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Historic land use, dam construction, water storage, and flow diversions in the Trinity River watershed have resulted in downstream geomorphic change, loss of salmonid habitat, and declines in salmonid populations. The USGS in cooperation with the Trinity River Restoration Program, a multi-agency partnership tasked with implementing federally mandated restoration, completed a geomorphic change assessment to inform the planning process for future restoration work. This report documents an ARCMAP geodatabase (v.10.0) containing geomorphic features digitized from a series of rectified orthophotographs (http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7TT4P04). Upland, riparian, and channel features were digitized from six available base images (1980, 1997, 2001, 2006, 2009, and 2011). This report describes the structure of the geodatabase and the methods used to delineate individual geomorphic features.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151047","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Trinity River Restoration Program","usgsCitation":"Curtis, J.A., and Guerrero, T.M., 2015, Geomorphic mapping to support river restoration on the Trinity River downstream from Lewiston Dam, California, 1980-2011: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1047, Report: iv, 15 p.; Database of Geomorphic Features, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151047.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 15 p.; Database of Geomorphic Features","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1980-01-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-036622","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7TT4P04","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geomorphic 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Anomaly","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-24T16:23:28","indexId":"70148028","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-13T15:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1198,"text":"Catena","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Holocene flood probabilities in the Black Hills, South Dakota with emphasis on the Medieval Climate Anomaly","docAbstract":"

A stratigraphic record of 35 large paleofloods and four large historical floods during the last 2000 years for four basins in the Black Hills of South Dakota reveals three long-term flooding episodes, identified using probability distributions, at A.D.: 120–395, 900–1290, and 1410 to present. During the Medieval Climate Anomaly (~ A.D. 900–1300) the four basins collectively experienced 13 large floods compared to nine large floods in the previous 800 years, including the largest floods of the last 2000 years for two of the four basins. This high concentration of extreme floods is likely caused by one or more of the following: 1) instability of air masses caused by stronger than normal westerlies; 2) larger or more frequent hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean; and/or 3) reduced land covering vegetation or increased forest fires caused by persistent regional drought.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2014.10.002","usgsCitation":"Harden, T., O'Connor, J., and Driscoll, D.G., 2015, Late Holocene flood probabilities in the Black Hills, South Dakota with emphasis on the Medieval Climate Anomaly: Catena, v. 130, p. 62-68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.10.002.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"62","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055115","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300376,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Black Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.55318069458008,\n 44.078706730986426\n ],\n [\n -103.55781555175781,\n 44.08388589964452\n ],\n [\n -103.53378295898438,\n 44.31009208868226\n ],\n [\n -103.42889785766602,\n 44.2867486691176\n ],\n [\n -103.22959899902344,\n 43.97848702497319\n ],\n [\n -103.33946228027344,\n 43.9814516139716\n ],\n [\n -103.55318069458008,\n 44.078706730986426\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"130","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555467a5e4b0a92fa7e94f11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harden, Tessa M. 0000-0001-9854-1347","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9854-1347","contributorId":85690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harden","given":"Tessa M.","affiliations":[{"id":6736,"text":"Bureau of Reclamation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Connor, James E. oconnor@usgs.gov","contributorId":138998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connor","given":"James E.","email":"oconnor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Driscoll, Daniel G. dgdrisco@usgs.gov","contributorId":1558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Daniel","email":"dgdrisco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148032,"text":"70148032 - 2015 - Identifying multiple timescale rainfall controls on Mojave Desert ecohydrology using an integrated data and modeling approach for Larrea tridentata","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-03T10:20:43","indexId":"70148032","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-13T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identifying multiple timescale rainfall controls on Mojave Desert ecohydrology using an integrated data and modeling approach for Larrea tridentata","docAbstract":"

The perennial shrub Larrea tridentata is widely successful in North American warm deserts but is also susceptible to climatic perturbations. Understanding its response to rainfall variability requires consideration of multiple timescales. We examine intra-annual to multi-year relationships using model simulations of soil moisture and vegetation growth over 50 years in the Mojave National Preserve in southeastern California (USA). Ecohydrological model parameters are conditioned on field and remote sensing data using an ensemble Kalman filter. Although no specific periodicities were detected in the rainfall record, simulated leaf-area-index exhibits multi-year dynamics that are driven by multi-year (∼3-years) rains, but with up to a 1-year delay in peak response. Within a multi-year period, Larrea tridentata is more sensitive to winter rains than summer. In the most active part of the root zone (above ∼80 cm), >1-year average soil moisture drives vegetation growth, but monthly average soil moisture is controlled by root uptake. Moisture inputs reach the lower part of the root zone (below ∼80 cm) infrequently, but once there they can persist over a year to help sustain plant growth. Parameter estimates highlight efficient plant physiological properties facilitating persistent growth and high soil hydraulic conductivity allowing deep soil moisture stores. We show that soil moisture as an ecological indicator is complicated by bidirectional interactions with vegetation that depend on timescale and depth. Under changing climate, Larrea tridentata will likely be relatively resilient to shorter-term moisture variability but will exhibit higher sensitivity to shifts in seasonal to multi-year moisture inputs.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc.","doi":"10.1002/2015WR017240","usgsCitation":"Ng, G.C., Bedford, D.R., and Miller, D.M., 2015, Identifying multiple timescale rainfall controls on Mojave Desert ecohydrology using an integrated data and modeling approach for Larrea tridentata: Water Resources Research, v. 51, no. 6, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017240.","productDescription":"16 p.","endPage":"3884","numberOfPages":"3899","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060056","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015wr017240","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300371,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave 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PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555467a4e4b0a92fa7e94f0f","chorus":{"doi":"10.1002/2015wr017240","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015wr017240","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Ng Gene-Hua Crystal, Bedford David R., Miller David M.","journalName":"Water Resources Research","publicationDate":"6/2015","auditedOn":"7/24/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ng, Gene-Hua Crystal","contributorId":140765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ng","given":"Gene-Hua","email":"","middleInitial":"Crystal","affiliations":[{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bedford, David R. dbedford@usgs.gov","contributorId":3852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedford","given":"David","email":"dbedford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":140766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148033,"text":"70148033 - 2015 - Using biotic ligand models to predict metal toxicity in mineralized systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-13T13:56:29","indexId":"70148033","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-13T13:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using biotic ligand models to predict metal toxicity in mineralized systems","docAbstract":"

The biotic ligand model (BLM) is a numerical approach that couples chemical speciation calculations with toxicological information to predict the toxicity of aquatic metals. This approach was proposed as an alternative to expensive toxicological testing, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency incorporated the BLM into the 2007 revised aquatic life ambient freshwater quality criteria for Cu. Research BLMs for Ag, Ni, Pb, and Zn are also available, and many other BLMs are under development. Current BLMs are limited to ‘one metal, one organism’ considerations. Although the BLM generally is an improvement over previous approaches to determining water quality criteria, there are several challenges in implementing the BLM, particularly at mined and mineralized sites. These challenges include: (1) historically incomplete datasets for BLM input parameters, especially dissolved organic carbon (DOC), (2) several concerns about DOC, such as DOC fractionation in Fe- and Al-rich systems and differences in DOC quality that result in variations in metal-binding affinities, (3) water-quality parameters and resulting metal-toxicity predictions that are temporally and spatially dependent, (4) additional influences on metal bioavailability, such as multiple metal toxicity, dietary metal toxicity, and competition among organisms or metals, (5) potential importance of metal interactions with solid or gas phases and/or kinetically controlled reactions, and (6) tolerance to metal toxicity observed for aquatic organisms living in areas with elevated metal concentrations.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.07.005","usgsCitation":"Smith, K.S., Balistrieri, L.S., and Todd, A.S., 2015, Using biotic ligand models to predict metal toxicity in mineralized systems: Applied Geochemistry, v. 57, p. 55-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.07.005.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057252","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.07.005","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300370,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555467aae4b0a92fa7e94f1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Kathleen S. 0000-0001-8547-9804 ksmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kathleen","email":"ksmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Balistrieri, Laurie S. 0000-0002-6359-3849 balistri@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6359-3849","contributorId":1406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balistrieri","given":"Laurie","email":"balistri@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Todd, Andrew S. atodd@usgs.gov","contributorId":1022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Andrew","email":"atodd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148025,"text":"70148025 - 2015 - The fate of cyanide in leach wastes at gold mines: an environmental perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-13T11:22:28","indexId":"70148025","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-13T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The fate of cyanide in leach wastes at gold mines: an environmental perspective","docAbstract":"

This paper reviews the basic chemistry of cyanide, methods by which cyanide can be analyzed, and aspects of cyanide behavior that are most relevant to environmental considerations at mineral processing operations associated with gold mines. The emphasis is on research results reported since 1999 and on data gathered for a series of U.S. Geological Survey studies that began in the late 1990s. Cyanide is added to process solutions as the CN− anion, but ore leaching produces numerous other cyanide-containing and cyanide-related species in addition to the desired cyanocomplex of gold. These can include hydrogen cyanide (HCN); cyanometallic complexes of iron, copper, zinc, nickel, and many other metals; cyanate (CNO−); and thiocyanate (SCN−). The fate of these species in solid wastes and residual process solutions that remain once gold recovery activities are terminated and in any water that moves beyond the ore processing facility dictates the degree to which cyanide poses a risk to aquatic organisms and aquatic-dependent organisms in the local environment.

\n

Cyanide-containing and cyanide-related species are subject to attenuation mechanisms that lead to dispersal to the atmosphere, chemical transformation to other carbon and nitrogen species, or sequestration as cyanometallic precipitates or adsorbed species on mineral surfaces. Dispersal to the atmosphere and chemical transformation amount to permanent elimination of cyanide, whereas sequestration amounts to storage of cyanide in locations from which it can potentially be remobilized by infiltrating waters if conditions change. From an environmental perspective, the most significant cyanide releases from gold leach operations involve catastrophic spills of process solutions or leakage of effluent to the unsaturated or saturated zones. These release pathways are unfavorable for two important cyanide attenuation mechanisms that tend to occur naturally: dispersal of free cyanide to the atmosphere and sunlight-catalyzed dissociation of strong cyanometallic complexes, which produces free cyanide that can then disperse to the atmosphere. The widest margins of environmental safety will be achieved where mineral processing operations are designed so that time for offgassing, aeration, and sunlight exposure are maximized in the event that cyanide-bearing solutions are released inadvertently.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.05.023","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C.A., 2015, The fate of cyanide in leach wastes at gold mines: an environmental perspective: Applied Geochemistry, v. 57, p. 194-205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.05.023.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"194","endPage":"205","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056745","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300365,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555467a6e4b0a92fa7e94f15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Craig A. 0000-0002-1334-2996 cjohnso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Craig","email":"cjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70148019,"text":"70148019 - 2015 - Characteristics and environmental aspects of slag: a review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T10:52:00","indexId":"70148019","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-13T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characteristics and environmental aspects of slag: a review","docAbstract":"

Slag is a waste product from the pyrometallurgical processing of various ores. Based on over 150 published studies, this paper provides an overview of mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of different types of slag and their environmental consequences, particularly from the release of potentially toxic elements to water. This chapter reviews the characteristics of both ferrous (steel and blast furnace Fe) and non-ferrous (Ag, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) slag. Interest in slag has been increasing steadily as large volumes, on the order of hundreds of millions of tonnes, are produced annually worldwide. Research on slag generally focuses on potential environmental issues related to the weathering of slag dumps or on its utility as a construction material or reprocessing for secondary metal recovery. The chemistry and mineralogy of slag depend on the metallurgical processes that create the material and will influence its fate as waste or as a reusable product.

\n

The composition of ferrous slag is dominated by Ca and Si. Steel slag may contain significant Fe, whereas Mg and Al may be significant in Fe slag. Calcium-rich olivine-group silicates, melilite-group silicates that contain Al or Mg, Ca-rich glass, and oxides are the most commonly reported major phases in ferrous slag. Calcite and trace amounts of a variety of sulfides, intermetallic compounds, and pure metals are typically also present. The composition of non-ferrous slag, most commonly from base-metal production, is dominated by Fe and Si with significant but lesser amounts of Al and Ca. Silicates in the olivine, pyroxene, and melilite groups, as well as glass, spinels, and SiO2 (i.e., quartz and other polymorphs) are commonly found in non-ferrous slag. Sulfides and intermetallic compounds are less abundant than the silicates and oxides. The concentrations of some elements exceed generic USEPA soil screening levels for human contact based on multiple exposure pathways; these elements include Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn based on bulk chemical composition. Each slag type usually contains a specific suite of elements that may be of environmental concern. In general, non-ferrous slag may have a higher potential to negatively impact the environment compared to ferrous slag, and is thus a less attractive material for reuse, based on trace element chemistry, principally for base metals. However, the amount of elements released into the environment is not always consistent with bulk chemical composition. Many types of leaching tests have been used to help predict slag’s long-term environmental behavior. Overall, ferrous slags produce an alkaline leachate due to the dissolution of Ca oxides and silicates derived from compounds originally added as fluxing agents, such as lime. Ferrous slag leachate is commonly less metal-rich than leachate from non-ferrous slag generated during base metal extraction; the latter leachate may even be acidic due to the oxidation of sulfides. Because of its characteristics, ferrous slag is commonly used for construction and environmental applications, whereas both non-ferrous and ferrous slag may be reprocessed for secondary metal recovery. Both types of slag have been a source of some environmental contamination. Research into the environmental aspects of slag will continue to be an important topic whether the goal is its reuse, recycling, or remediation.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.04.009","usgsCitation":"Piatak, N.M., Parsons, M.B., and Seal, R., 2015, Characteristics and environmental aspects of slag: a review: Applied Geochemistry, v. 57, p. 236-266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.04.009.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"236","endPage":"266","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-025316","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300358,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555467a3e4b0a92fa7e94f0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatak, Nadine M. 0000-0002-1973-8537 npiatak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":2324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"Nadine","email":"npiatak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, Michael B.","contributorId":140759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parsons","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":13092,"text":"Geological Survey of Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70145247,"text":"ofr20151057 - 2015 - Field observations of artificial sand and oil agglomerates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-12T11:41:56","indexId":"ofr20151057","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-12T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1057","title":"Field observations of artificial sand and oil agglomerates","docAbstract":"

Oil that comes into the surf zone following spills, such as occurred during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout, can mix with local sediment to form heavier-than-water sand and oil agglomerates (SOAs), at times in the form of mats a few centimeters thick and tens of meters long. Smaller agglomerates that form in situ or pieces that break off of larger mats, sometimes referred to as surface residual balls (SRBs), range in size from sand-sized grains to patty-shaped pieces several centimeters (cm) in diameter. These mobile SOAs can cause beach oiling for extended periods following the spill, on the scale of years as in the case of DWH. Limited research, including a prior effort by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) investigating SOA mobility, alongshore transport, and seafloor interaction using numerical model output, focused on the physical dynamics of SOAs. To address this data gap, we constructed artificial sand and oil agglomerates (aSOAs) with sand and paraffin wax to mimic the size and density of genuine SOAs. These aSOAs were deployed in the nearshore off the coast of St. Petersburg, Florida, during a field experiment to investigate their movement and seafloor interaction. This report presents the methodology for constructing aSOAs and describes the field experiment. Data acquired during the field campaign, including videos and images of aSOA movement in the nearshore (1.5-meter and 0.5-meter water depth) and in the swash zone, are also presented in this report.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151057","usgsCitation":"Dalyander, P., Long, J.W., Plant, N.G., McLaughlin, M.R., and Mickey, R., 2015, Field observations of artificial sand and oil agglomerates: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1057, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151057.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059854","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300347,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151057.jpg"},{"id":300346,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1057/ofr2015-1057_title-page.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":299400,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1057/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Pinellas County","city":"St. Petersberg","otherGeospatial":"Fort De Soto Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.75074005126953,\n 27.604910228553223\n ],\n [\n -82.75074005126953,\n 27.633048834227715\n ],\n [\n -82.72069931030273,\n 27.633048834227715\n ],\n [\n -82.72069931030273,\n 27.604910228553223\n ],\n [\n -82.75074005126953,\n 27.604910228553223\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55531620e4b0a92fa7e94c43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dalyander, Patricia (Soupy) 0000-0001-9583-0872 sdalyander@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9583-0872","contributorId":5318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalyander","given":"Patricia (Soupy)","email":"sdalyander@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, Joseph W. 0000-0003-2912-1992 jwlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2912-1992","contributorId":3303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Joseph","email":"jwlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plant, Nathaniel G. 0000-0002-5703-5672 nplant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5703-5672","contributorId":3503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nplant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McLaughlin, Molly R. 0000-0001-6962-6392 mmclaughlin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6962-6392","contributorId":4089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Molly","email":"mmclaughlin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mickey, Rangley C. rmickey@usgs.gov","contributorId":5741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mickey","given":"Rangley C.","email":"rmickey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70147789,"text":"sir20155006 - 2015 - Summary of urban stormwater quality in Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2003-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-12T11:28:25","indexId":"sir20155006","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-12T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5006","title":"Summary of urban stormwater quality in Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2003-12","docAbstract":"

Urban stormwater in the Albuquerque metropolitan area was sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the City of Albuquerque, the Albuquerque Metropolitan Arroyo Flood Control Authority, the New Mexico Department of Transportation, and the University of New Mexico. Stormwater was sampled from a network of monitoring stations from 2003 to 2012 by following regulatory requirements for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System stormwater permit. During this period, stormwater was sampled in the Albuquerque metropolitan area at outfalls from nine drainage basins with residential, industrial, commercial, agricultural, and undeveloped land uses. Stormwater samples were analyzed for selected physical and chemical characteristics, nutrients, major ions, metals, organic compounds, and bacteria.

\n

General quality of stormwater samples, as measured by dissolved solids, nutrient (with the exception of phosphorus), major ion, and dissolved metal concentrations, was similar to that in samples from the Rio Grande.

\n

Of the nearly 200 organic compounds that were analyzed for this study, less than one-third (58 constituents) were positively identified at or above the analytical detection limit in stormwater. Concentrations for volatile organic compounds, semivolatile organic compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides were generally low in the stormwater samples. Fifteen of the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons listed on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Priority Chemicals list were detected in at least one stormwater sample from each outfall. Maximum concentrations for some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in stormwater did exceed a water-quality criterion.

\n

Median concentrations for Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria in the stormwater samples, including those from the background location (Embudo Arroyo), were above the New Mexico water-quality standard. Concentrations for E. coli in stormwater often exceeded the water-quality criterion.

\n

The stormwater quality in Albuquerque was compared with that of six other Western U.S. cities (Phoenix, Arizona; Tucson, Arizona; Las Vegas, Nevada; Denver, Colorado; Salt Lake City, Utah; and Boise, Idaho) for selected constituents. In general, water-quality data for stormwater samples from these six other Western U.S. cities were similar to water-quality data for the stormwater samples from the Albuquerque outfalls. Median concentrations for suspended solids, total phosphorus, and bacteria (E. coli and fecal coliform) in stormwater samples from the Albuquerque outfalls, as a whole, were higher than those in samples from the other Western U.S. cities except for Las Vegas.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155006","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Albuquerque, the Albuquerque Metropolitan Arroyo Flood Control Authority, the New Mexico Department of Transportation, and the University of New Mexico","usgsCitation":"Storms, E.F., Oelsner, G.P., Locke, E.A., Stevens, M.R., and Romero, O.C., 2015, Summary of urban stormwater quality in Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2003-12: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5006, ix, 48 p.; 3 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155006.","productDescription":"ix, 48 p.; 3 Appendices","numberOfPages":"61","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-053307","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300334,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155006.jpg"},{"id":300330,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5006/pdf/sir2015-5006.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.62 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300331,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5006/downloads/sir2015-5006_appendix1","text":"Appendix 1","description":"Appendix 1"},{"id":300332,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5006/downloads/sir2015-5006_appendix2","text":"Appendix 2","description":"Appendix 2"},{"id":300333,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5006/downloads/sir2015-5006_appendix3.xlsx","text":"Appendix 3","size":"238 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 3"},{"id":300127,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5006/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","city":"Albuquerque","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.81869506835938,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -106.81869506835938,\n 35.2355245419696\n ],\n [\n -106.46026611328125,\n 35.2355245419696\n ],\n [\n -106.46026611328125,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -106.81869506835938,\n 35.0120020431607\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55531622e4b0a92fa7e94c4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storms, Erik F. estorms@usgs.gov","contributorId":5582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storms","given":"Erik","email":"estorms@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oelsner, Gretchen P. 0000-0001-9329-7357 goelsner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9329-7357","contributorId":4440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oelsner","given":"Gretchen","email":"goelsner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Locke, Evan A. elocke@usgs.gov","contributorId":5583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"Evan","email":"elocke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stevens, Michael R. 0000-0002-9476-6335 mrsteven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6335","contributorId":769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Michael","email":"mrsteven@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Romero, Orlando C. 0000-0003-0162-0239 ocromero@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0162-0239","contributorId":5077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romero","given":"Orlando","email":"ocromero@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70145564,"text":"sir20155048 - 2015 - Bathymetric and velocimetric surveys at highway bridges crossing the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers on the periphery of Missouri, June 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-12T10:31:47","indexId":"sir20155048","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-12T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5048","title":"Bathymetric and velocimetric surveys at highway bridges crossing the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers on the periphery of Missouri, June 2014","docAbstract":"

Bathymetric and velocimetric data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Transportation, in the vicinity of 8 bridges at 7 highway crossings of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers on the periphery of Missouri from June 3 to 11, 2014. A multibeam echosounder mapping system was used to obtain channel-bed elevations for river reaches ranging from 1,525 to 1,640 feet longitudinally, and extending laterally across the active channel from bank to bank during low- to moderate-flow conditions. These bathymetric surveys indicate the channel conditions at the time of the surveys and provide characteristics of scour holes that may be useful in the development of predictive guidelines or equations for scour holes. These data also may be useful to the Missouri Department of Transportation as a low- to moderate-flow comparison to help assess the bridges for stability and integrity issues with respect to bridge scour during floods.

\n

Bathymetric data were collected around every pier that was in water, except those at the edge of water or in very shallow water (less than about 6 feet). Scour holes were observed at most piers for which bathymetry could be obtained, except at piers on channel banks, on exposed bedrock outcrops, or surrounded by riprap. Scour holes observed at the surveyed bridges were examined with respect to depth and shape, and the effects of riprap blankets or other rock near the piers. The presence of riprap blankets, depth of fluvial material on top of a riprap blanket, and alignment to flow had a substantial effect on the size of the scour hole observed for a given pier. Piers that were surrounded by riprap blankets had scour holes that were substantially smaller (to non-existent) compared to piers at which no rock or riprap was present. Although exposure of parts of foundational support elements was observed at several piers, at most sites the exposure likely can be considered minimal compared to the overall substructure that remains buried in channel-bed material; however, there were several notable exceptions where the bed material thickness between the bottom of the scour hole and bedrock was less than 6 feet. Such substantial exposure of usually buried substructural elements may warrant special observation in future flood events, even when designed to be exposed.

\n

Previous bathymetric surveys had been done at both of the sites on the Missouri River and one of the sites on the Mississippi River examined in this study. Comparisons between bathymetric surfaces from the previous surveys during the 2011 flood and those of this study generally indicate that there was an increase in the elevation of the channel bed at these sites that likely was caused by a substantial decrease in discharge and water-surface elevation compared to the 2011 surveys. However, the scour holes observed at these sites were either the same size or larger in 2014 compared to the 2011 surveys, indicating that the flow condition is not the sole variable in the determination of the size of scour holes, and that local velocity and depth also are critical variables, as indicated by predictive pier scour equations.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155048","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Huizinga, R.J., 2015, Bathymetric and velocimetric surveys at highway bridges crossing the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers on the periphery of Missouri, June 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5048, ix, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155048.","productDescription":"ix, 81 p.","numberOfPages":"96","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2014-06-01","temporalEnd":"2014-06-30","ipdsId":"IP-062935","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science 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Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temperature impacts on the water year 2014 drought in California","docAbstract":"

California is experiencing one of the worst droughts on record. Here we use a hydrological model and risk assessment framework to understand the influence of temperature on the water year (WY) 2014 drought in California and examine the probability that this drought would have been less severe if temperatures resembled the historical climatology. Our results indicate that temperature played an important role in exacerbating the WY 2014 drought severity. We found that if WY 2014 temperatures resembled the 1916–2012 climatology, there would have been at least an 86% chance that winter snow water equivalent and spring-summer soil moisture and runoff deficits would have been less severe than the observed conditions. We also report that the temperature forecast skill in California for the important seasons of winter and spring is negligible, beyond a lead-time of one month, which we postulate might hinder skillful drought prediction in California.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/2015GL063666","usgsCitation":"Shukla, S., Safeeq, M., AghaKouchak, A., Guan, K., and Funk, C.C., 2015, Temperature impacts on the water year 2014 drought in California: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 42, no. 11, p. 4384-4393, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063666.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"4384","endPage":"4393","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2013-10-01","temporalEnd":"2014-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-064133","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472096,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6wk3p5x0","text":"External Repository"},{"id":300324,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": 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The Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting (LMDA) system has been developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District (USACE-Chicago) and the State of Illinois as a part of the interstate Great Lakes water regulatory program. The diverted Lake Michigan watershed is a 673-square-mile watershed that is comprised of the Chicago River and Calumet River watersheds. They originally drained into Lake Michigan, but now flow to the Mississippi River watershed via three canals constructed in the Chicago area in the early twentieth century. Approximately 393 square miles of the diverted watershed is ungaged, and the runoff from the ungaged portion of the diverted watershed has been estimated by the USACE-Chicago using the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) program. The accuracy of simulated runoff depends on the accuracy of the parameter set used in the HSPF program. Nine parameter sets comprised of the North Branch, Little Calumet, Des Plaines, Hickory Creek, CSSC, NIPC, 1999, CTE, and 2008 have been developed at different time periods and used by the USACE-Chicago. In this study, the U.S. Geological Survey and the USACE-Chicago collaboratively analyzed the parameter sets using nine gaged watersheds in or adjacent to the diverted watershed to assess the predictive accuracies of selected parameter sets. Six of the parameter sets, comprising North Branch, Hickory Creek, NIPC, 1999, CTE, and 2008, were applied to the nine gaged watersheds for evaluating their simulation accuracy from water years 1996 to 2011. The nine gaged watersheds were modeled by using the three LMDA land-cover types (grass, forest, and hydraulically connected imperviousness) based on the 2006 National Land Cover Database, and the latest meteorological and precipitation data consistent with the current (2014) LMDA modeling framework.

\n

Results indicate that the North Branch and Hickory Creek parameter sets, which belong to the original calibration group, attained an overall “satisfactory” rating on monthly runoff volumes based on the three performance statistics selected, but the annual and over-the-period runoff volumes were generally underestimated. Parameter sets CTE and 2008 attained a similar satisfactory rating on monthly runoff volumes but the annual and over-the-period runoff volumes were overestimated in general. Although the percent bias was improved, the CTE and 2008 parameter sets also had increased residuals in monthly runoff volumes and decreased quality of the model fit to the measured streamflows relative to the North Branch and Hickory Creek parameter sets. The NIPC and 1999 parameter sets, on the other hand, had larger percent bias and residuals in monthly runoff volumes, and underestimated the annual and over-the-period runoff volumes.

\n

Recalibration of the HSPF parameters to the updated inputs and land covers was completed on two representative watershed models selected from the nine by using a manual method (HSPEXP) and an automatic method (PEST). The objective of the recalibration was to develop a regional parameter set that improves the accuracy in runoff volume prediction for the nine study watersheds. Knowledge about flow and watershed characteristics plays a vital role for validating the calibration in both manual and automatic methods. The best performing parameter set was determined by the automatic calibration method on a two-watershed model. Applying this newly determined parameter set to the nine watersheds for runoff volume simulation resulted in “very good” ratings in five watersheds, an improvement as compared to “very good” ratings achieved for three watersheds by the North Branch parameter set.

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New Mexico, FY 2015","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has collected hydrologic information in New Mexico since 1889, beginning with the first USGS streamflow-gaging station in the Nation, located on the Rio Grande near Embudo, New Mexico. Water-resources information provided by the USGS is used by many government agencies for issuing flood warnings to protect lives and reduce property damage,managing water rights and interstate water use, protecting water quality and regulating pollution discharges, designing highways and bridges, planning, designing, and operating reservoirs and watersupply facilities, monitoring the availability of groundwater resources and forecasting aquifer response to human and environmental stressors, and prioritizing areas where emergency erosion mitigation or other protective measures may be necessary after a wildfire. For more than 100 years, the Cooperative Water Program has been a highly successful cost-sharing partnership between the USGS and water-resources agencies at the State, local, and tribal levels. It would be difficult to effectively accomplish the mission of the USGS without the contributions of the Cooperative Water Program.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153039","usgsCitation":"Mau, D.P., 2015, U.S. Geological Survey water-resources programs in New Mexico, FY 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3039, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20153039.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065455","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300283,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20153039.jpg"},{"id":300282,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3039/pdf/fs2015-3039.pdf","text":"Report","size":"439 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3039/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 31.31610138349565\n ],\n [\n -108.226318359375,\n 31.3348710339506\n ],\n [\n -108.21533203125,\n 31.77487761850741\n ],\n [\n -106.490478515625,\n 31.77487761850741\n ],\n [\n -106.622314453125,\n 31.98012335736804\n ],\n [\n -103.07373046875,\n 31.99875937194732\n ],\n [\n -102.996826171875,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 37.01132594307015\n ],\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 31.31610138349565\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5551c4abe4b0a92fa7e93b98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mau, David P. dpmau@usgs.gov","contributorId":457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mau","given":"David","email":"dpmau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":546408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70144853,"text":"ofr20151065 - 2015 - Results from laboratory and field testing of nitrate measuring spectrophotometers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-12T13:25:42","indexId":"ofr20151065","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-11T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1065","title":"Results from laboratory and field testing of nitrate measuring spectrophotometers","docAbstract":"

Five ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer nitrate analyzers were evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility (HIF) during a two-phase evaluation. In Phase I, the TriOS ProPs (10-millimeter (mm) path length), Hach NITRATAX plus sc (5-mm path length), Satlantic Submersible UV Nitrate Analyzer (SUNA, 10-mm path length), and S::CAN Spectro::lyser (5-mm path length) were evaluated in the HIF Water-Quality Servicing Laboratory to determine the validity of the manufacturer's technical specifications for accuracy, limit of linearity (LOL), drift, and range of operating temperature. Accuracy specifications were met in the TriOS, Hach, and SUNA. The stock calibration of the S::CAN required two offset adjustments before the analyzer met the manufacturer's accuracy specification. Instrument drift was observed only in the S::CAN and was the result of leaching from the optical path insert seals. All tested models, except for the Hach, met their specified LOL in the laboratory testing. The Hach's range was found to be approximately 18 milligrams nitrogen per liter (mg-N/L) and not the manufacturer-specified 25 mg-N/L. Measurements by all of the tested analyzers showed signs of hysteresis in the operating temperature tests. Only the SUNA measurements demonstrated excessive noise and instability in temperatures above 20 degrees Celsius (°C). The SUNA analyzer was returned to the manufacturer at the completion of the Phase II field deployment evaluation for repair and recalibration, and the performance of the sensor improved significantly.

\n

In Phase II, the analyzers were deployed in field conditions at three diferent USGS sites. The measured nitrate concentrations were compared to discrete (reference) samples analyzed by the Direct UV method on a Shimadzu UV1800 bench top spectrophotometer, and by the National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI) method I-2548-11 at the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory. The first deployment at USGS site 0249620 on the East Pearl River in Hancock County, Mississippi, tested the ability of the TriOs ProPs (10-mm path length), Hach NITRATAX (5 mm), Satlantic SUNA (10 mm), and the S::CAN Spectro::lyser (5 mm) to accurately measure low-level (less than 2 mg-N/L) nitrate concentrations while observing the effect turbidity and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) would have on the analyzers' measurements. The second deployment at USGS site 01389005 Passaic River below Pompton River at Two Bridges, New Jersey, tested the analyzer's accuracy in mid-level (2-8 mg-N/L) nitrate concentrations. This site provided the means to test the analyzers' performance in two distinct matrices—the Passaic and the Pompton Rivers. In this deployment, three instruments tested in Phase I (TriOS, Hach, and SUNA) were deployed with the S::CAN Spectro::lyser (35 mm) already placed by the New Jersey Water Science Center (WSC). The third deployment at USGS site 05579610 Kickapoo Creek at 2100E Road near Bloomington, Illinois, tested the ability of the analyzers to measure high nitrate concentrations (greater than 8 mg-N/L) in turbid waters. For Kickapoo Creek, the HIF provided the TriOS (10 mm) and S::CAN (5 mm) from Phase I, and a SUNA V2 (5 mm) to be deployed adjacent to the Illinois WSC-owned Hach (2 mm). A total of 40 discrete samples were collected from the three deployment sites and analyzed. The nitrate concentration of the samples ranged from 0.3–22.2 mg-N/L. The average absolute difference between the TriOS measurements and discrete samples was 0.46 mg-N/L. For the combined data from the Hach 5-mm and 2-mm analyzers, the average absolute difference between the Hach samples and the discrete samples was 0.13 mg-N/L. For the SUNA and SUNA V2 combined data, the average absolute difference between the SUNA samples and the discrete samples was 0.66 mg-N/L. The average absolute difference between the S::CAN samples and the discrete samples was 0.63 mg-N/L.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151065","usgsCitation":"Snazelle, T., 2015, Results from laboratory and field testing of nitrate measuring spectrophotometers: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1065, v, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151065.","productDescription":"v, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057525","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300295,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151065.jpg"},{"id":300294,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1065/pdf/ofr2015-1065.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.23 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300293,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1065/"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5551c4aae4b0a92fa7e93b94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snazelle, Teri T. tsnazelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":5663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snazelle","given":"Teri T.","email":"tsnazelle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":543804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70144854,"text":"ofr20151063 - 2015 - Evaluation of Xylem EXO water-quality sondes and sensors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-11T11:41:57","indexId":"ofr20151063","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-11T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1063","title":"Evaluation of Xylem EXO water-quality sondes and sensors","docAbstract":"

Two models of multiparameter sondes manufactured by Xylem, parent company of Yellow Springs Incorporated (YSI)—EXO1 and EXO2—equipped with EXO conductivity/temperature (C/T), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and turbidity sensors, were evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility. The sondes and sensors were evaluated in two phases for compliance with the manufacturer’s specifications and the USGS acceptance criteria for continuous water-quality monitors. Phase one tested the accuracy of the water-quality sondes equipped: (a) with a C/T, pH, DO, and turbidity sensor by comparing the EXO sensors’ measured values to those of an equivalently configured YSI 6920 V2-2 sensor, and (b) with multiple sensors of the same parameter type (such as three pH sensors and a C/T sensor) on a single sonde at room temperature and at an extended temperature range. In addition to accuracy, the communication protocols and the manufacturing specifications for range of detection and operating temperature were also tested during this phase. Phase two evaluated the sondes’ performance in a surface-water environment by deploying an EXO1 and an EXO2 equipped with pH, C/T, DO, and turbidity sensors at USGS site 02492620 located at East Pearl River near Bay Saint Louis, Mississippi. The EXO sondes’ temperature deviations from a certified YSI 4600 digital thermometer were within the ±0.2 degree Celsius (°C) USGS criteria, but were greater than the ±0.01 °C manufacturing specification. The conductivity sensors met the ±3 percent USGS criteria for specific conductance greater than 100 microsiemens per centimeter. The sensors met the more stringent ±0.5 percent manufacturing specification only at room temperature in the 250 microsiemens per centimeter (µS/cm) standard. The manufacturing and USGS criteria (±0.2 pH unit) were met in pH standards 4, 9.2, 10, and 12.45, but were not met in pH 1.68 standard. The DO sensors met both the ±0.3 milligram per liter (mg/L) USGS criteria and the ±1 percent manufacturing specification. The ±5 percent USGS criteria for turbidity in waters not exceeding 2,000 formazin nephelometric units (FNU) were met by the five turbidity sensors tested; however, all five sensors failed to meet these requirements at turbidities exceeding 2,000 FNU. The more stringent ±2 percent manufacturing turbidity specification for water with less than 1,000 FNU was met by only one of the five sensors tested. The results from the field deployment indicated acceptable agreement in temperature, specific conductance, pH, and DO between the EXO sondes, the site sonde, and the reference sonde. The EXO1 and EXO2 turbidity measurements differed from the site sonde by approximately 23 and 25 percent, respectively.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151063","usgsCitation":"Snazelle, T., 2015, Evaluation of Xylem EXO water-quality sondes and sensors: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1063, vi, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151063.","productDescription":"vi, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057551","costCenters":[{"id":339,"text":"Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300291,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1063/pdf/ofr2015-1063.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.06 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300290,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1063/"},{"id":300292,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151063.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5551c4a8e4b0a92fa7e93b90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snazelle, Teri T. tsnazelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":5663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snazelle","given":"Teri T.","email":"tsnazelle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":543805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70147964,"text":"sir20155027 - 2015 - The source, discharge, and chemical characteristics of selected springs, and the abundance and health of associated endemic anuran species in the Mojave network parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T14:51:12.751726","indexId":"sir20155027","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-11T08:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5027","title":"The source, discharge, and chemical characteristics of selected springs, and the abundance and health of associated endemic anuran species in the Mojave network parks","docAbstract":"

Hydrological and biological investigations were done during 2005 and 2006 in cooperation with the U.S. National Park Service to investigate the source, discharge, and chemical characteristics of selected springs and the abundance and health of endemic anuran (frog and toad) species at Darwin Falls in Death Valley National Park, Piute Spring in Mojave National Preserve, and Fortynine Palms Oasis in Joshua Tree National Park. Discharge from the springs at these sites sustains isolated riparian habitats in the normally dry Mojave Desert. Data were collected on water quantity (discharge) and quality, air and water temperature, and abundance and health of endemic anuran species. In addition, a single survey of the abundance and health of endemic anuran species was completed at Rattlesnake Canyon in Joshua Tree National Park. Results from this study were compared to limited historical data, where they exist, and can provide a baseline for future hydrological and biological investigations to evaluate the health and sustainability of the resource and its response to changing climate and increasing human use.

\n

Radiocarbon dating of the water yielded estimated ages of about 7,000 years at Piute Spring and about 3,000 years at Darwin Spring, and tritium-helium-3 dating indicated an age of less than 2 years at Fortynine Palms Oasis. Stable hydrogen-isotope ratios were used to interpret an average altitude of recharge of 2,348 meters for Darwin Spring (about 1,415 meters higher than the altitude of Darwin Spring), 1,668 meters for Piute Spring (about 766 meters higher than the altitude of Piute Spring), and 1,400 meters for the Upper Pool at Fortynine Palms Oasis (about 543 meters higher than the altitude of the Upper Pool). Water-quality data collected for this study did not appear to be sensitive to trends in precipitation or seasonality in the Darwin Falls and Piute Spring study areas; however, it was sensitive to trends in Fortynine Palms Oasis where salinity increased by more than 10 percent during the 2 years of this study. Such a rapid response is consistent with the comparatively short travel time of less than 2 years from recharge to discharge at Fortynine Palms Oasis. Of the 14 trace elements analyzed, only concentrations of uranium at Fortynine Palms Oasis and arsenic at Darwin Spring were above drinking water standards; both constituents are derived from natural sources in the drainage basin and, therefore, are likely to have accumulated as a result of natural processes.

\n

Endemic anuran species were surveyed at Darwin Falls for the western toad (Anaxyrus boreas) and the red-spotted toad (Anaxyrus punctatus), at Piute Spring for the red-spotted toad, and at Fortynine Palms Oasis for the red-spotted toad and California treefrog (Pseudacris cadaverina). Historically, red-spotted toads were at the edge of their range at Darwin Falls, but they were not detected during this study and have not been detected since the early 1980s. The 2006 western toad population at Darwin Falls was estimated at 381 adults (95-percent confidence interval [CI] of 314–482). The population of red-spotted toads at Piute Spring was estimated at 1,153 adults (95-percent CI of 935–1,503). However, an elevated rate of abnormalities (approximately 5 percent) was recorded in red-spotted toads as well as the presence of the chytrid fungus,Bactrochochytrium dendrobatidis, at Piute Spring. In Joshua Tree National Park, the California treefrog now occupies only three of the seven historically occupied drainages. Populations of California treefrogs at Fortynine Palms Oasis have declined more than 50 percent from 288 in 1969–71 to 109 in 2006. A similar decline was observed in the populations of red-spotted toads at Fortynine Palms Oasis from 300 adults in 1969–71 to 155 adults (95-percent CI of 90–139) in 2006. The red-spotted toads at Fortynine Palms Oasis also exhibited the presence of Bactrochochytrium dendrobatidis.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155027","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, R.A., Smith, G.A., Martin, P., Flint, A.L., Gallegos, E., and Fisher, R.N., 2015, The source, discharge, and chemical characteristics of selected springs, and the abundance and health of associated endemic anuran species in the Mojave network parks: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5027, xviii, 128 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155027.","productDescription":"xviii, 128 p.","numberOfPages":"150","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-002272","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300258,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5027/pdf/sir2015-5027.pdf","text":"Report","size":"54.8 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]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5551c4abe4b0a92fa7e93b96","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546521,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schroeder, Roy A. raschroe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Roy","email":"raschroe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":546522,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, Roy A. raschroe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Roy","email":"raschroe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":546512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Gregory A. 0000-0001-8170-9924 gasmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8170-9924","contributorId":1520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Gregory","email":"gasmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":546510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gallegos, Elizabeth 0000-0002-8402-2631 egallegos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8402-2631","contributorId":1528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallegos","given":"Elizabeth","email":"egallegos@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240 rfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":1529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"rfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70186235,"text":"70186235 - 2015 - Monitoring Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem wetlands: Can long-term monitoring help us understand their future?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T12:04:34","indexId":"70186235","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3802,"text":"Yellowstone Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem wetlands: Can long-term monitoring help us understand their future?","docAbstract":"

In the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), changes in the drying cycles of wetlands have been documented. Wetlands are areas where the water table is at or near the land surface and standing shallow water is present for much or all of the growing season. We discuss how monitoring data can be used to document variation in annual flooding and drying patterns of wetlands monitored across Yellowstone and Grand Teton national parks, investigate how these patterns are related to a changing climate, and explore how drying of wetlands may impact amphibians. The documented declines of some amphibian species are of growing concern to scientists and land managers alike, in part because disappearances have occurred in some of the most protected places. These disappearances are a recognized component of what is being described as Earth’s sixth mass extinction.

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David","contributorId":190258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thoma","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Al-Chokhachy, Robert K. 0000-0002-2136-5098 ral-chokhachy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2136-5098","contributorId":1674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Al-Chokhachy","given":"Robert","email":"ral-chokhachy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Litt, Andrea R.","contributorId":22226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litt","given":"Andrea R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70144994,"text":"sir20155051 - 2015 - Flood-inundation maps for the White River at Indianapolis, Indiana, 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-08T13:47:45","indexId":"sir20155051","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-08T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5051","title":"Flood-inundation maps for the White River at Indianapolis, Indiana, 2014","docAbstract":"

Digital flood-inundation maps for a 6.4-mile reach of the White River in Indianapolis, Indiana, from 0.3 miles upstream of Michigan Street to the Harding Street Generating Station dam (at the confluence with Lick Creek), were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Indiana Office of Community and Rural Affairs. The flood-inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/, depict estimates of the areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selected water levels (stages) at the USGS streamgage on the White River at Indianapolis, Ind. (station number 03353000). Near-real-time stages at this streamgage may be obtained on the Internet from the USGS National Water Information System at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/or the National Weather Service (NWS) Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service athttp://water.weather.gov/ahps/, which also forecasts flood hydrographs at this site.

\n

Flood profiles were computed for the stream reach by means of a one-dimensional step-backwater model. The model was calibrated by using the current stage-discharge relations at three USGS streamgages: the White River at Indianapolis (station number 03353000), the White River at Michigan Street at Indianapolis (station number 03352953), and the White River at Stout Generating Station at Indianapolis (station number 03353611).

\n

The hydraulic model was then used to compute 11 water-surface profiles for flood stages at 1-foot (ft) intervals referenced to the White River at Indianapolis streamgage datum and ranging from 10 ft, or the NWS “action stage,” to 20 ft, which is the highest stage in the stage-discharge relation for the streamgage and the NWS “moderate flood stage.”

\n

The simulated water-surface profiles were then combined with a geographic information system digital elevation model (derived from light detection and ranging [lidar] data having a vertical 0.183-ft root mean squared error and 5.0-ft horizontal resolution) to delineate the area flooded at each water level.

\n

The availability of these maps, along with Internet information regarding current stage from the USGS streamgage and forecasted high-flow stages from the NWS, will provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood response activities such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for postflood recovery efforts.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155051","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Office of Community and Rural Affairs","usgsCitation":"Nystrom, E.A., 2015, Flood-inundation maps for the White River at Indianapolis, Indiana, 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5051, Report: iv, 12 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155051.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 12 p.; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-061280","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300238,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155051.jpg"},{"id":300235,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5051/"},{"id":300236,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5051/pdf/sir2015-5051.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300237,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5051/downloads","text":"Downloads Directory","description":"Downloads Directory","linkHelpText":"Contains: geospatial database."}],"projection":"Transverse Mercator Projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Indianapolis","otherGeospatial":"White River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.20121955871582,\n 39.781036016645544\n ],\n [\n -86.18001937866211,\n 39.77773791337689\n ],\n [\n -86.1709213256836,\n 39.767116946991244\n ],\n [\n -86.16508483886719,\n 39.742306320384046\n ],\n [\n -86.16911888122559,\n 39.71484585272144\n ],\n [\n -86.17641448974608,\n 39.70758284298595\n ],\n [\n -86.18611335754395,\n 39.70698856289375\n ],\n [\n -86.18568420410156,\n 39.69629064595011\n ],\n [\n -86.18894577026367,\n 39.69596043694606\n ],\n [\n -86.21769905090332,\n 39.717090628297655\n ],\n [\n -86.21769905090332,\n 39.72342842379847\n ],\n [\n -86.1990737915039,\n 39.735574237097275\n ],\n [\n -86.1796760559082,\n 39.73735632314099\n ],\n [\n -86.17401123046875,\n 39.74316428375111\n ],\n [\n -86.20121955871582,\n 39.781036016645544\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"554dd01ae4b082ec54129ee9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nystrom, Elizabeth A. 0000-0002-0886-3439 nystrom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0886-3439","contributorId":1072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nystrom","given":"Elizabeth","email":"nystrom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70146524,"text":"fs20153035 - 2015 - Scientific information in support of water resource management of the Big River area, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-17T13:17:37","indexId":"fs20153035","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-08T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-3035","title":"Scientific information in support of water resource management of the Big River area, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"

The Rhode Island Water Resources Board (RIWRB) is concerned that the demand for water may exceed the available public water supply in central and southern Rhode Island. Although water is often assumed to be plentiful in Rhode Island because of abundant rainfall, an adequate supply of water is not always available everywhere in the state during dry periods. Concerns that water demand may exceed supply are greatest during the summer, when lower water levels and increased drought potential combine with seasonal increases in peak water demand (Rhode Island Water Resources Board, 2012). High summer water demands are due to increases in outdoor water use, such as lawn watering and agricultural irrigation, and to increased summer population in coastal areas. Water-supply concerns are particularly acute in central and southern Rhode Island, where groundwater is the primary source of drinking water.

\n

The Big River and Mishnock River Basins are subbasins of the South Branch of the Pawtuxet River Basin in central and southern Rhode Island. These basins—referred to together as “the Big River area” for the purposes of this report—are undeveloped relative to other nearby areas and provide a potential source of high-quality public drinking water for central and southern Rhode Island.

\n

After the severe drought of the 1960s, the State of Rhode Island acquired land in the Big River area with the intention of building a water-supply reservoir. The reservoir was not built because of concerns over potential environmental impacts and projected statewide water-supply needs (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989). The land acquired for the reservoir (13.4 mi2), called the Big River Management Area (BRMA), is currently managed by the RIWRB as a future source for public water supply and as open space. In the 1980s, the RIWRB began to consider whether the BRMA could supply water from its aquifers (groundwater). Groundwater withdrawals for public or other water-supply needs can alter the hydrologic conditions and ecologic communities of surrounding rivers, lakes, and wetlands by removing water from these systems. Consequently, the RIWRB was interested in determining optimal amounts of groundwater that could be withdrawn from the BRMA for public supply while minimizing the effects on rivers, lakes, streams, and wetlands that also rely on this water.

\n

For nearly two decades, the RIWRB has conducted a series of cooperative studies with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The goals of these studies have been to (1) evaluate and characterize the water resources of the BRMA and the greater Big River area, and (2) identify sustainable levels of groundwater use that would minimize effects on water resources. This fact sheet describes the major findings of those studies.

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Observations of very small changes of Earth’s gravitational field (time-lapse gravity) provide a direct, non-invasive method for measuring changes in aquifer storage change. An existing network of gravity stations in the Sierra Vista Subwatershed was revised in 2014 to better understand the spatial distribution of changes in aquifer storage, especially with relation to ephemeral channel recharge and a groundwater cone of depression associated with pumping in the greater Sierra Vista area. In addition, the network was extended to provide baseline data for possible future enhanced-recharge projects.

\n

This report (1) summarizes changes to the Sierra Vista Subwatershed regional time-lapse gravity network with respect to station locations and (2) presents 2014 and 2015 gravity measurements and gravity values at each station. A prior gravity network, established between 2000 and 2005, was revised in 2014 to cover a larger number of stations over a smaller geographic area in order to decrease measurement and interpolation uncertainty. The network currently consists of 59 gravity stations, including 14 absolute-gravity stations. Following above-average rainfall during summer 2014, gravity increased at all but one of the absolute-gravity stations that were observed in both June 2014 and January 2015. This increase in gravity indicates increased groundwater storage in the aquifer and (or) unsaturated zone as a result of rainfall and infiltration.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151086","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, J.R., 2015, Gravity data from the Sierra Vista Subwatershed, Upper San Pedro Basin, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1086, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151086.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063495","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300169,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151086.JPG"},{"id":337238,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7SQ8XHX","text":"Gravity change from 2014 to 2015, Sierra Vista Subwatershed, Upper San Pedro Basin, Arizona"},{"id":300166,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1086/"},{"id":300168,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1086/pdf/ofr2015-1086.pdf","size":"4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Upper San Pedro Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.37483215332031,\n 31.357741484720663\n ],\n [\n -110.37483215332031,\n 31.65221239429719\n ],\n [\n -110.0830078125,\n 31.65221239429719\n ],\n [\n -110.0830078125,\n 31.357741484720663\n ],\n [\n -110.37483215332031,\n 31.357741484720663\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"554dd01be4b082ec54129eeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennedy, Jeffrey R. 0000-0002-3365-6589 jkennedy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3365-6589","contributorId":2172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jkennedy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70147793,"text":"70147793 - 2015 - The natural sediment regime in rivers: broadening the foundation for ecosystem management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-07T11:03:59","indexId":"70147793","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-07T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The natural sediment regime in rivers: broadening the foundation for ecosystem management","docAbstract":"

Water and sediment inputs are fundamental drivers of river ecosystems, but river management tends to emphasize flow regime at the expense of sediment regime. In an effort to frame a more inclusive paradigm for river management, we discuss sediment inputs, transport, and storage within river systems; interactions among water, sediment, and valley context; and the need to broaden the natural flow regime concept. Explicitly incorporating sediment is challenging, because sediment is supplied, transported, and stored by nonlinear and episodic processes operating at different temporal and spatial scales than water and because sediment regimes have been highly altered by humans. Nevertheless, managing for a desired balance between sediment supply and transport capacity is not only tractable, given current geomorphic process knowledge, but also essential because of the importance of sediment regimes to aquatic and riparian ecosystems, the physical template of which depends on sediment-driven river structure and function.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/biosci/biv002","usgsCitation":"Wohl, E.E., Bledsoe, B.P., Jacobson, R.B., Poff, N.L., Rathburn, S.L., Walters, D., and Wilcox, A., 2015, The natural sediment regime in rivers: broadening the foundation for ecosystem management: BioScience, v. 65, p. 358-371, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv002.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"358","endPage":"371","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057453","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300160,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","edition":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"554c7ea9e4b082ec54128487","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wohl, Ellen E.","contributorId":16969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wohl","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bledsoe, Brian P.","contributorId":140605,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bledsoe","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":13538,"text":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poff, N. LeRoy","contributorId":90843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poff","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"LeRoy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rathburn, Sara L.","contributorId":140606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rathburn","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13539,"text":"Department of Geosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Walters, David M. 0000-0002-4237-2158 waltersd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4237-2158","contributorId":4444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"David M.","email":"waltersd@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wilcox, Andrew C.","contributorId":25064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Andrew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70147795,"text":"sir20125054 - 2015 - Indian National Gas Hydrate Program Expedition 01 report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-07T09:36:21","indexId":"sir20125054","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-07T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5054","title":"Indian National Gas Hydrate Program Expedition 01 report","docAbstract":"

Gas hydrate is a naturally occurring “ice-like” combination of natural gas and water that has the potential to serve as an immense resource of natural gas from the world’s oceans and polar regions. However, gas-hydrate recovery is both a scientific and a technical challenge and much remains to be learned about the geologic, engineering, and economic factors controlling the ultimate energy resource potential of gas hydrate. The amount of natural gas contained in the world’s gas-hydrate accumulations is enormous, but these estimates are speculative and range over three orders of magnitude from about 2,800 to 8,000,000 trillion cubic meters of gas. By comparison, conventional natural gas accumulations (reserves and undiscovered, technically recoverable resources) for the world are estimated at approximately 440 trillion cubic meters. Gas recovery from gas hydrate is hindered because the gas is in a solid form and because gas hydrate commonly occurs in remote Arctic and deep marine environments. Proposed methods of gas recovery from gas hydrate generally deal with disassociating or “melting” in situ gas hydrate by heating the reservoir beyond the temperature of gas-hydrate formation, or decreasing the reservoir pressure below hydrate equilibrium. The pace of energy-related gas hydrate assessment projects has accelerated over the past several years.

\n

The Indian National Gas Hydrate Program Expedition 01 was designed to study the gas-hydrate occurrences off the Indian Peninsula and along the Andaman convergent margin with special emphasis on understanding the geologic and geochemical controls on the occurrence of gas hydrate in these two diverse settings. During Indian National Gas Hydrate Program Expedition 01, dedicated gas-hydrate coring, drilling, and downhole logging operations were conducted from 28 April 2006 to 19 August 2006.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125054","usgsCitation":"Collett, T.S., Riedel, M., Boswell, R., Presley, J., Kumar, P., Sathe, A., Sethi, A., Lall, M., and NGHP Expedition Scientists, 2015, Indian National Gas Hydrate Program Expedition 01 report: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5054, Report: xv, 1442 p.; 4 Appendices; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125054.","productDescription":"Report: xv, 1442 p.; 4 Appendices; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2006-04-28","temporalEnd":"2006-08-19","ipdsId":"IP-016709","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300151,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20125054.jpg"},{"id":300147,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Understanding the relationships between environmental variables and quagga mussels during the early stages of invasion will help management strategies and allow researchers to predict patterns of future invasions. Quagga mussels were detected in Lake Mead, NV/AZ in 2007, we monitored early invasion dynamics in 3 basins (Boulder Basin, Las Vegas Bay, Overton Arm) bi-annually from 2008-2011. Mean quagga density increased over time during the first year of monitoring and stabilized for the subsequent two years at the whole-lake scale (8 to 132 individuals·m-2, geometric mean), in Boulder Basin (73 to 875 individuals·m-2), and in Overton Arm(2 to 126 individuals·m-2). In Las Vegas Bay, quagga mussel density was low (9 to 44 individuals·m-2), which was correlated with high sediment metal concentrations and warmer (> 30°C) water temperatures associated with that basin. Carbon content in the sediment increased with depth in Lake Mead and during some sampling periods quagga density was also positively correlated with depth, but more research is required to determine the significance of this interaction. Laboratory growth experiments suggested that food quantity may limit quagga growth in Boulder Basin, indicating an opportunity for population expansion in this basin if primary productivity were to increase, but was not the case in Overton Arm. Overall quagga mussel density in Lake Mead is highly variable and patchy, suggesting that temperature, sediment size, and sediment metal concentrations, and sediment carbon content all contribute to mussel distribution patterns. Quagga mussel density in the soft sediment of Lake Mead expanded during initial colonization, and began to stabilize approximately 3 years after the initial invasion.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biology and management of invasive Quagga and Zebra Mussels in the western United States","language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","collaboration":"University of Nevada-Reno; Desert Research Institute; National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Caldwell, T.J., Rosen, M.R., Chandra, S., Acharya, K., Caires, A.M., Davis, C.J., Thaw, M., and Webster, D.M., 2015, Temporal and basin-specific population trends of quagga mussels on soft sediment of a multi-basin reservoir, chap. of Biology and management of invasive Quagga and Zebra Mussels in the western United States, p. 33-52.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"52","ipdsId":"IP-052767","costCenters":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328422,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":306642,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.crcpress.com/Biology-and-Management-of-Invasive-Quagga-and-Zebra-Mussels-in-the-Western/Wong-Gerstenberger/9781466595613"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57d28bafe4b0571647d0f94a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caldwell, Timothy J","contributorId":146463,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caldwell","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[{"id":16704,"text":"University of Nevada - Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosen, Michael R. 0000-0003-3991-0522 mrosen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3991-0522","contributorId":495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"Michael","email":"mrosen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":567979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chandra, Sudeep","contributorId":33195,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chandra","given":"Sudeep","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Acharya, Kumud","contributorId":146464,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Acharya","given":"Kumud","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16138,"text":"Desert Research Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Caires, Andrea M","contributorId":146465,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caires","given":"Andrea","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":16704,"text":"University of Nevada - Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Davis, Clinton J.","contributorId":146466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Clinton","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16704,"text":"University of Nevada - Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Thaw, Melissa","contributorId":146467,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thaw","given":"Melissa","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16138,"text":"Desert Research Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Webster, Daniel M. webster@usgs.gov","contributorId":3529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webster","given":"Daniel","email":"webster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":567986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70144868,"text":"sir20155049 - 2015 - Peak flow regression equations For small, ungaged streams in Maine: Comparing map-based to field-based variables","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-29T10:13:53","indexId":"sir20155049","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-06T15:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5049","title":"Peak flow regression equations For small, ungaged streams in Maine: Comparing map-based to field-based variables","docAbstract":"

Regression equations to estimate peak streamflows with 1- to 500-year recurrence intervals (annual exceedance probabilities from 99 to 0.2 percent, respectively) were developed for small, ungaged streams in Maine. Equations presented here are the best available equations for estimating peak flows at ungaged basins in Maine with drainage areas from 0.3 to 12 square miles (mi2). Previously developed equations continue to be the best available equations for estimating peak flows for basin areas greater than 12 mi2. New equations presented here are based on streamflow records at 40 U.S. Geological Survey streamgages with a minimum of 10 years of recorded peak flows between 1963 and 2012. Ordinary least-squares regression techniques were used to determine the best explanatory variables for the regression equations. Traditional map-based explanatory variables were compared to variables requiring field measurements. Two field-based variables—culvert rust lines and bankfull channel widths—either were not commonly found or did not explain enough of the variability in the peak flows to warrant inclusion in the equations. The best explanatory variables were drainage area and percent basin wetlands; values for these variables were determined with a geographic information system. Generalized least-squares regression was used with these two variables to determine the equation coefficients and estimates of accuracy for the final equations.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155049","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Maine Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Lombard, P., and Hodgkins, G.A., 2015, Peak flow regression equations For small, ungaged streams in Maine: Comparing map-based to field-based variables: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5049, vi, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155049.","productDescription":"vi, 12 p.","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063561","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300146,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155049.jpg"},{"id":300144,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Suspended-sediment transport is a critical element controlling the geomorphology of tidal wetland complexes. Wetlands rely on organic material and inorganic sediment deposition to maintain their elevation relative to sea level. The U.S. Geological Survey performed observational deployments to measure suspended-sediment concentration and water flow rates in the tidal channels of the wetlands in the Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge in Wells, Maine. The objective was to characterize the sediment-transport mechanisms that contribute to the net sediment budget of the wetland complex. We deployed a meteorological tower, optical turbidity sensors, and acoustic velocity meters at sites on Stephens Brook and the Ogunquit River between March 27 and December 9, 2013. This report presents the time-series oceanographic and atmospheric data collected during those field studies. The oceanographic parameters include water velocity, depth, turbidity, salinity, temperature, and pH. The atmospheric parameters include wind direction, speed, and gust; air temperature; air pressure; relative humidity; short wave radiation; and photosynthetically active radiation.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151072","usgsCitation":"Montgomery, E., Ganju, N., Dickhudt, P., Borden, J., Martini, M.A., and Brosnahan, S.M., 2015, Summary of oceanographic and water-quality measurements in Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge, Wells, Maine, in 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1072, Report: v, 17 p.; Appendixes 1-3; Dataset, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151072.","productDescription":"Report: v, 17 p.; Appendixes 1-3; Dataset","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2013-03-27","temporalEnd":"2013-12-09","ipdsId":"IP-059849","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300138,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151072.jpg"},{"id":300137,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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2013"},{"id":300142,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1072/attachments/ofr2015-1072-appendix03.xlsx","text":"Appendix 3","size":"25 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 3","linkHelpText":"Channel Geometry at the Furbish Road Site"},{"id":300143,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7ST7MWS","text":"Dataset","description":"Dataset","linkHelpText":"Oceanographic and Water-Quality Measurements, Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge, Maine, 2013"}],"datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Maine","city":"Wells","otherGeospatial":"Ogunquit River, Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge, Stephens Brook","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.57522773742676,\n 43.28276655786751\n ],\n [\n 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martini, Marinna A. 0000-0002-7757-5158 mmartini@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7757-5158","contributorId":2456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martini","given":"Marinna","email":"mmartini@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brosnahan, Sandra M. sbrosnahan@usgs.gov","contributorId":140607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brosnahan","given":"Sandra","email":"sbrosnahan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70155878,"text":"70155878 - 2015 - Coupled interactions between volatile activity and Fe oxidation state during arc crustal processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-17T10:46:18","indexId":"70155878","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-06T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coupled interactions between volatile activity and Fe oxidation state during arc crustal processes","docAbstract":"

Arc magmas erupted at the Earth’s surface are commonly more oxidized than those produced at mid-ocean ridges. Possible explanations for this high oxidation state are that the transfer of fluids during the subduction process results in direct oxidation of the sub-arc mantle wedge, or that oxidation is caused by the effect of later crustal processes, including protracted fractionation and degassing of volatile-rich magmas. This study sets out to investigate the effect of disequilibrium crustal processes that may involve coupled changes in H2O content and Fe oxidation state, by examining the degassing and hydration of sulphur-free rhyolites. We show that experimentally hydrated melts record strong increases in Fe3+/∑Fe with increasing H2O concentration as a result of changes in water activity. This is relevant for the passage of H2O-undersaturated melts from the deep crust towards shallow crustal storage regions, and raises the possibility that vertical variations in fO2 might develop within arc crust. Conversely, degassing experiments produce an increase in Fe3+/∑Fe with decreasing H2O concentration. In this case the oxidation is explained by loss of H2 as well as H2O into bubbles during decompression, consistent with thermodynamic modelling, and is relevant for magmas undergoing shallow degassing en route to the surface. We discuss these results in the context of the possible controls on fO2 during the generation, storage and ascent of magmas in arc settings, in particular considering the timescales of equilibration relative to observation as this affects the quality of the petrological record of magmatic fO2.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","publisherLocation":"Oxford","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egv017","usgsCitation":"Humphreys, M.C., Brooker, R., Fraser, D., Burgisser, A., Mangan, M.T., and McCammon, C., 2015, Coupled interactions between volatile activity and Fe oxidation state during arc crustal processes: Journal of Petrology, p. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egv017.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055270","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egv017","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306784,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7ef2ae4b0bc0bec09ef46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Humphreys, Madeleine C.S.","contributorId":103199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Humphreys","given":"Madeleine","email":"","middleInitial":"C.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooker, R","contributorId":146223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brooker","given":"R","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16635,"text":"Bristol University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fraser, D.C.","contributorId":35732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fraser","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burgisser, A","contributorId":146224,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burgisser","given":"A","affiliations":[{"id":16636,"text":"CNRS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mangan, Margaret T. 0000-0002-5273-8053 mmangan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5273-8053","contributorId":3343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"Margaret","email":"mmangan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McCammon, C","contributorId":146225,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCammon","given":"C","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13489,"text":"Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}