748871630371,\n 38.507940104645996\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ddfe4b0c8380cd53226","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sophocleous, M.","contributorId":13373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, C. A.","contributorId":106149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013178,"text":"70013178 - 1984 - Determination of total tin in geological materials by electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrophotometry using a tungsten-impregnated graphite furnace","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-13T16:58:08.291175","indexId":"70013178","displayToPublicDate":"2001-11-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3517,"text":"Talanta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of total tin in geological materials by electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrophotometry using a tungsten-impregnated graphite furnace","docAbstract":"An electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of total tin in geological materials, with use of a tungsten-impregnated graphite furnace. The sample is decomposed by fusion with lithium metaborate and the melt is dissolved in 10% hydrochloric acid. Tin is then extracted into trioctylphosphine oxide-methyl isobutyl ketone prior to atomization. Impregnation of the furnace with a sodium tungstate solution increases the sensitivity of the determination and improves the precision of the results. The limits of determination are 0.5–20 ppm of tin in the sample. Higher tin values can be determined by dilution of the extract. Replicate analyses of eighteen geological reference samples with diverse matrices gave relative standard deviations ranging from 2.0 to 10.8% with an average of 4.6%. Average tin values for reference samples were in general agreement with, but more precise than, those reported by others. Apparent recoveries of tin added to various samples ranged from 95 to 111% with an average of 102%.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0039-9140(84)80014-4","issn":"00399140","usgsCitation":"Zhou, L., Chao, T.T., and Meier, A.L., 1984, Determination of total tin in geological materials by electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrophotometry using a tungsten-impregnated graphite furnace: Talanta, v. 31, no. 1, p. 73-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(84)80014-4.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"76","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220410,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffe0e4b0c8380cd4f444","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhou, L.","contributorId":68455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meier, A. L.","contributorId":81480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}