In this paper we describe an instance of unusual, agonistic behavior in a flock of migrant Short-billed Dowitchers (Limnodromus griseus) . We compare this behavior to that of other flocks feeding at the same time at other locations in the same estuary and then present evidence suggesting that this behavior resulted from the patchy distribution of the probable foraging resource of this flock, eggs of the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus). We propose that an extremely patchy resource has increased the agonistic behavior within the flock by increasing the variation in foraging success among individuals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Mallory, E.P., and Schneider, D.C., 1979, Agnonistic behavior in short-billed dowitchers feeding on a patchy resource: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 91, no. 2, p. 271-278.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"278","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197759,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6891de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mallory, Elizabeth P.","contributorId":177126,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mallory","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneider, Davod C.","contributorId":7800,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schneider","given":"Davod","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221130,"text":"5221130 - 1979 - Recent changes in California condor eggshells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-29T12:20:40.415921","indexId":"5221130","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:17","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent changes in California condor eggshells","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1367284","usgsCitation":"Kiff, L., Peakall, D.B., and Wilbur, S., 1979, Recent changes in California condor eggshells: Condor, v. 81, no. 2, p. 166-172, https://doi.org/10.2307/1367284.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"166","endPage":"172","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503137,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol81/iss2/8","text":"External Repository"},{"id":197376,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -126.46574321950874,\n 42.89600118197984\n ],\n [\n -126.46574321950874,\n 31.826130574975352\n ],\n [\n -113.28214946950894,\n 31.826130574975352\n ],\n [\n -113.28214946950894,\n 42.89600118197984\n ],\n [\n -126.46574321950874,\n 42.89600118197984\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683eb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kiff, L.F.","contributorId":29527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiff","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peakall, David B.","contributorId":48263,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peakall","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilbur, S.R.","contributorId":53908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilbur","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221135,"text":"5221135 - 1979 - Possible breeding colonies of Manx shearwater on the Island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-12T18:34:40","indexId":"5221135","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:17","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":601,"text":"'Elepaio","printIssn":"0013-6069","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Possible breeding colonies of Manx shearwater on the Island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
The annual weight cycle of wild birds of prey has received little attention in the past, primarily because of the difficulty in capturing and recapturing them. Screech Owls (Otus asio) are resident in our northern Ohio study area and readily occupy nest boxes established for Wood Ducks (Aix sponsa) (see VanCamp and Henny 1975). In addition to nesting in the boxes, the owls use them as roosting and feeding stations during the winter and are easily captured in the boxes during the day. Therefore, the owls presented an unusual opportunity to obtain information on their annual weight cycle.
Between January 1975 and December 1978, Screech Owls were captured, weighed, and banded. Several were subsequently recaptured and weighed again to form the basis of this report. It is difficult to sex live Screech Owls in the field because they are not sexually dimorphic; however, Sherman (1911) noted that females did all of the incubating. We sexed adult owls with young at nest sites by the presence (female) or absence (male) of a brood patch. Owls captured away from nests during the nesting season without brood patches, or at other times of the year, were classified as sex unknown, unless they were previously captured at a nest with young. Screech Owls in northern Ohio have young in the nests from mid-April through early June.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., and VanCamp, L.F., 1979, Annual weight cycle in wild screech owls: The Auk, v. 96, no. 4, p. 795-796.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"795","endPage":"796","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18132,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4085668"}],"volume":"96","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b755","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J. 0000-0001-7474-350X hennyc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-350X","contributorId":3461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"hennyc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":335636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"VanCamp, Laurel F.","contributorId":20402,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"VanCamp","given":"Laurel","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221155,"text":"5221155 - 1979 - Wolf howling and its role in territory maintenance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:36","indexId":"5221155","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:14","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":986,"text":"Behaviour","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wolf howling and its role in territory maintenance","docAbstract":"An experimental study of the role of howling in wolf territory maintenance was conducted in the Superior National Forest, Minnesota. Vocal replies and behaviour of radio-collared wolves in response to human howls were analyzed for eight packs and 10 lone wolves during a 2-year period. Reply rate varied significantly throughout the year. A mid-winter increase was correlated with the breeding season, especially for groups containing breeding animals (alpha male or alpha female). A second, longer increase in reply rate started in midsummer, peaked about August, and declined to a low in early winter. The decline in autumn howling response occurred sooner in a pack whose pups developed faster. Through the year, the howling reply rate was significantly higher among all packs and lone wolves attending prey kills. The more food remaining at a kill, the higher the reply rate was. For wolves separated from their pack, the howling reply rate was dependent on their age and social role. Among adults, only alpha males ever replied alone, and their reply rate, and number of howls per session, exceeded those of other animals. Alpha males sometimes approached during howling sessions, whereas other adults usually retreated. Younger animals replied more often as pups than as yearlings, and then only during their first 7 months, after which they replied little more than most adults. Finally, larger packs replied more often than smaller packs. Specific behaviours noted during howling sessions, including movements away from the howler, indicated that howling was related to interpack agonism. In addition, three of the major factors influencing reply rate also significantly affect the level of agonism toward pack strangers : pack size, social role, and breeding season. The other two factors, kills and pups, are both important pack resources necessitating exclusive occupancy of a site. The high reply rates at sites containing kills or pups constitute strong circumstantial evidence that howling is important in territory maintenance. During howling sessions, wolves usually remained near their original site after replying, or retreated if they remained silent. This difference apparently was related to the problem of avoiding both accidental and deliberate encounters, and to cost/benefit considerations at the wolves' location. Howling was considered most effective in mediating avoidance in two situations : when two packs approached a common area of overlap, and when a pack returned to an area little used for weeks, in which scent posts would have lost effectiveness in deterring strangers. Both scent-marking and howling apparently are important in spacing. However, they differ in their roles and are complementary, with scent-marking being long-term and site-specific, and howling being immediate and long-range. Finally, lone wolves which do not possess territories, rarely replied, sharing the 'low-profile' behaviour expected of surplus animals in a territorial population.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Behaviour","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1163/156853979X00322","collaboration":"2217_Harrington.pdf","usgsCitation":"Harrington, F., and Mech, L., 1979, Wolf howling and its role in territory maintenance: Behaviour, v. 68, no. 3-4, p. 207-249, https://doi.org/10.1163/156853979X00322.","productDescription":"207-249","startPage":"207","endPage":"249","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18128,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853979X00322","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"68","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48f3e4b07f02db55aa8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrington, F.H.","contributorId":14524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrington","given":"F.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222562,"text":"5222562 - 1979 - Comparison of game-farm and wild-strain mallard ducks in accumulation of methylmercury","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-12T10:57:56","indexId":"5222562","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:14","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2260,"text":"Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of game-farm and wild-strain mallard ducks in accumulation of methylmercury","docAbstract":"The accumulation of mercury was compared in game-farm and wild-strain mallard ducks fed a diet containing 0.5 ppm mercury in the form of methylmercury dicyandiamide. There were no significant differences between the two strains in levels of mercury that accumulated in blood, kidney, liver, breast muscle, brain, eggs, or ducklings. Mercury levels in blood were significantly correlated with levels in other tissues and eggs, as were levels in down feathers of ducklings with levels in carcasses of ducklings. The results indicate that game-farm mallards are probably suitable substitutes for wild mallards in toxicological work, that blood samples can be used to estimate levels of mercury in other tissues of adults, and that down feathers are predictive of mercury levels in duckling carcasses.","language":"English","publisher":"Pathotox Publishers","usgsCitation":"Heinz, G.H., 1979, Comparison of game-farm and wild-strain mallard ducks in accumulation of methylmercury: Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology, v. 3, no. 1/2, p. 379-386.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"379","endPage":"386","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.76022338867186,\n 46.85197387272273\n ],\n [\n -98.62323760986328,\n 46.85197387272273\n ],\n [\n -98.62323760986328,\n 46.94323087731894\n ],\n [\n -98.76022338867186,\n 46.94323087731894\n ],\n [\n -98.76022338867186,\n 46.85197387272273\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"1/2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae323","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinz, G. H.","contributorId":85905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221471,"text":"5221471 - 1979 - Organochlorine and mercury residues in Swainson's hawk eggs from the Pacific Northwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T16:01:40.044589","indexId":"5221471","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:14","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2793,"text":"Murrelet","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organochlorine and mercury residues in Swainson's hawk eggs from the Pacific Northwest","docAbstract":"Many raptorial species in the Pacific Northwest have not been studied from the viewpoint of pollutant contamination. The Swainson's Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) is particularly interesting because of its highly migratory characteristic; it apparently winters primarily in Argentina (Brown and Amadon 1968, Houston 1968). White and Cade (1977) and others have suggested Central America and South America as possible sources of pesticide contamination for wintering raptors from North America. The spraying of DDT in the Northwest in 1974 provided the opportunity to study several forest-dwelling raptors (Henny 1977); and in 1976, we made a special effort to collect a series of eggs of Swainson's Hawks from northeastern Oregon (some adjacent to the area sprayed with DDT in 1974) and southeastern Washington. This study was undertaken to determine organochlorine pesticide and other pollutant burdens in the Swainson's Hawk.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology","doi":"10.2307/3534457","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., and Kaiser, T., 1979, Organochlorine and mercury residues in Swainson's hawk eggs from the Pacific Northwest: Murrelet, v. 60, no. 1, p. 2-5, https://doi.org/10.2307/3534457.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2","endPage":"5","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.937255859375,\n 44.36313311380771\n ],\n [\n -116.488037109375,\n 44.36313311380771\n ],\n [\n -116.488037109375,\n 47.092565552235705\n ],\n [\n -121.937255859375,\n 47.092565552235705\n ],\n [\n -121.937255859375,\n 44.36313311380771\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68ab26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaiser, T. E.","contributorId":75486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"T. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222055,"text":"5222055 - 1979 - Disseminated granulomas caused by an unidentified protozoan in sandhill cranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:07","indexId":"5222055","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:12","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2528,"text":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disseminated granulomas caused by an unidentified protozoan in sandhill cranes","docAbstract":"Oral granulomas were observed in 31 (33%) of 95 captive sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Necropsy of six of the afflicted cranes revealed granulomatous nodules throughout many of their organ systems. Intracellular protozoan organisms morphologically resembling schizogonic stages were observed within the granulomas by light and electron microscopy. Sexual and asexual stages of coccidia were seen in sections of the intestines of 4 of 5 cranes examined microscopically, and Eimerian oocysts were seen in fecal flotation specimens from 3 of 4 birds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, J.W., Spraker, T., Gardiner, C., and Novilla, M., 1979, Disseminated granulomas caused by an unidentified protozoan in sandhill cranes: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 175, no. 11, p. 948-951.","productDescription":"948-951","startPage":"948","endPage":"951","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"175","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a29b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, J. W.","contributorId":81854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spraker, T.R.","contributorId":19907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spraker","given":"T.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gardiner, C.H.","contributorId":13719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardiner","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Novilla, M.N.","contributorId":18716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novilla","given":"M.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5221485,"text":"5221485 - 1979 - Brown pelican: Population status, reproductive success, and organochlorine residues in Louisiana, 1971-1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-02T12:00:58.843052","indexId":"5221485","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:12","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brown pelican: Population status, reproductive success, and organochlorine residues in Louisiana, 1971-1976","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02026919","usgsCitation":"Blus, L.J., Cromartie, E., McNease, L., and Joanen, T., 1979, Brown pelican: Population status, reproductive success, and organochlorine residues in Louisiana, 1971-1976: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 22, no. 1/2, p. 128-135, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02026919.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"128","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196584,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"22","issue":"1/2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb0e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blus, L. J.","contributorId":38116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blus","given":"L.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cromartie, E.","contributorId":13926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cromartie","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McNease, L.","contributorId":42677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNease","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Joanen, T.","contributorId":65952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joanen","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5221479,"text":"5221479 - 1979 - No. 2 fuel oil decreases embryonic survival of great black-backed gulls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-06T11:02:58","indexId":"5221479","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:12","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"No. 2 fuel oil decreases embryonic survival of great black-backed gulls","docAbstract":"The great black-backed gull (Larus marinus) is widespread in the northern hemisphere, breeding south to Britain and Ireland on the European side of the Atlantic and to Long Island in the United States where populations have increased markedly during the last 50 years (DRURY 1979). With growing exploitation of oil resources, seabird populations are being increasingly threatened by accidental oiling of individuals and the subsequent contamination of their eggs and young. It is generally agreed that gulls and terns, which spend much of their time airborne, are less vulnerable to oil pollution than alcids and seaducks (BOURNE 1968, VERMEER AND ANWEILER 1975). Nevertheless, oiled great black-backed gulls were sighted after the Argo Merchant spill off Nantucket Island in December 1976, demonstrating that this species of gull can be affected by surface oil (GROSE AND MATTSON 1977). In this paper we wish to report results of two concurrent studies in which eggs of the great black-backed gull were externally contaminated with No. 2 fuel oil.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01685403","usgsCitation":"Coon, N.C., Albers, P.H., and Szaro, R.C., 1979, No. 2 fuel oil decreases embryonic survival of great black-backed gulls: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 21, no. 1, p. 152-156, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01685403.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"152","endPage":"156","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47a3e4b07f02db49677d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coon, Nancy C.","contributorId":176389,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coon","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Albers, Peter H.","contributorId":112805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albers","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Szaro, Robert C.","contributorId":21240,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Szaro","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221482,"text":"5221482 - 1979 - Organochlorine pollutants and population status of least terns in South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-13T15:33:52.37117","indexId":"5221482","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:12","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organochlorine pollutants and population status of least terns in South Carolina","docAbstract":"Least Tern nesting colonies on the Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge and surrounding areas in South Carolina were studied from 1971 through 1975. We located 10 colonies including 6 on the Refuge and 4 on nearby coastal islands. The number of nests in each colony ranged from several up to 220. Least Terns began reproductive activity in April, and the egg-laying period ranged from May to July. The earliest hatching record was 6 June. Reproductive success in most colonies seemed poor. Tidal flooding of eggs, predation of eggs and young, and disturbance by domestic animals and man were responsible for most failures. Residues of DDE, PCB's, and other organochlorine pollutants in the eggs were low and posed no identifiable threat to the Least Terns. DDE residues in eggs declined from 0.63 μg/g in 1972 to 0.33 μg/g in 1975. In contrast, PCB residue trends were erratic; mean residue values were 0.40 μg/g in 1972, 1.08 μg/g in 1974, and 0.62 μg/g in 1975. Eggshell thickness means for 1972, 1974, and 1975 were 2 to 7% lower than the pre-1947 mean; but the differences between means were not statistically significant. There is no evidence of a decline in Least Tern populations in South Carolina over the past 30 years such as observed in many other parts of the range of the species. A number of the current nesting islands seem secure from adverse environmental perturbations, although several colonies are on islands that are in danger of extensive development.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Blus, L.J., and Prouty, R.M., 1979, Organochlorine pollutants and population status of least terns in South Carolina: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 91, no. 1, p. 62-71.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"62","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":18069,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4161167","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":194052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.36214447021484,\n 33.004632712706915\n ],\n [\n -79.33433532714844,\n 33.06852769197118\n ],\n [\n -79.35218811035156,\n 33.112248870481594\n ],\n [\n -79.3710708618164,\n 33.13093878928894\n ],\n [\n -79.46273803710938,\n 33.08722690920878\n ],\n [\n -79.54479217529297,\n 33.03917629355546\n ],\n [\n -79.49260711669922,\n 33.00376894977095\n ],\n [\n -79.41673278808594,\n 33.0121183038527\n ],\n [\n -79.39441680908203,\n 33.00376894977095\n ],\n [\n -79.36214447021484,\n 33.004632712706915\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"91","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68aa1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blus, L. J.","contributorId":38116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blus","given":"L.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prouty, R. M.","contributorId":31349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prouty","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221480,"text":"5221480 - 1979 - Lead concentrations: Bats vs. terrestrial small mammals collected near a major highway","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-24T11:32:54.013374","indexId":"5221480","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:12","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead concentrations: Bats vs. terrestrial small mammals collected near a major highway","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es60151a004","usgsCitation":"Clark, D.R., 1979, Lead concentrations: Bats vs. terrestrial small mammals collected near a major highway: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 13, no. 3, p. 338-341, https://doi.org/10.1021/es60151a004.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"338","endPage":"341","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197068,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Baltimore-Washington Parkway, Maryland Highway 197, Montpelier Barn","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.84294698207482,\n 39.070157101535756\n ],\n [\n -76.84444836078926,\n 39.068807408790036\n ],\n [\n -76.84563365977392,\n 39.068285929679945\n ],\n [\n -76.84776719794735,\n 39.067641744284344\n ],\n [\n -76.84883396703405,\n 39.06699755300903\n ],\n [\n -76.84974269625589,\n 39.066721469234125\n ],\n [\n -76.8519552543615,\n 39.06650673666249\n ],\n [\n -76.85420732243286,\n 39.065739829289214\n ],\n [\n -76.85511605165466,\n 39.06555577027973\n ],\n [\n -76.85606429084287,\n 39.06521832751599\n ],\n [\n -76.85835586888062,\n 39.06377650844544\n ],\n [\n -76.86076597681688,\n 39.06337770222652\n ],\n [\n -76.86380824421215,\n 39.061107531607576\n ],\n [\n -76.86613933221629,\n 39.0563215273624\n ],\n [\n -76.86680710156853,\n 39.05644861905938\n ],\n [\n -76.86945426930184,\n 39.056325896956736\n ],\n [\n -76.86953328923458,\n 39.05537479343093\n ],\n [\n -76.86988887892957,\n 39.0550066208848\n ],\n [\n -76.87135074767822,\n 39.05433163289831\n ],\n [\n -76.87261506659563,\n 39.0527361811001\n ],\n [\n -76.87301016625699,\n 39.051508885959095\n ],\n [\n -76.87297065629122,\n 39.05003610363707\n ],\n [\n -76.87304967622335,\n 39.04819508254519\n ],\n [\n -76.87348428585108,\n 39.04675291583922\n ],\n [\n -76.87273359649416,\n 39.04589373869939\n ],\n [\n -76.87198290713663,\n 39.04463563903275\n ],\n [\n -76.87221996693367,\n 39.044236724703524\n ],\n [\n -76.87214094700154,\n 39.043684378067525\n ],\n [\n -76.87237800679857,\n 39.04322408590562\n ],\n [\n -76.87221996693367,\n 39.042886536413505\n ],\n [\n -76.87166682740744,\n 39.042671731352016\n ],\n [\n -76.87150878754254,\n 39.04230349258373\n ],\n [\n -76.87099515798265,\n 39.04205799900538\n ],\n [\n -76.87071858821922,\n 39.04147494833728\n ],\n [\n -76.8710346931632,\n 39.04003450422928\n ],\n [\n -76.87241754197913,\n 39.039942441280715\n ],\n [\n -76.87249656191129,\n 39.03935937315421\n ],\n [\n -76.87289166157262,\n 39.03902180519748\n ],\n [\n -76.87210146224933,\n 39.0384694177892\n ],\n [\n -76.87127175295967,\n 39.0382852876935\n ],\n [\n -76.87044204367058,\n 39.03782496035478\n ],\n [\n -76.87036302373782,\n 39.037456696324654\n ],\n [\n -76.871706362588,\n 39.03699636358789\n ],\n [\n -76.87182489248652,\n 39.03236218032657\n ],\n [\n -76.87107420312898,\n 39.03236218032657\n ],\n [\n -76.86984939417796,\n 39.032147343268235\n ],\n [\n -76.86898017492193,\n 39.03227010738158\n ],\n [\n -76.86696516664759,\n 39.03325221261014\n ],\n [\n -76.86498966833905,\n 39.03460258501465\n ],\n [\n -76.8634882896246,\n 39.035062933345756\n ],\n [\n -76.86182887104525,\n 39.034725344863006\n ],\n [\n -76.85937925314323,\n 39.03316014082472\n ],\n [\n -76.85732473490192,\n 39.03279185248354\n ],\n [\n -76.85195137950316,\n 39.033405665319094\n ],\n [\n -76.84780283305294,\n 39.0409050063389\n ],\n [\n -76.84242947764997,\n 39.04955566087614\n ],\n [\n -76.83918966042465,\n 39.05599890062305\n ],\n [\n -76.83978230991714,\n 39.05677824527447\n ],\n [\n -76.83942672022216,\n 39.06110404292028\n ],\n [\n -76.83946623018792,\n 39.06506145541667\n ],\n [\n -76.84100711886876,\n 39.068098388968366\n ],\n [\n -76.84294698207482,\n 39.070157101535756\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a88b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, D. R. Jr.","contributorId":40928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220978,"text":"5220978 - 1979 - Multiple-factor influences upon feeding flight rates at wading bird colonies (Alias: Are flight-line counts useful?)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T17:13:58","indexId":"5220978","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:12","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Multiple-factor influences upon feeding flight rates at wading bird colonies (Alias: Are flight-line counts useful?)","docAbstract":"The temporal patterns of feeding, resting, and reproductive behavior in colonial wading birds have been studied by a number of investigators (Recher and Recher 1972, King 1974, Capen 1978, Custer and Osborn 1978, Kushlan 1978) both on a short-term (daily) and long-term (annual) basis. In coastal marine environments, activities at colonies are influenced by tides (Recher and Recher 1972, Krebs 1974, Custer and Osborn 1978), time of day (Kushlan 1978) and phase of the nesting cycle (Kahl 1964).
The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to examine the effects of tide, time of day (physical factors), nesting phase, colony site, and spe cies identity (biological factors) on feeding flight rates at breeding col onies and, as a result of this, (2) to evaluate the usefulness of feeding flight counts as an index of the number of nests in the colony.
Earlier work suggests that the relationship between the number of in dividuals flying to and from the nesting colony may be quite consistent with nest numbers. Thus, by monitoring flights from remote locations, ob servers might obtain relatively accurate census data while minimizing time and disturbance at colonies. Recent concern for the deleterious impact of humans at waterbird colonies (Buckley and Buckley 1976, Ellison and Cleary 1978) underscores the need to investigate alternative census methods.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 1979 conference of the colonial waterbird group","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1979 conference of the colonial waterbird group","conferenceDate":"October 25-28, 1979","conferenceLocation":"Lafayette, LA","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R.M., and Ogden, J.C., 1979, Multiple-factor influences upon feeding flight rates at wading bird colonies (Alias: Are flight-line counts useful?), in Proceedings of the 1979 conference of the colonial waterbird group, v. 3, Lafayette, LA, October 25-28, 1979, p. 225-234.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"234","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352101,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4626717"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b48c3","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Southern, William E.","contributorId":68919,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Southern","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729781,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R. Michael 0000-0003-2108-9502","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2108-9502","contributorId":57125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ogden, John C.","contributorId":67895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogden","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221460,"text":"5221460 - 1979 - Recovery of breeding success in a population of brown pelicans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T17:39:52","indexId":"5221460","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:56","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Recovery of breeding success in a population of brown pelicans","docAbstract":"Breeding populations of the brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) declined during the 1960's on both east and west coasts of the United States. In 1969, colonies in South Carolina fledged an average of 0.78 young per nest (Blus et al. 1974b), and those in California only 0.004 (Anderson et al. 1975). The minimum production for population stability has been estimated to be 1.0 to 1.2 fledglings per nest (Henny 1972, Anderson et al. 1977). The South Carolina population may have decreased by as much as 80% during the previous decade (Blus 1970).
Organochlorine pesticides were implicated as a cause of population decline. Eggs from South Carolina contained an average of 5.4 parts per million (ppm) of DDE (wet weight basis) in 1969, and those from California about 70 ppm wet weight (Blus et al. 1974a, Anderson et al. 1975). Shells of South Carolina brown pelican eggs were,17% thinner than normal, and those from California were 30% thinner, compared with shells of eggs laid before DDE was introduced in 1947 (Blus et al. 1974a, Anderson et al. 1975); crushed eggs were common in the colonies. DDE was the primary cause of shell thinning (Blus et al. 1971), but dieldrin was also associated with breeding failure, and both may be embryotoxic (Porter and Wiemeyer 1969, Longcore et al. 1971, Blus et al. 1974b).
Brown pelicans also declined in Louisiana and Texas during this period, in association with shell thinning and relatively high organochlorine levels (Anderson and Hickey 1970, Blus et al. 1975, King et al. 1977). Eggs of pelicans in Florida, however, contained lower residues, and numbers have remained stable (Williams and Martin 1970). In 1969, the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center and Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge initiated an intensive study of the South Carolina population. Size of the breeding colonies, production, eggshell thickness, and organochlorine residues were monitored each year. Between 1969 and 1976 organochlorines in the eggs declined gradually, reproductive success improved, and the breeding population doubled (Blus et al. 1979).
We have continued to monitor the South Carolina brown pelican population. Results for 1977 and 1978 are presented here, with an evaluation of the significance and possible causes of current breeding success.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 1978 conference of the colonial waterbird group","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1978 conference of the colonial waterbird group","conferenceDate":"October 20-23, 1978","conferenceLocation":"New York, NY","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1520936","usgsCitation":"Mendenhall, V.M., and Prouty, R.M., 1979, Recovery of breeding success in a population of brown pelicans, in Proceedings of the 1978 conference of the colonial waterbird group, v. 2, New York, NY, October 20-23, 1978, p. 65-70, https://doi.org/10.2307/1520936.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"70","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a37e4b07f02db61c399","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Southern, William E.","contributorId":68919,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Southern","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729783,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Mendenhall, Vivian M.","contributorId":98405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendenhall","given":"Vivian","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":333901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prouty, Richard M.","contributorId":79121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prouty","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222119,"text":"5222119 - 1979 - Endocrine correlates of reproduction in the wolf. I. Serum progesterone, estradiol and LH during the estrous cycle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-02T15:14:44.659066","indexId":"5222119","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:37","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1033,"text":"Biology of Reproduction","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Endocrine correlates of reproduction in the wolf. I. Serum progesterone, estradiol and LH during the estrous cycle","docAbstract":"The estrous cycle of 10 intact female wolves, aged 8 months-8 years at the initiation of the study, was characterized in terms of vaginal smears, behavioral observations and serum concentrations of estradiol-17β, progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) from January through June. No estrous cycles occurred in these animals between June and December. All were housed with male wolves. Two pups and 1 adult remained anestrous during this interval. One pup and 2 adults produced litters between May 4-6. Four adults exhibited endocrine changes similar to those of the pregnant animals but no litters or signs of abortion were observed. The duration of proestrus was 15.7 ± 1.6 days (X ± SEM, n = 6), of estrus 9.0 ± 1.2 days (n = 4) and of the luteal phase 63 ± 2 days (n = 6). The duration of pregnancy was between 60-65 days. The anestrous females (86 blood samples) had 6 progesterone values between 1-2 ng/ml and the remainder below 1 ng/ml. Their estradiol-17β concentrations varied between 5-20 pg/ml. Values for LH varied between 0.1-2 ng/ml, except for 1 value above 15 ng/ml for each of the 2 anestrous pups on 12 January.
The 7 estrous animals (260 samples) included 1 pup and 2 adults that delivered litters. Estradiol-17β varied between 10-20 pg/ml during proestrus, peaked at 30-70 pg/ml late in proestrus and fluctuated between 10-30 pg/ml during pregnancy or the duration of luteal activity in the nonpregnant animals. The preovulatory LH rise, 5-15 ng/ml, extended over 3 days during and immediately following the peak estradiol-17β values. An earlier elevation in LH was observed in 3 of the estrous animals. Progesterone began increasing during the LH surge and peaked 11-14 days later at 22-40 ng/ml. Progesterone concentrations greater than 3 ng/ml were maintained for 56-68 days in 6 of the 7 animals exhibiting estrus. Progesterone concentrations declined at parturition but continued to fluctuate between 0.2-3 ng/ml for 3-6 weeks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Reproduction","doi":"10.1095/biolreprod21.5.1057","usgsCitation":"Seal, U., Plotka, E., Packard, J., and Mech, L., 1979, Endocrine correlates of reproduction in the wolf. I. Serum progesterone, estradiol and LH during the estrous cycle: Biology of Reproduction, v. 21, no. 5, p. 1057-1066, https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod21.5.1057.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1057","endPage":"1066","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480597,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod21.5.1057","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":198291,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db60506f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seal, U.S.","contributorId":40564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seal","given":"U.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plotka, E.D.","contributorId":89248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plotka","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Packard, J.M.","contributorId":59752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Packard","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5221464,"text":"5221464 - 1979 - Acute oral and percutaneous toxicity of pesticides to mallards: Correlations with mammalian toxicity data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T14:40:53.627551","indexId":"5221464","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:37","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3612,"text":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute oral and percutaneous toxicity of pesticides to mallards: Correlations with mammalian toxicity data","docAbstract":"Acute oral (po) and 24-hr percutaneous (perc) LD50 values for 21 common pesticides (19 anticholinesterases, of which 18 were organophosphates, and one was a carbamate; one was an organochlorine central nervous system stimulant; and one was an organonitrogen pneumotoxicant) were determined in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Three of the pesticides tested were more toxic percutaneously than orally. An index to the percutaneous hazard of a pesticide, the dermal toxicity index (DTI = po LD50/perc LD50 × 100), was also calculated for each pesticide. These toxicity values in mallards were compared with toxicity data for rats from the literature. Significant positive correlations were found between log po and log percutaneous LD50 values in mallards (r = 0.65, p < 0.01), between log po LD50 values in mallards and in rats (r = 0.71, p < 0.01), and between log DTI values in mallards and in rats (r = 0.52, p < 0.05). Percutaneous toxicity values were not significantly correlated between mallards and rats (r = 0.36, p > 0.10). Variations in percutaneous methodologies are discussed with reference to interspecies variation in toxicity values. It is recommended that a mammalian DTI value approaching 30 be used as a guideline for the initiation of percutaneous toxicity studies in birds, when the po LD50 and/or projected percutaneous LD50 are less than expected field exposure levels.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0041-008X(79)90515-5","usgsCitation":"Hudson, R.H., Haegele, M.A., and Tucker, R.K., 1979, Acute oral and percutaneous toxicity of pesticides to mallards: Correlations with mammalian toxicity data: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, v. 47, no. 3, p. 451-460, https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(79)90515-5.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"451","endPage":"460","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, R. H.","contributorId":29534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haegele, M. A.","contributorId":107010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haegele","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tucker, R. K.","contributorId":96383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221467,"text":"5221467 - 1979 - Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T15:38:02","indexId":"5221467","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2480,"text":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)","docAbstract":"Egg surface applications of microliter quantities of crude and refined oils of high aromatic content are embryotoxic to mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and other avian species; applications of aliphatic hydrocarbons have virtually no effect. Mallard eggs at 72 h of development were exposed to a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons or to aromatic compounds representative to those present in crude oil to assess their toxicity. The class composition of the mixture was similar to that of South Louisiana crude oil, an American Petroleum Institute reference oil. Application of 20 microliter of the mixture reduced embryonic survival by nearly 70%. The temporal pattern of embryonic death was similar to that after exposure to South Louisiana crude oil. Embryonic growth was stunted, as reflected by weight, crown-rump length, and bill length, and there was a significant increase in the incidence of abnormal survivors. When individual classes of aromatic hydrocarbons were tested, tetracyclics caused some embryonic death at the concentrations in the mixture. When classes were tested in all possible combinations of two, no combination appeared to be as toxic as the entire mixture. Addition of the tetracyclic compound chrysene to the aromatic mixture considerably enhanced embryotoxicity, but could not completely account for the toxicity of the crude oil. The presence of additional unidentified polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as well as methylated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic compounds such as chrysene may further account for the embryotoxicity of the crude oil.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/15287397909529793","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., 1979, Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos): Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, v. 5, no. 5, p. 835-844, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287397909529793.","productDescription":"835-844","startPage":"835","endPage":"844","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269466,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287397909529793"},{"id":199396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db6059b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159190,"text":"70159190 - 1979 - A selected bibliography: Remote sensing techniques for evaluating the effects of surface mining","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-05T13:16:24.661507","indexId":"70159190","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-02T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"A selected bibliography: Remote sensing techniques for evaluating the effects of surface mining","docAbstract":"This bibliography contains 39 citations of technical papers and other publications dealing with the applications of remote sensing techniques for analyzing and monitoring surface mining. These references summarize recent developments in methods used to identify, map, analyze, and monitor surface mining, particularly coal surface mining.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Technical Service, U.S. Department of Commerce","publisherLocation":"Springfield, VA","usgsCitation":"Carneggie, D.M., and Ohlen, D.O., 1979, A selected bibliography: Remote sensing techniques for evaluating the effects of surface mining, iii, 11 p.","productDescription":"iii, 11 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311249,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159190/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":310013,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159190.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56237128e4b06217fc47de9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carneggie, David M.","contributorId":62758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carneggie","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ohlen, Donald O. ohlen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohlen","given":"Donald","email":"ohlen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":577797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5200109,"text":"5200109 - 1979 - Newsletter for the Accelerated Research Program for migratory shore and upland game birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5200109","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":193,"text":"Newsletter for the Accelerated Research Program for migratory shore and upland game birds","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"No. 4.","title":"Newsletter for the Accelerated Research Program for migratory shore and upland game birds","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird & Habitat Research Laboratory","publisherLocation":"Laurel, MD","usgsCitation":"Coon, R., 1979, Newsletter for the Accelerated Research Program for migratory shore and upland game birds: Newsletter for the Accelerated Research Program for migratory shore and upland game birds No. 4., 30.","productDescription":"30","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ce4b07f02db6a93cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coon, R.A.","contributorId":43060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coon","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5200045,"text":"5200045 - 1979 - Effects of sevin-4-oil, dimilin, and orthene on forest birds in northeastern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-21T15:15:35","indexId":"5200045","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:21","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":73,"text":"Research Paper","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"PSW-148","title":"Effects of sevin-4-oil, dimilin, and orthene on forest birds in northeastern Oregon","docAbstract":"The possible harmful effect of insecticides on nontarget organisms should be a prominent concern in all attempts to control forest pests. Although all wildlife must be considered, birds are particularly vulnerable. The study reported here was part of the effort to find an environmentally safe method to control one of the major sources of insect damage to forest trees - the Douglas-fir tussock moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata [McDunnough]). Its larval stage is an important defoliator of true firs (Abies sp.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca [Beissn.] Franco)in western North America. In Oregon, severe infestations have recurred at intervals of about 10 years since 1936 (Wickman and others 1973).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Berkeley, California","usgsCitation":"Richmond, M., Henny, C.J., Floyd, R., Mannan, R., Finch, D., and DeWeese, L., 1979, Effects of sevin-4-oil, dimilin, and orthene on forest birds in northeastern Oregon: Research Paper PSW-148, 19 p.","productDescription":"19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":372522,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_rp148/psw_rp148.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Blue Mountains, Wallowa Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.3172607421875,\n 44.87533557756195\n ],\n [\n -117.37380981445311,\n 44.87533557756195\n ],\n [\n -117.37380981445311,\n 45.34635448859446\n ],\n [\n -118.3172607421875,\n 45.34635448859446\n ],\n [\n -118.3172607421875,\n 44.87533557756195\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624ed7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richmond, M.L.","contributorId":72085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Floyd, R.L.","contributorId":24068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Floyd","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mannan, R.W.","contributorId":52915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mannan","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finch, D.M.","contributorId":39331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"DeWeese, L.R.","contributorId":65116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWeese","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5211356,"text":"5211356 - 1979 - Seasonal occurrence and distribution of submerged aquatic macrophytes in the tidal Potomac River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-29T12:00:34","indexId":"5211356","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Seasonal occurrence and distribution of submerged aquatic macrophytes in the tidal Potomac River","docAbstract":"A systematic survey was conducted in the Tidal Potomac River in 1978 to determine the presence, abundance, and phenology of submersed aquatic macrophytes. The survey covered 81.5 km of main river and 59.3 km of tributary on the Maryland shore. Four regions were selected for the study: (1) Piscataway - Mattawoman Creek region (fresh-tidal river), (2) Nanjemoy Creek-Port Tobacco River region (transition zone), (3) Wicomico River region (estuary), and (4) St. Marys River region (estuary). The Wicomico River region was subdivided into fresh tidal river, transition zone and estuary for purposes of date analysis. Data were gathered by sampling each 15 m along transects running perpendicular to shore for a maximum distance of 300 m. Modified oyster tongs were used to sample both plants and benthic soils from an outboard boat. A total of 131 transects were established with a total of approximately 3500 grabs being taken per sampling period. Sampling was initiated in the spring and repeated in the summer and fall. Highest plant diversity and productivity were measured in the transition zone extending from Lower Cedar Point to beyond Maryland Point, a distance of approximately 30 km, and in the transition zone of the Wicomico River above Chaptico Bay. Fresh tidal areas were devoid of plants. The estuary had a sparse growth of horned pondweed (Zannichellia palustris) and widgeon grass (Ruppia maritima) in the spring: horned pondweed was not found in summer or fall. Redhead grass (Potomageton perfoliatus) was the most abundant pondweed; it matured in early summer and died back in mid-to-late summer. Wild celery (Vallisneria americana) and widgeon grass matured in early-to-late fall and were the most abundant plants during that period. Data analysis is being finalized and a publication is in preparation. This research will be continued over the next several seasons as part of the long term USGS effort on the Potomac","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seminar on water quality in the tidal Potomac River, December 1978","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, Va.","usgsCitation":"Haramis, G., Carter, V., Gammon, P., and Hupp, C., 1979, Seasonal occurrence and distribution of submerged aquatic macrophytes in the tidal Potomac River, chap. of Seminar on water quality in the tidal Potomac River, December 1978.","productDescription":"21","startPage":"19 (abs)","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685e32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haramis, G.M.","contributorId":101212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haramis","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, V.","contributorId":61115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gammon, P.","contributorId":68861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gammon","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hupp, C. 0000-0003-1853-9197","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-9197","contributorId":59150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5211299,"text":"5211299 - 1979 - Experimental lead poisoning in bald eagles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:13","indexId":"5211299","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Experimental lead poisoning in bald eagles","docAbstract":"Captive, crippled bald eagles unsuitable for release were fed lead shot to determine diagnostic criteria for lead poisoning. The eagles were fluoroscoped and bled periodically to determine shot retention and blood delta--aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity. Microscopic examination revealed renal tubular degeneration, arterial fibrinoid necrosis and myocardial necrosis. Acid-fast intra-nuclear inclusion bodies were not found in proximal convoluted tubule cells. 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Detection of high levels of heptachlor epoxide (HE) in tissues of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) prompted this study to determine the extent and impact of heptachlor contamination on geese on two study areas on the Columbia River--the Umatilla National Wildlife Refuge (Umatilla) in Oregon and Washington and on the McNary Recreation Area (McNary) about 65 km upstream in Washington. Nest success of Great Basin Canada geese (B. c. moffitti) at McNary was 90.2 percent compared to 5I.7 percent at Umatilla. HE in eggs was correlated with nest success--95 percent of the nests from which sample eggs contained <1 ?g/g of HE were successful compared to 20 percent of those with eggs that contained >10 ug/g. Eggs from McNary were essentially clean of organochlorine pollutants, while eggs from Umatilla contained an average of 2.93 ?g/g of HE and a maximum of 24.29 ug/g. Lethal levels of HE were detected in brains of resident Great Basin Canada geese and over-wintering Taverner's geese (B. c. taverneri) that were found dead on or near Umatilla: The source of HE in geese appeared to be ingestion of seeds treated with heptachlor for wireworm control. The small population of moffitti is in danger of extirpation from heptachlor. Recommendations for minimizing the heptachlor problem include: (1) improved handling of treated grain to decrease its availability to wildlife, (2) use of treated seed only in areas requiring wireworm control, and cessation of prophylactic use, particularly on wheat planted in irrigated circles immediately following potatoes, and (3) replacement of heptachlor with a safer chemicaL","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Management and Biology of Pacific Flyway Geese: A Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oregon State University Book Stores, Inc.","publisherLocation":"Corvallis","usgsCitation":"Blus, L.J., Henny, C.J., Lenhart, D., and Cromartie, E., 1979, Effects of heptachlor-treated cereal grains on Canada geese in the Columbia Basin, chap. of Management and Biology of Pacific Flyway Geese: A Symposium, p. 105-116.","productDescription":"346","startPage":"105","endPage":"116","numberOfPages":"346","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db612195","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Jarvis, Robert L.","contributorId":112518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarvis","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506343,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartonek, James C.","contributorId":66759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartonek","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506342,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Blus, L. 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Jr.","contributorId":94014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shugart","given":"H.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, T.M.","contributorId":55939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}