Neonicotinoids in aquatic systems have been predominantly associated with agriculture, but some are increasingly being linked to municipal wastewater. Thus, the aim of this work was to understand the municipal wastewater contribution to neonicotinoids in a representative, characterized effluent-dominated temperate-region stream. Our approach was to quantify the spatiotemporal concentrations of imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, and transformation product imidacloprid urea: 0.1 km upstream, the municipal wastewater effluent, and 0.1 and 5.1 km downstream from the wastewater outfall (collected twice-monthly for one year under baseflow conditions). Quantified results demonstrated that wastewater effluent was a point-source of imidacloprid (consistently) and clothianidin (episodically), where chronic invertebrate exposure benchmarks were exceeded for imidacloprid (36/52 samples; 3/52 > acute exposure benchmark) and clothianidin (8/52 samples). Neonicotinoids persisted downstream where mass loads were not significantly different than those in the effluent. The combined analysis of neonicotinoid effluent concentrations, instream seasonality, and registered uses in Iowa all indicate imidacloprid, and seasonally clothianidin, were driven by wastewater effluent, whereas thiamethoxam and imidacloprid urea were primarily from upstream non-point sources (or potential in-stream transformation for imidacloprid urea). This is the first study to quantify neonicotinoid persistence in an effluent-dominated stream throughout the year—implicating wastewater effluent as a point-source for imidacloprid (year-round) and clothianidin (seasonal). These findings suggest possible overlooked neonicotinoid indoor human exposure routes with subsequent implications for instream ecotoxicological exposure.
This review examines new techniques and applications of organic petrography in source-rock reservoir petroleum systems that have occurred along with development of the global ‘shale revolution’ in energy resources. The review is limited to techniques and instrumentation that provide spatially resolved information, typically at or below microscales, for dispersed organic matter occurring in situ in samples of shale and mudrock. A brief summary of ion beam sample preparation is followed by discussion of the most common analytical techniques and applications. Advantages and limitations of each technique, including requisite sample preparation, types of information generated [e.g., molecular or elemental (isotopic) abundance], sensitivity, and resolution are discussed. In a few cases, techniques not yet applied to organic petrology of shale or mudrock are described (e.g., X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy imaging), in anticipation of near-term future application. The most common in situ techniques applied for characterization of organic matter in shale and mudrock include optical (including fluorescence) and electron microscopies, Raman, fluorescence, and infrared spectroscopies, and surficial measurements via force microscopy. Techniques that show growing application to organic petrography of shale include tip-enhanced photothermal infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry imaging, and synchrotron-based spectroscopies, among others. It is anticipated that the future of dispersed organic matter petrography will hold continued development of integrated instrument techniques (e.g., simultaneous or sequential correlative microscopies and/or spectroscopies of the same location), increased instrumental resolution, increased use of multiscale and multimodal organic petrography investigations, and three-dimensional imaging and chemical speciation mapping applications via multiple analytical approaches.
Red-throated loons (Gavia stellata) are a species of conservation concern in Alaska due to recent evidence of a population decline on the Arctic Coastal Plain (ACP) in northern Alaska. In 2019, the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conducted a pilot study to evaluate diet and use of nearshore foraging areas as possible drivers of the population decline. We collected fat biopsies to examine diet of breeding red-throated loons using previously outlined methods. We also deployed GPS-Ultra High Frequency transmitters on red-throated loons for an initial understanding of detailed offshore marine habitat use during the breeding season. A broader research project on marine habitat use and fish diet of breeding red-throated loons will begin in 2021 on the Canning River Delta and in Foggy Island Bay, Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211029","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Uher-Koch, B.D., Latty, C.J., and Schmutz, J.A., 2021, Red-throated loon (Gavia stellata) use of nearshore marine habitats—Results from a 2019 pilot study in Northern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1029, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211029.","productDescription":"iv, 4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-125193","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":385133,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1029/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":385134,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1029/ofr20211029.pdf","text":"Report","size":"795 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2021-1029"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -146.5081787109375,\n 70.0435668608635\n ],\n [\n -145.535888671875,\n 70.0435668608635\n ],\n [\n -145.535888671875,\n 70.29606309973389\n ],\n [\n -146.5081787109375,\n 70.29606309973389\n ],\n [\n -146.5081787109375,\n 70.0435668608635\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Alaska Science Center
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4210 University Drive
Anchorage, Alaska 99508
The location and timing of spawning play a critical role in pelagic fish survival during early life stages and can affect subsequent recruitment. Spawning patterns of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) were examined in Prince William Sound (1973–2019) where the population has failed to recover since its collapse in 1993. Abrupt shifts in spawn distribution preceded the rapid increase in population size in the 1980s and later its collapse by one and two years, respectively. Following the population collapse, spawning contracted away from historical regions towards southeastern areas of the Sound, and the proportion of occupied spawning areas declined from 65% to <9%. Spatial differences in spawn timing variation were also apparent, as the median spawn date shifted earlier by 26 days in eastern and 15 days in western areas of Prince William Sound between 1980 and 2006, and then shifted later by 25 (eastern) and 19 (western) days over a 7-year period. Effects of contracted spawning areas and timing shifts on first-year survival and recruitment are uncertain and require future investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-2021-0047","usgsCitation":"McGowan, D.W., Branch, T., Haught, S., and Scheuerell, M.D., 2021, Multi-decadal shifts in the distribution and timing of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) spawning in Prince William Sound, Alaska: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 78, no. 11, p. 1611-1627, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2021-0047.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1611","endPage":"1627","ipdsId":"IP-127966","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2021-0047","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":429890,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -145.49763958488447,\n 61.38445317402528\n ],\n [\n -148.81364721566212,\n 61.38445317402528\n ],\n [\n -148.81364721566212,\n 59.67390576743358\n ],\n [\n -145.49763958488447,\n 59.67390576743358\n ],\n [\n -145.49763958488447,\n 61.38445317402528\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"78","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Branch, Trevor A.","contributorId":337665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Branch","given":"Trevor","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12729,"text":"UW","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902606,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"McGowan, David W.","contributorId":337661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGowan","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12729,"text":"UW","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Branch, Trevor A.","contributorId":172088,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Branch","given":"Trevor A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":903139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haught, Stormy","contributorId":337663,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haught","given":"Stormy","affiliations":[{"id":56329,"text":"akfg","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scheuerell, Mark David 0000-0002-8284-1254","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8284-1254","contributorId":288621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheuerell","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":902603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70220164,"text":"70220164 - 2021 - The value of US coral reefs for flood risk reduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-17T15:56:16.21241","indexId":"70220164","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-15T10:32:31","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5791,"text":"Nature Sustainability","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The value of US coral reefs for flood risk reduction","docAbstract":"Habitats, such as coral reefs, can mitigate increasing flood damages through coastal protection services. We provide a fine-scale, national valuation of the flood risk reduction benefits of coral habitats to people, property, economies and infrastructure. Across 3,100 km of US coastline, the top-most 1 m of coral reefs prevents the 100-yr flood from growing by 23% (113 km2), avoiding flooding to 53,800 (62%) people, US\\$2.7 billion (90%) damage to buildings and US\\$2.6 billion (49%) in indirect economic effects. We estimate the hazard risk reduction benefits of US coral reefs to exceed US$1.8 billion annually. Many highly developed coastlines in Florida and Hawaii receive annual benefits of over US\\$10 million km–1, whereas US reefs critically reduce flooding of vulnerable populations. This quantification of spatial risk reduction can help to prioritize joint actions in flood management and environmental conservation, opening new opportunities to support reef management with hazard mitigation funding.
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Aaron","contributorId":214198,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cole","given":"Aaron","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17620,"text":"UCSC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":814610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cumming, Kristen A. 0000-0003-3647-2678","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3647-2678","contributorId":257561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cumming","given":"Kristen A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Beck, Mike","contributorId":193832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beck","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70223364,"text":"70223364 - 2021 - Epigean crayfish of the Potomac River Basin in West Virginia: Zoogeography, natural history and conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-25T13:29:38.923468","indexId":"70223364","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-15T08:26:10","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5290,"text":"Freshwater Crayfish","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Epigean crayfish of the Potomac River Basin in West Virginia: Zoogeography, natural history and conservation","docAbstract":"Crayfish are an aquatic fauna of conservation concern, yet regional studies are lacking on zoogeography and life history. We compared recent and historical species distribution data and assessed conservation standings of native and nonindigenous crayfish of the Potomac River Basin in West Virginia. From 2007–2011, a total of 1764 crayfish were collected from 159 sites. Data collection included species abundance, morphometrics, and life history parameters. Percentages of the number of individuals of each species of the total catch were 36.3% (Cambarus bartonii), 34.6% (Faxonius obscurus), 23.4% (Faxonius virilis), 3.6% (Procambarus cf. zonangulus) and 2.0% (Cambarus carinirostris). Cambarus bartonii was present throughout the drainage, F. obscurus was collected primarily from the North Branch, South Branch, and Cacapon river watersheds, and C. carinirostris was only collected in the South Branch watershed. Two nonnative species, F. virilis and P. cf. zonangulus, were only present in tributaries downstream of the Cacapon River watershed. Spinycheek crayfish (Faxonius limosus) were not collected during our survey, which suggests its possible extirpation from the West Virginia portion of its range. Our zoogeographic and life history data could serve as a baseline for future conservation-oriented monitoring efforts of the Potomac River watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Astracology","doi":"10.5869/fc.2021.v26-1.37","usgsCitation":"Loughman, Z., Sykes, A.M., McKinney, M., and Welsh, S., 2021, Epigean crayfish of the Potomac River Basin in West Virginia: Zoogeography, natural history and conservation: Freshwater Crayfish, v. 26, no. 1, p. 37-49, https://doi.org/10.5869/fc.2021.v26-1.37.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"49","ipdsId":"IP-102633","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388480,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.6513671875,\n 39.605688178320804\n ],\n [\n -79.2333984375,\n 39.470125122358176\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 40.01078714046552\n ],\n [\n -80.5517578125,\n 40.413496049701955\n ],\n [\n -81.8701171875,\n 39.198205348894795\n ],\n [\n -82.5732421875,\n 38.37611542403604\n ],\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 37.19533058280065\n ],\n [\n -80.4638671875,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n -79.1455078125,\n 38.47939467327645\n ],\n [\n -78.0908203125,\n 39.605688178320804\n ],\n [\n -77.82714843749999,\n 39.26628442213066\n ],\n [\n -77.6513671875,\n 39.605688178320804\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loughman, Zachary J.","contributorId":264677,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loughman","given":"Zachary J.","affiliations":[{"id":40096,"text":"West Liberty University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sykes, Audrey M.","contributorId":264679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sykes","given":"Audrey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40096,"text":"West Liberty University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKinney, Matthew I.","contributorId":264680,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKinney","given":"Matthew I.","affiliations":[{"id":40096,"text":"West Liberty University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Welsh, Stuart A. 0000-0003-0362-054X swelsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0362-054X","contributorId":152088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welsh","given":"Stuart A.","email":"swelsh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":821865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70223175,"text":"70223175 - 2021 - Implications of tagging effects for interpreting the performance of sea lamprey traps in a large river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-17T13:29:20.381265","indexId":"70223175","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-15T08:20:07","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of tagging effects for interpreting the performance of sea lamprey traps in a large river","docAbstract":"Abundance estimates can be crucial for managing species of economic concern. The accuracy of these estimates can depend on the methods used to track animals and to estimate abundance from tracking data. We tested experimentally if disparate estimates of trapping efficiency calculated for sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the St. Marys River near Sault Ste. Marie, Canada could be explained by effects related to the invasiveness and handling involved in tagging or the tag size used in the marking procedures. Trapping is used to gauge adult abundance, trapping efficiency, and success of a binational sea lamprey control program in the Laurentian Great Lakes, North America. Our experiment compared nightly catches of sea lamprey marked with external fin clips, surgically-implanted passive integrated transponder tags (PIT-only), and surgically-implanted PIT and acoustic tags (PIT+acoustic). We found no evidence that the probability of being trapped was affected by the added invasiveness and handling of internal tagging. Nightly recaptures of PIT-only tagged sea lamprey, relative to fin-clipped sea lamprey, were not different from expectations based on the numbers of individuals released from each treatment group. Conversely, there was evidence of effects related to tag size. Nightly recaptures of PIT+acoustic tagged sea lamprey, relative to PIT-only tagged sea lamprey, were lower than expected based on numbers of individuals released from each treatment group. Effects related to tag size partially explain the disparate estimates in trapping efficiency observed for sea lamprey.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2021.03.008","usgsCitation":"Nelson, J., Rous, A.M., McLean, A.R., Barber, J., Bravener, G.A., Holbrook, C., and McLaughlin, R.L., 2021, Implications of tagging effects for interpreting the performance of sea lamprey traps in a large river: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 47, no. 4, p. 1200-1208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2021.03.008.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1200","endPage":"1208","ipdsId":"IP-127006","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387992,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Ontario","otherGeospatial":"Clergue Generating Station, St Marys River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.34995889663696,\n 46.51220131819224\n ],\n [\n -84.34195518493652,\n 46.51220131819224\n ],\n [\n -84.34195518493652,\n 46.51570102523837\n ],\n [\n -84.34995889663696,\n 46.51570102523837\n ],\n [\n -84.34995889663696,\n 46.51220131819224\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Jessica","contributorId":264242,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"Jessica","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":54408,"text":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rous, Andrew M.","contributorId":203583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rous","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36663,"text":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McLean, Adrienne R.","contributorId":203584,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McLean","given":"Adrienne","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":36664,"text":". Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barber, Jessica","contributorId":173133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barber","given":"Jessica","affiliations":[{"id":6584,"text":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service–Bozeman Fish Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bravener, Gale A","contributorId":174546,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bravener","given":"Gale","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[{"id":13677,"text":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Holbrook, Christopher M. 0000-0001-8203-6856 cholbrook@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8203-6856","contributorId":139681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holbrook","given":"Christopher","email":"cholbrook@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":821244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McLaughlin, Robert L.","contributorId":143707,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":12660,"text":"University of Guelph","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70221215,"text":"70221215 - 2021 - Investigating vegetation responses to underground nuclear explosions through integrated analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-07T13:08:15.404703","indexId":"70221215","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-15T08:04:49","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7359,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigating vegetation responses to underground nuclear explosions through integrated analyses","docAbstract":"Vegetation has the potential to respond to underground nuclear explosions, yet these links have not been fully explored. Given the lack of previously described signatures, the changes in vegetation are possibly subtle. The integration of multiple different data streams is potentially a useful approach to improve signal detection. Here, we investigate whether semi-arid vegetation growth patterns responded to eight legacy underground nuclear tests at the Nevada National Security Site in southern Nevada, USA. We tested for spatial and temporal changes in vegetation cover, tree growth patterns, and tree leaf spectral properties using ground-based measurements, including those from tree-rings and hyperspectral surface vegetation reflectance, as well as space-based measurements of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from Landsat. Multiple data streams suggest a localized (<1.2 km) spatial pattern whereby tree growth is enhanced closer to the source of the underground test relative to sites further away. We also observed a more regional (>1.2–9 km) pattern whereby tree growth is suppressed coincident with a drought beginning 1 year before the 1989 tests, but continuing in the 5 years following the tests, which is anomalous relative to what is expected based on the response of tree growth to previous droughts. Quantification of the relative effects of the tests on vegetation remains a challenge due to the coincident drought and the potential for other disturbances to have impacted tree growth at this time, but the integration of these data reveals a more nuanced growth response than any other one data set indicates alone.
Wetland methane (CH4) emissions (FCH4) are important in global carbon budgets and climate change assessments. Currently, FCH4 projections rely on prescribed static temperature sensitivity that varies among biogeochemical models. Meta-analyses have proposed a consistent FCH4 temperature dependence across spatial scales for use in models; however, site-level studies demonstrate that FCH4 are often controlled by factors beyond temperature. Here, we evaluate the relationship between FCH4 and temperature using observations from the FLUXNET-CH4 database. Measurements collected across the globe show substantial seasonal hysteresis between FCH4 and temperature, suggesting larger FCH4 sensitivity to temperature later in the frost-free season (about 77% of site-years). Results derived from a machine-learning model and several regression models highlight the importance of representing the large spatial and temporal variability within site-years and ecosystem types. Mechanistic advancements in biogeochemical model parameterization and detailed measurements in factors modulating CH4 production are thus needed to improve global CH4 budget assessments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1038/s41467-021-22452-1","usgsCitation":"Chang, K., Riley, W.J., Knox, S.H., Jackson, R.B., McNicol, G., Poulter, B., Aurela, M., Baldocchi, D., Bansal, S., Bohrer, G., Campbell, D.I., Cescatti, A., Chu, H., Delwiche, K.B., Desai, A.R., Euskirchen, E.S., Goeckede, M., Friborg, T., Hemes, K.S., Hirano, T., Iwata, H., Helbig, M., Keenan, T.F., Kang, M., Krauss, K., Lohila, A., Mitra, B., Mammarella, I., Miyata, A., Nilsson, M.B., Oechel, W.C., Noormets, A., Peichl, M., Reba, M.L., Rinne, J., Papale, D., Runkle, B.R., Ryu, Y., Sachs, T., Schafer, K.V., Schmid, H.P., Shurpali, N., Sonnentag, O., Tang, A., Torn, M.S., Tuittila, E., Trotta, C., Ueyama, M., Vargas, R., Vesala, T., Windham-Myers, L., Zhang, Z., and Zona, D., 2021, Substantial hysteresis in emergent temperature sensitivity of global wetland CH4 emissions: Nature Communications, v. 12, 2266, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22452-1.","productDescription":"2266, 10 p.","ipdsId":"IP-115813","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22452-1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":386648,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chang, Kuang-Yu 0000-0002-7859-5871","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7859-5871","contributorId":260439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chang","given":"Kuang-Yu","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38900,"text":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":817946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Riley, William J. 0000-0002-4615-2304","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4615-2304","contributorId":194645,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riley","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knox, Sara H. 0000-0003-2255-5835","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2255-5835","contributorId":217390,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knox","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":817948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jackson, Robert B. 0000-0001-8846-7147","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8846-7147","contributorId":34252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford 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We built the 3D map by integrating the results from detailed geologic mapping, seismic-reflection, potential-field-geophysical, and lithologic well-logging investigations completed in the study area. This effort was undertaken to investigate the geologic structure in the geothermal field and geologic controls on hydrothermal circulation. This characterization of the controls on hydrothermal circulation is applicable to the assessment, exploration, and development of analogous geothermal resources. The 3D map area is 4 kilometers (km) wide along the west-northwest-to-east-southeast axis and 6 km wide along the north-northeast-to-south-southwest axis and extends to 1.0 km below sea level, approximately 2.5 km below the land surface. We describe the geologic units and structures in the map area, discuss the methods used to integrate the geologic and geophysical information into the 3D geologic interpretation, and calculate several geologic factors that may aid in our understanding of hydrothermal circulation. Map sheet 1 provides horizontal and vertical section views and oblique perspective views from several angles of the 3D geologic map. Map sheet 2 provides views of derivative calculations based on the 3D geologic data, 3D density of faults, 3D density of fault intersections and terminations, slip tendency on 3D faults, and dilation tendency on 3D faults. We provide digital data for all elements of the map, such as individual 3D fault and stratigraphic surfaces, 3D fault density, 3D fault intersection density, 3D slip tendency on fault surfaces, and 3D dilation tendency on fault surfaces. A brief movie displaying the 3D map is available at https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3469.
Director,
Geology, Minerals, Energy, & Geophysics Science Center
Menlo Park, California
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025-3591
The potential for widespread landslides is generally increased when extraordinary wet periods occur during times of elevated subsurface hydrologic conditions. A series of storms in early 2018 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, overlapped with a period of increased shallow soil moisture and rising bedrock groundwater levels resulting from seasonally diminished evapotranspiration and induced widespread landslides in the region. Most of the landslides were shallow slope failures in colluvium, landslide deposits, and/or fill. However, deep-seated landslide activity also occurred and corresponded with record cumulative precipitation from late February to April and bedrock groundwater levels rising to an annual high. Landslides blocked or damaged roads, adversely affected multiple houses, disrupted electrical service, crushed vehicles, and resulted in considerable economic losses. The initial landslides occurred during or immediately after a rare period of three successive days of heavy rain that began on February 14. Subsequent landslides between late February and April were induced by multiday storms with smaller rainfall totals. As shallow soil moisture at a monitoring site rose above a volumetric water content of 32%, the mean rainfall intensities necessary to induce slope failure in colluvium and other surficial deposits decreased. Deep-seated landslide movement occurred in the region mostly when the groundwater level in a bedrock observation well was shallower than 1.7 m. The availability of hydrologic and landslide movement monitoring data during this extraordinary series of storms highlighted the evolution of the landslide hazard with changing moisture conditions and yielded insights into potential hydrologic criteria for anticipating future widespread landslides in the region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10346-021-01665-x","usgsCitation":"Ashland, F., 2021, Critical shallow and deep hydrologic conditions associated with widespread landslides during a series of storms between February and April 2018 in Pittsburgh and vicinity, western Pennsylvania, USA: Landslides, v. 18, no. 6, p. 2159-2174, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01665-x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2159","endPage":"2174","ipdsId":"IP-099724","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BHFXFS","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Monitoring data from the Aleppo rockslide, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, November 2013 - December 2018"},{"id":387112,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Allegheny County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.15625,\n 40.07807142745009\n ],\n [\n -79.2333984375,\n 40.07807142745009\n ],\n [\n -79.2333984375,\n 40.68063802521456\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 40.68063802521456\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 40.07807142745009\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ashland, Francis 0000-0001-9948-0195 fashland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9948-0195","contributorId":198587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashland","given":"Francis","email":"fashland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":819177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221440,"text":"70221440 - 2021 - Slow recovery of headwater-stream fishes following a catastrophic poisoning event","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-19T16:51:22.63117","indexId":"70221440","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-14T06:53:51","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2287,"text":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slow recovery of headwater-stream fishes following a catastrophic poisoning event","docAbstract":"Accidental spills of chemicals and other pollutants can decimate populations of stream-dwelling species. Recovery from such accidents can be relatively fast and complete when the affected stream reaches can be recolonized from upstream and downstream sources. However, faunal recoveries from accidental spills that extirpate populations from entire headwater streams have not been extensively documented, and understanding resilience of headwater-stream biota is relevant for assessing threats to at-risk species. We assessed recovery of fish populations in a 5.7-km long headwater stream in the southeastern United States following a complete, or nearly complete, fish-kill caused by a chemical spill near the source of the stream. We sampled for fishes at five stream locations, two downstream and three upstream from a perched, culverted road-crossing located 2.4 km upstream from the stream mouth, over a period of 18.5 months following the poisoning event. We observed 11 fish species, representing <65% of the fish species expected based on occurrences in nearby tributary streams. In post-poisoning sampling, only three of these taxa were observed upstream of the culvert; all 11 species, including the federally threatened Cherokee Darter Etheostoma scotti, were found downstream of the culvert but were mostly represented by a few, large individuals. In contrast, dead individuals of at least eight taxa including the Cherokee Darter were observed upstream of the culvert at the time of the fish-kill. These observations provide evidence of slow recovery of a headwater fish fauna, and especially upstream of a barrier to fish movement, where the recolonization sources are primarily downstream. Additional case studies may reveal whether this result applies generally to headwater streams. Slow recovery could make species that primarily inhabit or maintain greatest abundances in headwaters, including multiple at-risk fishes, particularly vulnerable to the threat of accidental spills that result in local population extirpation.
For decades, we have known that chemicals affect human and wildlife behavior. Moreover, due to recent technological and computational advances, scientists are now increasingly aware that a wide variety of contaminants and other environmental stressors adversely affect organismal behavior and subsequent ecological outcomes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. There is also a groundswell of concern that regulatory ecotoxicology does not adequately consider behavior, primarily due to a lack of standardized toxicity methods. This has, in turn, led to the exclusion of many behavioral ecotoxicology studies from chemical risk assessments. To improve understanding of the challenges and opportunities for behavioral ecotoxicology within regulatory toxicology/risk assessment, a unique workshop with international representatives from the fields of behavioral ecology, ecotoxicology, regulatory (eco)toxicology, neurotoxicology, test standardization, and risk assessment resulted in the formation of consensus perspectives and recommendations, which promise to serve as a roadmap to advance interfaces among the basic and translational sciences, and regulatory practices.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.0c06493","usgsCitation":"Ford, A.T., Agerstrand, M., Brooks, B.W., Allen, J., Bertram, M.G., Brodin, T., Dang, Z., Duquesne, S., Sahm, R., Hoffmann, F., Hollert, H., Jacob, S., Kluver, N., Lazorchak, J., Ledesma, M., Melvin, S.D., Mohr, S., Padilla, S., Pyle, G.G., Scholz, S., Saaristo, M., Smit, E., Steevens, J.A., van den Berg, S., Kloas, W., Wong, B.B., Ziegler, M., and Maack, G., 2021, The role of behavioral ecotoxicology in environmental protection: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 55, no. 9, p. 5620-5628, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06493.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"5620","endPage":"5628","ipdsId":"IP-120678","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06493","text":"Publisher Index 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tasker","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-19T16:44:35.369589","indexId":"70229125","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-13T19:05:10","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2287,"text":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote ecological monitoring with smartphones and tasker","docAbstract":"Researchers have increasingly used autonomous monitoring units to record animal sounds, track phenology with timed photographs, and snap images when triggered by motion. We piloted the use of smartphones to monitor wildlife in the Riverside East Solar Energy Zone (California) and at Indiana Dunes National Park (Indiana). For both efforts, we established remote autonomous monitoring stations in which we housed an Android smartphone in a weather-proof box mounted to a pole and powered by solar panels. We connected each smartphone to a Google account, and the smartphone received its recording/photo schedule daily via a Google Calendar connection when in data transmission mode. Phones were automated by Tasker, an Android application for automating cell phone tasks. We describe a simple approach that could be adopted by others who wish to use nonproprietary methods of data collection and analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","doi":"10.3996/JFWM-20-071","usgsCitation":"Donovan, T.M., Balantic, C., Katz, J., Massar, M., Knutson, R., Duh, K., Jones, P., Epstein, K., Lacasse-Roger, J., and Dias, J., 2021, Remote ecological monitoring with smartphones and tasker: Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, v. 12, no. 1, p. 163-173, https://doi.org/10.3996/JFWM-20-071.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"173","ipdsId":"IP-122817","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452688,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-20-071","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":396620,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Indiana Dunes National Park, Riverside East Solar Energy 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Idaho"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-14T11:23:11.316012","indexId":"pp1666","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-13T16:30:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1666","title":"Geology of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, west-central Idaho","docAbstract":"Before the Late Cretaceous, the eastern and western parts of the geologically complex Payette National Forest, as divided by the Salmon River suture, had fundamentally different geologic histories. The eastern part is underlain by Mesoproterozoic to Cambrian(?) rocks of the Laurentian (Precambrian North American) continent. Thick Mesoproterozoic units, which are at least in part equivalent in age to the Belt Supergroup of northern Idaho and western Montana, under-went Mesoproterozoic metamorphic and deformational events, including intrusion of Mesoproterozoic plutons. During the Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic, the western edge of Laurentia was rifted. This event included magmatism and resulted in deposition of rift-related Neoproterozoic to Lower Cambrian(?) volcanic and sedimentary rocks above Mesoproterozoic rocks. The western part of the forest is underlain by upper Paleozoic to lower Mesozoic island-arc volcanic and sedimentary rocks. These rocks comprise four recognized island-arc terranes that were amalgamated and intruded by intermediate-composition plutons, probably in the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, and then sutured to Laurentia along the Salmon River suture in the Late Cretaceous.
The Salmon River suture formed as a right-lateral, transpressive fault. The metamorphic grade and structural complexity of the rocks increase toward the suture from both sides, and geochemical signatures in crosscutting plutonic rocks abruptly differ across the crustal boundary. Having been reactivated by younger structures, the Salmon River suture forms a north-trending topographic depression along Long Valley, through McCall, to the Goose Creek and French Creek drainages.
During the last stages of metamorphism and deformation related to the suture event, voluminous plutons of the Idaho batholith were intruded east of the suture. An older plutonic series is intermediate in composition and preserved as elongated and deformed bodies near the suture and as parts of roof pendants to younger intrusions to the east. A younger magma series consists of undeformed, marginally peraluminous plutons that formed east of the suture after accretion.
After suture-related compression, crustal extension resulted in voluminous volcanic and plutonic rocks of the Eocene Challis magmatic complex on the east side of the forest. Extension, from the Late Cretaceous to post-Miocene, uplifted the area of the Idaho batholith relative to the western part of the forest and formed dominant highlands along the Snake River. Extensional basins also formed such that, in the Miocene, the Columbia River Basalt Group and related basaltic lavas flowed over most of the lower elevations on the western side of the forest and redirected erosional debris into north-trending, fault-controlled drainages and young sedimentary basins.
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U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-973
Denver, CO 80225-0046
Hibernation is an adaptation to survive periods of stress, from food limitation or harsh thermal conditions. A key question in contemporary ecology is whether rare, range-restricted species can change their behavior in response to climate change (i.e., through behavioral plasticity). The northern Idaho ground squirrel, Urocitellus brunneus (A. H. Howell, 1928), is a federally threatened species that hibernates for approximately 8 months per year within the bounds of its small range in central Idaho, USA. Changes in temperature, snow accumulation, and summer precipitation, all brought about as a result of climate change, may reduce survival or fecundity of northern Idaho ground squirrels if they cannot adapt to these climate changes. Hibernating species can respond to climate-change-induced thermal challenges in two ways: change their hibernation physiology and behavior (i.e., emergence date or number of torpor bouts) or alter their environment (i.e., change hibernacula depth or location). We explored a suite of intrinsic and extrinsic factors to document the extent to which they influenced hibernation behavior of northern Idaho ground squirrels. Emergence date was positively associated with snowpack and negatively associated with mean winter temperature. Mean minimum skin temperature was negatively associated with canopy closure and slope of a squirrel’s hibernaculum. Duration of the heterothermal period, number of euthermic bouts, and total time spent euthermic were positively associated with body mass. Immergence date and duration of the longest torpor bout were negatively associated with body mass. Warmer temperatures and less snow accumulation in the winter—caused by climate change—likely will cause altered emergence dates. Our results suggest that any future climate-induced changes in snowfall, ambient temperature, food availability, or habitat likely will impact survival of this rare ground squirrel, because such changes will cause changes in hibernation behavior, percent mass loss during hibernation, and duration of the active season when small mammals are more susceptible to predation.
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Landsat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-24T11:50:53.369746","indexId":"fs20213021","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-13T12:42:54","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-3021","displayTitle":"Oregon and Landsat","title":"Oregon and Landsat","docAbstract":"Oregon’s landscape is as complex and diverse as it is beautiful. Mountain peaks in the Cascade Range soar higher than 10,000 feet. Crater Lake sinks to a depth of 1,943 feet, making it the deepest lake in the United States. Oregon’s lands feature forests, farm fields, grasslands, ocean coastline, rivers, a semidesert, and mountain ranges that stretch across the State. A wide range of birds, animals, and fish—including 16 federally endangered species—share this space with more than 4 million people.
With Oregon’s economy tied to these natural resources, industries like agriculture, timber, and fishing interlace with the well-being of wildlife and residents. Landsat data and imagery are one of many U.S. Geological Survey tools used by State resource managers and scientists to help achieve a natural balance and provide information about forests, habitats, and much more to Oregon decision makers. This will become even more important as research indicates climate change will make extreme weather more likely, leading to the likely increase in droughts, infestation, wildfires, and other natural hazards.
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\"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.0: April 13, 2021; Version 1.1: January 23, 2023","contact":"Program Coordinator, National Land Imaging Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
This study addresses questions about the productivity of Cascadia mainshock–aftershock sequences using earthquake catalogs produced by the Geological Survey of Canada and the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network. Questions concern the likelihood that future moderate to large intermediate depth intraslab earthquakes in Cascadia would have as few detectable aftershocks as those documented since 1949. More broadly, for Cascadia, we consider if aftershock productivities vary spatially, if they are outliers among global subduction zones, and if they are consistent with a physical model in which aftershocks are clock‐advanced versions of tectonically driven background seismicity. A practical motivation for this study is to assess the likely accuracy of aftershock forecasts based on productivities derived from global data that are now being issued routinely by the U.S. Geological Survey. For this reason, we estimated productivity following the identical procedures used in those forecasts and described in Page et al. (2016). Results indicate that in Cascadia we can say that the next intermediate depth intraslab earthquake will likely have just a few detectable aftershocks and that aftershock productivity appears to be an outlier among global subduction zones, with rates that on average are lower by more than half, except for mainshocks in the upper plate. Our results are consistent with a clock‐advance model; productivities may be related to the proximity of mainshocks to a population of seismogenic fault patches and correlate with background seismicity rates. The latter and a clear correlation between productivities with mainshock depth indicate that both factors may have predictive value for aftershock forecasting.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120200344","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J.S., and Bodin, P., 2021, The productivity of Cascadia aftershock sequences: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 111, no. 3, p. 1494-1507, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120200344.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1494","endPage":"1507","ipdsId":"IP-123911","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480847,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"British Columbia, California, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cascadia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -130,\n 50\n ],\n [\n -130,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 50\n ],\n [\n -130,\n 50\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, Joan S. 0000-0002-0134-2606 gomberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-2606","contributorId":1269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"Joan","email":"gomberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":924645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bodin, Paul","contributorId":339818,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bodin","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":924646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70229375,"text":"70229375 - 2021 - Gonad size measured by ultrasound to assign stage of maturity in Burbot","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-04T16:44:25.817882","indexId":"70229375","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-13T10:30:16","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2287,"text":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gonad size measured by ultrasound to assign stage of maturity in Burbot","docAbstract":"We measured gonad size (diameter and circumference) by ultrasound and used it as a metric to assign stage of maturity in Burbot Lota lota from Lake Roosevelt, Washington. We collected paired gonad tissue and ultrasound measurements monthly from November 2017 to March 2018 and processed gonad tissue for histological analysis to confirm stage of maturity. We measured gonad diameter and circumference by ultrasound. We also measured excised gonad diameter (i.e., true gonad diameter) by digital calipers and excised gonad circumference (i.e., true gonad circumference) by a measuring tape. All late vitellogenic (stage 6) ovaries measured by ultrasound had a diameter greater than 3.90 cm, suggesting a value of 3.90 cm or greater may be used to characterize females capable of spawning in the current reproductive cycle. One mid-spermatogenic (stage 3) and all ripe (stage 4) testes were too large to be measured and were assigned a diameter of 5.11 cm, the maximum value capable of being measured by our ultrasound transducer. A value of 5.11 cm or greater may be used to characterize males capable of spawning in the current reproductive cycle. Testis circumference measured by ultrasound is not reported because some testes were wider than the ultrasound transducer and could not be measured. Measurements of testis diameter did not differ between measurement methods (ultrasound versus true), but ultrasound measurements of ovary diameter and circumference were higher than true measurements. We attributed the difference between measurement methods to flattening of the ovary while applying the ultrasound transducer. Gonad diameter and circumference measured by ultrasound were highly correlated with gonadosomatic index and ovarian follicle diameter, indicating gonad size measured by ultrasound is an appropriate index of gonad development in Burbot.
","language":"English","publisher":"Fish and Wildlife Service","doi":"10.3996/JFWM-20-082","usgsCitation":"McGarvey, L.M., Ilgen, J., Webb, M.A., Guy, C.S., and McLellan, J., 2021, Gonad size measured by ultrasound to assign stage of maturity in Burbot: Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, v. 12, no. 1, p. 241-249, https://doi.org/10.3996/JFWM-20-082.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"249","ipdsId":"IP-124191","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-20-082","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":396757,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River, Lake Roosevelt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": 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M.","contributorId":287274,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGarvey","given":"Lauren","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36244,"text":"MSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":837226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ilgen, Jason E.","contributorId":276361,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ilgen","given":"Jason E.","affiliations":[{"id":56967,"text":"cct","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":837227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webb, Molly A. 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H.","affiliations":[{"id":18870,"text":"Bozeman Fish Technology Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bozeman, Montana 59715","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":837228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guy, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9936-4781 cguy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-4781","contributorId":2876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"Christopher","email":"cguy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":5062,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":837225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McLellan, Jason G.","contributorId":276363,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McLellan","given":"Jason G.","affiliations":[{"id":27988,"text":"Colville Confederated Tribes","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":837229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70220220,"text":"70220220 - 2021 - Integrating ecological impacts: Perspectives on drought in the Upper Missouri Headwaters, Montana, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-28T13:20:10.265663","indexId":"70220220","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-13T08:17:18","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8576,"text":"Weather, Climate and Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating ecological impacts: Perspectives on drought in the Upper Missouri Headwaters, Montana, United States","docAbstract":"Drought is a complex challenge experienced in specific locations through diverse impacts, including ecological impacts. Different professionals involved in drought preparedness and response approach the problem from different points of view, which means they may or may not recognize ecological impacts. This study examines the extent to which interviewees perceive ecological drought in the Upper Missouri Headwaters basin in southwestern Montana. Through semistructured interviews, this research investigates individuals’ perceptions of drought by analyzing how they define drought, how they describe their roles related to drought, and the extent to which they emphasize ecological impacts of drought. Results suggest that while most interviewees have an integrated understanding of drought, they tend to emphasize either ecological or nonecological impacts of drought. This focus was termed their drought orientation. Next, the analysis considers how participants understand exposure to drought. Results indicate that participants view drought as a complex problem driven by both human and natural factors. Last, the paper explores understandings of the available solution space by examining interviewees’ views on adaptive capacity, particularly factors that facilitate or hinder the ability of the Upper Missouri Headwaters region to cope with drought. Participants emphasized that adaptive capacity is both helped and hindered by institutional, cultural, and economic factors, as well as by available information and past resource management practices. Understanding how interviewees perceive the challenges of drought can shape drought preparedness and response, allowing those designing programs to better align their efforts to the perceptions of their target audience.
This study presents the coupling of the spectral decomposition results for anelastic attenuation, stress drop, and site effects with the Graves‐Pitarka (GP) hybrid ground‐motion simulation methodology, as implemented on the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) broadband platform (BBP). It is targeted to applications in the Upper Rhine graben (URG), which is among the seismically active areas in western Europe, yet a moderate seismicity area. Our development consists of three main steps: (1) calibration of regional high‐frequency (HF) attenuation properties; (2) modification of the hybrid approach to add compressional waves in the HF computation and examine various strategies to evaluate site amplification factors in the Fourier domain (e.g.,
Thermal refuges are thermally distinct riverscape features used by aquatic organisms during unfavorable thermal events, facilitating resilience in marginal environments. However, the thermal refuge concept is nebulous, and the often interchangeable use of the term ‘thermal refugia’ creates additional ambiguity. We argue that lexical differences resulting from divergent scholarly trainings hinder holistic understanding of thermal refuges; thus, existing studies would benefit from a structured framework for thermal refuge conceptualization. Herein, we articulate an ecohydrological typology for defining and characterizing thermal refuges in streams and rivers by identifying key hydrological and thermal characteristics and variations in ecological function described in the literature. We use concepts that are easily definable, measurable, and transferable across disciplines, riverscapes, and species to discriminate among thermal refuge types. Future work can use our typology as a basis for more informed interdisciplinary discussion and interpretation of thermal refuges’ role in riverscapes through more hypothesis‐driven research and conservation‐focused management.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/eco.2295","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, C., Vokoun, J., Helton, A.M., Briggs, M.A., and Kurylyk, B., 2021, An ecohydrological typology for thermal refuges in streams and rivers: Ecohydrology, v. 14, no. 5, e2295, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2295.","productDescription":"e2295, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-128008","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452699,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2295","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436410,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9B3TLNL","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Visible-light orthomosaic images collected by drone for two cold-water tributary confluences within the Housatonic River, CT, USA"},{"id":385316,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, C. 0000-0001-7214-3789","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7214-3789","contributorId":257609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullivan","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36710,"text":"University of Connecticut","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":814719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vokoun, J.","contributorId":257610,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vokoun","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36710,"text":"University of Connecticut","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":814720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Helton, A. M.","contributorId":93289,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Briggs, Martin A. 0000-0003-3206-4132 mbriggs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3206-4132","contributorId":4114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Martin","email":"mbriggs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kurylyk, B.","contributorId":222758,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kurylyk","given":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":24650,"text":"Dalhousie University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":814723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70219492,"text":"70219492 - 2021 - Golden Eagle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-12T16:50:28.623015","indexId":"70219492","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-12T11:44:49","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Golden Eagle","docAbstract":"The Golden Eagle inhabits a wide range of latitudes and habitats throughout the Palearctic and into northern Africa, where it is largely resident. In North America, its breeding distribution includes most of Canada and Alaska, as well as the western half of the United States and northern and western Mexico. Most eagles that nest in northern Canada and interior and northern Alaska migrate thousands of kilometers to wintering grounds. Southern eagles tend to be resident year-round, but some make northward, latitudinal, or altitudinal migrations when not on territory. During the non-breeding season, Golden Eagle occurs in Mexico, every U.S. state, and in the southern parts of Canada. It is most common in western North America, especially near open spaces that provide hunting habitat with ample prey, near cliffs or trees that supply nesting sites, and topography that creates updrafts essential for flight. Recent research has shown that the Golden Eagle is more common than once thought in eastern North America as well as in forested areas continent-wide, and that young individuals may summer in large numbers in the vast and productive wetlands of northernmost North America.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Birds of the world","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Birds of the World","doi":"10.2173/bow.goleag.02","usgsCitation":"Katzner, T., Kochert, M.N., Steenhof, K., McIntyre, C.L., Craig, E.H., and Miller, T., 2021, Golden Eagle, chap. of Birds of the world, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.goleag.02.","productDescription":"HTML Document","ipdsId":"IP-117754","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":385026,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 2.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katzner, Todd E. 0000-0003-4503-8435 tkatzner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4503-8435","contributorId":191353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katzner","given":"Todd E.","email":"tkatzner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kochert, Michael N. 0000-0002-4380-3298 mkochert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4380-3298","contributorId":3037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kochert","given":"Michael","email":"mkochert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steenhof, Karen karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","contributorId":30585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steenhof","given":"Karen","email":"karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":813989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McIntyre, Carol L.","contributorId":94642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":813990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Craig, Erica H.","contributorId":176469,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Craig","given":"Erica","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":813991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, Tricia A.","contributorId":64790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Tricia A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":813992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70219491,"text":"ofr20211025 - 2021 - Geophysical and video logs of selected wells at and near the former Naval Air Warfare Center Warminster, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 2017-19","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-13T11:57:10.54168","indexId":"ofr20211025","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-12T11:20:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-1025","displayTitle":"Geophysical and Video Logs of Selected Wells at and near the Former Naval Air Warfare Center Warminster, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 2017–19","title":"Geophysical and video logs of selected wells at and near the former Naval Air Warfare Center Warminster, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 2017-19","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected borehole geophysical and video logs in 17 open-hole wells in Northampton, Warminster, and Warwick Townships, Bucks County, Pennsylvania during 2017–19 to support detailed groundwater investigations at and near the former Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) Warminster, where groundwater contamination with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) had become a concern since 2014. The area is underlain by the Triassic Stockton Formation, which forms a fractured-sedimentary-rock aquifer used for private, industrial, and public drinking-water supply. The geophysical and video logs were used to characterize the boreholes and identify potential water-bearing fractures for subsequent detailed investigations. Of the 17 wells that were logged, subsequent investigations were conducted by USGS in 15 wells and included hydraulic tests of discrete water-bearing zones using a straddle-packer system in 13 wells and depth-discrete point sampling in 2 wells. These 15 wells ranged in depth from about 210 to 604 feet (ft) below land surface (bls) and included six new 6-inch diameter wells drilled to initial depths of 600 ft bls on the former NAWC Warminster base property in 2018 and nine 8- to 12-inch diameter existing former production or unused test wells. Partial geophysical or video logs also were collected by USGS during 2018 in two other wells that were not included in subsequent detailed investigations.
Most wells had numerous water-bearing fractures or openings throughout the depth of the open boreholes. Most of these water-bearing features appeared to be openings parallel to bedding or high-angle fractures approximately orthogonal to bedding. Casing lengths ranged from about 19 to 93 ft bls. Depth to the ambient water level at the time of logging ranged from about 1.8 ft above land surface in a flowing well to about 55 ft bls. Measured borehole flow was predominantly downward in most of the deepest wells (greater than 400 ft), which were commonly located at the highest land-surface elevations, and contained inflow from fractures at relatively shallow depths and outflow through fractures near or below depths of 500 ft bls. Borehole flow was predominantly upward in most wells less than 400 ft in depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211025","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Navy","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., Anderson, J.A., and Bird, P.H., 2021, Geophysical and video logs of selected wells at and near the former Naval Air Warfare Center Warminster, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 2017–19: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1025, 92 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211025.","productDescription":"x, 92 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-118758","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384970,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1025/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":384971,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1025/ofr20211025.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.5 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Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070-2424