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,{"id":21346,"text":"ofr9363 - 1993 - Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon: Volume 2 – Annual low and high flow and instantaneous peak flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-23T21:36:50.11005","indexId":"ofr9363","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-63","title":"Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon: Volume 2 – Annual low and high flow and instantaneous peak flow","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9363","usgsCitation":"Wellman, R.E., Gordon, J.M., and Moffatt, R.L., 1993, Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon: Volume 2 – 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,{"id":49662,"text":"ofr93600A - 1993 - Preliminary determination of epicenters; monthly listing January-March 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:19","indexId":"ofr93600A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-600","chapter":"A","title":"Preliminary determination of epicenters; monthly listing January-March 1993","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr93600A","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, Preliminary determination of epicenters; monthly listing January-March 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-600, p. 104, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93600A.","productDescription":"p. 104","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0600a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86265,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0600a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699e58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":19846,"text":"ofr9336 - 1993 - Global Change Hydrology Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:37","indexId":"ofr9336","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-36","title":"Global Change Hydrology Program","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Dept. of the Interior,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9336","usgsCitation":"Lins, H., 1993, Global Change Hydrology Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-36, 2 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9336.","productDescription":"2 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152419,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0036/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49325,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0036/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674e1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lins, H.F.","contributorId":81508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"H.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20447,"text":"ofr93322 - 1993 - Observations and modeling of seismic background noise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-10T11:11:57","indexId":"ofr93322","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-322","title":"Observations and modeling of seismic background noise","docAbstract":"<p>The preparation of this report had two purposes. One was to present a catalog of seismic background noise spectra obtained from a worldwide network of seismograph stations. The other purpose was to refine and document models of seismic background noise that have been in use for several years. The second objective was, in fact, the principal reason that this study was initiated and influenced the procedures used in collecting and processing the data.</p><p>With a single exception, all of the data used in this study were extracted from the digital data archive at the U.S. Geological Survey's Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory (ASL). This archive dates from 1972 when ASL first began deploying digital seismograph systems and collecting and distributing digital data under the sponsorship of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). There have been many changes and additions to the global seismograph networks during the past twenty years, but perhaps none as significant as the current deployment of very broadband seismographs by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the University of California San Diego (UCSD) under the scientific direction of the IRIS consortium. The new data acquisition systems have extended the bandwidth and resolution of seismic recording, and they utilize high-density recording media that permit the continuous recording of broadband data. The data improvements and continuous recording greatly benefit and simplify surveys of seismic background noise.</p><p>Although there are many other sources of digital data, the ASL archive data were used almost exclusively because of accessibility and because the data systems and their calibration are well documented for the most part. Fortunately, the ASL archive contains high-quality data from other stations in addition to those deployed by the USGS. Included are data from UCSD IRIS/IDA stations, the Regional Seismic Test Network (RSTN) deployed by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), and the TERRAscope network deployed by the California Institute of Technology in cooperation with other institutions.</p><p>A map showing the approximate locations of the stations used in this study is provided in Figure 1. One might hope for a better distribution of stations in the southern hemisphere, especially Africa and South America, in order to look for regional variations in seismic noise (apart from the major differences between continental, coastal and island sites). Unfortunately, anyone looking for subtle regional variations in seismic noise is probably going to be disappointed by the spectral data presented in this report because much of the station data appear to be dominated by local disturbances caused by instrumental, environmental, cultural, or surf noise. Better instruments and better instrument siting, or a well-funded field program, will be needed before a global isoseismal noise map can be produced. However, by assembling a composite of background noise from a large network of stations, many of the local station variables are masked, and it is possible to create generalized spectral plots of Earth noise for hypothetical quiet and noisy station sites.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93322","usgsCitation":"Peterson, J.R., 1993, Observations and modeling of seismic background noise: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-322, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93322.","productDescription":"94 p.","costCenters":[{"id":122,"text":"Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0322/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":49988,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0322/ofr93-322.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.15 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1993-0322"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696514","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, Jon R.","contributorId":61062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":49650,"text":"ofr93560B - 1993 - Materials provided at the workshop Geophysical map interpretation on the PC, convened April 21-22, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T15:34:40","indexId":"ofr93560B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-560","chapter":"B","title":"Materials provided at the workshop Geophysical map interpretation on the PC, convened April 21-22, 1993","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr93560B","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Grauch, V., Phillips, J., Hoover, D., Pitkin, J.A., Livo, K., and McCafferty, A.E., 1993, Materials provided at the workshop Geophysical map interpretation on the PC, convened April 21-22, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-560, Four 3 1/2 inch diskettes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93560B.","productDescription":"Four 3 1/2 inch diskettes","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277730,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0560b/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db60ff1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grauch, V.J. 0000-0002-0761-3489","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":70362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, J. D. 0000-0002-6459-2821","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":22366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoover, D.B.","contributorId":37734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoover","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pitkin, J. A.","contributorId":85194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitkin","given":"J.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Livo, K.E. 0000-0001-7331-8130","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":61471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"K.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McCafferty, A. E.","contributorId":93499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCafferty","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":49681,"text":"ofr93609A - 1993 - Earthquake data report, September 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:16","indexId":"ofr93609A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-609","chapter":"A","title":"Earthquake data report, September 1993","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr93609A","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, Earthquake data report, September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-609, p. 509, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93609A.","productDescription":"p. 509","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0609a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86275,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0609a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629927","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":21072,"text":"ofr92138 - 1993 - A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21072,"text":"ofr92138 - 1993 - A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","indexId":"ofr92138","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4722,"text":"twri06A6 - 1996 - A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model (MODBRANCH) for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","indexId":"twri06A6","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model (MODBRANCH) for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":4722,"text":"twri06A6 - 1996 - A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model (MODBRANCH) for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","indexId":"twri06A6","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model (MODBRANCH) for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-28T14:56:37.800487","indexId":"ofr92138","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-138","title":"A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","docAbstract":"<p>Ground-water and surface-water flow models traditionally have been developed separately, with interaction between subsurface flow and streamflow either not simulated at all or accounted for by simple formulations. In areas with dynamic and hydraulically well-connected ground-water and surface-water systems, stream-aquifer interaction should be simulated using deterministic responses of both systems coupled at the stream-aquifer interface. Accordingly, a new, coupled ground-water and surface-water model was developed by combining the U.S. Geological Survey models MODFLOW and BRANCH; the interfacing code is referred to as MODBRANCH. MODFLOW is the widely used modular three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water model, and BRANCH is a one-dimensional, numerical model commonly used to simulate unsteady flow in open-channel networks.</p><p>MODFLOW was originally written with the River package that calculates leakage between the aquifer and stream, assuming that the stream's stage remains constant during one model stress period. A simple streamflow routing model has been added to MODFLOW, but it is limited to steady flow in rectangular, prismatic channels. To overcome these limitations, the BRANCH model, which simulates unsteady, nonuniform flow by solving the entire St. Venant equations, was restructured and incorporated into MODFLOW. Terms that describe leakage between stream and aquifer as a function of streambed conductance and differences in aquifer and stream stage were added to the continuity equation in BRANCH. Thus, leakage between the aquifer and stream can be calculated separately in each model, or leakages calculated in BRANCH can be used in MODFLOW. Total mass in the coupled models is accounted for and conserved.</p><p>The BRANCH model calculates new stream stages for each time interval in a transient simulation based on upstream boundary conditions, stream properties, and initial estimates of aquifer heads. Next, aquifer heads are calculated in MODFLOW based on stream stages calculated by BRANCH, aquifer properties, and stresses. This process is repeated until convergence criteria are met for head and stage. Because time steps used in ground-water modeling can be much longer than time intervals used in surface-water simulations, provision has been made for handling multiple BRANCH time intervals within one MODFLOW time step. An ption was also added to BRANCH to allow the simulation of channel drying and rewetting. Testing of the coupled model was verified by using data from previous studies; by comparing results with output from a simpler, four-point implicit, open-channel flow model linked with MODFLOW; and by comparison to field studies of L-31N Canal in southern Florida.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr92138","usgsCitation":"Swain, E., and Wexler, E.J., 1993, A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-138, vii, 162 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92138.","productDescription":"vii, 162 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493001,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0138/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153876,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0138/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af601","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, E.D. 0000-0001-7168-708X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":29007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"E.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wexler, E. J.","contributorId":104931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wexler","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":49659,"text":"ofr93590B - 1993 - Preliminary geologic map of Chiricahua National Monument, Cochise County, Arizona, with digital geologic map data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T15:33:29","indexId":"ofr93590B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-590","chapter":"B","title":"Preliminary geologic map of Chiricahua National Monument, Cochise County, Arizona, with digital geologic map data","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr93590B","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Du Bray, E., and Pallister, J.S., 1993, Preliminary geologic map of Chiricahua National Monument, Cochise County, Arizona, with digital geologic map data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-590, One 3 1/2 inch diskette, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93590B.","productDescription":"One 3 1/2 inch diskette","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277728,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0590b/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c0ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Du Bray, E. A.","contributorId":22333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Du Bray","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":49687,"text":"ofr93574 - 1993 - Historical Shoreline Changes in Puerto Rico, 1901-1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:16","indexId":"ofr93574","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-574","title":"Historical Shoreline Changes in Puerto Rico, 1901-1987","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr93574","usgsCitation":"Thieler, E., and Danforth, W.W., 1993, Historical Shoreline Changes in Puerto Rico, 1901-1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-574, 267 p.; 37 sheets, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93574.","productDescription":"267 p.; 37 sheets","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176846,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62eaf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thieler, E.R. 0000-0003-4311-9717","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4311-9717","contributorId":93082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thieler","given":"E.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Danforth, W. W.","contributorId":16386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":17962,"text":"ofr9365 - 1993 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Minnesota, 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T11:43:58","indexId":"ofr9365","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-65","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Minnesota, 1991","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr9365","usgsCitation":"1993, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Minnesota, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-65, vi, 73 p., 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,{"id":20826,"text":"ofr93153 - 1993 - Geochemical data for the Weldon Spring training area and vicinity property, St. Charles County, Missouri, 1990-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:42","indexId":"ofr93153","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-153","title":"Geochemical data for the Weldon Spring training area and vicinity property, St. Charles County, Missouri, 1990-92","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93153","usgsCitation":"Schumacher, J., Sutley, S.J., and Cathcart, J., 1993, Geochemical data for the Weldon Spring training area and vicinity property, St. Charles County, Missouri, 1990-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-153, vi, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93153.","productDescription":"vi, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153529,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0153/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50422,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0153/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae400","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schumacher, John G. jschu@usgs.gov","contributorId":2055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumacher","given":"John G.","email":"jschu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutley, S. J.","contributorId":91484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutley","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cathcart, J.D.","contributorId":55431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cathcart","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":18891,"text":"ofr93679 - 1993 - Principal radioactive minerals encountered in mining and associated environmental concerns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:25","indexId":"ofr93679","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-679","title":"Principal radioactive minerals encountered in mining and associated environmental concerns","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93679","usgsCitation":"Finch, W., 1993, Principal radioactive minerals encountered in mining and associated environmental concerns: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-679, i, 14 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93679.","productDescription":"i, 14 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0679/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48293,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0679/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66722b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finch, W.I.","contributorId":75919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"W.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":17907,"text":"ofr93154 - 1993 - Water Resources Research Grant Program project descriptions, fiscal year 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:22","indexId":"ofr93154","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-154","title":"Water Resources Research Grant Program project descriptions, fiscal year 1992","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93154","usgsCitation":"Lew, M., and Murray, P., 1993, Water Resources Research Grant Program project descriptions, fiscal year 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-154, v, 113 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93154.","productDescription":"v, 113 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0154/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47141,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0154/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa3f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lew, Melvin (compiler)","contributorId":16022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lew","given":"Melvin","suffix":"(compiler)","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, P.D.","contributorId":85613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":18413,"text":"ofr93510 - 1993 - Glaciers and glaciation in Glacier National Park, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:24","indexId":"ofr93510","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-510","title":"Glaciers and glaciation in Glacier National Park, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93510","usgsCitation":"Carrara, P., 1993, Glaciers and glaciation in Glacier National Park, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-510, 18 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93510.","productDescription":"18 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0510/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47750,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0510/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674fe1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carrara, P. E.","contributorId":33727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrara","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":21402,"text":"ofr93563 - 1993 - Pliocene palynomorph census data from the Pinecrest Beds (Tamiami Formation) in Quality Aggregates Phase 6 Pit, southwestern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:48","indexId":"ofr93563","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-563","title":"Pliocene palynomorph census data from the Pinecrest Beds (Tamiami Formation) in Quality Aggregates Phase 6 Pit, southwestern Florida","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93563","usgsCitation":"Willard, D.A., 1993, Pliocene palynomorph census data from the Pinecrest Beds (Tamiami Formation) in Quality Aggregates Phase 6 Pit, southwestern Florida (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-563, 9 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93563.","productDescription":"9 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1149,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/of93-563/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":153844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0563/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50971,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0563/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e7b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willard, Debra A. 0000-0003-4878-0942 dwillard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":2076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra","email":"dwillard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":24693,"text":"Climate Research and Development","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":184362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20053,"text":"ofr93350 - 1993 - Preliminary report on examination of column capitals at the Jefferson Memorial, Washington, D.C.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:49","indexId":"ofr93350","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-350","title":"Preliminary report on examination of column capitals at the Jefferson Memorial, Washington, D.C.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93350","usgsCitation":"McGee, E.S., and Woodruff, M., 1993, Preliminary report on examination of column capitals at the Jefferson Memorial, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-350, ii, 25 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93350.","productDescription":"ii, 25 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0350/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49610,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0350/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cb07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, E. S.","contributorId":75927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodruff, M.E.","contributorId":63812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":21430,"text":"ofr93692 - 1993 - Assessment of chemical variability in three independently prepared batches of National Institute for Standards and Technology SRM 2704, Buffalo River Sediment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:54","indexId":"ofr93692","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-692","title":"Assessment of chemical variability in three independently prepared batches of National Institute for Standards and Technology SRM 2704, Buffalo River Sediment","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93692","usgsCitation":"Wilson, S., 1993, Assessment of chemical variability in three independently prepared batches of National Institute for Standards and Technology SRM 2704, Buffalo River Sediment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-692, 23 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93692.","productDescription":"23 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0692/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50998,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0692/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db67285f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, S. A. 0000-0002-9468-0005","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9468-0005","contributorId":23561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20391,"text":"ofr92642 - 1993 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20391,"text":"ofr92642 - 1993 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","indexId":"ofr92642","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2440,"text":"wsp2357C - 1996 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma — Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","indexId":"wsp2357C","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma — Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2440,"text":"wsp2357C - 1996 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma — Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","indexId":"wsp2357C","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma — Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T14:25:15","indexId":"ofr92642","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-642","title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","docAbstract":"<p>The National Water-Quality Assessment pilot project for the Central Oklahoma aquifer examined the chemical and isotopic composition of ground water, the abundances and textures of minerals in core samples, and water levels and hydraulic properties in the flow system to identify geochemical reactions occurring in the aquifer and rates and directions of ground-water flow. The aquifer underlies 3,000 square miles of central Oklahoma and consists of Permian red beds, including parts of the Permian Garber Sandstone, Wellington Formation, and Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups, and Quaternary alluvium and terrace deposits.</p><p>In the part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation that is not confined by the Permian Hennessey Group, calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate are the dominant ions in ground water; in the confined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation and in the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups, sodium and bicarbonate are the dominant ions in ground water. Nearly all of the Central Oklahoma aquifer has an oxic or post-oxic environment as indicated by the large dissolved concentrations of oxygen, nitrate, arsenic(V), chromium(VI), selenium(VI), vanadium, and uranium. Sulfidic and methanic environments are virtually absent.</p><p>Petrographic textures indicate dolomite, calcite, sodic plagioclase, potassium feldspars, chlorite, rock fragments, and micas are dissolving, and iron oxides, manganese oxides, kaolinite, and quartz are precipitating. Variations in the quantity of exchangeable sodium in clays indicate that cation exchange is occurring within the aquifer. Gypsum may dissolve locally within the aquifer, as indicated by ground water with large concentra-tions of sulfate, but gypsum was not observed in core samples. Rainwater is not a major source for most elements in ground water, but evapotranspiration could cause rainwater to be a significant source of potassium, sulfate, phosphate and nitrogen species. Brines derived from seawater are the most likely source of bromide and chloride in the aquifer.</p><p>The dominant reaction in recharge is the uptake of carbon dioxide gas from the unsaturated zone (about 2.0 to 4.0 millimoles per liter) and the dissolution of dolomite (about 0.3 to 1.0 millimoles per liter). This reaction generates calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate water composition. If dolomite does not dissolve to equilibrium, pH values range from 6.0 to 7.3; if dolomite dissolves to equilibrium, pH values are about 7.5. By the time recharge enters the deeper flow system, all ground water is saturated or supersaturated with dolomite and calcite.</p><p>After carbonate-mineral equilibration has occurred, cation exchange of calcium and magnesium for sodium is the dominant geochemical reaction, which occurs to a substantial extent only in parts of the aquifer. Mass transfers of cation exchange greater than 2.0 millimoles per liter occur in the confined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation and in parts of the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups. Associated with cation exchange is dissolution of small quantities of dolomite, calcite, biotite, chlorite, plagioclase, or potassium feldspar, which produces pH values that range from 8.6 to 9.1.</p><p>Large tritium concentrations indicate ground-water ages of less than about 40 years for most samples of recharge. Carbon-14 ages for samples from the unconfined aquifer generally are less than 10,000 years. Carbon-14 ages of ground&nbsp;water in the confined part of the aquifer range from about 10,000 to 30,000 years or older. These ages produce a time trend in deuterium values that qualitatively is consistent with the timing of the transition from the last glacial maximum to the present interglacial period.</p><p>The most transmissive geologic units in the Central Oklahoma aquifer are the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation and the alluvium and terrace deposits; the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups are less transmissive on the basis of available specific-capacity data. The transmissivities of the Permian geologic units depend largely on the percentage of sandstone; the percentage is greatest in the central part of the aquifer and decreases in all directions from this central part. Because of large mudstone and siltstone contents, the Hennessey Group and the Vanoss Formation are assumed to be confining units above and below the aquifer. The Cimarron and Canadian Rivers are defined to be the northern and southern extent of the aquifer because of decreases in transmissivity beyond the rivers and because there is no indication of ground-water underflow at these rivers. The eastern boundary of the aquifer is the limit of the outcrop of the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups. The presence of brines in the western part of the study unit and below the aquifer indicate the extent of the freshwater flow system in these directions.</p><p>Regional ground-water flow is west to east; the Deep Fork is a major discharge area for the regional flow system. Local flow systems are present within the unconfined part of the study unit. Most streams are gaining streams, and very few losing streams are evident.</p><p>Median values of aquifer properties were estimated as follows: recharge to the saturated zone, 1.6 inches per year; evapotranspiration of water that never reaches the saturated zone, 25 to 30 inches per year; porosity, 0.22; storage coefficient, 0.0002; transmissivity, 260 to 450 feet squared per day; horizontal hydraulic conductivity, 4.5 feet per day; and the ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity, 10,000. Reported ground-water withdrawals peaked in 1985 at 13,900 million gallons but had decreased to 7,860 million gallons by 1989. Unreported domestic withdrawals were estimated to be 1,685 million gallons in 1980.</p><p>The flow system in the aquifer can be considered to have three major components: (1) A shallow, local flow system in the unconfined part of the aquifer, (2) a deep, regional flow system in the unconfined part of the aquifer, and (3) a deep, regional flow system in the confined part of the aquifer. In the shallow, local flow system, water flows relatively quickly along short flowlines from the point of recharge to the point of discharge at the nearest stream. Many water samples from shallow wells contain large concentrations of tritium, which indicate ground-water ages of less than 40 years. In the deep, regional flow system in the unconfined part of the aquifer, water takes more time to flow along longer flowlines than in the shallow, local flow system. Much of the water in this flow system is recharged along ridges that correspond to ground-water divides between drainage basins. Transit times for water recharging the aquifer along ridges is greater than 5,000 years, computed using a numerical flow model in conjunction with a particle-tracking model. The deep, regional flow system in the confined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation is recharged from a small part of the outcrop area of the Garber Sandstone. From the recharge area, water flows west under the confining unit to discharge to streams as far away as the Cimarron River. Flowpaths are relatively long, as much as 50 miles. The transit times in this flow system range from thousands to tens of thousands of years.</p><p>The long-term hydrogeochemical process occurring in the Central Oklahoma aquifer is removal of unstable minerals, including dolomite, calcite, biotite, chlorite, and feldspars, and the replacement of exchangeable sodium on clays with calcium and magnesium. Over geologic time, the flux of water through the rapidly moving, local flow system has been sufficient to remove most of the dolomite, calcite, and exchangeable sodium. In places, chlorite and feldspars have been removed. In the deep, regional flow system of the unconfined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation, the flux of water has been sufficient to remove most of the exchangeable sodium, but carbonate minerals remain sufficiently abundant to maintain dolomite and calcite equilibrium. In the confined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation and in the less transmissive parts of the unconfined aquifer, including the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups, ground-water flow is slowest, and the flux of water and extent of reaction have been insufficient to remove either the carbonate minerals or the exchangeable sodium on clays.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr92642","usgsCitation":"Parkhurst, D.L., Christenson, S.C., and Breit, G.N., 1993, Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-642, viii, 113 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92642.","productDescription":"viii, 113 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0642/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359239,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0642/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Central Oklahoma Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.75,\n              34.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.75,\n              34.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.75,\n              36\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.75,\n              36\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.75,\n              34.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a11a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christenson, Scott C. schris@usgs.gov","contributorId":980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"Scott","email":"schris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Breit, George N. 0000-0003-2188-6798 gbreit@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2188-6798","contributorId":1480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breit","given":"George","email":"gbreit@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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