Leg 68 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project used the newly developed Hydraulic Piston Corer (HPC) to recover two virtually continuous, undisturbed sections of late Neogene and Quaternary sediment. The sites are located in the western Caribbean (Site 502, 4 holes) and in the eastern equatorial Pacific (Site 503, 2 holes). The sediment of Site 502 is primarily foram-bearing nanno marl which accumulated at about 3 to 4 cm/thousand yr. The bottom of Site 502 (228.7 m) is ∼ 8 m.y. old. The sediment of Site 503 is primarily siliceous calcareous ooze which accumulated at about 2 to 3 cm/thousand yr. The bottom of Site 503 (235.0 m) is ∼ 8 m.y. old.
The magnetostratigraphy of both sites was determined on the R.V. Glomar Challenger with a long-core spinner magnetometer. All paleomagnetic boundaries through the Gilbert were identified in Site 502; most of them were identified in Site 503. The sediment at both sites shows a distinct cyclicity of calcium carbonate content. These relatively high accumulation rate, continuous, undisturbed HPC cores will enable a wide variety of high-resolution biostratigraphic, paleoclimatic, and paleoceanographic studies heretofore not feasible.
Carbon dioxide from a submarine seep in Norton Sound, Alaska, carries a minor component of gas- and gasoline-range hydrocarbons. The molecular and isotopic compositions of the hydrocarbon gases and the presence of gasoline-range hydrocarbons indicate that these molecules are derived from thermal alteration of marine and/or nonmarine organic matter buried within Norton basin. In the gasoline-range hydrocarbons, individual cyclic and branched-chain molecules are much more abundant than straight-chain hydrocarbons. This distribution suggests that the hydrocarbon mixture is an immature, petroleumlike condensate of lower temperature origin than normal crude oil. The submarine seep provides a natural example in support of a carbon dioxide solution transport mechanism thought to be operative in the migration of hydrocarbons in certain reservoirs.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/2F919431-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., and Claypool, G.E., 1980, Origin of gasoline-range hydrocarbons and their migration by solution in carbon dioxide in Norton basin, Alaska.: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 64, no. 7, p. 1078-1086, https://doi.org/10.1306/2F919431-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1078","endPage":"1086","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222065,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Norton Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.76585204771612,\n 63.07645235894631\n ],\n [\n -163.3380837888408,\n 63.52678382070599\n ],\n [\n -163.36509658016897,\n 64.17911474161892\n ],\n [\n -167.81526647232286,\n 64.55688329813844\n ],\n [\n -168.61155210225576,\n 63.738790141636\n ],\n [\n -167.80900032603296,\n 63.2927392377608\n ],\n [\n -166.76585204771612,\n 63.07645235894631\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70d4e4b0c8380cd76293","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":363115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":76312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012199,"text":"70012199 - 1980 - Emission spectra of the cations of some fluoro-substituted phenols in the gaseous phase","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-19T20:02:51.822504","indexId":"70012199","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2245,"text":"Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emission spectra of the cations of some fluoro-substituted phenols in the gaseous phase","docAbstract":"Emission spectra of the cations of 2,5- and 3,5-difluorophenol, of 2,3,4- and 2,4,5-trifluorophenol, of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenol and of 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenol have been obtained in the gas phase using low-energy electron beam excitation. The band systems are assigned to the B̃(π−1) → X̃(π−1) electronic transitions of these cations by reference to photoelectron spectroscopic data. The He(Iα) photoelectron spectra and the ionisation energies of ten fluoro-substituted phenols are reported. The symmetries of the four lowest electronic states of these cations are inferred from the radiative decay studies. The lifetimes of the lowest vibrational levels of the B̃(π−1) state of the six fluoro-substituted phenol cations above have also been measured.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0368-2048(80)80031-4","issn":"03682048","usgsCitation":"Maier, J.P., Marthaler, O., Mohraz, M., and Shiley, R., 1980, Emission spectra of the cations of some fluoro-substituted phenols in the gaseous phase: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, v. 19, no. 1, p. 11-20, https://doi.org/10.1016/0368-2048(80)80031-4.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222244,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08fce4b0c8380cd51d48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maier, John Paul","contributorId":61166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maier","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marthaler, O.","contributorId":89663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marthaler","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mohraz, Manijeh","contributorId":26444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mohraz","given":"Manijeh","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shiley, R.H.","contributorId":44282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shiley","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012318,"text":"70012318 - 1980 - Debris-flow deposits of Early Miocene age, Deadman Stream, Marlborough, New Zealand.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:06","indexId":"70012318","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Debris-flow deposits of Early Miocene age, Deadman Stream, Marlborough, New Zealand.","docAbstract":"Detailed analysis is presented of a conformable succession of conglomerates and sandstones lying between massive marine mudstones. The coarse sediments reflect deposition by a spectrum of subaqueous debris-flow mechanisms during an early pulse of tectonism that ultimately resulted in Plio-Pleistocene eversion of the Kaikoura Mountains. Sparse pebbly mudstones and rare sandy conglomerates show disoriented clasts and reflect high-viscosity flows and slurry- creep flow mechanisms. Other deposits have little mud matrix, hence appear to reflect low-viscosity flow processes. Common sorted sandstones and some conglomeratic sandstones show diffuse parallel lamination. Other conglomeratic sandstones show trough cross-bedding which we attribute to entrained bedload movement during intersurge episodes of debris flow. - from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(80)90032-9","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Lewis, D., Laird, M., and Powell, R., 1980, Debris-flow deposits of Early Miocene age, Deadman Stream, Marlborough, New Zealand.: Sedimentary Geology, v. 27, no. 2, p. 83-118, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(80)90032-9.","startPage":"83","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205179,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(80)90032-9"},{"id":222006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdf7e4b0c8380cd4ea36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, D.W.","contributorId":49108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laird, M.G.","contributorId":34264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laird","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, R.D.","contributorId":74015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012201,"text":"70012201 - 1980 - Regional tilt patterns of Late Cenozoic basin-range fault blocks, western United States.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T11:46:49","indexId":"70012201","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional tilt patterns of Late Cenozoic basin-range fault blocks, western United States.","docAbstract":"The pattern of tilt domains is characterized by transverse zones or boundaries, parallel to the extension direction, and by antiformal (tilts away from) and synformal (tilts toward) boundaries at right angles to the extension direction. Tilting of ranges averages about 15o to 20o in Nevada and Utah and indicates extension of about 20% to 30% for the entire Great Basin region. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1980)91<460:RTPOLC>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stewart, J., 1980, Regional tilt patterns of Late Cenozoic basin-range fault blocks, western United States.: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 91, no. 8 pt 1, p. 460-464, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1980)91<460:RTPOLC>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"460","endPage":"464","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268125,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1980)91<460:RTPOLC>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":222246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"8 pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a590e4b0e8fec6cdbe6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, John H.","contributorId":14383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"John H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012202,"text":"70012202 - 1980 - Volcanic rocks cored on hess rise, Western Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:08","indexId":"70012202","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic rocks cored on hess rise, Western Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"Large aseismic rises and plateaus in the western Pacific include the Ontong-Java Plateau, Magellan Rise, Shatsky Rise, Mid-Pacific Mountains, and Hess Rise. These are relatively old features that rise above surrounding sea floors as bathymetric highs. Thick sequences of carbonate sediments overlie, what are believed to be, Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous volcanic pedestals. We discuss here petrological and tectonic implications of data from volcanic rocks cored on Hess Rise. The data suggest that Hess Rise originated at a spreading centre in the late early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian stages). Subsequent off-ridge volcanism in the late Albian-early Cenomanian stages built a large archipelago of oceanic islands and seamounts composed, at least in part, of alkalic rocks. The volcanic platform subsided during its northward passage through the mid-Cretaceousequatorial zone. Faulting and uplift, and possibly volcanism, occurred in the latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian stages). Since then, Hess Rise continued its northward movement and subsidence. Volcanic rocks from holes drilled on Hess Rise during IPOD Leg 62 (Fig. 1) are briefly described here and we relate the petrological data to the origin and evolution of that rise. These are the first volcanic rocks reported from Hess Rise. ?? 1980 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/286048a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Vallier, T., Windom, K., Seifert, K., and Thiede, J., 1980, Volcanic rocks cored on hess rise, Western Pacific Ocean: Nature, v. 286, no. 5768, p. 48-50, https://doi.org/10.1038/286048a0.","startPage":"48","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205221,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/286048a0"},{"id":222293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"286","issue":"5768","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc305e4b08c986b32aef0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vallier, T.L.","contributorId":69526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"T.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Windom, K.E.","contributorId":22496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windom","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seifert, K.E.","contributorId":88084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seifert","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thiede, Jorn","contributorId":88085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiede","given":"Jorn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012354,"text":"70012354 - 1980 - Multiple ice flow directions during the Fraser Glaciation in the lower Skagit River drainage, northern Cascade Range, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T16:40:44","indexId":"70012354","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":898,"text":"Arctic and Alpine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple ice flow directions during the Fraser Glaciation in the lower Skagit River drainage, northern Cascade Range, Washington","docAbstract":"Stratigraphic mapping and pebble-count data suggest that ice flowed in three different directions in the lower Skagit drainage of the northern Cascade Range during the Fraser Glaciation (∼ 10K to 20K BP). Glacier reconstructions suggest that till exposed at one site in the lower Skagit Valley was deposited by a Baker Valley glacier that flowed westward down the Skagit Valley during the early part of the Fraser Glaciation (Evans Creek Stade). Stratigraphic relations show that the Cordilleran Ice Sheet subsequently advanced up the Skagit Valley and into the Baker Valley during the Vashon Stade. Flow-direction indicators, as well as clast compositional variations in till and recessional deposits of Vashon age, indicate that this upvalley, eastward-advancing glacier was later overwhelmed by southeast-flowing ice of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet which entered the Baker Valley across the valley divide to the northwest.
","language":"English","publisher":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","doi":"10.2307/1550716","usgsCitation":"Heller, P.L., 1980, Multiple ice flow directions during the Fraser Glaciation in the lower Skagit River drainage, northern Cascade Range, Washington: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 12, no. 3, p. 299-308, https://doi.org/10.2307/1550716.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"308","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Range, Skagit River drainage","volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a606be4b0c8380cd71445","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heller, Paul L.","contributorId":83924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heller","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012371,"text":"70012371 - 1980 - Radiometric dating of sediments using fission tracks in conodonts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:04","indexId":"70012371","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiometric dating of sediments using fission tracks in conodonts","docAbstract":"Conodonts are microfossils which are commonly found in marine rocks of Cambrian to Triassic age. Although their biological affinities are difficult to assess, conodonts are valuable stratigraphical indices for much of their geological range1. Recent work has also established that conodont colour alteration indices (CAI) are useful guides to diagenetic temperatures and hence burial depth2. Fission tracks3 in conodonts allow measurement of uranium concentrations and estimates of 'age' to be made using isotopic methods4. We report here that fission tracks counted in irradiated, thermally unaltered (as indicated by CAI) middle Palaeozoic conodonts indicate typical uranium concentrations of ???1 part in 10 9, with some samples higher. A single specimen of Siphonodella from the Lower Mississippian yielded an age estimate of 380??140 Myr consistent with conventional interpolations. This method may also allow the unroofing of deeply buried sediments to be dated. ?? 1980 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/288359a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Sachs, H., Denkinger, M., Bennett, C., and Harris, A., 1980, Radiometric dating of sediments using fission tracks in conodonts: Nature, v. 288, no. 5789, p. 359-361, https://doi.org/10.1038/288359a0.","startPage":"359","endPage":"361","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205211,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/288359a0"},{"id":222200,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"288","issue":"5789","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9413e4b0c8380cd811ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sachs, H.M.","contributorId":92805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sachs","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Denkinger, M.","contributorId":15349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denkinger","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, C.L.","contributorId":28368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harris, A. G.","contributorId":39791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012164,"text":"70012164 - 1980 - Faulting caused by groundwater level declines, San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T12:27:50","indexId":"70012164","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Faulting caused by groundwater level declines, San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"Approximately 230 mm of aseismic vertical offset of the land surface across the Pond-Poso Creek fault in the San Joaquin Valley, California, probably is related to groundwater withdrawal for crop irrigation. The scarp is approximately 3.4 km long and occurs in an area where the land subsided more than 1.5 m from 1926 to 1970. Modern faulting postdates the beginning of water level declines and associated subsidence. Movement detected by precise leveling surveys from February 1977 to March 1979 was seasonal, occurring during periods of water level decline. Fault offset was greater in the year with the lower seasonal low water level. The modern movement probably is caused by localized differential compaction induced by differential water level declines across the preexisting fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR016i006p01065","usgsCitation":"Holzer, T.L., 1980, Faulting caused by groundwater level declines, San Joaquin Valley, California: Water Resources Research, v. 16, no. 6, p. 1065-1070, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR016i006p01065.","productDescription":"6p.","startPage":"1065","endPage":"1070","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Pond-Poso Creek fault, San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -122.87109375,\n 39.740986355883564\n ],\n [\n -122.58544921875,\n 38.685509760012\n ],\n [\n -121.5087890625,\n 37.125286284966805\n ],\n [\n -120.32226562500001,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -119.13574218749999,\n 34.57895241036948\n ],\n [\n -118.5205078125,\n 35.191766965947394\n ],\n [\n -118.54248046874999,\n 36.24427318493909\n ],\n [\n -118.7841796875,\n 36.66841891894786\n ],\n [\n -119.33349609375,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n -120.08056640625,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -120.95947265624999,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -121.53076171875,\n 39.740986355883564\n ],\n [\n -121.75048828124999,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n -122.4755859375,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 40.91351257612758\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f24e4b0c8380cd537c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holzer, Thomas L. tholzer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"Thomas","email":"tholzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":362905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012183,"text":"70012183 - 1980 - Chemical mass-wasting of the northern Yucatan Peninsula by groundwater dissolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-06T07:10:02","indexId":"70012183","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical mass-wasting of the northern Yucatan Peninsula by groundwater dissolution","docAbstract":"The northern part of the Yucatan Peninsula is a relatively flat, low-lying carbonate terrane with no geomorphic expressions of stream channels. It is estimated that mean annual recharge to the groundwater system is 150 mm. For the 65,500 km2 study area, mean annual discharge (equivalent to recharge) is 9.8 × 109 m3, or 8.6 × 106 m3 for each 1 km of the 1,100-km-long coastline. In the interior of the peninsula, the recharging water annually dissolves about 37.5 t (metric tons) of calcite per 1 km2. When the groundwater has become saturated with calcite, little additional water-rock interaction occurs until the active mixing (dispersion) zone is reached near the coastline.
Theoretical calculations and laboratory experiments have shown that when two waters, each calcite saturated and with different salinities, are mixed, the resulting solution generally becomes undersaturated with calcite and, therefore, is capable of dissolving additional calcite. On the basis of our study of the Xel Ha lagoon on the east coast of Yucatan, we calculate that as much as 1.2 mmol/L additional calcite can be dissolved in the brackish groundwater zone of dispersion. This indicates that if the total solution potential of the amount of water discharging at Xel Ha has focused within the lagoon area, the lagoon could be chemically incised in less than 3,000 yr. We postulate that chemical mass wasting by dissolution in the zone of groundwater mixing is an important geomorphic process in coastal areas of limestone terranes.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1980)8<222:CMOTNY>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Hanshaw, B., and Back, W., 1980, Chemical mass-wasting of the northern Yucatan Peninsula by groundwater dissolution: Geology, v. 8, no. 5, p. 222-224, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1980)8<222:CMOTNY>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p. ","startPage":"222","endPage":"224","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico ","otherGeospatial":"Yucatan Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.62597656249999,\n 18.114529138838503\n ],\n [\n -86.429443359375,\n 18.114529138838503\n ],\n [\n -86.429443359375,\n 22.471954507739227\n ],\n [\n -91.62597656249999,\n 22.471954507739227\n ],\n [\n -91.62597656249999,\n 18.114529138838503\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f57fe4b0c8380cd4c272","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanshaw, B.B.","contributorId":25928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Back, W.","contributorId":33839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012185,"text":"70012185 - 1980 - Geology and biology of Oceanographer submarine canyon.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:04","indexId":"70012185","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and biology of Oceanographer submarine canyon.","docAbstract":"Santonian beds more than 100 m thick are the oldest rocks collected from the canyon. Quaternary silty clay veneers the canyon walls in many places and is commonly burrowed by benthic organisms that cause extensive erosion of the canyon walls, especially in the depth zone (100-1300 m) inhabited by the crabs Geryon and Cancer. Bioerosion is minimal on high, near-vertical cliffs of sedimentary rock, in areas of continual sediment movement, and where the sea floor is paved by gravel. A thin layer of rippled, unconsolidated silt and sand is commonly present on the canyon walls and in the axis. Shelf sediments are transported from Georges Bank over the E rim and in the Canyon by the SW drift and storm currents; tidal currents and internal waves move the sediment downcanyon along the walls and axis.- from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(80)90004-3","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Valentine, P.C., Uzmann, J., and Cooper, R., 1980, Geology and biology of Oceanographer submarine canyon.: Marine Geology, v. 38, no. 4, p. 283-312, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(80)90004-3.","startPage":"283","endPage":"312","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205189,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(80)90004-3"}],"volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a22a3e4b0c8380cd57209","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valentine, P. C.","contributorId":46505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Uzmann, J. R.","contributorId":38647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uzmann","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooper, R.A.","contributorId":29509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012186,"text":"70012186 - 1980 - Stress measurements at depth in the vicinity of the San Andreas fault. Implications for the magnitude of shear stress at depth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T14:02:08.413139","indexId":"70012186","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress measurements at depth in the vicinity of the San Andreas fault. Implications for the magnitude of shear stress at depth","docAbstract":"Using the hydraulic fracturing technique, we have made a systematic series of in situ stress measurements in wells drilled near the San Andreas fault. In an attempt to provide constraints for the magnitude of shear stress on the San Andreas fault at depth we have measured both the variation of stress with distance from the fault in relatively shallow (∼230 m) wells and the variation of stress with depth in a ∼1-km-deep well located 4 km from the fault. The shallow wells are located along profiles roughly perpendicular to the fault in the western Mojave desert near Palmdale and in central California where the fault is creeping. In both areas the direction of maximum compression was found to be approximately 45° from the local trend of the San Andreas. The two stress profiles show very similar results: (1) shear stress (on planes parallel to the San Andreas) increases with distance from the fault, more markedly in the western Mojave, (2) the far-field shear stress at ∼200 m depth is ∼50 bars, and (3) the horizontal principal stresses as well as shear stress increase with depth more rapidly in the wells farthest from the fault. The ∼1-km-deep well, also located in the western Mojave desert, shows increases of both horizontal principal stresses and shear stress with depth. Shear stress increases from about 25 bars at 150–300 m to about 80 bars at 750–850 m. Although this rapid increase of shear stress with depth suggests that the mean shear stress on the fault at seismogenic depths exceeds several hundred bars, the principal stresses increase with depth in a steplike manner. As this may be a near-surface effect, extrapolation of the measurements to much greater depths may not be warranted.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB085iB11p06157","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Zobach, M., Tsukahara, H., and Hickman, S., 1980, Stress measurements at depth in the vicinity of the San Andreas fault. Implications for the magnitude of shear stress at depth: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 85, no. B11, p. 6157-6173, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB085iB11p06157.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"6157","endPage":"6173","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222057,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b5fe4b08c986b31ce2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zobach, M.D.","contributorId":20218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zobach","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tsukahara, H.","contributorId":16280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsukahara","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickman, S.","contributorId":79995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012212,"text":"70012212 - 1980 - Paleoenvironment of the New Albany Shale Group ( Devonian- Mississippian) of Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-23T00:47:22.727315","indexId":"70012212","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoenvironment of the New Albany Shale Group ( Devonian- Mississippian) of Illinois","docAbstract":"The distribution of lithofacies in the New Albany Shale Group of Illinois was determined by wave energy, bottom oxygenation, and bottom topography in a deep water stratified anoxic basin. A transect from the margin to the center of the Illinois Basin reveals a complete transition from high energy, aerobic, shallow-water environments to quiet, anaerobic, deep-water environments. Shallow areas at the margin of the basin are characterized by rapid facies transitions over short distances. High energy, very shallow conditions are recorded by oolitic-skeletal grainstones and packstones with abundant brachiopods, crinoids, trilobites, and other calcified marine invertebrates. Bioturbation did not destroy primary sedimentary structures in these facies. Offshore, less agitated areas are represented by highly bioturbated carbonate wackestones, argillaceous quartz siltstones, and greenish-gray mudstones. Calcified invertebrates are generally rare in these facies, indicating deposition in dysaerobic conditions. Basinward, slope areas are characterized by olive-gray to black, weakly bioturbated shales commonly interbedded with thickly laminated black shales. Trace fossils, including Zoophycos, Chondrites , and Planolites , are abundant along the bases of the olive-gray beds. In areas where the anaerobic/dysaerobic boundary intersected the bottom slope, slight fluctuations of the position of the boundary resulted in thin interbedding of olive-gray and black shales and laterally persistent interfingering of the two lithologies. Anaerobic conditions prevailed during most of New Albany time in the deepest areas of the basin, and finely laminated, undisturbed, pelagic black shales were deposited.
Nearly all Hawaiian basaltic lava erupts as pahoehoe, and some changes to aa during flowage and cooling; factors governing the transition involve certain critical relations between viscosity and rate of shear strain. If the lava slows, cools, and stops in direct response to concomitant increase in viscosity before these critical relations are reached, it remains pahoehoe. But, if flow mechanics (flow rate, flow dimensions, slope, momentum, etc.) impel the lava to continue to move and deform even after it has become highly viscous, the critical relations may be reached and the lava changes to aa.
Typical modes of transition from pahoehoe to aa include: (1) spontaneous formation of relatively stiff clots in parts of the flowing lava where shear rate is highest; these clots grow into discrete, rough, sticky masses to which the remaining fluid lava incrementally adheres; (2) fragmentation and immersion of solid or semi-solid surface crusts of pahoehoe by roiling movements of the flow, forming cores of discrete, tacky masses; (3) sudden renewed movement of lava stored and cooled within surface reservoirs to form clots. The masses, fragments, and clots in these transition modes are characterized by spinose, granulated surfaces; as flow movement continues, the masses and fragments aggregate, fracture, and grind together, completing the transition to aa.
Observations show that the critical relation between viscosity and rate of shear strain is inverse: if viscosity is low, a high rate of shear is required to begin the transition to aa; conversely, if viscosity is high, a much lower rate of shear will induce the transition. These relations can be demonstrated qualitatively with simple graphs, which can be used to examine the flow history of any selected finite lava element by tracing the path represented by its changing viscosity and shear rate. A broad, diffuse “transition threshold zone” in these graphs portrays the inverse critical relation between viscosity and shear rate; the transition to aa is represented by the path of the lava element crossing this zone.
Moving lava flows can be regarded as natural viscometers, by which shear stress and rate of shear strain at selected points can be determined and viscosity can be computed. By making such determinations under a wide range of conditions on pahoehoe, aa, and transitional flow types, the critical relations that control the pahoehoe-aa transition can be quantified.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(80)90033-5","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.W., and Tilling, R.I., 1980, Transition of basaltic lava from pahoehoe to aa, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Field observations and key factors: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 7, no. 3-4, p. 271-293, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(80)90033-5.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"293","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":" Kilauea Volcano","volume":"7","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb710e4b08c986b327039","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, Donald W.","contributorId":11209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":363011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012594,"text":"70012594 - 1980 - Resource estimation from historical data: Mercury, a test case","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:08","indexId":"70012594","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resource estimation from historical data: Mercury, a test case","docAbstract":"A simple technique based on historical records of tonnage and grade of ore produced provides a means for calculating how much of a mineral product will be available in the future at various average grades. Estimates made on this basis are independent of geologic considerations or changing economic and political factors, although they are based on mining history, which was largely determined by these factors. The relatively minor element, mercury, was used for the test case reported here, but the method has been found applicable to forecasts of resources for other mineral products. Mercury resources available in ore in which the average grade is as low as 0.1% are estimated to be 53 ??106kg (1.5 ??106flasks) for the United States and 1551 ??106kg (45 ??106flasks) for the world; this amount is more than adequate to meet predicted demand to the year 2000. The expectable price of mercury in 1978 dollars at this 0.1% grade is projected to be $58.75 per kg ($2,025 per flask), but at a 10% annual inflation rate, it would be more than $12,000 per flask. To satisfy just the projected U.S. demand for mercury by 2000, the price is calculated to be $48.96 per kg ($1,688 per flask) in 1978 dollars at an average annual grade of 0.12%. ?? 1980 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01028882","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Cargill, S., Root, D.H., and Bailey, E.H., 1980, Resource estimation from historical data: Mercury, a test case: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 12, no. 5, p. 489-522, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01028882.","startPage":"489","endPage":"522","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205197,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01028882"},{"id":222090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa9f1e4b0c8380cd86070","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cargill, S.M.","contributorId":64776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cargill","given":"S.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Root, D. H.","contributorId":74019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Root","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailey, E. H.","contributorId":44509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012627,"text":"70012627 - 1980 - The composition, structure, and stability of guinier-preston zones in lunar and terrestrial orthopyroxene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:04","indexId":"70012627","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3066,"text":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The composition, structure, and stability of guinier-preston zones in lunar and terrestrial orthopyroxene","docAbstract":"Lunar and terrestrial orthopyroxenes (Mg,Fe,Ca)2Si2O6 contain varying abundances of coherent, Ca-enriched Guinier-Preston (G.P.) zones. G.P. zones 5-6 unit cells thick have been found in one lunar sample whereas all other examples (lunar and terrestrial) are only one unit-cell-thick. Electron diffraction maxima from the larger lunar G.P. zones indicate that d100=18.52 A?? whereas, d100=18.2 A?? for the host. This increase in the a direction corresponds to an increase in calcium content in the G.P. zones over that of the host of ???25 mol% Ca2Si2O6. Diffraction patterns of the hk0 net from an area containing G.P. zones show extra spots (h=2 n+1) not observed in the host orthopyroxene (Pbca), that violate the a-glide of the host. The G.P. zones, therefore, have space group Pbc21 if it is assumed that the c-glide of pyroxene is retained and the space group of the G.P. zone is a subgroup of Pbca. The loss of the a-glide in the G.P. zones results in 4 distinct silica chains and 4 distinct cation sites M1A, M1B, M2A, M2B; by symmetry, equivalent M2A or M2B sites are clustered together in only one-half of the unit cell. As one-fourth of the divalent cations in the G.P. zones are calcium, ordering of Ca on M2A or M2B would produce a zone 9 A?? thick extended parallel to (100) with the composition of Ca(Mg,Fe)Si2O6, but constrained by the host to the structure of orthopyroxene. This zone and the Ca-poor half-unit-cell then constitute an 18 A?? thick G.P. zone. Heating experiments of varying duration indicate that the zones become unstable with respect to the host orthopyroxene at ???950??C for Wo0.6 and ???1,050??C for Wo2.5. The zones are interpreted in terms of the pyroxene subsolidus as a metastable phase having either a solvus relationship with orthopyroxene or originating as a distinct phase. The size, distribution, composition and structure of G.P. zones may be an important indicator of the low-temperature thermal history of orthopyroxene. ?? 1980 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00311049","issn":"03421791","usgsCitation":"Nord, G.L., 1980, The composition, structure, and stability of guinier-preston zones in lunar and terrestrial orthopyroxene: Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, v. 6, no. 2, p. 109-128, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00311049.","startPage":"109","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205270,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00311049"},{"id":222604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa4ee4b08c986b3227c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nord, Gordon L. Jr.","contributorId":12498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nord","given":"Gordon","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24611,"text":"ofr801172 - 1980 - Seismic hazard study of the western portion of the Garlock fault [California]","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-14T21:29:13.607587","indexId":"ofr801172","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-1172","title":"Seismic hazard study of the western portion of the Garlock fault [California]","docAbstract":"Investigations of the western segment of the Garlock fault were conducted at Castac Lake, Twin Lakes and Oak Creek Canyon. Studies were concentrated on the youngest fault trace as delineated by Clark (1973). Seismic refraction surveys, topographic surveys and geologic mapping provided positive evidence for fault offsets in Quaternary deposits at Twin Lakes and Oak Creek Canyon.
Investigations at Castac Lake were concentrated on the fault segment north of the lake. Previous investigations south of the lake and across the dry lake bottom exposed unbroken strata dating back 8050 +300 years B.P. No evidence of offset of young deposits was found north of the lake from surface investigations or seismic refraction data.
Trenching of sag pond deposits at Twin Lakes revealed fault traces representing 2 events confined to a zone 3 meters wide. The stratigraphy at Twin Lakes consists of alternating units of clay and sand allowing measurements of vertical offsets. Based on radiocarbon dates of detrital charcoal, the most recent movement occurred less than 890 +195 years B.P. and the proceeding event occurred greater than 2,800 +165 years B.P. Total vertical offset was 80 to 100 cm for the most recent movement and 55-60 cm for the proceeding event.
Geomorphic analysis of offset alluvial stream channels at Oak Creek Canyon provided an estimate of 1.6 to 3.3 mm per year of left lateral movement during Holocene and late Pleistocene times. This estimate is based on correlation of soil profile development with dated soil stratigraphy in the San Joaquin Valley. Scarp heights and lack of definitive evidence for recent left-lateral offset in Oak Creek Canyon indicates a significant and perhaps predominant vertical component of movement with: 1) a comparatively long recurrence interval and/or 2) a small component of left-lateral movement. Arching of late Pleistocene deposits in Oak Creek Canyon is consistent with right-lateral rather than left-lateral wrench faulting, suggesting a fluctuation in stresses along this part of the fault since late Pleistocene time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr801172","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Stepp, J., LaViolette, J., and Christenson, G., 1980, Seismic hazard study of the western portion of the Garlock fault [California]: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-1172, Report: v, 65 p.; 4 Plates: 46.03 x 28.13 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr801172.","productDescription":"Report: v, 65 p.; 4 Plates: 46.03 x 28.13 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":466313,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1172/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":466312,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1172/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":466311,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1172/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":466310,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1172/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":466309,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1172/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157689,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"state":"California","tableOfContents":"The San Francisco River area includes about 950 square miles in Greenlee County in east-central Arizona. Water-resources development has been slight compared with that in many areas in Arizona. In 1978 about 500 acre-feet of water was diverted for irrigation from the San Francisco and Blue Rivers, and about 550 acre-feet of ground water was withdrawn from wells for municipal use at Clifton. Surface water and ground water generally contained less than 500 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids; however, in the San Francisco River the dissolved-solids concentration increased from 263 to 885 milligrams per liter as the water moved downstream. The increase in dissolved solids was caused by inflow from springs near Clifton, one of which contained 11,700 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids. Information shown on the maps includes altitude of the water level, depth to water, well depth, streamflow characteristics of the San Francisco and Blue Rivers, and dissolved-solids and fluoride concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr80441","usgsCitation":"Mann, L.J., 1980, Maps showing hydrologic conditions in the San Francisco River area, Greenlee County, Arizona, 1978: A reconnaissance study (WRI/OFR): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-441, 2 Plate: 27.50 × 33.00 inches and 27.92 × 33.53 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80441.","productDescription":"2 Plate: 27.50 × 33.00 inches and 27.92 × 33.53 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":410221,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_11635.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":83191,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0441/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83190,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0441/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Greenlee county","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco River area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.464,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -109.464,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -109.05,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -109.05,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -109.464,\n 33.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"WRI/OFR","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605ad4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mann, Larry J.","contributorId":48531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22555,"text":"ofr80703 - 1980 - Seismic engineering data report; the Imperial Valley earthquake, October 15, 1979: Digitization and processing of accelerograph records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-09T21:09:03.777968","indexId":"ofr80703","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-703","title":"Seismic engineering data report; the Imperial Valley earthquake, October 15, 1979: Digitization and processing of accelerograph records","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr80703","usgsCitation":"Brady, A., Perez, V., and Mork, P.N., 1980, Seismic engineering data report; the Imperial Valley earthquake, October 15, 1979: Digitization and processing of accelerograph records: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-703, 311 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80703.","productDescription":"311 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410229,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75277.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":52045,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0703/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0703/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.8,\n 33.25\n ],\n [\n -115.8,\n 32.667\n ],\n [\n -115.3083,\n 32.667\n ],\n [\n -115.3083,\n 33.25\n ],\n [\n -115.8,\n 33.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb898","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brady, A. G.","contributorId":61794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perez, Virgilio","contributorId":37740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perez","given":"Virgilio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mork, P. N.","contributorId":33309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mork","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221592,"text":"5221592 - 1980 - Early concentrations of Brown Pelicans along southern Oregon coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-09T16:39:14.540082","indexId":"5221592","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2793,"text":"Murrelet","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early concentrations of Brown Pelicans along southern Oregon coast","docAbstract":"The California Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis californicus), which nests in southern California and Mexico, wanders north along the coast after the breeding season, sometimes as far as southern British Columbia (A.O.U. 1957). Anderson and Anderson (1976) and Ainley (1972) report that Mexico-originating pelicans disperse north in late summer and fall, increasing California coastal counts from late July through early November each year. Gabrielson and Jewett (1940) and Bayer (1977) reported that the northward flight into Oregon apparently occurs in July, and there are usually few present after the first of November. Similarly, Marshall (1969) reported that the Brown Pelican appeared regularly in the Netarts-Tillamook Bay area and more southern coastal points from August through November and indicated that a recent high count in Oregon was 110 in the Netarts-Tillamook Bay area on 27 August 1967. Bayer (1977) simultaneously observed 182 immature and 12 adult Brown Pelicans in the Yaquina estuary in October 1975 but noted that the number of adult pelicans (less than 20) observed in the Yaquina estuary seemed to remain relatively unchanged from year to year. He observed no more than 60 birds at a time in the Yaquina estuary in other years.
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\"}}]}","volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c232","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collins, J.A.","contributorId":72412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221607,"text":"5221607 - 1980 - Wildlife hazards from Furadan 3G applications to rice in Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-28T16:09:46.407372","indexId":"5221607","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wildlife hazards from Furadan 3G applications to rice in Texas","docAbstract":"Mortality of birds, fish, frogs, crayfish, earthworms, and nontarget insects occurred in rice fields after treatments of Furadan 3G granules in 3 Texas counties in 1970 and 1973-75. Three western sandpipers (Ereunetes mauri), 1 pectoral sandpiper (Erolia melanotos), and 2 red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were found dead or moribund between 17 and 24 hours after treatment. Cricket frogs (Acris crepitans blanchardi) were intoxicated 15 minutes post-treatment, and mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) showed effects 1 hour post-treatment. Mortality of mosquito fish, Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus), Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus), and European carp (Cyprinus carpio) usually occurred between 24 and 28 hours after treatment. Mortality of frogs, crayfish, and nontarget insects generally occurred in rice field water between 1 and 45 hours after treatment. Mortality of earthworms in soil persisted for 52 hours. As a replacement for aldrin in Texas rice fields, Furadan 3G appeared to cause less mortality of birds than aldrin, but Furadan 3G was toxic to birds, fish, and invertebrates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808365","usgsCitation":"Flickinger, E.L., King, K.A., Stout, W., and Mohn, M., 1980, Wildlife hazards from Furadan 3G applications to rice in Texas: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 44, no. 1, p. 190-197, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808365.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"197","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193448,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Brazoria County, Colorado County, Wharton 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\"}}]}","volume":"44","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0224","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flickinger, Edward L.","contributorId":48907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flickinger","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Kirke A.","contributorId":17727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Kirke","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stout, W.F.","contributorId":40567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stout","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mohn, M.M.","contributorId":57169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mohn","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012379,"text":"70012379 - 1980 - Sedimentary and structural patterns on the northern Santa Rosa-Cortes Ridge, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T15:23:09.867362","indexId":"70012379","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentary and structural patterns on the northern Santa Rosa-Cortes Ridge, southern California","docAbstract":"The Santa Rosa-Cortes Ridge is an 1800 m high, 180 km long feature lying approximately 90 km off the coast of southern California and directly south of the northern group of Channel Islands. Geophysical profiling and sampling cruises to the northern part of the ridge, an area of recent and future lease sales for petroleum development, provide a strong data base for interpretation of structural and sedimentary patterns and their relation to potential geologic hazards. The northern part of the ridge is a complexly folded and faulted northwest-trending anticlinorium composed mostly of lower and middle Miocene shale and mudstone. Erosional remnants of upper Miocene and Pliocene rocks unconformably overlie highly folded pre-upper Miocene strata. The major structure of the ridge developed almost continuously from Oligocene or early Miocene time to the end of the Tertiary; many small folds formed between post-late Miocene and pre-late Pleistocene time. Numerous small faults cut the rocks on the ridge top. Faults cut basement rocks on the west side of the ridge along the Ferrelo fault zone. Published data on historical epicenters and evidence of offsets on the seafloor from seismic reflection and side-scan profiles, including limited evidence of possible strike-slip movement along fault traces, indicate that the northern Santa Rosa-Cortes Ridge is tectonically active.
The crest of the ridge was truncated as the result of repeated sea-level fluctuations in the Quaternary. A thin veneer of unconsolidated medium to fine sand, less than 3 m thick, mantles most of the ridge; locally in topographically low areas and on the upper flanks of the ridge, thickness exceeds 20 m. The meager sediment cover, coupled with available evidence of relatively strong currents flowing across the ridge top, indicate that the ridge is an area of nondeposition or winnowing of fine sediments. Modern sediments become thicker and finer-grained from the ridge top to the ridge flanks, suggesting active accretion in those areas. Slumps are present at various depths on the flanks, and it seems probable that the thicker deposits (> 20 m) of modern sediments on the upper flanks will be sites of future slumping.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(80)90142-5","usgsCitation":"Field, M.E., and Richmond, W.C., 1980, Sedimentary and structural patterns on the northern Santa Rosa-Cortes Ridge, southern California: Marine Geology, v. 34, no. 1-2, p. 79-98, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(80)90142-5.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"98","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222347,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Rosa-Cortes Ridge, southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.2161864043544,\n 36.94578879902926\n ],\n [\n -122.2161864043544,\n 32.5375086448024\n ],\n [\n -114.39714860847357,\n 32.5375086448024\n ],\n [\n -114.39714860847357,\n 36.94578879902926\n ],\n [\n -122.2161864043544,\n 36.94578879902926\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a11e4b08c986b316ff9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, Michael E. mfield@usgs.gov","contributorId":2101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Michael","email":"mfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":363412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richmond, William C.","contributorId":85585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012417,"text":"70012417 - 1980 - Radar, visual and thermal characteristics of Mars: Rough planar surfaces","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-21T00:38:05.781087","indexId":"70012417","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radar, visual and thermal characteristics of Mars: Rough planar surfaces","docAbstract":"High-resolution Viking Orbiter images (10 to 15 m/pixel) contain significant information on Martian surface roughness at 25- to 100-m lateral scales, whereas Earth-based radar observations of Mars are sensitive to roughness at lateral scales of 1 to 30 m, or more. High-rms slopes predicted for the Tharsis-Memnonia-Amazonis volcanic plains from extremely weak radar returns (low peak radar cross section) are qualitatively confirmed by the Viking image data. Large-scale, curvilinear (but parallel) ridges on lava flows in the Memnonia Fossae region are interpreted as innate flow morphology caused by compressional foldover of moving lava sheets of possible rhyolite-dacite composition. The presence or absence of a recent mantle of fine-grained eolian material on the volcanic surfaces studied was determined by the visibility of fresh impact craters with diameters less than 50 m. Lava flows south and west of Arsia Mons, and within the large region of low thermal inertia centered on Tharsis Montes (H. H. Kieffer et al., 1977, J. Geophys. Res.82, 4249–4291), were found to possess such a recent mantle. At predawn residual temperatures ≥ −10K (south boundary of this low-temperature region), lava flows are shown to have relatively old eolian mantles. Lava flows with surfaces modified by eolian erosion and deposition occur west-northwest of Apollinaris Patera at the border of the cratered equatorial uplands and southern Elysium Planitia. Nearby yardangs, for which radar observations indicate very high-rms slopes, are similar to terrestrial features of similar origin.