No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr84785","usgsCitation":"Hopkins, R., Tucker, R.E., Roemer, T.A., Sharkey, J.D., and Aubin, L., 1984, Analytical results from a geochemical survey of St. Thomas and St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, using soil, rock, and panned concentrate samples: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-785, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84785.","productDescription":"64 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0785/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":383530,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0785/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"St. John and St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -64.9456787109375,\n 17.657108439910733\n ],\n [\n -64.54742431640625,\n 17.657108439910733\n ],\n [\n -64.54742431640625,\n 17.79576579725599\n ],\n [\n -64.9456787109375,\n 17.79576579725599\n ],\n [\n -64.9456787109375,\n 17.657108439910733\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c9da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hopkins, R.T.","contributorId":80264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tucker, R. E.","contributorId":50520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roemer, T. A.","contributorId":72784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roemer","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sharkey, J. D.","contributorId":85578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharkey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Aubin, L.L.","contributorId":106122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aubin","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":26765,"text":"wri844023 - 1984 - Ground-water resources of the Mattapoisett River aquifer, Plymouth County, Massachusetts: Summary for water-resource managers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-18T21:50:09.612808","indexId":"wri844023","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4023","title":"Ground-water resources of the Mattapoisett River aquifer, Plymouth County, Massachusetts: Summary for water-resource managers","docAbstract":"Proposed increases in municipal pumpage in the Mattapoisett River valley will triple ground-water withdrawals in the next two decades. Because of State and local concern about the long-term effects of these withdrawals on ground-water levels and streamflow, a digital ground-water-flow model was developed to assist water-resource management. Ten development scenarios representing existing and proposed withdrawals were simulated using drought conditions. Under conditions simulating 1965, the driest year of record, predicted water levels in the aquifer are as much as 9 feet lower than average. Under severely dry conditions, simulating only enough recharge to keep the river flowing with no pumping, the predicted water levels are as much as 19 feet lower than average. During the greatest pumping demands, the predicted drawdown in five wells could cause well failure. Simulated pumping demands in six scenarios use all available ground-water discharge. Under severely dry conditions, it is predicted that the downstream half of the river will stop flowing under most pumping plans. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844023","usgsCitation":"De Lima, V., and Olimpio, J.C., 1984, Ground-water resources of the Mattapoisett River aquifer, Plymouth County, Massachusetts: Summary for water-resource managers: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4023, iii, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844023.","productDescription":"iii, 56 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396205,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35926.htm"},{"id":55654,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4023/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4023/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","county":"Plymouth County","otherGeospatial":"Mattapoisett River aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.9,\n 41.656\n ],\n [\n -70.833,\n 41.656\n ],\n [\n -70.833,\n 41.779\n ],\n [\n -70.9,\n 41.779\n ],\n [\n -70.9,\n 41.656\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a7ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Lima, Virginia","contributorId":91888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Lima","given":"Virginia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olimpio, Julio C.","contributorId":93877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olimpio","given":"Julio","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26419,"text":"wri844010 - 1984 - Simulated effects of an artificial-recharge experiment near Proctor, Logan County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri844010","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4010","title":"Simulated effects of an artificial-recharge experiment near Proctor, Logan County, Colorado","docAbstract":"An artificial-recharge experiment was conducted near Proctor, Colorado in which a computed 620 acre-feet were pumped from a well during a 4-month period. A computed 420 acre-feet were delivered at the potential reservoir site, and the remaining 200 acre-feet leaked from the pipeline. No pond was created due to the high rates of infiltration. Water levels in the nearest well (about 0.1 mile from the recharge site) rose almost 25 feet. Computer simulations indicate that this 4-month pumping-recharge experiment would cause stream depletions from the nearby South Platte River for the first 16 months, thereafter, stream accretions due to the recharge would exceed stream depletions due to pumpage. If the experiment was conducted annually, the simulations indicate that stream depletions would occur for 6 months of each year and stream acretions for the remaining 6 months once the system reached an equilibrium condition. To reach the cyclic equilibrium condition would take at least 7 years. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844010","usgsCitation":"Burns, A., 1984, Simulated effects of an artificial-recharge experiment near Proctor, Logan County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4010, iv, 17 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844010.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4010/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55214,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4010/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3873","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, A.W.","contributorId":65498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4195,"text":"cir913 - 1984 - Water-level and water-quality changes in Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1847-1983","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-22T12:05:09","indexId":"cir913","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"913","title":"Water-level and water-quality changes in Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1847-1983","docAbstract":"The surface level of Great Salt Lake, Utah, fluctuates continuously, primarily in response to climatic factors. During 1847-1982 the lake surface fluctuated between a low of about 4,191 feet and a high of about 4,212 feet above sea level but showed no net change. From September 18, 1982, to June 30, 1983, however, the lake rose 5.2 feet-from about 4,200 to about 4,205 feet above sea level-which is the greatest seasonal rise ever recorded. That rise resulted from considerably greater than average rainfall in 1982, greater than average snowfall during the autumn of 1982 through the spring of 1983, and unseasonably cool weather during that spring.
Man's activities have had a lesser, but still important effect on the lake level. The lake surface would have been about 5 feet higher in 1983 had there been no consumptive use of water owing to man's activities in the lake basin since 1847. The lake has been divided into two parts by a railroad causeway since 1959. The causeway restricts natural circulation, resulting in a difference of salinity and surface level of the lake across the causeway. The difference in surface level between the two parts of the lake varies both seasonally and annually and was as much as 3.25 feet in 1983.
The water budget for the Great Salt Lake can be expressed as:
Inflow = Outflow ± Storage change
The average annual inflow for 1931-76 was about 2.9 million acre-feet-about 1.9 million acre-feet from surface water, about 900,000 acre-feet from direct precipitation, and about 75,000 acre-feet from ground water. The average annual outflow for the same period, all by evaporation, also was about 2.9 million acre-feet. There was no net change in storage during the period.
The famed buoyancy of the brine in Great Salt Lake results from a dissolved-mineral content of almost 5 billion tons. More than 2 million additional tons have been added to the lake annually in recent years. The major dissolved ions in the brine are chloride, sulfate, sodium, magnesium, and potassium.
Prior to completion of the railroad causeway, the salinity of the brine varied inversely with the lake level. Since the causeway divided the lake into two parts, the salinity of the brine in the north part has been relatively constant at or close to saturation. The salinity of the brine in the south part has 1 continued to change inversely with the lake level, but the salinity has been less than it would have been without the causeway.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir913","usgsCitation":"Arnow, T., 1984, Water-level and water-quality changes in Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1847-1983: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 913, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir913.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":31309,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0913/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0913/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Salt Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.3349609375,\n 40.538851525354666\n ],\n [\n -111.8023681640625,\n 40.538851525354666\n ],\n [\n -111.8023681640625,\n 41.82454867985508\n ],\n [\n -113.3349609375,\n 41.82454867985508\n ],\n [\n -113.3349609375,\n 40.538851525354666\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e782d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arnow, Ted","contributorId":84733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnow","given":"Ted","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30307,"text":"wri844369 - 1984 - A finite-element simulation model for saturated-unsaturated, fluid-density-dependent ground-water flow with energy transport or chemically- reactive single-species solute transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:02","indexId":"wri844369","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4369","title":"A finite-element simulation model for saturated-unsaturated, fluid-density-dependent ground-water flow with energy transport or chemically- reactive single-species solute transport","docAbstract":"SUTRA (Saturated-Unsaturated Transport) is a computer program which can be used to simulate the movement of fluid and the transport of either energy or dissolved substances in a subsurface environment. The model employs a two-dimensional hybrid finite-element and integrated-finite-difference method to approximate the governing equations that describe the two interdependent processes that are simulated by SUTRA: (1) fluid density-dependent saturated or unsaturated groundwater flow, and either (2a) transport of a solute in the groundwater, in which the solute may be subject to: equilibrium adsorption on the porous matrix, and both first-order and zero-order production or decay, or, (2b) transport of thermal energy in the groundwater and solid matrix of the aquifer. SUTRA provides, as the primary calculated results, fluid pressures and either solute concentrations or temperatures, as they vary with time, everywhere in the simulated subsurface system. SUTRA may also be used to simulate simpler subsets of the above process. SUTRA may be employed for areal and cross-sectional models of saturated groundwater flow systems, and for cross-sectional models of unsaturated zone flow. Solute transport simulation using SUTRA may be used to simulate natural or man-induced chemical transport, solute sorption, production and decay. SUTRA may be used for simulation of variable density leachate movement, and for cross-sectional simulation of salt-water intrusion in aquifers at near-well or regional scales, with either dispersed or relatively sharp transition zones between fresh water and salt water. SUTRA energy transport simulation may be employed to model thermal regimes in aquifers, subsurface heat conduction, aquifer thermal energy storage systems, geothermal reservoirs, thermal pollution of aquifers, and natural hydrogeologic convection systems. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844369","usgsCitation":"Voss, C., 1984, A finite-element simulation model for saturated-unsaturated, fluid-density-dependent ground-water flow with energy transport or chemically- reactive single-species solute transport: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4369, xx, 429 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844369.","productDescription":"xx, 429 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4369/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59100,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4369/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aec46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voss, C.I.","contributorId":79515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"C.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":61934,"text":"gq1579 - 1984 - Geologic map of the Mount Holly quadrangle, Berkeley and Charleston Counties, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:29","indexId":"gq1579","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1579","title":"Geologic map of the Mount Holly quadrangle, Berkeley and Charleston Counties, South Carolina","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gq1579","usgsCitation":"Weems, R., and Lemon, E., 1984, Geologic map of the Mount Holly quadrangle, Berkeley and Charleston Counties, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 1579, 1 map :col. ;58 x 48 cm., on sheet 95 x 119 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/gq1579.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;58 x 48 cm., on sheet 95 x 119 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102660,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1110.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1110"},{"id":248220,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/1579/report.pdf","size":"72","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":253046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/1579/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.11749999999999,33 ], [ -80.11749999999999,33.1175 ], [ -80,33.1175 ], [ -80,33 ], [ -80.11749999999999,33 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6278c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weems, R.E.","contributorId":44920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weems","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":266569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lemon, Earl M.","contributorId":103740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemon","given":"Earl M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":266570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":43731,"text":"ofr84544 - 1984 - Land use and land cover and associated maps for Escalante, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:52","indexId":"ofr84544","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-544","title":"Land use and land cover and associated maps for Escalante, Utah","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr84544","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1984, Land use and land cover and associated maps for Escalante, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-544, 5 maps :photocopy ;45 x 72 cm., on sheets 77 x 107 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84544.","productDescription":"5 maps :photocopy ;45 x 72 cm., on sheets 77 x 107 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":134911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b133e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2229,"text":"wsp2196C - 1984 - Nutrient and detritus transport in the Apalachicola River, Florida","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10218,"text":"ofr83130 - 1983 - Nutrient and detritus transport in the Apalachicola River, Florida","indexId":"ofr83130","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"title":"Nutrient and detritus transport in the Apalachicola River, Florida"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2229,"text":"wsp2196C - 1984 - Nutrient and detritus transport in the Apalachicola River, Florida","indexId":"wsp2196C","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Nutrient and detritus transport in the Apalachicola River, Florida"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp2196C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2196","chapter":"C","title":"Nutrient and detritus transport in the Apalachicola River, Florida","docAbstract":"The Apalachicola River in northwest Florida flows 172 kilometers southward from Jim Woodruff Dam near the Florida-Georgia border to Apalachicola Bay on the Gulf of Mexico. The basin is composed of two 3,100-squarekilometer subbasins, the Chipola and the Apalachicola. The Apalachicola subbasin includes a 454-square-kilometer bottom-land hardwood flood plain that is relatively undeveloped. The flood plain contains more than 1,500 trees per hectare that annually produce approximately 800 metric tons of litter fall per square kilometer. Spring floods of March and April 1980 carried 35,000 metric tons of particulate organic carbon derived from litter fall into Apalachicola Bay. The estuarine food web is predominantly detrital based and represents an important commercial source of oyster, shrimp, blue crab, and various species of fish. \r\n\r\nThe water budget of the Apalachicola basin is heavily dominated by streamflow. For a 1-year period in 1979-80, 28.6 cubic kilometers of water flowed past the Sumatra gage on the lower river. Eighty percent of this volume flowed into the upper river near Chattahoochee, Fla., and 11 percent was contributed by its major tributary, the Chipola River. Contributions from ground water and overland runoff were less than 10 percent. \r\n\r\nStreamflow increases downstream were accompanied by equivalent increases in nitrogen and phosphorus transport. The nutrients were released to the river by the flood-plain vegetation, but also were subject to recycling. The increase in the amount of organic carbon transport downstream was greater than streamflow increases. The flood plain is an important source of organic carbon, especially in detrital form. \r\n\r\nSeveral methods for measurement of detritus in the river and flood plain were developed and tested. The detritus data from the flood plain added semiquantitative evidence for transport of detritus from the flood plain to the river flow, probably accounting for most of the coarse particulate organic material carried by the river. \r\n\r\nDuring the 1-year period of investigation, June 3, 1979, through June 2, 1980, 2.1 ? 10 5 metric tons of organic carbon were transported from the river basin to the bay. Nitrogen and phosphorus transport during the same period amounted to 2.2 ? 10 4 and 1.7 ? 10 3 metric tons, respectively. On an areal basis, it was calculated that the flood plain contributed 70 grams of organic carbon per square meter per year, 0.4 gram of nitrogen per square meter per year, and 0.5 gram of phosphorus per square meter per year. The flood plain acts as a source of detrital carbon, but for the solutes, nutrient release is approximately balanced by nutrient retention.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2196C","usgsCitation":"Mattraw, H., and Elder, J.F., 1984, Nutrient and detritus transport in the Apalachicola River, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2196, viii, C62 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2196C.","productDescription":"viii, C62 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2196c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27983,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2196c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6967b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattraw, Harold C.","contributorId":81878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattraw","given":"Harold C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elder, John F.","contributorId":23919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":144855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11292,"text":"ofr84439 - 1984 - Assessment of water resources in lead-zinc mined areas in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":11292,"text":"ofr84439 - 1984 - Assessment of water resources in lead-zinc mined areas in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas","indexId":"ofr84439","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of water resources in lead-zinc mined areas in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2739,"text":"wsp2268 - 1987 - Assessment of water resources in lead-zinc mined areas in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas","indexId":"wsp2268","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of water resources in lead-zinc mined areas in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2739,"text":"wsp2268 - 1987 - Assessment of water resources in lead-zinc mined areas in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas","indexId":"wsp2268","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of water resources in lead-zinc mined areas in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-03T10:28:52","indexId":"ofr84439","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-439","title":"Assessment of water resources in lead-zinc mined areas in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas","docAbstract":"A study was conducted to evaluate water-resources problems related to abandoned lead and zinc mines in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas in Missouri and Oklahoma. Past mining activities have caused changes in the hydrogeology of the area. Lead and zinc mining has caused discontinuities and perforations in the confining shale west of the Pennsylvanian-Mississippian geologic contact (referred to as the western area), which have created artificial ground-water recharge and discharge areas. Recharge to the shallow aquifer (rocks of Mississippian age) through collapses, shafts, and drill holes in the shale has caused the formation of a groundwater \"mound\" in the vicinity of the Picher Field in Kansas and Oklahoma. Discharge of mine-contaminated ground water to Tar Creek occurs in'Oklahoma from drill holes and shafts where the potentiometric surface of the shallow aquifer is above the land surface. Mining of ore in the shallow aquifer has resulted in extensive fracturing and removal of material, which has created highly transmissive zones and voids and increased ground-water storage properties of the aquifer. In the area east of the Pennsylvanian-Mississippian geologic contact (referred to as the eastern area), fractured rock and tailings on the land surface increased the amount of water available for infiltration to the shallow aquifer; in the western area, tailings on the impermeable shale created artificial, perched aquifer systems that slowly drain to surface streams.
Pumping of the deep aquifer (rocks of Cambrian and Ordovician age) by towns and industries, which developed as a result of the mining industry, has resulted in a potential for downward movement of water from the shallow aquifer. The potential is greatest in Ottawa County, Oklahoma. Because of the large volume of water that may be transported from the shallow to the deep aquifer, open drill holes or casings present the greatest contamination hazard to water supplies in the deep aquifer.
Mining allowed oxidation of ore deposits which, on saturation with water, resulted in poor-quality water that generally contains large concentrations of sulfate and trace metals. Water from mines in the eastern area contained dissolved-solids concentrations of less than 500 mg/L (milligrams per liter), a median pH of 3.9, sulfate concentrations that ranged between 98 and 290 mg/L, and median concentrations for zinc of 37,600 pg/L (micrograms per liter), for lead of 240 pg/L, for cadmium of 180 ug/L, for iron of 70 pg/L, for manganese of 240 pg/L, and for silica of 15 mg/L. Water from mines in the western area contained dissolved-solids concentrations of generally more than 500 mg/L, a median pH of 6.8, sulfate concentrations that ranged between 170 and 2,150 mg/L, and median concentrations for zinc of 3,200 pg/L, for lead of 0 pg/L (minimum detection limit is 10 pg/L), for cadmium of 6 pg/L, for iron of 840 pg/L, for manganese of 440 ug/L, and for silica of 11 mg/L.
No conclusive evidence of lateral migration of water from the mines into domestic well-water supplies in the shallow aquifer was found in the study area in Kansas. Analyses of water from public-supply wells tapping the deep aquifer did not indicate contamination with trace metals, although chemical analyses from four of six wells exhibited increasing trends through time in sulfate concentrations. These increases probably reflect localized leakage of water from the shallow aquifer along corroded or leaky well casings.
Effects of abandoned lead and zinc mines on tributaries of the Spring River in the eastern area are most severe in Short Creek. Compared with water samples from three other major streams in the eastern area, a sample collected from Short Creek, 2 miles west of Galena, Kansas, during August 1981, contained the largest concentrations of dissolved sulfate (240 mg/L), zinc (25,000 pg/L), cadmium (170 pg/L), manganese (1,700 ug/L), and the lowest pH (6.0). Concentrations of these constituents are due primarily to inflow of ground water from the breccia, mines, and to seepage from chat piles in the Short Creek basin. The largest concentrations of zinc and manganese in the Spring River during August 1981, were observed in analyses of samples collected below Short Creek. In the western area, drainage from tailings, which act as perched aquifers on the impervious Pennsylvanian shales, appeared to have little effect on water quality in Willow Creek during low-flow conditions but caused larger concentrations of dissolved zinc just after a wet period during June 1981. Drainage from tailings cause large concentrations of sulfate, zinc, and cadmium in Tar Creek in Kansas. Compared with four other major streams in the western area in Kansas, Tar Creek contained the largest low-flow concentrations of sulfate (910 mg/L), zinc (5,800 pg/L), and cadmium (40ug/L).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84439","usgsCitation":"Spruill, T.B., 1984, Assessment of water resources in lead-zinc mined areas in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-439, viii, 102 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84439.","productDescription":"viii, 102 p.","numberOfPages":"113","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":346289,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0439/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0439/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma","county":"Cherokee County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.87655639648438,\n 36.82907321372808\n ],\n [\n -93.99215698242188,\n 36.82907321372808\n ],\n [\n -93.99215698242188,\n 37.31447530414411\n ],\n [\n -94.87655639648438,\n 37.31447530414411\n ],\n [\n -94.87655639648438,\n 36.82907321372808\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dd88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spruill, Timothy B.","contributorId":51724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spruill","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36425,"text":"fwsobs83_31 - 1984 - Seasonal abundance and habitat use patterns of coastal bird populations on Padre and Mustang Island barrier beaches (following the Ixtoc I Oil Spill)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:36","indexId":"fwsobs83_31","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"83/31","title":"Seasonal abundance and habitat use patterns of coastal bird populations on Padre and Mustang Island barrier beaches (following the Ixtoc I Oil Spill)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Chapman, B.R., 1984, Seasonal abundance and habitat use patterns of coastal bird populations on Padre and Mustang Island barrier beaches (following the Ixtoc I Oil Spill): FWS/OBS 83/31, x, 73 p. : ill., 2 maps; 28 cm.","productDescription":"x, 73 p. : ill., 2 maps; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":166921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc429","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, Brian R.","contributorId":19430,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chapman","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9587,"text":"ofr84826 - 1984 - Lithologic logs of auger holes and analytical data for auger samples from the Four Notch, Graham Creek, and Chambers Ferry Roadless Areas, Walker, Angelina, Jasper, and Sabine Counties, eastern Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:19","indexId":"ofr84826","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-826","title":"Lithologic logs of auger holes and analytical data for auger samples from the Four Notch, Graham Creek, and Chambers Ferry Roadless Areas, Walker, Angelina, Jasper, and Sabine Counties, eastern Texas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr84826","usgsCitation":"Houser, B.B., 1984, Lithologic logs of auger holes and analytical data for auger samples from the Four Notch, Graham Creek, and Chambers Ferry Roadless Areas, Walker, Angelina, Jasper, and Sabine Counties, eastern Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-826, i, 20 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84826.","productDescription":"i, 20 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0826/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37312,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0826/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6355c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houser, B. B.","contributorId":46092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houser","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36429,"text":"fwsobs84_01 - 1984 - Feasibility of using oil shale wastewater for waterfowl wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:36","indexId":"fwsobs84_01","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"84/01","title":"Feasibility of using oil shale wastewater for waterfowl wetlands","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Snyder, B.D., and Snyder, J.L., 1984, Feasibility of using oil shale wastewater for waterfowl wetlands: FWS/OBS 84/01, xxii, 290 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.","productDescription":"xxii, 290 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fbc35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, Bruce D.","contributorId":70824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snyder, Janet L.","contributorId":82770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":36431,"text":"fwsobs84_04 - 1984 - Ecology of Pacific Northwest coastal sand dunes: a community profile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:36","indexId":"fwsobs84_04","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"84/04","title":"Ecology of Pacific Northwest coastal sand dunes: a community profile","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Wiedemann, A.M., 1984, Ecology of Pacific Northwest coastal sand dunes: a community profile: FWS/OBS 84/04, xi, 130 p. : ill., maps; 28 cm.","productDescription":"xi, 130 p. : ill., maps; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627afe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiedemann, Alfred M.","contributorId":93555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiedemann","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9579,"text":"ofr84577 - 1984 - Annual ground-water use in the Twin Cities metropolitan area, Minnesota, 1970-79","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:01:48","indexId":"ofr84577","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-577","title":"Annual ground-water use in the Twin Cities metropolitan area, Minnesota, 1970-79","docAbstract":"Annual ground-water use in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area from 1970-79 is presented by aquifer and type of use. The data show that most ground water is withdrawn from wells in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer and that major uses of the water are for self-supplied industry and public supplies. Annual ground-water-use data are presented by county for each of the five major aquifers; Prairie du Chien-Jordan, Mount Simon-Hinckley, Ironton-Galesville, St. Peter, and drift. The data also are presented by county for each major use type, including public supply, self-supplied industry, commercial air-conditioning, irrigation, lake-level maintenance, and dewatering. The data were collected initially by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and were supplemented by data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr84577","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Metropolitan Council of the Twin Cities and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Horn, M., 1984, Annual ground-water use in the Twin Cities metropolitan area, Minnesota, 1970-79: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-577, iii, 130 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84577.","productDescription":"iii, 130 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":37303,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0577/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0577/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Twin Cities 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Dissolved-solids concentration in water from coal aquifers is about 1,400 milligrams per liter and from mine spoils is about 2,500 milligrams per liter. About 13 years will be required for ground water moving at an average velocity of 2 feet per day to flow from the spoils to the Tongue River Reservoir. The increase in dissolved-solids load to the reservoir due to mining will be less than 1 percent. In the Big Sky Mine area, water levels at post-mining equilibrium will closely resemble pre-mining levels. Dissolved-solids concentration in water from coal aquifers is about 2,700 milligrams per liter and from spoils is about 3,700 milligrams per liter. About 36 to 60 years will be required for ground water moving at an average velocity of 1.2 feet per day to flow from the spoils to Rosebud Creek. The average annual increase in dissolved-solids load to the creek due to mining will be about 2 percent, although a greater increase probably will occur during summer months when flow in the creek is low.
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Example calculations are based on flow from the reservoir to the mine pits through areas approximately perpendicular to the long axis of the reservoir. The planned increase in the stage of the reservoir will result in an increase of inflow to the mine pits in most areas. The increases will be greatest where the mine pits are near the reservoir and separated from the reservoir solely by aquifer zones of relatively large hydraulic conductivity. However, the inflow determined from the calculations is subject to a large degree of error, owing to the simplified method of calculation and the assumptions used. 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