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The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Transportation, conducted a field investigation of abutment scour in South Carolina and used that data to develop envelope curves defining the upper bound of abutment scour. To expand upon this previous work, an additional cooperative investigation was initiated to combine the South Carolina data with abutment-scour data from other sources and evaluate the upper bound of abutment scour with the larger data set. To facilitate this analysis, a literature review was made to identify potential sources of published abutment-scour data, and selected data, consisting of 446 laboratory and 331 field measurements, were compiled for the analysis. These data encompassed a wide range of laboratory and field conditions and represent field data from 6 states within the United States. The data set was used to evaluate the South Carolina abutment-scour envelope curves. Additionally, the data were used to evaluate a dimensionless abutment-scour envelope curve developed by Melville (1992), highlighting the distinct difference in the upper bound for laboratory and field data. The envelope curves evaluated in this investigation provide simple but useful tools for assessing the potential maximum abutment-scour depth in the field setting.

","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference and the 10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference","conferenceTitle":"5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference and the 10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference","conferenceDate":"April 19-23, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Reno, Nevada","language":"English","collaboration":"South Carolina Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Benedict, S., and Caldwell, A.W., 2015, The upper bound of abutment scour defined by selected laboratory and field data, in Proceedings of the 5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference and the 10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, Reno, Nevada, April 19-23, 2015, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060792","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70146999,"text":"70146999 - 2015 - Diel patterns and temporal trends in spawning activities of Robust Redhorse and River Redhorse in Georgia, assessed using passive acoustic monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-24T14:03:30","indexId":"70146999","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diel patterns and temporal trends in spawning activities of Robust Redhorse and River Redhorse in Georgia, assessed using passive acoustic monitoring","docAbstract":"

The conservation of imperiled species depends upon understanding threats to the species at each stage of its life history. In the case of many imperiled migratory fishes, understanding how timing and environmental influences affect reproductive behavior could provide managers with information critical for species conservation. We used passive acoustic recorders to document spawning activities for two large-bodied catostomids (Robust Redhorse Moxostoma robustum in the Savannah and Broad rivers, Georgia, and River Redhorse M. carinatum in the Coosawattee River, Georgia) in relation to time of day, water temperature, discharge variation, moonlight, and weather. Robust Redhorse spawning activities in the Savannah and Broad rivers were more frequent at night or in the early morning (0100–0400 hours and 0800–1000 hours, respectively) and less frequent near midday (1300 hours). Spawning attempts in the Savannah and Broad rivers increased over a 3–4-d period and then declined. River Redhorse spawning activities in the Coosawattee River peaked on the first day of recording and declined over four subsequent days; diel patterns were less discernible, although moon illumination was positively associated with spawning rates, which was also observed for Robust Redhorses in the Savannah River. Spawning activity in the Savannah and Broad rivers was negatively associated with water temperature, and spawning activity increased in association with cloud cover in the Savannah River. A large variation in discharge was only measured in the flow-regulated Savannah River and was not associated with spawning attempts. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show diel and multiday patterns in spawning activities for anyMoxostoma species. These patterns and relationships between the environment and spawning activities could provide important information for the management of these species downstream of hydropower facilities.

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Rhett","contributorId":119155,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Rhett","affiliations":[{"id":13267,"text":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freeman, Byron J.","contributorId":49782,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freeman","given":"Byron","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":12697,"text":"University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freeman, Mary 0000-0001-7615-6923 mcfreeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":3528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"mcfreeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70148361,"text":"70148361 - 2015 - Geomorphic change in the Limitrophe reach of the Colorado River in response to the 2014 delta pulse flow, United States and Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-23T13:12:40","indexId":"70148361","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geomorphic change in the Limitrophe reach of the Colorado River in response to the 2014 delta pulse flow, United States and Mexico","docAbstract":"

A pulse of water was released from Morelos Dam into the dry streambed of the Colorado River in its former delta on March 23, 2014. Although small in relation to delta floods of a century ago, this was the first flow to reach the sea in nearly two decades. The pulse flow was significant in that it resulted from an international agreement, Minute 319, which allowed Colorado River water to be used for environmental restoration. Here we present a historical perspective of channel change and the results of geomorphic and sediment transport monitoring during the pulse flow between Yuma, Arizona and San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora. This reach is known as the Limitrophe, because the river channel is the legal border between the United States and Mexico. Peak discharge of the pulse flow was 120 m3/s at Morelos Dam, but decreased to 71 m3/s at the southern border because of infiltration losses to the dry streambed. In contrast, flood flows in the 1980s and 1990s peaked above 600 m3/s at the southern border, and high flows above 200 m3/s were common. The sustained high flows in the 1980s caused widening and reworking of the river channel downstream through the delta. In the Limitrophe, flooding in 1993 from the Gila River basin dissected the 1980s flood surfaces, and smaller floods in the late 1990s incised the modern “active” channel within these higher surfaces. Field observations show that most geomorphic change during the pulse flow was confined to this pre-pulse, active channel. Relatively little bank erosion was evident, particularly in upstream reaches where vegetation is most dense, but new sandbars formed in areas of flow expansion. Farther downstream, localized bed scour and deposition ranged from 10s of centimeters to more than a meter, and fluvial dunes aggraded the bed in several locations. Measurable suspended-sediment transport occurred throughout the Limitrophe. Sediment concentrations peaked during the rising limb, and suspended sand concentrations suggest deposition in the lower 7 km of the Limitrophe as the channel gradient decreases by an order of magnitude. The pulse flow was small compared to historic floods, and flood magnitudes greater than the 2014 pulse flow are therefore necessary to significantly rework stable geomorphic surfaces or induce channel widening.

","conferenceTitle":"SEDHYD 2015","conferenceDate":"April 19-23, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","publisher":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference","usgsCitation":"Mueller, E.R., Schmidt, J.C., Topping, D.J., and Grams, P.E., 2015, Geomorphic change in the Limitrophe reach of the Colorado River in response to the 2014 delta pulse flow, United States and Mexico, SEDHYD 2015, Reno, NV, April 19-23, 2015, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061044","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311634,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":300912,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sedhyd.org/2015/openconf/modules/request.php?module=oc_program&action=summary.php&id=136"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona and California","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.65194702148438,\n 33.43258740206331\n ],\n [\n -114.59564208984374,\n 33.41539481578252\n ],\n [\n -114.68353271484375,\n 33.358061612778876\n ],\n [\n -114.6533203125,\n 33.22260546814777\n ],\n [\n -114.664306640625,\n 33.10419660287101\n ],\n [\n -114.46792602539062,\n 33.02363335727839\n ],\n [\n -114.42672729492188,\n 32.8830470298317\n ],\n [\n -114.48440551757811,\n 32.72721987021932\n ],\n [\n -114.7467041015625,\n 32.49586350791503\n ],\n [\n -114.81536865234374,\n 32.49586350791503\n ],\n [\n -114.79476928710938,\n 32.55491613824475\n ],\n [\n -114.80300903320314,\n 32.604675440554985\n ],\n [\n -114.79476928710938,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -114.72473144531251,\n 32.708733368521585\n ],\n [\n -114.70550537109374,\n 32.76302656020649\n ],\n [\n -114.51324462890625,\n 32.86343938914863\n ],\n [\n -114.5489501953125,\n 32.992539261996946\n ],\n [\n -114.73297119140625,\n 33.04550781490999\n ],\n [\n -114.73983764648439,\n 33.19617852296372\n ],\n [\n -114.75082397460936,\n 33.28232392051035\n ],\n [\n -114.75082397460936,\n 33.39131947587412\n ],\n [\n -114.73159790039062,\n 33.4302952539532\n ],\n [\n -114.67391967773436,\n 33.43831750748322\n ],\n [\n -114.65194702148438,\n 33.43258740206331\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5650524de4b0f162148c5d0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, Erich R. 0000-0001-8202-154X emueller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8202-154X","contributorId":4930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Erich","email":"emueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, John C. 0000-0002-2988-3869 jcschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2988-3869","contributorId":1983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"John","email":"jcschmidt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Topping, David J. 0000-0002-2104-4577 dtopping@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-4577","contributorId":140985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"David","email":"dtopping@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grams, Paul E. 0000-0002-0873-0708 pgrams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0873-0708","contributorId":1830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grams","given":"Paul","email":"pgrams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70155207,"text":"70155207 - 2015 - Suspended-sediment concentrations, yields, total suspended solids, turbidity, and particle-size fractions for selected rivers in Minnesota, 2007 through 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-20T13:47:07","indexId":"70155207","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Suspended-sediment concentrations, yields, total suspended solids, turbidity, and particle-size fractions for selected rivers in Minnesota, 2007 through 2011","docAbstract":"Excessive sediment transport in rivers causes problems for flood control, soil conservation, irrigation, aquatic health, and navigation, as well as transporting harmful contaminants like organic chemicals and eutrophication-causing nutrients. In Minnesota, more than 5,800 miles of streams are identified as impaired by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) due to elevated levels of suspended sediment. \n\nThe U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the MPCA, established a sediment monitoring network in 2007 and began systematic sampling of suspended-sediment concentration (SSC), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity in rivers across Minnesota to improve the understanding of fluvial sediment transport relations. Suspended-sediment samples were collected from 14 sites from 2007 through 2011. Analyses of these data indicated that the Zumbro River at Kellogg in southeast Minnesota had the highest mean SSC of 226 milligrams per liter (mg/L) followed by the Minnesota River at Mankato with a mean SSC of 193 mg/L. The single highest SSC of 1,250 mg/L was measured at the Zumbro River during the 2011 spring runoff. The lowest mean SSC of 21 mg/L was measured at Rice Creek in the northern Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area.\n\nTotal suspended solids (TSS) have been used as a measure of fluvial sediment by the MPCA since the early 1970s; however, TSS concentrations have been known to underrepresent the amount of suspended sediment. For this study, comparisons between concurrently sampled SSC and TSS indicated significant differences at every site, with SSC on average two times larger than TSS concentrations. \n\nRegression analysis indicated that 7 out of 14 sites had poor or no relation between SSC and streamflow. Only two sites, the Knife River and the Wild Rice River at Twin Valley, had strong correlations between SSC and streamflow, with coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.82 and 0.80, respectively. In contrast, turbidity had moderate to strong relations with SSC at 10 of 14 sites and was superior to streamflow for estimating SSC at all sites. Suspended-sediment basin yields indicated that the Minnesota River had the largest mean annual sediment basin yield of 120 tons of sediment per year per square mile.","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of joint federal Interagency conference 2015","conferenceTitle":"5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference and the 10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation","conferenceDate":" April 19 – 23, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","collaboration":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","usgsCitation":"Ellison, C.A., Savage, B.E., and Johnson, G., 2015, Suspended-sediment concentrations, yields, total suspended solids, turbidity, and particle-size fractions for selected rivers in Minnesota, 2007 through 2011, in Proceedings of joint federal Interagency conference 2015, Reno, NV, April 19 – 23, 2015, p. 869-880.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"869","endPage":"880","ipdsId":"IP-061247","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332345,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":305837,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://acwi.gov/sos/pubs/3rdJFIC/Proceedings.pdf"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585a51bfe4b01224f329b5f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellison, Christopher A. 0000-0002-5886-6654 cellison@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5886-6654","contributorId":4891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"Christopher","email":"cellison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, Brett E. besavage@usgs.gov","contributorId":5188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"Brett","email":"besavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Gregory D.","contributorId":14326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gregory D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70150424,"text":"70150424 - 2015 - Fine-scale pathways used by adult sea lampreys during riverine spawning migrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-19T11:24:26","indexId":"70150424","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-22T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fine-scale pathways used by adult sea lampreys during riverine spawning migrations","docAbstract":"

Better knowledge of upstream migratory patterns of spawning Sea Lampreys Petromyzon marinus, an invasive species in the Great Lakes, is needed to improve trapping for population control and assessment. Although trapping of adult Sea Lampreys provides the basis for estimates of lake-wide abundance that are used to evaluate the Sea Lamprey control program, traps have only been operated at dams due to insufficient knowledge of Sea Lamprey behavior in unobstructed channels. Acoustic telemetry and radiotelemetry were used to obtain movement tracks for 23 Sea Lampreys in 2008 and 18 Sea Lampreys in 2009 at two locations in the Mississagi River, Ontario. Cabled hydrophone arrays provided two-dimensional geographic positions from acoustic transmitters at 3-s intervals; depth-encoded radio tag detections provided depths. Upstream movements occurred at dusk or during the night (2015–0318 hours). Sea Lampreys were closely associated with the river bottom and showed some preference to move near banks in shallow glide habitats, suggesting that bottom-oriented gears could selectively target adult Sea Lampreys in some habitats. However, Sea Lampreys were broadly distributed across the river channel, suggesting that the capture efficiency of nets and traps in open channels would depend heavily on the proportion of the channel width covered. Lack of vertical movements into the water column may have reflected lamprey preference for low water velocities, suggesting that energy conservation was more beneficial for lampreys than was vertical searching in rivers. Improved understanding of Sea Lamprey movement will assist in the development of improved capture strategies for their assessment and control in the Great Lakes.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2015.1017657","usgsCitation":"Holbrook, C., Bergstedt, R.A., Adams, N.S., Hatton, T., and McLaughlin, R.L., 2015, Fine-scale pathways used by adult sea lampreys during riverine spawning migrations: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 144, no. 3, p. 549-562, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2015.1017657.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"549","endPage":"562","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062748","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305427,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"Mississagi River ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.21422576904295,\n 46.262730605234445\n ],\n [\n -83.2075309753418,\n 46.2565589744287\n ],\n [\n -83.20135116577148,\n 46.25537204270996\n ],\n [\n -83.18864822387695,\n 46.25216719874425\n ],\n [\n -83.17337036132812,\n 46.25121757937995\n ],\n [\n -83.17182540893555,\n 46.25454117522087\n ],\n [\n -83.1859016418457,\n 46.2554907370379\n ],\n [\n -83.19757461547852,\n 46.2566776661876\n ],\n [\n -83.20032119750977,\n 46.25928881988602\n ],\n [\n -83.20976257324219,\n 46.262967961777214\n ],\n [\n -83.21422576904295,\n 46.262730605234445\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"144","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55926cb5e4b0b6d21dd677d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holbrook, Christopher M. 0000-0001-8203-6856 cholbrook@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8203-6856","contributorId":139681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holbrook","given":"Christopher","email":"cholbrook@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":556849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergstedt, Roger A. rbergstedt@usgs.gov","contributorId":4174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstedt","given":"Roger","email":"rbergstedt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":556850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, Noah S. 0000-0002-8354-0293 nadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-0293","contributorId":3521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Noah","email":"nadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":556851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hatton, Tyson thatton@usgs.gov","contributorId":3573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatton","given":"Tyson","email":"thatton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":556852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McLaughlin, Robert L.","contributorId":143707,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":12660,"text":"University of Guelph","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":556853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70145880,"text":"70145880 - 2015 - Climate trends and projections for Guam","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-09T15:01:06","indexId":"70145880","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Climate trends and projections for Guam","docAbstract":"

The island of Guam experiences a tropical marine climate, which is warm and humid moderated by seasonal tradewinds and a wet and dry season. The dry season lasts from January to June, while the rainy months are from July to December. Annual rainfall totals 84-116 inches (2133-2946 mm), of which two-thirds fall during the rainy season. Seasonal temperatures and precipitation are also affected by the El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and tropical cyclones, which cause the largest deviations from average precipitation. An average of three tropical storms and one typhoon pass within 80 nautical miles of Guam each year, and both flooding and drought can impact freshwater supply management and associated infrastructure. 

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Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keener, Victoria","contributorId":20620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keener","given":"Victoria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finucane, Melissa L.","contributorId":140152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Finucane","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13398,"text":"East-West Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70137273,"text":"sir20145233 - 2015 - Water quality of groundwater and stream base flow in the Marcellus Shale Gas Field of the Monongahela River Basin, West Virginia, 2011-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-25T13:10:28","indexId":"sir20145233","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-21T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5233","title":"Water quality of groundwater and stream base flow in the Marcellus Shale Gas Field of the Monongahela River Basin, West Virginia, 2011-12","docAbstract":"

The Marcellus Shale gas field underlies portions of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia, Maryland, Tennessee, and West Virginia. Development of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling technology led to extensive development of gas from the Marcellus Shale beginning about 2007. The need to identify and monitor changes in water-quality conditions related to development of the Marcellus Shale gas field prompted the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water and Waste Management, to document water quality for comparison with water quality in samples collected at a future date. The identification of change in water-quality conditions over time is more difficult if baseline water-quality conditions have not been documented.

\n

U.S. Geological Survey personnel sampled groundwater and surface water in West Virginia’s Monongahela River Basin during 2011–12. A groundwater survey, in which 39 wells and 2 springs were sampled, was conducted during June through September 2011. A base-flow survey was conducted during July through October 2012; 50 stream sites were sampled under base-flow conditions in this survey.

\n

Because additives to hydraulic fracturing fluids are variable and decrease in flowback water over a relatively short time, water-quality analyses for this study focused on documenting the water-quality characteristics typical of water from shallow aquifers; water derived from contact with the Marcellus Shale (flowback from hydraulic fracturing or formation water); and water with constituents from conventional oil and gas development, sewage effluent, and coal-mine drainage. All samples were analyzed for field properties (water temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity), major ions, trace elements, naturally occurring radioactive materials, and stable isotopes.

\n

In addition to documenting baseline water-quality conditions for an area of shale-gas development, these data were examined for patterns in water quality. Groundwater and base-flow survey data were compared to historical data from the Monongahela River Basin in West Virginia. Additionally, groundwater- and base-flow survey samples were grouped by Marcellus Shale gas production in the subbasin in which that sampling site was located.

\n

The comparisons of data collected as part of this study with historical data identified few differences. No significant difference was found in a comparison of groundwater survey data and historical data. Base-flow survey samples differed significantly from historical data for pH, chloride, and strontium, all of which had higher concentrations in the base-flow survey samples. Differences in pH are likely related to changes in mining regulation beginning in 1977. Concentrations of chloride and strontium elevated above background concentrations may be related to saline groundwater; saline water is within 300 feet of the land surface in parts of the study area.

\n

In the comparison of base-flow survey samples grouped by shale-gas-production setting, significant differences were found for fluoride and barium. Concentrations of fluoride and barium were higher in stream subbasins with active Marcellus Shale production than in subbasins not near active Marcellus Shale production. Elevated fluoride and barium are associated with deep brines.

\n

Generally, naturally occurring radioactive materials were not found in elevated concentrations in either groundwater or base-flow samples. Only 3 samples, 2 from the groundwater survey and one from the base-flow survey, exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level for radium isotopes of 5.0 picocurie per liter for either a single isotope or a combined value of radium-226 and radium-228.

\n

Stable isotope composition indicates broad similarity among surface water, shallow groundwater, and precipitation in the region. Neither shallow groundwater nor surface water showed a marked similarity with the deep brines associated with shale gas. In most of the groundwater survey samples, 38 of 41 samples, dissolved gas profiles were similar to those previously found in samples from shallow, domestic wells in the region.

\n

This study provides a baseline of water-quality conditions in the Monongahela River Basin in West Virginia during the early phases of development of the Marcellus Shale gas field. Although not all inclusive, the results of this study provide a set of reliable water-quality data against which future data sets can be compared and the effects of shale-gas development may be determined.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145233","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water and Waste Management","usgsCitation":"Chambers, D., Kozar, M.D., Messinger, T., Mulder, M.L., Pelak, A.J., and White, J.S., 2015, Water quality of groundwater and stream base flow in the Marcellus Shale Gas Field of the Monongahela River Basin, West Virginia, 2011-12 (Version 1. 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Landsat satellite data have been produced, archived, and distributed by the U.S. Geological Survey since 1972. Users rely on these data for historical study of land surface change and require consistent radiometric data processed to the highest science standards. In support of the guidelines established through the Global Climate Observing System, the U.S. Geological Survey has embarked on production of higher-level Landsat data products to support land surface change studies. One such product is Landsat surface reflectance.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153034","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2015, Landsat surface reflectance data (ver. 1.1, March 27, 2019): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3034, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20153034.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063045","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299806,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3034/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":299805,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3034/pdf/fs20153034.pdf","size":"286 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1: Originally posted April 20, 2015; Version 1.1: June 16, 2015; Version 1.1 updated: March 27, 2019","contact":"

Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center
U.S. Geological Survey
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57198

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Human land use will increasingly contribute to habitat loss and water shortages in California, given future population projections and associated land-use demand. Understanding how land-use change may impact future water use and where existing protected areas may be threatened by land-use conversion will be important if effective, sustainable management approaches are to be implemented. We used a state-and-transition simulation modeling (STSM) framework to simulate spatially-explicit (1 km2) historical (1992-2010) and future (2011-2060) land-use change for 52 California counties within Mediterranean California ecoregions. Historical land use and land cover (LULC) change estimates were derived from the Farmland Mapping and Monitoring Program dataset and attributed with county-level agricultural water-use data from the California Department of Water Resources. Five future alternative land-use scenarios were developed and modeled using the historical land-use change estimates and land-use projections based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Special Report on Emission Scenarios A2 and B1 scenarios. Spatial land-use transition outputs across scenarios were combined to reveal scenario agreement and a land conversion threat index was developed to evaluate vulnerability of existing protected areas to proximal land conversion. By 2060, highest LULC conversion threats were projected to impact nearly 10,500 km2 of land area within 10 km of a protected area boundary and over 18,000 km2 of land area within essential habitat connectivity areas. Agricultural water use declined across all scenarios perpetuating historical drought-related land use from 2008-2010 and trends of annual cropland conversion into perennial woody crops. STSM is useful in analyzing land-use related impacts on water resource use as well as potential threats to existing protected land. Exploring a range of alternative, yet plausible, LULC change impacts will help to better inform resource management and mitigation strategies.

","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"AIMS Environmental Science","conferenceTitle":"2nd State-and-Transition Simulation Modeling Conference","conferenceDate":"September 16-18, 2014","conferenceLocation":"Fort Collins, Colorado","language":"English","publisher":"AIMS Press","doi":"10.3934/environsci.2015.2.282","usgsCitation":"Wilson, T., Sleeter, B.M., Sherba, J.T., and Cameron, D., 2015, Land-use impacts on water resources and protected areas: applications of state-and-transition simulation modeling of future scenarios, in AIMS Environmental Science, v. 2, no. 2, Fort Collins, Colorado, September 16-18, 2014, p. 282-301, https://doi.org/10.3934/environsci.2015.2.282.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"282","endPage":"301","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062790","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open 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The recent proliferation of oil and natural gas energy development in the Greater Green River Basin of southwest Wyoming has accentuated the need to understand wildlife responses to this development. The location and extent of surface disturbance that is created by oil and natural gas well pad scars are key pieces of information used to assess the effects of energy infrastructure on wildlife populations and habitat. A digital database of oil and natural gas pad scars had previously been generated from 1-meter (m) National Agriculture Imagery Program imagery (NAIP) acquired in 2009 for a 7.7-million hectare (ha) (19,026,700 acres) region of southwest Wyoming. Scars included the pad area where wellheads, pumps, and storage facilities reside and the surrounding area that was scraped and denuded of vegetation during the establishment of the pad. Scars containing tanks, compressors, the storage of oil and gas related equipment, and produced-water ponds were also collected on occasion. This report updates the digital database for the five counties of southwest Wyoming (Carbon, Lincoln, Sublette, Sweetwater, Uinta) within the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative (WLCI) study area and for a limited portion of Fremont, Natrona, and Albany Counties using 2012 1-m NAIP imagery and 2012 oil and natural gas well permit information. This report adds pad scars created since 2009, and updates attributes of all pad scars using the 2012 well permit information. These attributes include the origination year of the pad scar, the number of active and inactive wells on or near each pad scar in 2012, and the overall status of the pad scar (active or inactive). The new 2012 database contains 17,404 pad scars of which 15,532 are attributed as oil and natural gas well pads. Digital data are stored as shapefiles projected to the Universal Transverse Mercator (zones 12 and 13) coordinate system. These data are available from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) at http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds934.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds934","usgsCitation":"Garman, S.L., and McBeth, J.L., 2015, Digital representation of oil and natural gas well pad scars in southwest Wyoming: 2012 update: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 934, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds934.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059844","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds934.JPG"},{"id":299800,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0934/pdf/DS934_abstract.pdf","text":"Abstract","size":"31 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 934 Abstract"},{"id":299801,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0934/downloads/","text":"Downloads Directory","description":"DS 934 Downloads Directory","linkHelpText":"Contains: all related content to this data set."},{"id":299799,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0934/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 40.99648401437787\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 43.43696596521823\n ],\n [\n -107.314453125,\n 43.43696596521823\n ],\n [\n -107.314453125,\n 40.99648401437787\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 40.99648401437787\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5536151ce4b0b22a15807a4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garman, Steven L. 0000-0002-9032-9074 slgarman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-9074","contributorId":3741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garman","given":"Steven","email":"slgarman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McBeth, Jamie L. 0000-0002-7688-7985 jlmcbeth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7688-7985","contributorId":1254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBeth","given":"Jamie","email":"jlmcbeth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174033,"text":"70174033 - 2015 - Dynamic triggering","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-24T11:51:53","indexId":"70174033","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-20T16:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Dynamic triggering","docAbstract":"

Dynamic stresses propagating as seismic waves from large earthquakes trigger a spectrum of responses at global distances. In addition to locally triggered earthquakes in a variety of tectonic environments, dynamic stresses trigger tectonic (nonvolcanic) tremor in the brittle–plastic transition zone along major plate-boundary faults, activity changes in hydrothermal and volcanic systems, and, in hydrologic domains, changes in spring discharge, water well levels, soil liquefaction, and the eruption of mud volcanoes. Surface waves with periods of 15–200 s are the most effective triggering agents; body-wave trigger is less frequent. Triggering dynamic stresses can be < 1 kPa.

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Total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations in recent sediments from Lake Malawi range from 0.01 to 8.80 wt% and average 2.83 wt% for surface sediments and 2.35 wt% for shallow core sediments. Hydrogen index (HI) values as determined by Rock-Eval pyrolysis range from 0 to 756 mg HC g−1 TOC and average 205 mg HC g−1 TOC for surface sediments and 228 mg HC g−1 TOC for shallow core samples. On average, variations in primary productivity throughout the lake may account for ~33% of the TOC content in Lake Malawi sediments (as much as 1 wt% TOC), and have little or no impact on sedimentary HI values. Similarly, ~33% to 66% of the variation in TOC content in Lake Malawi sediments appears to be controlled by anoxic preservation of OM (~1–2 wt% TOC), although some component of the water depth–TOC relationship may be due to physical sediment transport processes. Furthermore, anoxic preservation has a minimal effect on HI values in Lake Malawi sediments. Dilution of OM by inorganic sediment may account for ~16% of variability in TOC content in Lake Malawi sediments (~0.5 wt% TOC). The effect of inputs of terrestrial sediment on the organic character of surface sediments in these lakes is highly variable, and appears to be more closely related to the local depositional environment than the regional flux of terrestrial OM. Total nitrogen and TOC content in surface sediments collected throughout the lake are found to be highly correlated (r2 = 0.95), indicating a well-homogenized source of OM to the lake bottom. The recurring suspension and deposition of terrestrial sediment may account for significant amounts of OM deposited in offshore regions of the lake. This process effectively separates denser inorganic sediment from less dense OM and allows terrestrial OM to preferentially be transported farther offshore. The conclusion is that for the organic carbon content in these regions to be elevated a mixed terrestrial-lacustrine origin is required. The hydrodynamic separation of mineral and organic constituents is most pronounced in regions with shallow bathymetric gradients, consistent with previous findings from Lake Tanganyika.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2015.2515(02)","usgsCitation":"Ellis, G.S., Katz, B.J., Scholz, C., and Peter K. 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The range of critical loads of nutrient N reported for U.S. ecoregions, inland surface waters, and freshwater wetlands is 1–39 kg N ha−1 yr−1, spanning the range of N deposition observed over most of the country. 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Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of the FluEgg model to predict transport of Asian carp eggs in the Saint Joseph River (Great Lakes tributary)","docAbstract":"

The Fluvial Egg Drift Simulator (FluEgg) is a three-dimensional Lagrangian model that simulates the movement and development of Asian carp eggs until hatching based on the physical characteristics of the flow field and the physical and biological characteristics of the eggs. This tool provides information concerning egg development and spawning habitat suitability including: egg plume location, egg vertical and travel time distribution, and egg-hatching risk. A case study of the simulation of Asian carp eggs in the Lower Saint Joseph River, a tributary of Lake Michigan, is presented. The river hydrodynamic input for FluEgg was generated in two ways — using hydroacoustic data and using HEC-RAS model data. The HEC-RAS model hydrodynamic input data were used to simulate 52 scenarios covering a broad range of flows and water temperatures with the eggs at risk of hatching ranging from 0 to 93% depending on river conditions. FluEgg simulations depict the highest percentage of eggs at risk of hatching occurs at the lowest discharge and at peak water temperatures. Analysis of these scenarios illustrates how the interactive relation among river length, hydrodynamics, and water temperature influence egg transport and hatching risk. An improved version of FluEgg, which more realistically simulates dispersion and egg development, is presented. Also presented is a graphical user interface that facilitates the use of FluEgg and provides a set of post-processing analysis tools to support management decision-making regarding the prevention and control of Asian carp reproduction in rivers with or without Asian carp populations.

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Ryan, Garcia Marcelo H.","journalName":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","publicationDate":"6/2015","auditedOn":"7/24/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garcia, Tatiana 0000-0002-1979-7246 tgarcia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1979-7246","contributorId":140327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"Tatiana","email":"tgarcia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, Elizabeth A. emurphy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Elizabeth A.","email":"emurphy@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":545162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, P. Ryan pjackson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"P. 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The U.S. Geological Survey Kansas Water Science Center, in cooperation with Federal, State, and local agencies, maintains a long-term network of hydrologic monitoring gages in the State of Kansas. These include 206 real-time streamgages, 12 real-time reservoir-level monitoring stations, and 32 groundwater monitoring wells. These data and associated analyses, accumulated over time, provide a unique overview of hydrologic conditions and help improve our understanding of Kansas’s water resources. Yearly hydrologic conditions are determined by comparing statistical analyses of current and historical water year data for the period of record. These data are used in protecting life and property, and managing water resources for agricultural, industrial, public supply, ecological, and recreational purposes.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153027","usgsCitation":"Robison, A.L., 2015, Summary of hydrologic conditions in Kansas, water year 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3027, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20153027.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2013-10-01","temporalEnd":"2014-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-062877","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299750,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20153027.jpg"},{"id":506258,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_101683.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":299749,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3027/pdf/fs2015-3027.pdf","size":"3.03 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":299748,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3027/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.041015625,\n 36.99377838872517\n ],\n [\n -102.073974609375,\n 40.01920130768676\n ],\n [\n -95.3173828125,\n 40.01920130768676\n ],\n [\n -95.20751953125,\n 39.926588421909436\n ],\n [\n -95.06469726562499,\n 39.85915479295669\n ],\n [\n -94.95483398437499,\n 39.918162846609455\n ],\n [\n -94.888916015625,\n 39.78321267821705\n ],\n [\n -94.95483398437499,\n 39.63953756436671\n ],\n [\n -95.0537109375,\n 39.50404070558415\n ],\n [\n -94.89990234375,\n 39.42770738465604\n ],\n [\n -94.82299804687499,\n 39.342794408952386\n ],\n [\n -94.71313476562499,\n 39.223742741391305\n ],\n [\n -94.603271484375,\n 39.08743603215884\n ],\n [\n -94.6142578125,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -102.041015625,\n 36.99377838872517\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"553220a0e4b0b22a158063b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robison, Andrew L. arobison@usgs.gov","contributorId":139840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robison","given":"Andrew","email":"arobison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":545154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70137525,"text":"ofr20141236 - 2015 - Accuracy testing of electric groundwater-level measurement tapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-16T16:14:45","indexId":"ofr20141236","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-16T16:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1236","title":"Accuracy testing of electric groundwater-level measurement tapes","docAbstract":"

Electric tapes are used to measure groundwater levels and to verify the accuracy of pressure transducers installed in wells. Electric tapes are generally assumed to be accurate to ±0.01 foot (ft), but little information is available from the manufacturers and no accuracy studies have been conducted to confirm this value. This study measured the accuracy of six popular models of electric groundwater tapes.

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The tapes tested include models from Durham Geo, Geotech, Heron, In-Situ, Solinst, and Waterline that are commonly used by the U.S.Geological Survey (USGS). The accuracy tests compared the length of each electric tape to a calibrated-steel reference tape and measured each probe’s activation accuracy and displacement volume. The tape-length accuracy combined with the probe-activation accuracy gave the overall measurement accuracy of the tape.

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The accuracy tests demonstrated that none of the electric-tape models tested consistently met the suggested USGS accuracy of ±0.01 ft. The test data show that the tape models in the study should give a water-level measurement that is accurate to roughly ±0.05 ft per 100 ft without additional calibration. To meet USGS accuracy guidelines, the electric-tape models tested will need to be individually calibrated. Specific conductance also plays a part in tape accuracy. The probes will not work in water with specific conductance values near zero, and the accuracy of one probe was unreliable in very high conductivity water (10,000 microsiemens per centimeter).

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141236","usgsCitation":"Jelinski, J., Clayton, C.S., and Fulford, J.M., 2015, Accuracy testing of electric groundwater-level measurement tapes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1236, vi, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141236.","productDescription":"vi, 27 p.","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052287","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299747,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141236.jpg"},{"id":299745,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1236/"},{"id":299746,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1236/pdf/ofr2014-1236.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.12 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5530cf1ae4b0b22a15806131","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jelinski, Jim","contributorId":138570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jelinski","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12443,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clayton, Christopher S. cclayton@usgs.gov","contributorId":5506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"Christopher","email":"cclayton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":537869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fulford, Janice M. jfulford@usgs.gov","contributorId":991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulford","given":"Janice","email":"jfulford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70141192,"text":"sir20155018 - 2015 - Dissolved-solids loads discharged from irrigated areas near Manila, Utah, May 2007-October 2012, and relation of loads to selected variables","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-03T16:46:59","indexId":"sir20155018","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-16T15:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5018","title":"Dissolved-solids loads discharged from irrigated areas near Manila, Utah, May 2007-October 2012, and relation of loads to selected variables","docAbstract":"

The Manila/Washam Salinity Project (MWSP) is a cooperative effort by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and local farmers and ranchers to reduce the transport of dissolved solids to Flaming Gorge Reservoir from irrigated agricultural lands near Manila, Utah. To estimate dissolved-solids loads from the MWSP area, discharge and water quality from Birch Spring Draw and other selected outflows and inflows were monitored from May 2007 to October 2012. An average annual May–April streamflow of 5,960 acre-feet discharged from Birch Spring Draw at site BSD-2 to Flaming Gorge Reservoir during 2007–12, containing an average dissolved-solids load of 14,660 tons. An average May–April net dissolved-solids load of 24,300 tons per year discharged from the MWSP area, estimated from the relation between streamflow and dissolved-solids concentration at site BSD-2 and other measured inflows and outflows.

\n

The amount of precipitation and water available for irrigation are important factors affecting the dissolved-solids load in outflow from the MWSP area. Net dissolved-solids load discharged from the MWSP area increased with increasing canal streamflow and precipitation measured at Manila during the irrigation season, from May to October, each year. The net tons of dissolved solids discharged from the MWSP area per acre-foot of canal water increased with increasing irrigation season precipitation during May 2007–October 2012.

\n

Irrigation improvements began to be implemented in 2007 to reduce dissolved-solids loads discharged from the MWSP area. The theoretical annual net dissolved-solids load where the cumulative NRCS calculated dissolved-solids load reduction is added to the net MWSP dissolved-solids load is what would be expected if there was no irrigation improvement in the area associated with the MWSP. The theoretical data points lie very near the baseline representing the pre-MWSP dissolved-solids load to canal streamflow relation. The proximity of the theoretical data points to the baseline shows that the NRCS calculations of reduction in dissolved-solids load are generally supported by the data collected during this study.

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A better understanding is needed of how hydrological and biogeochemical processes control dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition from headwaters downstream to large rivers. We examined a large DOM dataset from the National Water Information System of the US Geological Survey, which represents approximately 100 000 measurements of DOC concentration and DOM composition at many sites along rivers across the United States. Application of quantile regression revealed a tendency towards downstream spatial and temporal homogenization of DOC concentrations and a shift from dominance of aromatic DOM in headwaters to more aliphatic DOM downstream. The DOC concentration–discharge (C-Q) relationships at each site revealed a downstream tendency towards a slope of zero. We propose that despite complexities in river networks that have driven many revisions to the River Continuum Concept, rivers show a tendency towards chemostasis (C-Q slope of zero) because of a downstream shift from a dominance of hydrologic drivers that connect terrestrial DOM sources to streams in the headwaters towards a dominance of instream and near-stream biogeochemical processes that result in preferential losses of aromatic DOM and preferential gains of aliphatic DOM.

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formulated Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CL145A exposure to subadult/adult unionid mussels during simulated open-water treatments","docAbstract":"

The exposure effects of a commercially prepared spray dried powder (SDP) formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens (strain CL145A) on the survival of seven species of unionid mussels endemic to the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins was evaluated in this study. The study exposures were completed within replicated 350-liter test tanks contained within a mobile bioassay laboratory sited on the shores of the Black River near La Crosse, Wisconsin. The test tanks were supplied with flowing, filtered river water which was interrupted during the exposure period.

Two groups of seven species of mussels were used in equal proportions in the study. The first group was exposed to SDP for 8 hours, and the second group was exposed to SDP for 24 hours. Individually tagged mussels were randomly allocated to test tanks until all test tanks contained 8 to 10 mussels of each species (dependent upon the number available for testing).

The experimental unit for the trial was the individual test tank, and treatment group was assigned using a randomized block design. The treatment groups for each exposure duration consisted of (1) an untreated control group, (2) a group that received an application of 50 milligrams SDP per liter (mg SDP/L), and (3) a group that received an application of 100 mg SDP/L. All mussel species and both exposure duration groups were exposed concurrently (that is, one-half of the mussels were removed after 8 hours of SDP exposure and the remaining mussels were removed after 24 hours of SDP exposure). All treatment concentrations are reported as active ingredient.

After exposure, the mussels were consolidated into wire mesh cages and placed in the Black River for a 27-28 day postexposure period, after which time survival of mussels was assessed. Of the 1,170 mussels tested in the study, 3 were confirmed dead and 5 were not recovered and treated as mortalities in the analysis. The effect and interactions of species, SDP exposure concentration, and SDP exposure duration were analyzed and did not affect mussel survival (p > 0.98). The results from this study indicate that SDP exposure at the maximum approved open-water concentration of 100 mg/L for up to 3 times the maximum approved open-water exposure duration of 8 hours (in other words for 24 hours of exposure) is unlikely to reduce survival of subadult or adult mussels.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151064","usgsCitation":"Luoma, J.A., Weber, K.L., Waller, D.L., Wise, J.K., Mayer, D.A., and Aloisi, D.B., 2015, Safety of spray-dried powder formulated Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CL145A exposure to subadult/adult unionid mussels during simulated open-water treatments: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1064, vi, 248 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151064.","productDescription":"vi, 248 p.","numberOfPages":"255","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064087","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299738,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151064.jpg"},{"id":299734,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1064/pdf/ofr2015-1064.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":299733,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1064/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"La Crosse","otherGeospatial":"Black River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.24742031097412,\n 43.86303107676215\n ],\n [\n -91.23566150665282,\n 43.86303107676215\n ],\n [\n -91.23566150665282,\n 43.870812454958475\n ],\n [\n -91.24742031097412,\n 43.870812454958475\n ],\n [\n -91.24742031097412,\n 43.86303107676215\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5530cf1fe4b0b22a1580613f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, James A. 0000-0003-3556-0190 jluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3556-0190","contributorId":4449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"James","email":"jluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Kerry L. klweber@usgs.gov","contributorId":4750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Kerry","email":"klweber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waller, Diane L. 0000-0002-6104-810X dwaller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6104-810X","contributorId":5272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"Diane","email":"dwaller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wise, Jeremy K. 0000-0003-0184-6959 jwise@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0184-6959","contributorId":5009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wise","given":"Jeremy","email":"jwise@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mayer, Denise A.","contributorId":140168,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mayer","given":"Denise","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13400,"text":"New York State Museum, Cambridge Field Research Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Aloisi, Douglas B.","contributorId":140169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aloisi","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6678,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70145964,"text":"ofr20151066 - 2015 - Exposure-related effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-CL145A) on juvenile unionid mussels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-15T09:01:50","indexId":"ofr20151066","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-16T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1066","title":"Exposure-related effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-CL145A) on juvenile unionid mussels","docAbstract":"

The exposure-related effects of a commercially prepared spray-dried powder (SDP) or freeze-dried powder (FDP) formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens (strain CL145A) on the survival of seven species of newly metamorphosed (<72 hours old) freshwater unionid mussels was evaluated. Forty unionid mussels of each species were randomly distributed to test chambers and each species independently exposed for 24 hours to a static dose of either SDP (four species: Lampsilis cardium, Lampsilis siliquoidea, Lampsilis higginsii, andLigumia recta) or FDP (three species: Obovaria olivaria, Actinonaias ligamentina, andMegalonaias nervosa).

\n

Each test chamber was assigned to one of six treatment groups (n = four chambers per group) by using a randomized block design. The six treatment groups included (1) an untreated control group, (2) groups that received applications with nominal target active ingredient (AI) concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 300 milligrams per liter (mg/L), and (3) a group that received an application with a nominal target AI concentration of 300 mg/L of heat-deactivated test article (300 HD). After a 24-hour exposure period, water inflow to the test chambers was restored, and the unionid mussels were maintained for an additional 7 days before they were assessed for survival.

\n

Mean survival of four unionid mussels species exposed to SDP varied among species and treatment groups when compared to the untreated control groups. The results indicate that exposure to SDP-formulated P. fluorescens up to the maximum label concentration (100 mg/L AI) and up to three times the maximum label exposure duration (8 hours) is not likely to affect the survival of L. siliquoidea and L. higginsii. Low mean survival in the L. recta control group (25.0 percent) indicates that results for L. recta should be interpreted with caution. Mean survival of the L. cardium was significantly lower in all treated groups (14.4 to 40.6 percent) compared to the control group (68.8 percent). These results indicate that further investigation on the impact of SDP-formulated P. fluorescens on L. recta and L. cardium is warranted.

\n

Mean survival of three unionid mussels species exposed to FDP was not significantly different in the 50-, 100-, and 200-mg/L AI treatment groups and the 300 mg/L heat-deactivated treatment groups when compared to the control groups. Mean survival of O. olivaria and M. nervosa was significantly lower in the 300-mg/L AI treated groups (38.1 and 48.1 percent, respectively) compared to the control groups (71.9 and 88.1 percent, respectively). The results indicate that exposure to FDP-formulated P. fluorescens up to the maximum label concentration (100 mg/L AI) and up to three times the maximum label exposure duration (8 hours) is not likely to affect the survival of O. olivaria, A. ligamentina, and M. nervosa.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151066","usgsCitation":"Weber, K.L., Luoma, J.A., Mayer, D.A., Aloisi, D.B., and Eckert, N.L., 2015, Exposure-related effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-CL145A) on juvenile unionid mussels: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1066, viii, 663 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151066.","productDescription":"viii, 663 p.","startPage":"663 p.","numberOfPages":"664","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063676","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299715,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151066.jpg"},{"id":299712,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1066/pdf/ofr2015-1066.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":299708,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1066/"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5530cf1fe4b0b22a1580613b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weber, Kerry L. klweber@usgs.gov","contributorId":4750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Kerry","email":"klweber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, James A. 0000-0003-3556-0190 jluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3556-0190","contributorId":4449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"James","email":"jluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mayer, Denise A.","contributorId":140168,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mayer","given":"Denise","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13400,"text":"New York State Museum, Cambridge Field Research Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aloisi, Douglas B.","contributorId":140169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aloisi","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6678,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eckert, Nathan L.","contributorId":140170,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eckert","given":"Nathan","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6678,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70142424,"text":"sir20155039 - 2015 - Characterization of streamflow, salinity, and selenium loading and land-use change in Montrose Arroyo, western Colorado, from 1992 to 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-17T14:13:49","indexId":"sir20155039","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-16T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5039","title":"Characterization of streamflow, salinity, and selenium loading and land-use change in Montrose Arroyo, western Colorado, from 1992 to 2013","docAbstract":"

Salinity and dissolved selenium are known water-quality impairments in the lower Gunnison River watershed of western Colorado. Salinity is a concern because of its adverse effects on agricultural land and equipment, and on municipal and industrial users. The Montrose Arroyo watershed in Montrose, Colorado, contains agricultural and residential areas as well as undeveloped land and has undergone substantial land-use change since the early 1990s. Previous sampling efforts indicated salinity concentrations and loads have remained constant since land-use change began in the early 1990s; however, recent sampling also indicated that dissolved-selenium concentrations and loads have begun to increase. In response to the potential increasing dissolved-selenium concentrations and loads, the U.S. Geological Survey—in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation; Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Forum; and Colorado River Water Conservation District—continued to monitor salinity and dissolved-selenium concentrations and loads in the Montrose Arroyo watershed. This report characterizes salinity and dissolved-selenium loads in Montrose Arroyo from 1992 to 2013 at three sites: Montrose Arroyo at East Niagara Street (MA2, U.S. Geological Survey site identification number 382802107513301), Montrose Arroyo at 6700 Road (MA3, U.S. Geological Survey site identification number 382711107500501), and Montrose Arroyo at 6750 and Ogden Roads (MA4, U.S. Geological Survey site identification number 382702107493701). A detailed land-use change analysis was also characterized in the MA3 subwatershed.

\n

The three sites were used to monitor salinity and dissolved-selenium concentrations and loads in Montrose Arroyo. Over a period from December 2011 through September 2013, 46 water-quality samples and streamflow measurements were collected at sites MA2, MA3, and MA4. Streamflow, salinity concentrations and loads, and selenium concentrations and loads were characterized and compared between the pre-lateral (before April 1999) and post-growth periods (March 2008 through September 2013) and between post-lateral (April 1999 through October 2000) and post-growth periods.

\n

Results from a previous USGS study on the characterization of salinity and selenium loading and land-use change in Montrose Arroyo from 1992 to 2010 indicated that there was no change in salinity load at site MA2 and a significant increase in dissolved-selenium load from the pre-lateral period to the post-growth period. Data associated with this report indicate the selenium loads at site MA2 show no significant change from the pre-lateral period to the post-growth period. In addition, both salinity load and dissolved-selenium load at site MA3 show significant decreases in salinity and dissolved-selenium load for both periods that are potentially associated with land-use change.

\n

Land use was characterized for 1992, 2002, and 2009 for site MA3. The common land-use change in the MA3 subwatershed was a conversion from previously irrigated agricultural land to urban land use. The MA3 subwatershed had 124 acres of irrigated land use converted to urban land use and 27.1 acres of unirrigated desert converted to urban land use from 1992 to 2009. Consistent with findings in previous land-use change reports, salinity and dissolved-selenium loading at site MA3 showed significant decreases as irrigated land was converted to urban land use.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155039","collaboration":"Bureau of Reclamation; Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Forum; Colorado River Water Conservation District","usgsCitation":"Richards, R.J., and Moore, J.L., 2015, Characterization of streamflow, salinity, and selenium loading and land-use change in Montrose Arroyo, western Colorado, from 1992 to 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5039, v, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155039.","productDescription":"v, 18 p.","startPage":"18","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1992-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-060484","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299711,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":299710,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5039/pdf/sir2015-5039.pdf","text":"Report","size":"25.6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":299703,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5039/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Montrose","otherGeospatial":"Montrose Arroyo","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.80634880065918,\n 38.48705404120269\n ],\n [\n -107.7883243560791,\n 38.478050840591465\n ],\n [\n -107.77956962585449,\n 38.47462395385454\n ],\n [\n -107.77124404907227,\n 38.47489273517196\n ],\n [\n -107.75562286376953,\n 38.47193608556816\n ],\n [\n -107.74043083190918,\n 38.46561920067743\n ],\n [\n -107.73914337158203,\n 38.45735265386234\n ],\n [\n -107.74077415466309,\n 38.44364019496866\n ],\n [\n -107.74884223937988,\n 38.434833271500445\n ],\n [\n -107.76575088500977,\n 38.433892010024444\n ],\n [\n -107.77519226074219,\n 38.43564005728452\n ],\n [\n -107.78094291687012,\n 38.43564005728452\n ],\n [\n -107.79939651489256,\n 38.42508389732895\n ],\n [\n -107.80866622924805,\n 38.427168356912205\n ],\n [\n -107.82136917114258,\n 38.42817694478974\n ],\n [\n -107.82360076904297,\n 38.426764917817145\n ],\n [\n -107.83681869506836,\n 38.43234562524602\n ],\n [\n -107.8901195526123,\n 38.494376710715805\n ],\n [\n -107.88711547851562,\n 38.49753396243774\n ],\n [\n -107.8813648223877,\n 38.496593518947556\n ],\n [\n -107.86788940429688,\n 38.485240053939975\n ],\n [\n -107.8557014465332,\n 38.481746320193345\n ],\n [\n -107.80634880065918,\n 38.48705404120269\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5530cf1de4b0b22a15806133","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richards, Rodney J. 0000-0003-3953-984X rjrichar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3953-984X","contributorId":2204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Rodney","email":"rjrichar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Jennifer L.","contributorId":68447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70147593,"text":"70147593 - 2015 - Carbon exchange between the atmosphere and subtropical forested cypress and pine wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-18T22:50:40","indexId":"70147593","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1011,"text":"Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon exchange between the atmosphere and subtropical forested cypress and pine wetlands","docAbstract":"

Carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and forested subtropical wetlands is largely unknown. Here we report a first step in characterizing this atmospheric–ecosystem carbon (C) exchange, for cypress strands and pine forests in the Greater Everglades of Florida as measured with eddy covariance methods at three locations (Cypress Swamp, Dwarf Cypress and Pine Upland) for 2 years. Links between water and C cycles are also examined at these three sites, as are methane emission measured only at the Dwarf Cypress site. Each forested wetland showed net C uptake from the atmosphere both monthly and annually, as indicated by the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2). For this study, NEE is the difference between photosynthesis and respiration, with negative values representing uptake from the atmosphere that is retained in the ecosystem or transported laterally via overland flow (unmeasured for this study). Atmospheric C uptake (NEE) was greatest at the Cypress Swampp (−900 to −1000 g C m2 yr−1), moderate at the Pine Upland (−650 to −700 g C m2 yr−1) and least at the Dwarf Cypress (−400 to −450 g C m2 yr−1). Changes in NEE were clearly a function of seasonality in solar insolation, air temperature and flooding, which suppressed heterotrophic soil respiration. We also note that changes in the satellite-derived enhanced vegetation index (EVI) served as a useful surrogate for changes in NEE at these forested wetland sites.

","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/bg-12-2285-2015","usgsCitation":"Shoemaker, W., Anderson, F.E., Barr, J.G., Graham, S.L., and Botkin, D.B., 2015, Carbon exchange between the atmosphere and subtropical forested cypress and pine wetlands: Biogeosciences, v. 12, p. 2285-2300, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2285-2015.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2285","endPage":"2300","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056860","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. 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In cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 3, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is participating in an ongoing study to aid in the identification of subsurface heterogeneities that may act as preferential pathways for contaminant transport in and around the Lower Darby Creek Area (LDCA) Superfund Site, Philadelphia Pa. Lower Darby Creek, which flows into the Delaware River, borders the western part of the former landfill site. In 2013, the USGS conducted surface geophysics measurements and stream porewater sampling to provide additional data for EPA’s site characterization. This report contains data collected from field measurements of direct current (DC) resistivity, frequency-domain electromagnetic (FDEM) surveys, and stream porewater specific conductance (SC).

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds927","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Walker, C.W., Degnan, J.R., Brayton, M.J., Cruz, R., and Lorah, M.M., 2015, Surface geophysics and porewater evaluation at the Lower Darby Creek Area Superfund Site, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 927, Report: iv, 6 p.; Appendixes 1-3, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds927.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 6 p.; Appendixes 1-3","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2013-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-064184","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299684,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0927/pdf/ds927.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.14 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Data"},{"id":299688,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds927.jpg"}],"projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic Projection","datum":"NAD 1983 Pennsylvania State Plane (South)","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Philadelphia","otherGeospatial":"Lower Darby Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.25310754776001,\n 39.897687011984054\n ],\n [\n -75.25334358215332,\n 39.89717668393247\n ],\n [\n -75.25563955307007,\n 39.89730838185796\n ],\n [\n -75.25692701339722,\n 39.895826765604085\n ],\n [\n -75.25774240493774,\n 39.89604077881993\n ],\n [\n -75.2559185028076,\n 39.89847718985659\n ],\n [\n -75.25692701339722,\n 39.901078127664846\n ],\n [\n -75.25772094726562,\n 39.90214810506472\n ],\n [\n -75.25671243667603,\n 39.90451845702656\n ],\n [\n 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mbrayton@usgs.gov","contributorId":2993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brayton","given":"Michael","email":"mbrayton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cruz, Roberto M. rmcruz@usgs.gov","contributorId":139630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cruz","given":"Roberto M.","email":"rmcruz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":542134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lorah, Michelle M. 0000-0002-9236-587X mmlorah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-587X","contributorId":1437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"Michelle","email":"mmlorah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70190681,"text":"70190681 - 2015 - Sediment contributions from floodplains and legacy sediments to Piedmont streams of Baltimore County, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-12T11:49:32","indexId":"70190681","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment contributions from floodplains and legacy sediments to Piedmont streams of Baltimore County, Maryland","docAbstract":"

Disparity between watershed erosion rates and downstream sediment delivery has remained an important theme in geomorphology for many decades, with the role of floodplains in sediment storage as a common focus. In the Piedmont Province of the eastern USA, upland deforestation and agricultural land use following European settlement led to accumulation of thick packages of overbank sediment in valley bottoms, commonly referred to as legacy deposits. Previous authors have argued that legacy deposits represent a potentially important source of modern sediment loads following remobilization by lateral migration and progressive channel widening. This paper seeks to quantify (1) rates of sediment remobilization from Baltimore County floodplains by channel migration and bank erosion, (2) proportions of streambank sediment derived from legacy deposits, and (3) potential contribution of net streambank erosion and legacy sediments to downstream sediment yield within the Mid-Atlantic Piedmont.

We calculated measurable gross erosion and deposition rates within the fluvial corridor along 40 valley segments from 18 watersheds with drainage areas between 0.18 and 155 km2 in Baltimore County, Maryland. We compared stream channel and floodplain morphology from lidar-based digital elevation data collected in 2005 with channel positions recorded on 1:2400 scale topographic maps from 1959–1961 in order to quantify 44–46 years of channel change. Sediment bulk density and particle size distributions were characterized from streambank and channel deposit samples and used for volume to mass conversions and for comparison with other sediment sources.

Average annual lateral migration rates ranged from 0.04 to 0.19 m/y, which represented an annual migration of 2.5% (0.9–4.4%) channel width across all study segments, suggesting that channel dimensions may be used as reasonable predictors of bank erosion rates. Gross bank erosion rates varied from 43 to 310 Mg/km/y (median = 114) and were positively correlated with drainage area. Measured deposition within channels accounted for an average of 46% (28–75%) of gross erosion, with deposition increasingly important in larger drainages. Legacy sediments accounted for 6–90% of bank erosion at individual study segments, represented about 60% of bank height at most exposures, and accounted for 57% (± 16%) of the measured gross erosion. Extrapolated results indicated that first- and second-order streams accounted for 62% (± 38%) of total streambank erosion from 1005 km2 of northern Baltimore County. After accounting for estimated redeposition, extrapolated net streambank sediment yields (72 Mg/km2/y) constituted 70% of estimated average Piedmont watershed yields (104 Mg/km2/y). The results suggest that streambank sediments are a relatively large source of sediment from Piedmont tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay.

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Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":710156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70145793,"text":"ofr20151069 - 2015 - Physical habitat monitoring strategy (PHAMS) for reach-scale restoration effectiveness monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-06T12:29:35","indexId":"ofr20151069","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-14T16:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1069","title":"Physical habitat monitoring strategy (PHAMS) for reach-scale restoration effectiveness monitoring","docAbstract":"

Habitat restoration efforts by the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR) have shifted from the site scale (1-10 meters) to the reach scale (100-1,000 meters). This shift was in response to the growing scientific emphasis on process-based restoration and to support from the 2007 Accords Agreement with the Bonneville Power Administration. With the increased size of restoration projects, the CTUIR and other agencies are in need of applicable monitoring methods for assessing large-scale changes in river and floodplain habitats following restoration. The goal of the Physical Habitat Monitoring Strategy is to outline methods that are useful for capturing reach-scale changes in surface and groundwater hydrology, geomorphology, hydrologic connectivity, and riparian vegetation at restoration projects. The Physical Habitat Monitoring Strategy aims to avoid duplication with existing regional effectiveness monitoring protocols by identifying complimentary reach-scale metrics and methods that may improve the ability of CTUIR and others to detect instream and riparian changes at large restoration projects.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151069","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Department of Natural Resources, and Northwest Marine Fisheries Service","usgsCitation":"Jones, K.L., O’Daniel, S.J., Beechie, T.J., Zakrajsek, John, and Webster, J.G., 2015, Physical habitat monitoring strategy (PHAMS) for reach-scale restoration effectiveness monitoring: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1069, 58 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151069.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p.","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055704","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299682,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151069.jpg"},{"id":299681,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1069/pdf/ofr2015-1069.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OF 2015-1069 Report"},{"id":299680,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1069/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Umatilla Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.44335937499999,\n 43.739352079154706\n ],\n [\n -119.44335937499999,\n 47.040182144806664\n ],\n [\n -116.54296874999999,\n 47.040182144806664\n ],\n [\n -116.54296874999999,\n 43.739352079154706\n ],\n [\n -119.44335937499999,\n 43.739352079154706\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
http://or.water.usgs.gov 

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