Bathymetric and velocimetric data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Transportation, in the vicinity of 10 bridges at 9 highway crossings of the Missouri River between Lexington and Washington, Missouri, from April 22 through May 2, 2013. A multibeam echosounder mapping system was used to obtain channel-bed elevations for river reaches ranging from 1,640 to 1,840 feet longitudinally and extending laterally across the active channel between banks and spur dikes in the Missouri River during low- to moderate-flow conditions. These bathymetric surveys indicate the channel conditions at the time of the surveys and provide characteristics of scour holes that may be useful in the development of predictive guidelines or equations for scour holes. These data also may be useful to the Missouri Department of Transportation to assess the bridges for stability and integrity issues with respect to bridge scour during floods.
\nBathymetric data were collected around every pier that was in water, except those at the edge of water or in very shallow water (less than about 6 feet). Scour holes were present at most piers for which bathymetry could be obtained, except at piers on channel banks, near or embedded in lateral or longitudinal spur dikes, and on exposed bedrock outcrops. Scour holes observed at the surveyed bridges were examined with respect to depth and shape. Although exposure of parts of foundational support elements was observed at several piers, at most sites the exposure likely can be considered minimal compared to the overall substructure that remains buried in channel-bed material; however, there were several notable exceptions where the bed material thickness between the bottom of the scour hole and bedrock was less than 6 feet. Such substantial exposure of usually buried substructural elements may warrant special observation in future flood events.
\nPrevious bathymetric surveys had been done at all of the sites in this study during the flood of 2011. Comparisons between bathymetric surfaces from the previous surveys and those of this study generally indicate a consistent increase in the elevation of the bed and decrease in the size of scour holes at these sites, both likely caused by a substantial decrease in discharge and water-surface elevation compared to the 2011 surveys at most sites. However, multiple surveys at one of the sites indicate that the flow condition is not the sole variable in the determination of the size of scour holes at sites with a dual bridge configuration. Furthermore, another site had a smaller and shallower scour hole even though the discharge in this study was slightly greater than in 2011. Pier size, nose shape, and alignment to flow also had a substantial effect on the size of the scour hole observed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145116","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Huizinga, R.J., 2014, Bathymetric and velocimetric surveys at highway bridges crossing the Missouri River between Kansas City and St. Louis, Missouri, April-May, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5116, viii, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145116.","productDescription":"viii, 79 p.","numberOfPages":"92","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-056537","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":290599,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5116/pdf/sir2014-5116.pdf"},{"id":290598,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5116/"},{"id":290600,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145116.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.00,38.00 ], [ -96.00,40.75 ], [ -90.00,40.75 ], [ -90.00,38.00 ], [ -96.00,38.00 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f0a8e4b0bc0bec09f8eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huizinga, Richard J. 0000-0002-2940-2324 huizinga@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2940-2324","contributorId":2089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huizinga","given":"Richard","email":"huizinga@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70110905,"text":"ds851 - 2014 - Geospatial database of estimates of groundwater discharge to streams in the Upper Colorado River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T10:40:05","indexId":"ds851","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-18T10:58:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"851","title":"Geospatial database of estimates of groundwater discharge to streams in the Upper Colorado River Basin","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, as part of the Department of the Interior’s WaterSMART (Sustain and Manage America’s Resources for Tomorrow) initiative, compiled published estimates of groundwater discharge to streams in the Upper Colorado River Basin as a geospatial database. For the purpose of this report, groundwater discharge to streams is the baseflow portion of streamflow that includes contributions of groundwater from various flow paths. Reported estimates of groundwater discharge were assigned as attributes to stream reaches derived from the high-resolution National Hydrography Dataset. A total of 235 estimates of groundwater discharge to streams were compiled and included in the dataset. Feature class attributes of the geospatial database include groundwater discharge (acre-feet per year), method of estimation, citation abbreviation, defined reach, and 8-digit hydrologic unit code(s). Baseflow index (BFI) estimates of groundwater discharge were calculated using an existing streamflow characteristics dataset and were included as an attribute in the geospatial database. A comparison of the BFI estimates to the compiled estimates of groundwater discharge found that the BFI estimates were greater than the reported groundwater discharge estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds851","usgsCitation":"Garcia, A., Masbruch, M.D., and Susong, D.D., 2014, Geospatial database of estimates of groundwater discharge to streams in the Upper Colorado River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 851, Report: iv, 6 p.; Metadata; Spatial Data, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds851.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 6 p.; Metadata; Spatial Data","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049223","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":290447,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds851.PNG"},{"id":290444,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?ds851_UCRBBaseflow"},{"id":290445,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Susong, David D. ddsusong@usgs.gov","contributorId":1040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Susong","given":"David","email":"ddsusong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70095010,"text":"ds813 - 2014 - Geohydrologic and water-quality data in the vicinity of the Rialto-Colton Fault, San Bernardino, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-22T08:38:01","indexId":"ds813","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-18T08:51:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"813","title":"Geohydrologic and water-quality data in the vicinity of the Rialto-Colton Fault, San Bernardino, California","docAbstract":"The Rialto-Colton Basin is in western San Bernardino County, about 60 miles east of Los Angeles, California. The basin is bounded by faults on the northeast and southwest sides and contains multiple barriers to groundwater flow. The structural geology of the basin leads to complex hydrology. Between 2001 and 2008, in an effort to better understand the complex hydrologic system of the Rialto-Colton Basin, seven multiple-well monitoring sites were constructed. Two to six observation wells were installed in the borehole at each site; a total of 32 observation wells were installed. This report presents geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data collected from these seven multiple-well monitoring sites.
\nDescriptions of the collected drill cuttings were compiled into lithologic logs for each monitoring site. The lithologic logs are summarized along with the geophysical logs, including gamma-ray, spontaneous potential, resistivity, and electromagnetic induction tool logs. At selected sites, sonic tool logs also were recorded. Periodic water-level measurements are reported, and water-level data are displayed on hydrographs. Water levels at multiple-well monitoring sites in the northern part of the study area differed between the shallow and deep observation wells; in the remaining multiple-well monitoring sites, water levels differed little with depth. Along the southern trace of the Rialto-Colton Fault, water levels are slightly higher east of the fault than west of the fault. Selected water-quality data for 21 of the observation wells show water from wells in the northern and central parts of the study area is calcium-carbonate water. In the southern part of the study area, water from wells screened above 400 feet below land surface is of mixed type or is calcium-carbonate water. Water from wells screened greater than 400 feet below land surface in the southern part of the study area is sodium-carbonate or sodium-mixed anion water. Water from most wells in the study area plots above the Global Meteoric Water Line along an apparent local meteoric water line, indicating the water has not experienced substantial evaporation before infiltration. A few samples from shallow wells in the study area plot slightly to the right of the Global Meteoric Water Line, possibly indicating the water experienced some evaporation before recharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds813","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District West Valley Water District","usgsCitation":"Teague, N.F., Brown, A.A., and Woolfenden, L.R., 2014, Geohydrologic and water-quality data in the vicinity of the Rialto-Colton Fault, San Bernardino, California: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 813, ix, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds813.","productDescription":"ix, 76 p.","numberOfPages":"89","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-037038","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":290411,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/813/pdf/ds813.pdf"},{"id":290404,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/813/"},{"id":290412,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds813.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Bernadino","otherGeospatial":"Rialto-colton Fault","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.424317,34.050113 ], [ -117.424317,34.24764 ], [ -117.164972,34.24764 ], [ -117.164972,34.050113 ], [ -117.424317,34.050113 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5b29e4b0b290850f9d4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Teague, Nicholas F. 0000-0001-5289-1210 nteague@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5289-1210","contributorId":2145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teague","given":"Nicholas","email":"nteague@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Anthony A. 0000-0001-9925-0197 anbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9925-0197","contributorId":5125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Anthony","email":"anbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woolfenden, Linda R. 0000-0003-3500-4709 lrwoolfe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3500-4709","contributorId":1476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woolfenden","given":"Linda","email":"lrwoolfe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70111587,"text":"sir20145108 - 2014 - Preliminary geochemical assessment of water in selected streams, springs, and caves in the Upper Baker and Snake Creek drainages in Great Basin National Park, Nevada, 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-18T21:44:52","indexId":"sir20145108","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-18T08:28:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5108","title":"Preliminary geochemical assessment of water in selected streams, springs, and caves in the Upper Baker and Snake Creek drainages in Great Basin National Park, Nevada, 2009","docAbstract":"Water in caves, discharging from springs, and flowing in streams in the upper Baker and Snake Creek drainages are important natural resources in Great Basin National Park, Nevada. Water and rock samples were collected from 15 sites during February 2009 as part of a series of investigations evaluating the potential for water resource depletion in the park resulting from the current and proposed groundwater withdrawals. This report summarizes general geochemical characteristics of water samples collected from the upper Baker and Snake Creek drainages for eventual use in evaluating possible hydrologic connections between the streams and selected caves and springs discharging in limestone terrain within each watershed.
Generally, water discharging from selected springs in the upper Baker and Snake Creek watersheds is relatively young and, in some cases, has similar chemical characteristics to water collected from associated streams. In the upper Baker Creek drainage, geochemical data suggest possible hydrologic connections between Baker Creek and selected springs and caves along it. The analytical results for water samples collected from Wheelers Deep and Model Caves show characteristics similar to those from Baker Creek, suggesting a hydrologic connection between the creek and caves, a finding previously documented by other researchers. Generally, geochemical evidence does not support a connection between water flowing in Pole Canyon Creek to that in Model Cave, at least not to any appreciable extent. The water sample collected from Rosethorn Spring had relatively high concentrations of many of the constituents sampled as part of this study. This finding was expected as the water from the spring travelled through alluvium prior to being discharged at the surface and, as a result, was provided the opportunity to interact with soil minerals with which it came into contact. Isotopic evidence does not preclude a connection between Baker Creek and the water discharging from Rosethorn Spring. The residence time of water discharging into the caves and from selected springs sampled as part of this study ranged from 10 to 25 years.
Within the upper Snake Creek drainage, the results of this study show geochemical similarities between Snake Creek and Outhouse Spring, Spring Creek Spring, and Squirrel Spring Cave. The strontium isotope ratio (87Sr/86Sr) for intrusive rock samples representative of the Snake Creek drainage were similar to carbonate rock samples. The water sample collected from Snake Creek at the pipeline discharge point had lower strontium concentrations than the sample downstream and a similar 87Sr/86Sr value as the carbonate and intrusive rocks. The chemistry of the water sample was considered representative of upstream conditions in Snake Creek and indicates minimal influence of rock dissolution. The results of this study suggest that water discharging from Outlet Spring is not hydrologically connected to Snake Creek but rather is recharged at high altitude(s) within the Snake Creek drainage. These findings for Outlet Spring largely stem from the relatively high specific conductance and chloride concentration, the lightest deuterium (δD) and oxygen-18 (δ18O) values, and the longest calculated residence time (60 to 90 years) relative to any other sample collected as part of this study. With the exception of water sampled from Outlet Spring, the residence time of water discharging into Squirrel Spring Cave and selected springs in the upper Snake Creek drainage was less than 30 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145108","collaboration":"In Cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Paul, A.P., Thodal, C.E., Baker, G.M., Lico, M.S., and Prudic, D.E., 2014, Preliminary geochemical assessment of water in selected streams, springs, and caves in the Upper Baker and Snake Creek drainages in Great Basin National Park, Nevada, 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5108, viii, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145108.","productDescription":"viii, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-033215","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":290410,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145108.jpg"},{"id":290403,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5108/"},{"id":290409,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5108/pdf/sir2014-5108.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.4 MB","description":"Report"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator Projection, Zone 11","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Baker Creek, Great Basin National Park, Snake Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.400291,38.759973 ], [ -114.400291,39.105288 ], [ -114.020233,39.105288 ], [ -114.020233,38.759973 ], [ -114.400291,38.759973 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6cc2e4b0b29085104c02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paul, Angela P. 0000-0003-3909-1598 appaul@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3909-1598","contributorId":2305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paul","given":"Angela","email":"appaul@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thodal, Carl E. 0000-0003-0782-3280 cethodal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-3280","contributorId":2292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thodal","given":"Carl","email":"cethodal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, Gretchen M.","contributorId":54894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Gretchen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lico, Michael S.","contributorId":75897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lico","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70114887,"text":"sir20145119 - 2014 - Hydrogeologic framework and groundwater/surface-water interactions of the upper Yakima River Basin, Kittitas County, central Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-17T15:11:58","indexId":"sir20145119","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-17T14:58:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5119","title":"Hydrogeologic framework and groundwater/surface-water interactions of the upper Yakima River Basin, Kittitas County, central Washington","docAbstract":"The hydrogeology, hydrology, and geochemistry of groundwater and surface water in the upper (western) 860 square miles of the Yakima River Basin in Kittitas County, Washington, were studied to evaluate the groundwater-flow system, occurrence and availability of groundwater, and the extent of groundwater/surface-water interactions. The study area ranged in altitude from 7,960 feet in its headwaters in the Cascade Range to 1,730 feet at the confluence of the Yakima River with Swauk Creek. A west-to-east precipitation gradient exists in the basin with the western, high-altitude headwaters of the basin receiving more than 100 inches of precipitation per year and the eastern, low-altitude part of the basin receiving about 20 inches of precipitation per year. From the early 20th century onward, reservoirs in the upper part of the basin (for example, Keechelus, Kachess, and Cle Elum Lakes) have been managed to store snowmelt for irrigation in the greater Yakima River Basin. Canals transport water from these reservoirs for irrigation in the study area; additional water use is met through groundwater withdrawals from wells and surface-water withdrawals from streams and rivers. Estimated groundwater use for domestic, commercial, and irrigation purposes is reported for the study area.
\nA complex assemblage of sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous bedrock underlies the study area. In a structural basin in the southeastern part of the study area, the bedrock is overlain by unconsolidated sediments of glacial and alluvial origin. Rocks and sediments were grouped into six hydrogeologic units based on their lithologic and hydraulic characteristics. A map of their extent was developed from previous geologic mapping and lithostratigraphic information from drillers’ logs. Water flows through interstitial space in unconsolidated sediments, but largely flows through fractures and other sources of secondary porosity in bedrock. Generalized groundwater-flow directions within the unconfined part of the aquifers in unconsolidated sediments indicate generalized groundwater movement toward the Yakima River and its tributaries and the outlet of the study area.
\nGroundwater movement through fractures within the bedrock aquifers is complex and varies over spatial scales depending on the architecture of the fracture-flow system and its hydraulic properties. The complexity of the fracturedbedrock groundwater-flow system is supported by a wide range of groundwater ages determined from geochemical analyses of carbon-14, sulfur hexafluoride, and tritium in groundwater. These geochemical data also indicate that the shallow groundwater system is actively flushing with young, isotopically heavy groundwater, but isotopicallylight, Pleistocene-age groundwater with a geochemicallyevolved composition occurs at depth within the fracturedbedrock aquifers of upper Kittitas County. An eastward depletion of stable isotopes in groundwater is consistent with hydrologically separate subbasins. This suggests that groundwater that recharges in one subbasin is not generally available for withdrawal or discharge into surface-water features within other subbasins. Water budget components were calculated for 11 subbasins using a watershed model and varied based on the climate, land uses, and geology of the subbasin.
\nSynoptic streamflow measurements made in August 2011 indicate that groundwater discharges into several tributaries of the Yakima River with several losses of streamflow measured where the streams exit bedrock uplands and flow over unconsolidated sediments. Profiles of stream temperature during late summer suggest cool groundwater inflow over discrete sections of streams. This groundwater/surfacewater connection is further supported by the stable-isotope composition of stream water, which reflects the local stableisotope composition of groundwater measured at some wells and springs.
\nCollectively, these hydrogeologic, hydrologic, and geochemical data support a framework for evaluating the potential effects of future groundwater appropriations on senior surface-water and groundwater rights and streamflows. Although total pumping rates in upper Kittitas County of about 3.5 cubic feet per second are small relative to other components of the water budget, the magnitude, timing, and location of withdrawals may have important effects on the hydrologic system. The heterogeneous and variably fractured bedrock in the study area precluded a detailed evaluation of localized effects of pumping, but several generalizations about the groundwater and surface-water systems can be made. These generalizations include evidence for the continuity between the groundwater and surface-water system apparent from synoptic streamflow measurements, stream-temperature profiles, and stable-isotope data of groundwater and surface waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145119","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Ecology and Kittitas County","usgsCitation":"Gendaszek, A.S., Ely, D.M., Hinkle, S.R., Kahle, S.C., and Welch, W.B., 2014, Hydrogeologic framework and groundwater/surface-water interactions of the upper Yakima River Basin, Kittitas County, central Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5119, Report: viii, 65 p.; 2 Plates: 24.81 x 19.87 inches and 32.18 x 17.90 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145119.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 65 p.; 2 Plates: 24.81 x 19.87 inches and 32.18 x 17.90 inches","numberOfPages":"78","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-043573","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":290395,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145119.jpg"},{"id":290394,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5119/pdf/sir20145119_Plate02.pdf"},{"id":290391,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5119/"},{"id":290392,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5119/pdf/sir2014-5119.pdf"},{"id":290393,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5119/pdf/sir20145119_Plate01.pdf"}],"projection":"NSRS2007 Universal Transverse Mercator Zone 10N","datum":"North American Datum 1983 NSR2007","country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Kittitas County","otherGeospatial":"Yakima River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.5,47.083333 ], [ -121.5,47.583333 ], [ -120.5,47.583333 ], [ -120.5,47.083333 ], [ -121.5,47.083333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd610be4b0b290850fd4f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gendaszek, Andrew S. 0000-0002-2373-8986 agendasz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2373-8986","contributorId":3509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gendaszek","given":"Andrew","email":"agendasz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ely, D. Matthew","contributorId":100052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinkle, Stephen R. srhinkle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"Stephen","email":"srhinkle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kahle, Sue C. 0000-0003-1262-4446 sckahle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-4446","contributorId":3096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahle","given":"Sue","email":"sckahle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Welch, Wendy B. wwelch@usgs.gov","contributorId":1645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"Wendy","email":"wwelch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70104158,"text":"sir20145081 - 2014 - Analysis of potential water-supply management options, 2010-60, and documentation of revisions to the model of the Irwin Basin Aquifer System, Fort Irwin National Training Center, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T08:15:52","indexId":"sir20145081","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-14T16:38:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5081","title":"Analysis of potential water-supply management options, 2010-60, and documentation of revisions to the model of the Irwin Basin Aquifer System, Fort Irwin National Training Center, California","docAbstract":"The Fort Irwin National Training Center is considering several alternatives to manage their limited water-supply sources in the Irwin Basin. An existing three-dimensional, finite-difference groundwater-flow model—the U.S. Geological Survey’s MODFLOW—of the aquifer system in the basin was updated and the initial input dataset was supplemented with groundwater withdrawal data for the period 2000–10. The updated model was then used to simulate four combinations, or scenarios, of groundwater withdrawal and recharge over the next 50 years (January 2011 through December 2060). The scenarios included combinations of continuing withdrawals from currently active production wells, supplementing any increases in demand with withdrawals from an inactive production well, reducing withdrawal amounts and rates, and reducing the discharge of treated wastewater to infiltration ponds that provide a recharge source to the underlying aquifer. Results of the simulations indicated that, depending on the scenario implemented, groundwater levels would rise (over the next 50 years) from 40 feet to as much as 65 feet in the northwestern part of the Irwin Basin, and from 5 feet to 10 feet in the southeastern part.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145081","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Fort Irwin National Training Center","usgsCitation":"Voronin, L.M., Densmore, J., and Martin, P., 2014, Analysis of potential water-supply management options, 2010-60, and documentation of revisions to the model of the Irwin Basin Aquifer System, Fort Irwin National Training Center, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5081, viii, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145081.","productDescription":"viii, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-038725","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":290011,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145081.jpg"},{"id":290081,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5081/pdf/sir2014-5081.pdf"},{"id":290080,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5081/"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator Projection, Zone 11","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"For Irwin National Training Center","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.75,34.75 ], [ -117.75,35.75 ], [ -116.00,35.75 ], [ -116.00,34.75 ], [ -117.75,34.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4edd2e4b0b58d96eeb53c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voronin, Lois M. 0000-0002-1064-1675 lvoronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-1675","contributorId":1475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voronin","given":"Lois","email":"lvoronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Densmore, Jill N. 0000-0002-5345-6613","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5345-6613","contributorId":89179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Jill N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70112475,"text":"sir20145115 - 2014 - Streamflow statistics for unregulated and regulated conditions for selected locations on the Upper Yellowstone and Bighorn Rivers, Montana and Wyoming, 1928-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-11T11:18:51","indexId":"sir20145115","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-11T11:11:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5115","title":"Streamflow statistics for unregulated and regulated conditions for selected locations on the Upper Yellowstone and Bighorn Rivers, Montana and Wyoming, 1928-2002","docAbstract":"Major floods in 1996 and 1997 intensified public debate about the effects of human activities on the Yellowstone River. In 1999, the Yellowstone River Conservation District Council was formed to address conservation issues on the river. The Yellowstone River Conservation District Council partnered with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to carry out a cumulative effects study on the main stem of the Yellowstone River. The cumulative effects study is intended to provide a basis for future management decisions within the watershed. Streamflow statistics, such as flow-frequency data calculated for unregulated and regulated streamflow conditions, are a necessary component of the cumulative effects study.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Yellowstone River Conservation District Council and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, calculated low-flow frequency data and general monthly and annual statistics for unregulated and regulated streamflow conditions for the Upper Yellowstone and Bighorn Rivers for the 1928–2002 study period; these data are presented in this report. Unregulated streamflow represents flow conditions during the 1928–2002 study period if there had been no water-resources development in the Yellowstone River Basin. Regulated streamflow represents estimates of flow conditions during the 1928–2002 study period if the level of water-resources development existing in 2002 was in place during the entire study period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145115","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Yellowstone River Conservation District Council and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Chase, K.J., 2014, Streamflow statistics for unregulated and regulated conditions for selected locations on the Upper Yellowstone and Bighorn Rivers, Montana and Wyoming, 1928-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5115, Report: xiii, 117 p.; Appendixes 2-1 and 2-2, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145115.","productDescription":"Report: xiii, 117 p.; Appendixes 2-1 and 2-2","numberOfPages":"136","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1928-01-01","temporalEnd":"2002-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-052172","costCenters":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289790,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145115.jpg"},{"id":289787,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5115/pdf/sir2014-5115.pdf"},{"id":289786,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5115/"},{"id":289788,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5115/downloads/sir2014-5155_APP_2.1_loc_and_da.xlsx"},{"id":289789,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5115/downloads/sir2014-5155_APP_2.2_lowflowfreq.xlsx"}],"projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Montana;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Bighorn River;Upper Yellowstone River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.0,42.0 ], [ -112.0,49.0 ], [ -103.0,49.0 ], [ -103.0,42.0 ], [ -112.0,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c0ed2be4b065ccca5fe552","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chase, Katherine J. 0000-0002-5796-4148 kchase@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5796-4148","contributorId":454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"Katherine","email":"kchase@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70111075,"text":"pp1798I - 2014 - Geomorphic change on the Missouri River during the flood of 2011","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70111075,"text":"pp1798I - 2014 - Geomorphic change on the Missouri River during the flood of 2011","indexId":"pp1798I","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","title":"Geomorphic change on the Missouri River during the flood of 2011"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70047427,"text":"pp1798 - 2013 - 2011 floods of the central United States","indexId":"pp1798","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"2011 floods of the central United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70047427,"text":"pp1798 - 2013 - 2011 floods of the central United States","indexId":"pp1798","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"2011 floods of the central United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-18T13:26:27.451742","indexId":"pp1798I","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-08T13:07:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1798","chapter":"I","title":"Geomorphic change on the Missouri River during the flood of 2011","docAbstract":"The 2011 flood on the Missouri River was one of the largest floods since the river became regulated by a series of high dams in the mid-20th century (greater than 150,000 cubic feet per second during the peak). The flood persisted through most of the summer, eroding river banks, adding sand to sandbars, and moving the thalweg of the channel in many places. The U.S. Geological Survey monitored and assessed the changes in two reaches of the Missouri River: the Garrison Reach in North Dakota, bounded by the Garrison Dam and the Lake Oahe Reservoir, and the Recreational Reach along the boundary of South Dakota and Nebraska bounded upstream by the Gavins Point Dam and extending downstream from Ponca, Nebraska. Historical cross-section data from the Garrison Dam closure until immediately before the flood indicate that the upper reaches of the river near the dam experienced rapid erosion, channel incision, and island/sandbar loss following the dam closure. The erosion, incision, and land loss lessened with time. Conversely, the lower reach near the Lake Oahe Reservoir slackwaters became depositional with channel in-filling and sandbar growth through time as the flow slowed upon reaching the reservoir. Preliminary post-flood results in the Garrison Reach indicate that the main channel has deepened at most cross-sections whereas sandbars and islands have grown vertically. Sandbars and the thalweg migrated within the Recreational Reach, however net scouring and aggradation was minimal. Changes in the two-dimensional area of sandbars and islands are still being assessed using high-resolution satellite imagery. A sediment balance can be constructed for the Garrison Reach using cross-sections, bathymetric data, sand traps for wind-blown material, a quasi-three-dimensional numerical model, and dating of sediment cores. Data collection and analysis for a reach-scale sediment balance and a concurrent analysis of the effects of riparian and island vegetation on sediment deposition currently (2014) is ongoing.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"2011 Floods of the Central United States (Professional Paper 1798)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1798I","usgsCitation":"Schenk, E.R., Skalak, K.J., Benthem, A.J., Dietsch, B.J., Woodward, B.K., Wiche, G.J., Galloway, J.M., Nustad, R.A., and Hupp, C.R., 2014, Geomorphic change on the Missouri River during the flood of 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1798, vi, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1798I.","productDescription":"vi, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050746","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289541,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp1798I.jpg"},{"id":289537,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1798i/"},{"id":289540,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1798i/pdf/pp1798i.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.36,42.4 ], [ -104.36,48.0 ], [ -96.0,48.0 ], [ -96.0,42.4 ], [ -104.36,42.4 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bd04d9e4b00cbf31f72327","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schenk, Edward R. 0000-0001-6886-5754 eschenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6886-5754","contributorId":2183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Edward","email":"eschenk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skalak, Katherine J.","contributorId":92174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skalak","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benthem, Adam J. 0000-0003-2372-0281 abenthem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2372-0281","contributorId":2740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benthem","given":"Adam","email":"abenthem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dietsch, Benjamin J. 0000-0003-1090-409X bdietsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1090-409X","contributorId":1346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietsch","given":"Benjamin","email":"bdietsch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Woodward, Brenda K.","contributorId":106985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Brenda","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wiche, Gregg J. gjwiche@usgs.gov","contributorId":1675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"Gregg","email":"gjwiche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Galloway, Joel M. 0000-0002-9836-9724 jgallowa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-9724","contributorId":1562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Joel","email":"jgallowa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Nustad, Rochelle A. 0000-0002-4713-5944 ranustad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4713-5944","contributorId":1811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nustad","given":"Rochelle","email":"ranustad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hupp, Cliff R. 0000-0003-1853-9197 crhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-9197","contributorId":2344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Cliff","email":"crhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70111390,"text":"sir20145092 - 2014 - Modeled sulfate concentrations in North Dakota streams, 1993-2008, based on spatial basin characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-01T09:36:36","indexId":"sir20145092","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-07T10:04:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5092","title":"Modeled sulfate concentrations in North Dakota streams, 1993-2008, based on spatial basin characteristics","docAbstract":"Sulfate concentration data collected from North Dakota streams during recent (1993–2008) years indicates generally higher sulfate concentrations across much of the State compared to concentrations during earlier years. The higher sulfate concentrations have been attributed in other studies to wetter climatic conditions, associated increases in contributing drainage areas, and rising water tables. The State’s current (2013) stream classification system, which includes a standard for 30-day average sulfate concentration, is based on earlier data and thus may not reflect natural conditions for more recent years. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the North Dakota Department of Health and the North Dakota State Water Commission, completed a study to evaluate the relation of maximum seasonal (30-day moving average) sulfate concentrations during 1993–2008 to characteristics of the contributing basins to model expected naturally-occurring sulfate concentrations in North Dakota streams.
\nSulfate concentration data for 75 stream sampling sites in North Dakota were analyzed for this study. A spatial analysis was conducted with digital data using a Geographic Information System to obtain selected basin characteristics, which were in turn used as explanatory variables in a regression analysis to model the maximum seasonal (30-day moving average) sulfate concentration. Characteristics used in the regression analysis included mean annual precipitation, mean percent soil clay content, and mean percent saturation overland flow.
\nModeled sulfate concentrations generally were highest (greater than 750 milligrams per liter) in basins in western North Dakota and lowest (less than 250 milligrams per liter) in basins in the upper Sheyenne River and upper James River. Area-weighted means for the basin characteristics also were computed for 10-digit and 8-digit hydrologic units for streams in North Dakota and modeled sulfate concentrations were computed from the characteristics. The resulting distribution of modeled sulfate concentrations was similar to the distribution of estimates for the 12-digit hydrologic units, but less variable because the basin characteristics were averaged over larger areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145092","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Dakota Department of Health and the North Dakota State Water Commission","usgsCitation":"Galloway, J.M., and Vecchia, A.V., 2014, Modeled sulfate concentrations in North Dakota streams, 1993-2008, based on spatial basin characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5092, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145092.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1993-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-054465","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289454,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145092.jpg"},{"id":289447,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5092/"},{"id":289453,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5092/pdf/sir2014-5092.pdf"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 14","country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.47,44.59 ], [ -105.47,49.27 ], [ -94.5,49.27 ], [ -94.5,44.59 ], [ -105.47,44.59 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bbb350e4b084059e8bfead","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galloway, Joel M. 0000-0002-9836-9724 jgallowa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-9724","contributorId":1562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Joel","email":"jgallowa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70114431,"text":"ofr20141131 - 2014 - Users' guide to system dynamics model describing Coho salmon survival in Olema Creek, Point Reyes National Seashore, Marin County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:38:50","indexId":"ofr20141131","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-02T15:28:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1131","title":"Users' guide to system dynamics model describing Coho salmon survival in Olema Creek, Point Reyes National Seashore, Marin County, California","docAbstract":"The system dynamics model described in this report is the result of a collaboration between U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists and National Park Service (NPS) San Francisco Bay Area Network (SFAN) staff, whose goal was to develop a methodology to integrate inventory and monitoring data to better understand ecosystem dynamics and trends using salmon in Olema Creek, Marin County, California, as an example case. The SFAN began monitoring multiple life stages of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Olema Creek during 2003 (Carlisle and others, 2013), building on previous monitoring of spawning fish and redds. They initiated water-quality and habitat monitoring, and had access to flow and weather data from other sources.
\nThis system dynamics model of the freshwater portion of the coho salmon life cycle in Olema Creek integrated 8 years of existing monitoring data, literature values, and expert opinion to investigate potential factors limiting survival and production, identify data gaps, and improve monitoring and restoration prescriptions. A system dynamics model is particularly effective when (1) data are insufficient in time series length and/or measured parameters for a statistical or mechanistic model, and (2) the model must be easily accessible by users who are not modelers. These characteristics helped us meet the following overarching goals for this model:
\nSummarize and synthesize NPS monitoring data with data and information from other sources to describe factors and processes affecting freshwater survival of coho salmon in Olema Creek.
\nProvide a model that can be easily manipulated to experiment with alternative values of model parameters and novel scenarios of environmental drivers.
\nAlthough the model describes the ecological dynamics of Olema Creek, these dynamics are structurally similar to numerous other coastal streams along the California coast that also contain anadromous fish populations. The model developed for Olema can be used, at least as a starting point, for other watersheds. This report describes each of the model elements with sufficient detail to guide the primary target audience, the NPS resource specialist, to run the model, interpret the results, change the input data to explore hypotheses, and ultimately modify and improve the model. Running the model and interpreting the results does not require modeling expertise on the part of the user. Additional companion publications will highlight other aspects of the model, such as its development, the rationale behind the methodological approach, scenario testing, and discussions of its use.
\nSystem dynamics models consist of three basic elements: stocks, flows, and converters. Stocks are measurable quantities that can change over time, such as animal populations. Flows are any processes or conditions that change the quantity in a stock over time (Ford, 1999), are expressed in the model as a rate of change, and are diagrammed as arrows to or from stocks. Converters are processes or conditions that change the rate of flows. A converter is connected to a flow with an arrow indicating that it alters the rate of change. Anything that influences the rate of change (such as different environmental conditions, other external factors, or feedbacks from other stocks or flows) is modeled as a converter. For example, the number of fish in a population is appropriately modeled as a stock. Mortality is modeled as a flow because it is a rate of change over time used to determine the number of fish in the population. The density-dependent effect on mortality is modeled as a converter because it influences the rate of morality. Together, the flow and converter change the number, or stock, of juvenile coho. The instructions embedded in the stocks, flows, converters, and the sequence in which they are linked are processed by the simulation software with each completed sequence composing a model run. At each modeled time step within the model run, the stock counts will go up, down, or stay the same based on the modeled flows and the influence of converters on those flows.
\nThe model includes a user-friendly interface to change model parameters, which allows park staff and others to conduct sensitivity analyses, incorporate future knowledge, and implement scenarios for various future conditions. The model structure incorporates place holders for relationships that we hypothesize are significant but data are currently lacking. Future climate scenarios project stream temperatures higher than any that have ever been recorded at Olema Creek. Exploring climate change impacts on coho survival is a high priority for park staff, therefore the model provides the user with the option to experiment with hypothesized effects and to incorporate effects based on future observations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141131","issn":"2331-1258","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Woodward, A., Torregrosa, A.A., Madej, M.A., Reichmuth, M., and Fong, D., 2014, Users' guide to system dynamics model describing Coho salmon survival in Olema Creek, Point Reyes National Seashore, Marin County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1131, Report: iv, 58 p.; Olema Creek system dynamic simulation model; Input file, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141131.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 58 p.; Olema Creek system dynamic simulation model; Input file","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052935","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289408,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141131.jpg"},{"id":289404,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1131/"},{"id":289406,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1131/downloads/ofr2014-1131_Olema-Stella10.zip"},{"id":289405,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1131/pdf/ofr2014-1131.pdf"},{"id":289407,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1131/downloads/ofr2014-1131_Olema-Stella-Input.xlsx"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Marin County","otherGeospatial":"Olema Creek;Point Reyes National Seashore","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.028633,37.896415 ], [ -123.028633,38.244664 ], [ -122.701214,38.244664 ], [ -122.701214,37.896415 ], [ -123.028633,37.896415 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b27ee4b0388651d91989","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, Andrea 0000-0003-0604-9115 awoodward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0604-9115","contributorId":3028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Andrea","email":"awoodward@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Torregrosa, Alicia A. 0000-0001-7361-2241 atorregrosa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7361-2241","contributorId":3471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torregrosa","given":"Alicia","email":"atorregrosa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Madej, Mary Ann 0000-0003-2831-3773 mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2831-3773","contributorId":40304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madej","given":"Mary","email":"mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reichmuth, Michael","contributorId":97429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichmuth","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fong, Darren","contributorId":17715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"Darren","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70111684,"text":"sir20145104 - 2014 - Scaling up watershed model parameters: flow and load simulations of the Edisto River Basin, South Carolina, 2007-09","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-06T12:41:18","indexId":"sir20145104","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-02T13:20:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5104","title":"Scaling up watershed model parameters: flow and load simulations of the Edisto River Basin, South Carolina, 2007-09","docAbstract":"As part of an ongoing effort by the U.S. Geological Survey to expand the understanding of relations among hydrologic, geochemical, and ecological processes that affect fish-tissue mercury concentrations within the Edisto River Basin, analyses and simulations of the hydrology of the Edisto River Basin were made using the topography-based hydrological model (TOPMODEL). A primary focus of the investigation was to assess the potential for scaling up a previous application of TOPMODEL for the McTier Creek watershed, which is a small headwater catchment to the Edisto River Basin. Scaling up was done in a step-wise manner, beginning with applying the calibration parameters, meteorological data, and topographic-wetness-index data from the McTier Creek TOPMODEL to the Edisto River TOPMODEL. Additional changes were made for subsequent simulations, culminating in the best simulation, which included meteorological and topographic wetness index data from the Edisto River Basin and updated calibration parameters for some of the TOPMODEL calibration parameters. The scaling-up process resulted in nine simulations being made. Simulation 7 best matched the streamflows at station 02175000, Edisto River near Givhans, SC, which was the downstream limit for the TOPMODEL setup, and was obtained by adjusting the scaling factor, including streamflow routing, and using NEXRAD precipitation data for the Edisto River Basin. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of model-fit efficiency and Pearson’s correlation coefficient for simulation 7 were 0.78 and 0.89, respectively. Comparison of goodness-of-fit statistics between measured and simulated daily mean streamflow for the McTier Creek and Edisto River models showed that with calibration, the Edisto River TOPMODEL produced slightly better results than the McTier Creek model, despite the substantial difference in the drainage-area size at the outlet locations for the two models (30.7 and 2,725 square miles, respectively).
\nAlong with the TOPMODEL hydrologic simulations, a visualization tool (the Edisto River Data Viewer) was developed to help assess trends and influencing variable in the stream ecosystem. Incorporated into the visualization tool were the water-quality load models TOPLOAD, TOPLOAD–H, and LOADEST. Because the focus of this investigation was on scaling up the models from McTier Creek, water-quality concentrations that were previously collected in the McTier Creek Basin were used in the water-quality load models.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145104","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Feaster, T., Benedict, S., Clark, J.M., Bradley, P.M., and Conrads, P., 2014, Scaling up watershed model parameters: flow and load simulations of the Edisto River Basin, South Carolina, 2007-09: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5104, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145104.","productDescription":"34 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-052559","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289389,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145104.jpg"},{"id":289387,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5104/"},{"id":289388,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5104/pdf/sir2014-5104.pdf"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Edisto River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.0,32.25 ], [ -82.0,34.0 ], [ -80.0,34.0 ], [ -80.0,32.25 ], [ -82.0,32.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b20ae4b0388651d918c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feaster, Toby D. 0000-0002-5626-5011 tfeaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5626-5011","contributorId":1109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feaster","given":"Toby D.","email":"tfeaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benedict, Stephen T. benedict@usgs.gov","contributorId":3198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benedict","given":"Stephen T.","email":"benedict@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, Jimmy M. 0000-0002-3138-5738 jmclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3138-5738","contributorId":4773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Jimmy","email":"jmclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70111685,"text":"ofr20141113 - 2014 - Low-flow frequency and flow duration of selected South Carolina streams in the Catawba-Wateree and Santee River Basins through March 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T16:48:23","indexId":"ofr20141113","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-02T12:06:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1113","title":"Low-flow frequency and flow duration of selected South Carolina streams in the Catawba-Wateree and Santee River Basins through March 2012","docAbstract":"Part of the mission of both the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control and the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources is to protect and preserve South Carolina’s water resources. Doing so requires an ongoing understanding of streamflow characteristics of the rivers and streams in South Carolina. A particular need is information concerning the low-flow characteristics of streams, which is especially important for effectively managing the State’s water resources during critical flow periods, such as during the historic droughts that South Carolina has experienced in the past few decades.
\nIn 2008, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, initiated a study to update low-flow statistics at continuous-record streamgaging stations operated by the U.S. Geological Survey in South Carolina. This report presents the low-flow statistics for 11 selected streamgaging stations in the Catawba-Wateree and Santee River Basins in South Carolina and 2 in North Carolina. For five of the streamgaging stations, low-flow statistics include daily mean flow durations or the 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 75-, 90-, and 95-percent probability of exceedance and the annual minimum 1-, 3-, 7-, 14-, 30-, 60-, and 90-day mean flows with recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 years, depending on the length of record available at the streamgaging station. For the other eight streamgaging stations, only daily mean flow durations and (or) exceedance percentiles of annual minimum 7-day average flows are provided due to regulation. In either case, the low-flow statistics were computed from records available through March 31, 2012.
\nOf the five streamgaging stations for which recurrence interval computations were made, three streamgaging stations in South Carolina were compared to low-flow statistics that were published in previous U.S. Geological Survey reports. A comparison of the low-flow statistics for the annual minimum 7-day average streamflow with a 10-year recurrence interval (7Q10) from this study with the most recently published values indicated that two of the streamgaging stations had values lower than the previous values and the 7Q10 for the third station remained unchanged at zero. Low-flow statistics are influenced by length of record, hydrologic regime under which the data were collected, analytical techniques used, and other factors, such as urbanization, diversions, and droughts that may have occurred in the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141113","issn":"2331-1258","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control","usgsCitation":"Feaster, T., and Guimaraes, W.B., 2014, Low-flow frequency and flow duration of selected South Carolina streams in the Catawba-Wateree and Santee River Basins through March 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1113, vi, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141113.","productDescription":"vi, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalEnd":"2012-03-31","ipdsId":"IP-054453","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289382,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141113.jpg"},{"id":289380,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b19ce4b0388651d917f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feaster, Toby D. 0000-0002-5626-5011 tfeaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5626-5011","contributorId":1109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feaster","given":"Toby D.","email":"tfeaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guimaraes, Wladmir B. wbguimar@usgs.gov","contributorId":3818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guimaraes","given":"Wladmir","email":"wbguimar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70107000,"text":"sir20145099 - 2014 - Assessing potential effects of highway runoff on receiving-water quality at selected sites in Oregon with the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-01T16:14:17","indexId":"sir20145099","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-01T16:05:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5099","title":"Assessing potential effects of highway runoff on receiving-water quality at selected sites in Oregon with the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM)","docAbstract":"In 2012, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Oregon Department of Transportation began a cooperative study to demonstrate use of the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM) for runoff-quality analyses in Oregon. SELDM can be used to estimate stormflows, constituent concentrations, and loads from the area upstream of a stormflow discharge site, from the site of interest and in the receiving waters downstream of the discharge. SELDM also can be used to assess the potential effectiveness of best management practices (BMP) for mitigating potential effects of runoff in receiving waters. Nominally, SELDM is a highway-runoff model, but it is well suited for analysis of runoff from other land uses as well.
\nThis report provides case studies and examples to demonstrate stochastic-runoff modeling concepts and to demonstrate application of the model. Basin characteristics from six Oregon highway study sites were used to demonstrate various applications of the model. The highway catchment and upstream basin drainage areas of these study sites ranged from 3.85 to 11.83 acres and from 0.16 to 6.56 square miles, respectively. The upstream basins of two sites are urbanized, and the remaining four sites are less than 5 percent impervious.
\nSELDM facilitates analysis by providing precipitation, pre-storm streamflow, and other variables by region or from hydrologically similar sites. In Oregon, there can be large variations in precipitation and streamflow among nearby sites. Therefore, spatially interpolated geographic information system data layers containing storm-event precipitation and pre-storm streamflow statistics specific to Oregon were created for the study using Kriging techniques.
\nConcentrations and loads of cadmium, chloride, chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel, phosphorus, and zinc were simulated at the six Oregon highway study sites by using statistics from sites in other areas of the country. Water‑quality datasets measured at hydrologically similar basins in the vicinity of the study sites in Oregon were selected and compiled to estimate stormflow-quality statistics for the upstream basins. The quality of highway runoff and some upstream stormflow constituents were simulated by using statistical moments (average, standard deviation, and skew) of the logarithms of data. Some upstream stormflow constituents were simulated by using transport curves, which are relations between stormflow and constituent concentrations.
\nStochastic analyses were done by using SELDM to demonstrate use of the model and to illustrate the types of information that stochastic analyses may provide:
\n1. An analysis was done to demonstrate use of dilution factors as an initial reconnaissance tool for comparing relative risk among sites.
\n2. An analysis of hardness-dependent, water-quality criteria was done to illustrate the effects of variations in hardness and flow on the application and interpretation of such criteria. This analysis shows that hardness-dependent criteria can vary by an order of magnitude among storm events because hardness is diluted by stormflows.
\n3. An analysis of uncertainties in input and output values was done to demonstrate that properly selected robust datasets are needed to represent conditions at a site of interest. This analysis shows that the rate of water-quality exceedances that are measured or simulated may depend on sample size and the luck of the draw.
\n4. An analysis was done to demonstrate that SELDM and other Monte Carlo models may generate extreme values from input statistics, which may or may not be feasible based on physicochemical or hydrological limits.
\n5. An analysis of BMP modeling methods was done to demonstrate use of the model for estimating treatment requirements for meeting water-quality objectives.
\n6. An analysis of the use of grab sampling and nonstochastic upstream modeling methods was done to evaluate the potential effects on modeling outcomes.
Additional analyses using surrogate water-quality datasets for the upstream basin and highway catchment were provided for six Oregon study sites to illustrate the risk-based information that SELDM will produce. These analyses show that the potential effects of highway runoff on receiving-water quality downstream of the outfall depends on the ratio of drainage areas (dilution), the quality of the receiving water upstream of the highway, and the concentration of the criteria of the constituent of interest. These analyses also show that the probability of exceeding a water-quality criterion may depend on the input statistics used, thus careful selection of representative values is important.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145099","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Oregon Department of Transportation and the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Risley, J.C., and Granato, G., 2014, Assessing potential effects of highway runoff on receiving-water quality at selected sites in Oregon with the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5099, Report: ix, 73 p.; GIS Data Layers; Appendix Tables B1-B3, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145099.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 73 p.; GIS Data Layers; Appendix Tables B1-B3","numberOfPages":"88","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049582","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289354,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145099.jpg"},{"id":289349,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5099/pdf/sir2014-5099.pdf"},{"id":289348,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5099/"},{"id":289350,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5099/downloads/GIS_Data_Layers.zip"},{"id":289351,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5099/downloads/sir2014-5099_AppTableB1.xlsx"},{"id":289352,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5099/downloads/sir2014-5099_AppTableB2.xlsx"},{"id":289353,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5099/downloads/sir2014-5099_AppTableB3.xlsx"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.61,41.99 ], [ -124.61,46.29 ], [ -116.46,46.29 ], [ -116.46,41.99 ], [ -124.61,41.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b3ca51e4b07c5f79a7f30f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risley, John C. 0000-0002-8206-5443 jrisley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8206-5443","contributorId":2698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risley","given":"John","email":"jrisley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Granato, Gregory E. 0000-0002-2561-9913 ggranato@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2561-9913","contributorId":1692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granato","given":"Gregory E.","email":"ggranato@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":493849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70074728,"text":"ofr20141009 - 2014 - Statistical analysis of the water-quality monitoring program, Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, and optimization of the program for 2013 and beyond","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-01T15:06:20","indexId":"ofr20141009","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-01T08:35:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1009","title":"Statistical analysis of the water-quality monitoring program, Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, and optimization of the program for 2013 and beyond","docAbstract":"Upper Klamath Lake in south-central Oregon has become increasingly eutrophic over the past century and now experiences seasonal cyanobacteria-dominated and potentially toxic phytoplankton blooms. Growth and decline of these blooms create poor water-quality conditions that can be detrimental to fish, including two resident endangered sucker species. Upper Klamath Lake is the primary water supply to agricultural areas within the upper Klamath Basin. Water from the lake is also used to generate power and to enhance and sustain downstream flows in the Klamath River.
\nWater quality in Upper Klamath Lake has been monitored by the Klamath Tribes since the early 1990s and by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) since 2002. Management agencies and other stakeholders have determined that a re-evaluation of the goals for water-quality monitoring is warranted to assess whether current data-collection activities will continue to adequately provide data for researchers to address questions of interest and to facilitate future natural resource management decisions. The purpose of this study was to (1) compile an updated list of the goals and objectives for long-term water-quality monitoring in Upper Klamath Lake with input from upper Klamath Basin stakeholders, (2) assess the current water-quality monitoring programs in Upper Klamath Lake to determine whether existing data-collection strategies can fulfill the updated goals and objectives for monitoring, and (3) identify potential modifications to future monitoring plans in accordance with the updated monitoring objectives and improve stakeholder cooperation and data-collection efficiency.
\nData collected by the Klamath Tribes and the USGS were evaluated to determine whether consistent long-term trends in water-quality variables can be described by the dataset and whether the number and distribution of currently monitored sites captures the full range of environmental conditions and the multi-scale variability of water-quality parameters in the lake. Also, current monitoring strategies were scrutinized for unnecessary redundancy within the overall network.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141009","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Eldridge, S.L., Wherry, S., and Wood, T.M., 2014, Statistical analysis of the water-quality monitoring program, Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, and optimization of the program for 2013 and beyond: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1009, Report: vi, 82 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141009.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 82 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"92","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049748","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289286,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141009.jpg"},{"id":289271,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1009/"},{"id":289284,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1009/pdf/ofr2014-1009.pdf"},{"id":289285,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1009/downloads/ofr2014-1009_appendix.xlsx"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, Zone 10N","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Basin;Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.2,42.08 ], [ -122.2,42.625 ], [ -121.6,42.625 ], [ -121.6,42.08 ], [ -122.2,42.08 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b3ca55e4b07c5f79a7f31f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eldridge, Sara L. Caldwell 0000-0001-8838-8940","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-8940","contributorId":26199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eldridge","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"L. Caldwell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wherry, Susan A.","contributorId":79403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wherry","given":"Susan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, Tamara M. 0000-0001-6057-8080 tmwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6057-8080","contributorId":1164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Tamara","email":"tmwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70101651,"text":"sir20145004 - 2014 - Regional regression equations for the estimation of selected monthly low-flow duration and frequency statistics at ungaged sites on streams in New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-30T09:51:26","indexId":"sir20145004","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-30T09:39:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5004","title":"Regional regression equations for the estimation of selected monthly low-flow duration and frequency statistics at ungaged sites on streams in New Jersey","docAbstract":"Regional regression equations were developed for estimating monthly flow-duration and monthly low-flow frequency statistics for ungaged streams in Coastal Plain and non-coastal regions of New Jersey for baseline and current land- and water-use conditions. The equations were developed to estimate 87 different streamflow statistics, which include the monthly 99-, 90-, 85-, 75-, 50-, and 25-percentile flow-durations of the minimum 1-day daily flow; the August–September 99-, 90-, and 75-percentile minimum 1-day daily flow; and the monthly 7-day, 10-year (M7D10Y) low-flow frequency. These 87 streamflow statistics were computed for 41 continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations (streamgages) with 20 or more years of record and 167 low-flow partial-record stations in New Jersey with 10 or more streamflow measurements.
\nThe regression analyses used to develop equations to estimate selected streamflow statistics were performed by testing the relation between flow-duration statistics and low-flow frequency statistics for 32 basin characteristics (physical characteristics, land use, surficial geology, and climate) at the 41 streamgages and 167 low-flow partial-record stations. The regression analyses determined drainage area, soil permeability, average April precipitation, average June precipitation, and percent storage (water bodies and wetlands) were the significant explanatory variables for estimating the selected flow-duration and low-flow frequency statistics.
\nStreamflow estimates were computed for two land- and water-use conditions in New Jersey—land- and water-use during the baseline period of record (defined as the years a streamgage had little to no change in development and water use) and current land- and water-use conditions (1989–2008)—for each selected station using data collected through water year 2008. The baseline period of record is representative of a period when the basin was unaffected by change in development. The current period is representative of the increased development of the last 20 years (1989–2008). The two different land- and water-use conditions were used as surrogates for development to determine whether there have been changes in low-flow statistics as a result of changes in development over time. The State was divided into two low-flow regression regions, the Coastal Plain and the non-coastal region, in order to improve the accuracy of the regression equations. The left-censored parametric survival regression method was used for the analyses to account for streamgages and partial-record stations that had zero flow values for some of the statistics. The average standard error of estimate for the 348 regression equations ranged from 16 to 340 percent. These regression equations and basin characteristics are presented in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) StreamStats Web-based geographic information system application. This tool allows users to click on an ungaged site on a stream in New Jersey and get the estimated flow-duration and low-flow frequency statistics. Additionally, the user can click on a streamgage or partial-record station and get the “at-site” streamflow statistics.
\nThe low-flow characteristics of a stream ultimately affect the use of the stream by humans. Specific information on the low-flow characteristics of streams is essential to water managers who deal with problems related to municipal and industrial water supply, fish and wildlife conservation, and dilution of wastewater.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145004","issn":"2328-0328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Watson, K.M., and McHugh, A.R., 2014, Regional regression equations for the estimation of selected monthly low-flow duration and frequency statistics at ungaged sites on streams in New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5004, Report: ix, 58 p.; 6 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145004.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 58 p.; 6 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"73","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-043031","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289177,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145004.jpg"},{"id":289171,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5004/support/appendix_1_obs_est_noncoastbaseline.xlsx"},{"id":289172,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5004/support/appendix_2_obs_est_coastbaseline.xlsx"},{"id":289173,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5004/support/appendix_3_obs_est_noncoastcurrent.xlsx"},{"id":289170,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5004/support/sir2014-5004.pdf"},{"id":289174,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5004/support/appendix_4_obs_est_coastcurrent.xlsx"},{"id":289175,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5004/support/appendix_5_base_vs_current_noncoastal.xlsx"},{"id":289176,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5004/support/appendix_6_base_vs_current_coastal.xlsx"},{"id":286245,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5004/"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.5,39.0 ], [ -75.5,41.25 ], [ -74.0,41.25 ], [ -74.0,39.0 ], [ -75.5,39.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b278d0e4b07b8813a55457","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, Kara M. 0000-0002-2685-0260 kmwatson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2685-0260","contributorId":2134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Kara","email":"kmwatson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McHugh, Amy R.","contributorId":33222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHugh","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70103574,"text":"sir20145087 - 2014 - Low-flow characteristics of streams in the Lahaina District, West Maui, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-27T16:21:50","indexId":"sir20145087","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-27T16:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5087","title":"Low-flow characteristics of streams in the Lahaina District, West Maui, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"The purpose of this study was to characterize streamflow availability under natural low-flow conditions for streams in the Lahaina District, west Maui, Hawaiʻi. The study-area streams included Honolua Stream and tributary Pāpua Gulch, Honokahua Stream and tributary Mokupeʻa Gulch, Kahana Stream, Honokōwai Stream and tributaries Amalu and Kapāloa Streams, Wahikuli Gulch and tributary Hāhākea Gulch, Kahoma Stream and tributary Kanahā Stream, Kauaʻula Stream, Launiupoko Stream, Olowalu Stream, and Ukumehame Gulch. The results of this study can be used to assist in the determination of technically defensible instream-flow standards for the study-area streams.
\nLow-flow characteristics for natural (unregulated) streamflow conditions were represented by flow-duration discharges that are equaled or exceeded between 50 and 95 percent of the time. Partial-record sites were established on 10 main streams and 5 tributary streams, mainly upstream from existing surface-water diversions. Flow characteristics were determined using historical and current streamflow data from continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations and miscellaneous sites, and additional data collected as part of this study. Based on strategically scheduled observations, six of the study-area streams were ephemeral streams that were observed to remain dry at least 50 percent of the time: Pāpua Gulch, Honokahua Stream and its tributary Mokupeʻa Gulch, Kahana Stream, and Wahikuli Gulch and its tributary Hāhākea Gulch. For the remaining streams with measurable flow, Honolua, Honokōwai, Kahoma, Kanahā, Kauaʻula, Launiupoko, and Olowalu Streams, and Ukumehame Gulch, flow-duration discharges were computed for the 30-year base period (water years 1984–2013), using two record-augmentation techniques. The 95-percent flow-duration discharges ranged from 0 to 4.8 cubic feet per second (ft3/s). The 50-percent flow-duration discharges ranged from 0.47 to 9.5 ft3/s.
\nThis study also estimated the streamflow gains and losses downstream of surface-water diversions using seepage-run measurements. A majority of the streams lost flow downstream from diversions. Measured seepage-loss rates ranged between 0.045 and 1.6 ft3/s per mile of stream reach. Seepage gains mostly occurred upstream from diversions and the measured seepage-gain rates generally ranged between 0.75 and 5.1 ft3/s per mile of stream reach. Under natural-flow conditions, Honolua Stream is estimated to flow to the ocean less than 80 percent of the time and Honokōwai Stream is estimated to flow to the ocean less than 50 percent of the time. Kahoma Stream, Kauaʻula Stream, Olowalu Stream, and Ukumehame Gulch are estimated to flow to the ocean at least 95 percent of the time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145087","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaiʻi Commission on Water Resource Management","usgsCitation":"Cheng, C.L., 2014, Low-flow characteristics of streams in the Lahaina District, West Maui, Hawai'i: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5087, x, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145087.","productDescription":"x, 58 p.","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-036373","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289152,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145087.jpg"},{"id":289150,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5087/"},{"id":289151,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5087/pdf/sir2014-5087.pdf"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 4","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Maui","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156.696923,20.780151 ], [ -156.696923,21.031413 ], [ -156.538315,21.031413 ], [ -156.538315,20.780151 ], [ -156.696923,20.780151 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae776ce4b0abf75cf2c120","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, Chui Ling 0000-0003-2396-2571 ccheng@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2396-2571","contributorId":3926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Chui","email":"ccheng@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ling","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70114017,"text":"ofr20141128 - 2014 - Comparison of historical streamflows to 2013 Streamflows in the Williamson, Sprague, and Wood Rivers, Upper Klamath Lake Basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-18T08:23:39","indexId":"ofr20141128","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-26T15:38:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1128","title":"Comparison of historical streamflows to 2013 Streamflows in the Williamson, Sprague, and Wood Rivers, Upper Klamath Lake Basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"In 2013, the Upper Klamath Lake Basin, Oregon, experienced a dry spring, resulting in an executive order declaring a state of drought emergency in Klamath County. The 2013 drought limited the water supply and led to a near-total cessation of surface-water diversions for irrigation above Upper Klamath Lake once regulation was implemented. These conditions presented a unique opportunity to understand the effects of water right regulation on streamflows.
\nThe effects of regulation of diversions were evaluated by comparing measured 2013 streamflow with data from hydrologically similar years. Years with spring streamflow similar to that in 2013 measured at the Sprague River gage at Chiloquin from water years 1973 to 2012 were used to define a Composite Index Year (CIY; with diversions) for comparison to measured 2013 streamflows (no diversions). The best-fit 6 years (1977, 1981, 1990, 1991, 1994, and 2001) were used to determine the CIY.
\nTwo streams account for most of the streamflow into Upper Klamath Lake: the Williamson and Wood Rivers. Most streamflow into the lake is from the Williamson River Basin, which includes the Sprague River. Because most of the diversion regulation affecting the streamflow of the Williamson River occurred in the Sprague River Basin, and because of uncertainties about historical flows in a major diversion above the Williamson River gage, streamflow data from the Sprague River were used to estimate the change in streamflow from regulation of diversions for the Williamson River Basin. Changes in streamflow outside of the Sprague River Basin were likely minor relative to total streamflow.
\nThe effect of diversion regulation was evaluated using the “Baseflow Method,” which compared 2013 baseflow to baseflow of the CIY. The Baseflow Method reduces the potential effects of summer precipitation events on the calculations. A similar method using streamflow produced similar results, however, despite at least one summer precipitation event. The result of the analysis estimates that streamflow from the Williamson River Basin to Upper Klamath Lake increased by approximately 14,100 acre-feet between July 1 and September 30 relative to prior dry years as a result of regulation of surface-water diversions in 2013.
\nQuantifying the change in streamflow from regulation of diversion for the Wood River Basin was likely less accurate due to a lack of long-term streamflow data. An increase in streamflow from regulation of diversions in the Wood River Basin of roughly 5,500 acre-feet was estimated by comparing the average August and September streamflow in 2013 with historical August and September streamflow.
\nSumming the results of the estimated streamflow gain of the Williamson River Basin (14,100 acre-feet) and Wood River (5,500 acre-feet) gives a total estimated increase in streamflow into Upper Klamath Lake resulting from the July 1–September 2013 regulation of diversions of approximately 19,600 acre-feet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141128","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Hess, G.W., and Stonewall, A., 2014, Comparison of historical streamflows to 2013 Streamflows in the Williamson, Sprague, and Wood Rivers, Upper Klamath Lake Basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1128, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141128.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-053100","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289113,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1128/pdf/ofr2014-1128.pdf"},{"id":289114,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141128.jpg"},{"id":289112,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1128/"}],"scale":"1000000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Lake Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.0,42.333333 ], [ -122.0,42.833333 ], [ -120.5,42.833333 ], [ -120.5,42.333333 ], [ -122.0,42.333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ad32d6e4b0729c154181a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, Glen W.","contributorId":19136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stonewall, Adam J. 0000-0002-3277-8736 stonewal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3277-8736","contributorId":2699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonewall","given":"Adam J.","email":"stonewal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70100112,"text":"sir20145059 - 2014 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the stratified-drift aquifer in the Pony Hollow Creek Valley, Tompkins County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-25T13:08:00","indexId":"sir20145059","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-25T12:57:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5059","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the stratified-drift aquifer in the Pony Hollow Creek Valley, Tompkins County, New York","docAbstract":"The lithology, areal extent, and the water-table configuration in stratified-drift aquifers in the northern part of the Pony Hollow Creek valley in the Town of Newfield, New York, were mapped as part of an ongoing aquifer mapping program in Tompkins County. Surficial geologic and soil maps, well and test-boring records, light detection and ranging (lidar) data, water-level measurements, and passive-seismic surveys were used to map the aquifer geometry, construct geologic sections, and determine the depth to bedrock at selected locations throughout the valley. Additionally, water-quality samples were collected from selected streams and wells to characterize the quality of surface and groundwater in the study area.
\nSedimentary bedrock underlies the study area and is overlain by unstratified drift (till), stratified drift (glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial deposits), and recent post glacial alluvium. The major type of unconsolidated, water-yielding material in the study area is stratified drift, which consists of glaciofluvial sand and gravel, and is present in sufficient amounts in most places to form an extensive unconfined aquifer throughout the study area, which is the source of water for most residents, farms, and businesses in the valleys.
\nA map of the water table in the unconfined aquifer was constructed by using (1) measurements made between the mid-1960s through 2010, (2) control on the altitudes of perennial streams at 10-foot contour intervals from lidar data collected by Tompkins County, and (3) water surfaces of ponds and wetlands that are hydraulically connected to the unconfined aquifer. Water-table contours indicate that the direction of groundwater flow within the stratified-drift aquifer is predominantly from the valley walls toward the streams and ponds in the central part of the valley where groundwater then flows southwestward (down valley) toward the confluence with the Cayuta Creek valley. Locally, the direction of groundwater flow is radially away from groundwater mounds that have formed beneath upland tributaries that lose water where they flow on alluvial fans on the margins of the valley. In some places, groundwater that would normally flow toward streams is intercepted by pumping wells.
\nSurface-water samples were collected in 2001 at four sites including Carter, Pony Hollow (two sites), and Chafee Creeks, and from six wells throughout the aquifer. Calcium dominates the cation composition and bicarbonate dominates the anion composition in groundwater and surface-water samples and none of the common inorganic constituents collected exceeded any Federal or State water-quality standards. Groundwater samples were collected from six wells all completed in the unconfined sand and gravel aquifer. Concentrations of calcium and magnesium dominated the ionic composition of the groundwater in all wells sampled. Nitrate, orthophosphate, and trace metals were detected in all groundwater samples, but none were more than U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or New York State Department of Health regulatory limits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145059","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Tompkins County Department of Planning","usgsCitation":"Bugliosi, E.F., Miller, T.S., and Reynolds, R.J., 2014, Hydrogeology and water quality of the stratified-drift aquifer in the Pony Hollow Creek Valley, Tompkins County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5059, v, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145059.","productDescription":"v, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-044950","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289051,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145059.jpg"},{"id":289049,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5059/"},{"id":289050,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5059/pdf/sir2014-5059.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Tompkins County","otherGeospatial":"Pony Hollow Creek Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.666667,42.166667 ], [ -76.666667,42.666667 ], [ -76.25,42.666667 ], [ -76.25,42.166667 ], [ -76.666667,42.166667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53abe153e4b0dad35f8e8ca2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bugliosi, Edward F. ebuglios@usgs.gov","contributorId":1083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bugliosi","given":"Edward","email":"ebuglios@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Todd S. tsmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Todd","email":"tsmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reynolds, Richard J. 0000-0001-5032-6613 rjreynol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-6613","contributorId":1082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rjreynol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70111040,"text":"pp1804 - 2014 - Baseline and projected future carbon storage and greenhouse-gas fluxes in ecosystems of the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T13:40:11.599696","indexId":"pp1804","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-25T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1804","title":"Baseline and projected future carbon storage and greenhouse-gas fluxes in ecosystems of the eastern United States","docAbstract":"This assessment was conducted to fulfill the requirements of section 712 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 and to conduct a comprehensive national assessment of storage and flux (flow) of carbon and the fluxes of other greenhouse gases in ecosystems of the Eastern United States. These carbon and greenhouse gas variables were examined for major terrestrial ecosystems (forests, grasslands/shrublands, agricultural lands, and wetlands) and aquatic ecosystems (rivers, streams, lakes, estuaries, and coastal waters) in the Eastern United States in two time periods: baseline (from 2001 through 2005) and future (projections from the end of the baseline through 2050). The Great Lakes were not included in this assessment due to a lack of input data. The assessment was based on measured and observed data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and many other agencies and organizations and used remote sensing, statistical methods, and simulation models.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1804","issn":"2330-7102","isbn":"978-1-4113-3794-7","usgsCitation":"2014, Baseline and projected future carbon storage and greenhouse-gas fluxes in ecosystems of the eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1804, vi, 204 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1804.","productDescription":"vi, 204 p.","numberOfPages":"214","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045915","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289038,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp1804.jpg"},{"id":289036,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1804/"},{"id":289037,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1804/pdf/pp1804.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.0,25.0 ], [ -100.0,50.0 ], [ -65.0,50.0 ], [ -65.0,25.0 ], [ -100.0,25.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53abe14fe4b0dad35f8e8c9c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Zhu, Zhi-Liang zzhu@usgs.gov","contributorId":3636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhi-Liang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":509855,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, Bradley C. 0000-0002-1132-7178 reed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":2901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"reed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509854,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70103478,"text":"fs20143045 - 2014 - Hydrogeologic aspects of the Knippa Gap area in eastern Uvalde and western Medina counties, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-05T12:31:08","indexId":"fs20143045","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-25T09:46:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-3045","title":"Hydrogeologic aspects of the Knippa Gap area in eastern Uvalde and western Medina counties, Texas","docAbstract":"The Edwards aquifer is the primary source of potable water for the San Antonio area in south-central Texas. The Knippa Gap area is a structural low (trough) postulated to channel or restrict flow in the Edwards aquifer in eastern Uvalde and western Medina Counties, Tex. To better understand the function of the Knippa Gap, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, developed the first detailed surficial geologic map of the Knippa Gap area with data and information obtained from previous investigations and field observations. A simplified version of the detailed geologic map depicting the hydrologic units, faulting, and structural dips of the Knippa Gap area is provided in this fact sheet. The map shows that groundwater flow in the Edwards aquifer is influenced by the Balcones Fault Zone, a structurally complex area of the aquifer that contains relay ramps that have formed in extensional fault systems and allowed for deformational changes along fault blocks. Faulting in southeast Uvalde and southwest Medina Counties has produced relay-ramp structures that dip downgradient to the structural low (trough) of the Knippa Gap.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20143045","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Lambert, R.B., Clark, A.K., Pedraza, D.E., and Morris, R., 2014, Hydrogeologic aspects of the Knippa Gap area in eastern Uvalde and western Medina counties, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3045, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143045.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055858","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289041,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20143045.jpg"},{"id":289039,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3045/"},{"id":289040,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3045/pdf/fs2014-3045.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Medina County, Uvalde County","otherGeospatial":"Knippa Gap","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.0,29.0 ], [ -100.0,29.5 ], [ -98.25,29.5 ], [ -98.25,29.0 ], [ -100.0,29.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53abe153e4b0dad35f8e8ca0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lambert, Rebecca B. 0000-0002-0611-1591 blambert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-1591","contributorId":1135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"Rebecca","email":"blambert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Allan K. 0000-0003-0099-1521 akclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0099-1521","contributorId":1279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Allan","email":"akclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pedraza, Diana E. 0000-0003-4483-8094 dpedraza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4483-8094","contributorId":1281,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pedraza","given":"Diana","email":"dpedraza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morris, Robert R. 0000-0001-7504-3732","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7504-3732","contributorId":106213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"Robert R.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70114226,"text":"ofr20141102 - 2014 - Hydrologic data for the Obed River watershed, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-24T15:09:23","indexId":"ofr20141102","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-24T14:53:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1102","title":"Hydrologic data for the Obed River watershed, Tennessee","docAbstract":"The Obed River watershed drains a 520-square-mile area of the Cumberland Plateau physiographic region in the Tennessee River basin. The watershed is underlain by conglomerate, sandstone, and shale of Pennsylvanian age, which overlie Mississippian-age limestone. The larger creeks and rivers of the Obed River system have eroded gorges through the conglomerate and sandstone into the deeper shale. The largest gorges are up to 400 feet deep and are protected by the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act as part of the Obed Wild and Scenic River, which is managed by the National Park Service.
\nThe growing communities of Crossville and Crab Orchard, Tennessee, are located upstream of the gorge areas of the Obed River watershed. The cities used about 5.8 million gallons of water per day for drinking water in 2010 from Lake Holiday and Stone Lake in the Obed River watershed and Meadow Park Lake in the Caney Fork River watershed. The city of Crossville operates a wastewater treatment plant that releases an annual average of about 2.2 million gallons per day of treated effluent to the Obed River, representing as much as 10 to 40 percent of the monthly average streamflow of the Obed River near Lancing about 35 miles downstream, during summer and fall. During the past 50 years (1960–2010), several dozen tributary impoundments and more than 2,000 small farm ponds have been constructed in the Obed River watershed. Synoptic streamflow measurements indicate a tendency towards dampened high flows and slightly increased low flows as the percentage of basin area controlled by impoundments increases.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141102","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Knight, R., Wolfe, W., and Law, G.S., 2014, Hydrologic data for the Obed River watershed, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1102, v, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141102.","productDescription":"v, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-025047","costCenters":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289028,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141102.jpg"},{"id":289026,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1102/"},{"id":289027,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1102/pdf/ofr2014-1102.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Obed River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.158333,34.875 ], [ -85.158333,37.125 ], [ -84.625,37.125 ], [ -84.625,34.875 ], [ -85.158333,34.875 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53aa8fd2e4b065055fab1659","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, Rodney R. rrknight@usgs.gov","contributorId":2272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Rodney R.","email":"rrknight@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolfe, William J. wjwolfe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"William J.","email":"wjwolfe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Law, George S. gslaw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Law","given":"George","email":"gslaw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":495285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70104184,"text":"sir20145082 - 2014 - Evaluation of groundwater and surface-water interactions in the Caddo Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Caddo County, Oklahoma, 2010-13","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-23T13:19:50","indexId":"sir20145082","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-23T13:07:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5082","title":"Evaluation of groundwater and surface-water interactions in the Caddo Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Caddo County, Oklahoma, 2010-13","docAbstract":"Streamflows, springs, and wetlands are important natural and cultural resources to the Caddo Nation. Consequently, the Caddo Nation is concerned about the vulnerability of the Rush Springs aquifer to overdrafting and whether the aquifer will continue to be a viable source of water to tribal members and other local residents in the future. Interest in the long-term viability of local water resources has resulted in ongoing development of a comprehensive water plan by the Caddo Nation. As part of a multiyear project with the Caddo Nation to provide information and tools to better manage and protect water resources, the U.S. Geological Survey studied the hydraulic connection between the Rush Springs aquifer and springs and streams overlying the aquifer.
\nThe Caddo Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area is located in southwestern Oklahoma, primarily in Caddo County. Underlying the Caddo Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area is the Permian-age Rush Springs aquifer. Water from the Rush Springs aquifer is used for irrigation, public, livestock and aquaculture, and other supply purposes. Groundwater from the Rush Springs aquifer also is withdrawn by domestic (self-supplied) wells, although domestic use was not included in the water-use summary in this report. Perennial streamflow in many streams and creeks overlying the Rush Springs aquifer, such as Cobb Creek, Lake Creek, and Willow Creek, originates from springs and seeps discharging from the aquifer.
\nThis report provides information on the evaluation of groundwater and surface-water resources in the Caddo Nation Jurisdictional Area, and in particular, information that describes the hydraulic connection between the Rush Springs aquifer and springs and streams overlying the aquifer. This report also includes data and analyses of base flow, evidence for groundwater and surface-water interactions, locations of springs and wetland areas, groundwater flows interpreted from potentiometric-surface maps, and hydrographs of water levels monitored in the Caddo Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area from 2010 to 2013.
\nFlow in streams overlying the Rush Springs aquifer, on average, were composed of 50 percent base flow in most years. Monthly mean base flow appeared to maintain streamflows throughout each year, but periods of zero flow were documented in daily hydrographs at each measured site, typically in the summer months.
\nA pneumatic slug-test technique was used at 15 sites to determine the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments in streams overlying the Rush Springs aquifer. Converting horizontal hydraulic conductivities (Kh) from the slug-test analyses to vertical hydraulic conductivities (Kv) by using a ratio of Kv/Kh = 0.1 resulted in estimates of vertical streambed hydraulic conductivity ranging from 0.1 to 8.6 feet per day. Data obtained from a hydraulic potentiomanometer in streambed sediments and streams in August 2012 indicate that water flow was from the streambed sediments to the stream (gaining) at 6 of 15 sites, and that water flow was from the stream to the streambed sediments (losing) at 9 of 15 sites.
\nThe groundwater and surface-water interaction data collected at the Cobb Creek near Eakly, Okla., streamflow gaging station (07325800), indicate that the bedrock groundwater, alluvial groundwater, and surface-water resources are closely connected. Because of this hydrologic connection, large perennial streams in the study area may change from gaining to losing streams in the summer. The timing and severity of this change from a gaining to a losing condition probably is affected by the local or regional withdrawal of groundwater for irrigation in the summer growing season. Wells placed closer to streams have a greater and more immediate effect on alluvial groundwater levels and stream stages than wells placed farther from streams. Large-capacity irrigation wells, even those completed hundreds of feet below land surface in the bedrock aquifer, can induce surface-water flow from nearby streams by lowering alluvial groundwater levels below the stream altitude.
\nTwenty-five new springs visible from public roads and paths were documented during a survey of springs in 2011. Most of the springs are in upland draws on the flanks of topographic ridges. Wetlands primarily were identified by using a combination of data sources including the National Wetlands Inventory, Soil Survey Geographic database frequently flooded soils maps, and aerial photographs.
\nRegional flow directions were determined by analysis of water levels measured in 29 wells completed in the Rush 2 Springs aquifer in Caddo County and the Caddo Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area. Water levels were monitored every 30 minutes in five wells by using a vented pressure transducer and a data-collection platform with real-time transmitting equipment in each well. Those five wells ranged in depth from 210 to 350 feet. Water levels in these five wells indicate that there was a decrease in water storage in the Rush Springs aquifer from October 2010 to June 2013.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145082","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Caddo Nation, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Mashburn, S.L., and Smith, S.J., 2014, Evaluation of groundwater and surface-water interactions in the Caddo Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Caddo County, Oklahoma, 2010-13: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5082, ix, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145082.","productDescription":"ix, 54 p.","numberOfPages":"67","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050683","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289007,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145082.jpg"},{"id":289004,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5082/"},{"id":289006,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5082/pdf/sir2014-5082.pdf"}],"projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Caddo County","otherGeospatial":"Caddo Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.8,34.994 ], [ -98.8,35.7978 ], [ -97.8003,35.7978 ], [ -97.8003,34.994 ], [ -98.8,34.994 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53a93e51e4b0f1f8e2fa864c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mashburn, Shana L. 0000-0001-5163-778X shanam@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5163-778X","contributorId":2140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mashburn","given":"Shana","email":"shanam@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, S. Jerrod 0000-0002-9379-8167 sjsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9379-8167","contributorId":981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"sjsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jerrod","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70105048,"text":"sir20145096 - 2014 - Contaminants of emerging concern in ambient groundwater in urbanized areas of Minnesota, 2009-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-11T10:29:46","indexId":"sir20145096","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-23T13:04:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5096","title":"Contaminants of emerging concern in ambient groundwater in urbanized areas of Minnesota, 2009-12","docAbstract":"A study of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in ambient groundwater in urbanized areas of Minnesota was completed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. For this study, water samples were collected from November 2009 through June 2012 from 118 wells located in different land-use settings. The sampled wells primarily were screened in vulnerable sand and gravel aquifers (surficial and buried glacial aquifers) or vulnerable bedrock aquifers such as the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer. Sampled well depths ranged from 9 to 285 feet below land surface. Water samples were collected by Minnesota Pollution Control Agency staff. The water samples were analyzed at U.S. Geological Survey laboratories for steroidal hormones, human-use pharmaceutical compounds, human- and animal-use antibiotics, and a broad suite of organic chemicals associated with wastewater. Reported detections were censored and not counted as detections in the data analyses if the chemical was detected in a laboratory or field blank at a similar concentration.
\n\n
During this study, 38 out of 127 CECs analyzed were detected among all water samples collected. Three of the detected CECs, however, were analyzed using two different analytical methods, so 35 distinct chemicals were detected. The number of detections of CECs in individual water samples ranged from 0 to 10. The three wells in proximity to landfills had the most CEC detections. One or more CECs were detected in a total of 43 samples (35 percent); no CECs were detected in 80 samples.
\n\n
Of the 127 CECs included for analysis in this study, 28 have established enforceable or non-enforceable health-based water-quality standards or benchmarks. Fourteen of the 35 chemicals detected in this study have established water-quality standards, whereas 21 of the chemicals detected have no established standard or benchmark. All detections in this study were less than established health-based water-quality standards, although p-cresol was detected at a concentration nearing a health-based water quality standard. Four of the six most frequently detected chemicals—azithromycin, diphenhydramine, tributyl phosphate, and lincomycin—have no health-based water-quality standards or benchmarks.
\n\n
The antibiotic sulfamethoxazole was the most frequently detected CEC, detected in a total of 14 of 123 samples (11.4 percent) by one or both analytical methods that include sulfamethoxazole as an analyte. Most (11 of 14, or 79 percent) of the detections of sulfamethoxazole were in samples from domestic wells or monitoring wells located in areas where septic systems or potentially leaking centralized sewers are prevalent. The chemical N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) was detected at the highest concentration of any CEC, at 7.9 micrograms per liter. Bisphenol A was detected second most frequently of all chemicals. DEET and Bisphenol A were detected most frequently in wells in proximity to closed landfills. Samples from bedrock wells, most of which are drinking water wells that are deeper than glacial wells, had a higher percentage of wells with CEC detections compared to samples from wells completed in glacial aquifers. The higher dissolved oxygen concentrations and lower specific conductance for the bedrock wells sampled indicate shorter duration flow paths from the land surface to these wells than for wells completed in glacial aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145096","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","usgsCitation":"Erickson, M., Langer, S.K., Roth, J.L., and Kroening, S.E., 2014, Contaminants of emerging concern in ambient groundwater in urbanized areas of Minnesota, 2009-12 (Version 1: Originally posted June, 2014; Version. 1.2, September, 2014): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5096, Report: vii, 38 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145096.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 38 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2009-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-042339","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289005,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145096.jpg"},{"id":289003,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5096/"},{"id":298417,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5096/pdf/sir2014-5096.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":298418,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5096/downloads/appendix_tables.xls","text":"Appendix","size":"357 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix","linkHelpText":"Appendix tables 1–1 through 1–5"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.0,43.0 ], [ -98.0,49.5 ], [ -90.0,49.5 ], [ -90.0,43.0 ], [ -98.0,43.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1: Originally posted June, 2014; Version. 1.2, September, 2014","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53a93e50e4b0f1f8e2fa864a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erickson, Melinda L. 0000-0002-1117-2866 merickso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1117-2866","contributorId":3671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erickson","given":"Melinda L.","email":"merickso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langer, Susan K. slanger@usgs.gov","contributorId":107824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"Susan","email":"slanger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roth, Jason L. 0000-0001-5440-2775 jroth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5440-2775","contributorId":4789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roth","given":"Jason","email":"jroth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kroening, Sharon E.","contributorId":67868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroening","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70098933,"text":"ofr20141061 - 2014 - Particle-tracking investigation of the retention of sucker larvae emerging from spawning grounds in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T13:11:03","indexId":"ofr20141061","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-19T12:56:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1061","title":"Particle-tracking investigation of the retention of sucker larvae emerging from spawning grounds in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"This study had two objectives: (1) to use the results of an individual-based particle-tracking model of larval sucker dispersal through the Williamson River delta and Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, to interpret field data collected throughout Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, and (2) to use the model to investigate the retention of sucker larvae in the system as a function of Williamson River flow, wind, and lake elevation. This is a follow-up study to work reported in Wood and others (2014) in which the hydrodynamic model of Upper Klamath Lake was combined with an individual-based, particle-tracking model of larval fish entering the lake from spawning areas in the Williamson River. In the previous study, the performance of the model was evaluated through comparison with field data comprising larval sucker distribution collected in 2009 by The Nature Conservancy, Oregon State University (OSU), and the U.S. Geological Survey, primarily from the (at that time) recently reconnected Williamson River Delta and along the eastern shoreline of Upper Klamath Lake, surrounding the old river mouth. The previous study demonstrated that the validation of the model with field data was moderately successful and that the model was useful for describing the broad patterns of larval dispersal from the river, at least in the areas surrounding the river channel immediately downstream of the spawning areas and along the shoreline where larvae enter the lake.
\nIn this study, field data collected by OSU throughout the main body of Upper Klamath Lake, and not just around the Williamson River Delta, were compared to model simulation results. Because the field data were collected throughout the lake, it was necessary to include in the simulations larvae spawned at eastern shoreline springs that were not included in the earlier studies. A complicating factor was that the OSU collected data throughout the main body of the lake in 2011 and 2012, after the end of several years of larval drift collection in the Williamson River by the U.S. Geological Survey. Those larval drift data provided necessary boundary-condition information for the earlier studies, but there were no measured boundary conditions for larval input into model simulations during the years of this study (2011−12). Therefore, we developed a method to estimate a time series of larval drift in the Williamson River, and of the emergence of larvae from the gravel at the eastern shoreline springs, that captured the approximate timing of the larval pulse of the Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris) and the relative magnitude of the pulses by species and spawning location. The method is not able to predict larval drift on any given day, but it can reasonably predict the approximate temporal progression of the larval drift through the season, based on counts of adult suckers returning to spawn. The accuracy in the timing of the larval pulses is not better than about plus or minus 5 days.
\nModel results and field data were consistent in the basic progression of both catch per unit effort (CPUE) and larval length through time. The model simulation results also duplicated some of the characteristics of the spatial patterns of density in the field data, notably the tendency for high larval densities closer to the eastern and western shorelines. However, the model simulations could not explain high densities in the northern part of the lake or far into Ball Bay, locations that are far from the source of larvae in the Williamson River or eastern shoreline springs (as measured along the predominant transport pathways simulated in the model). This suggests the possibility of unaccounted-for spawning areas in the northern part of the lake and also that the period during which larvae are transported passively by the currents is shorter than the 46 days simulated in the model. Similarly, the progression of larval lengths in the field data is not a simple progression from smaller to larger fish away from sources in the river and springs, as simulated by the particle-tracking model; the smallest fish were caught at different times near the Williamson River, in the northwestern part of the lake, and in the southernmost part of the lake. This again suggests that fish may be spawning at places other than the river and eastern springs, that our understanding of larval transport is incomplete, or both.
\nThe model was used to run 96 numerical “experiments” in which lake elevation, river discharge, and wind forcing were varied systematically in order to investigate the sensitivity of particle retention to each variable, and with particular emphasis on the idea of managing lake elevation to control emigration. The estimates of particle retention cannot be equated directly to retention of fish larvae, primarily because there was no mortality included in the simulations, but the relative comparison of retention and emigration around the matrix of experimental conditions provided several “big picture” results:
\n - Variables that cannot be controlled—winds and discharge—had the largest effect on retention. For example, at the lowest river discharge (20 cubic meters per second), simulated retention was high regardless of wind or lake elevation, whereas at the highest river discharge (100 cubic meters per second), retention was low regardless of wind or lake elevation.
\n - When river discharge and wind were held constant, a higher elevation delayed the onset of the most rapid exit of particles by 1 (from the springs) to 4 (from the river) days, but did not determine overall retention. Only under the combination of conditions consisting of low discharge (50 cubic meters per second or less) and strong wind reversals for several days was there a consistent effect of lake elevation on overall retention several weeks into the simulation, and, under those conditions, retention was at the high end of the possible range regardless of lake elevation.
\n - Under most combinations of conditions tested, after particles had been in the system for several days, the complex interaction between wind, elevation, and river discharge resulted in particle pathways, and therefore retention, being highly variable and unpredictable, at which point controlling lake elevation could not produce a predictable result. Therefore, on the basis of the model predictions, managing lake elevation probably is not a way to reliably provide any particular level of retention.
Efforts to mitigate the effects of urbanization on streams rely on best management practices (BMPs) that are implemented with the intent of reducing and retaining stormwater runoff. A cooperative monitoring effort between the U.S. Geological Survey and Fairfax County, Virginia, was initiated in 2007 to assess the condition of county streams and document watershed-scale responses to the implementation of BMPs. Assessment of the data collected during the first 5 years of this monitoring program focused on characterizing the hydrologic and ecological condition of 14 monitored streams.
\nHydrologic, chemical, and macroinvertebrate community conditions in the streams monitored were found to be consistent, overall, with conditions commonly observed in urban streams. Hydrologically, the monitored streams were found to be flashy, with flashiness positively related to road cover in the watershed. Typical pH values of streams throughout the network centered around neutrality (pH = 7) with strong daily fluctuations apparent in the continuous data. Patterns in specific conductance were largely representative of anthropogenic disturbances—watersheds having the greatest percentage of open space and estate residential land-use had the lowest typical specific conductance values, and specific conductance variability was less than what is observed in watersheds that are more intensively developed. In watersheds having greater road coverage, and more development in general, increases in specific conductance over several orders of magnitude were observed during winter months as a result of the application of de-icing salts on impervious surfaces. Dissolved oxygen conditions were typically within the range required to support healthy biological communities, although occasional departures during summer months at some sites fell below the impairment threshold for streams in Virginia.
\nNitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), concentration patterns were largely consistent across the network, with few exceptions. Nitrogen concentrations in monthly samples were generally low and dominated by nitrate. Exceptions to the generally low N concentrations occurred at Captain Hickory Run, which had a median total N concentration of approximately 4.9 milligrams per liter (mg/L), compared to the network-wide median of approximately 1.7 mg/L, and at Popes Head Creek Tributary, where total N concentrations spiked to 6–8 mg/L during low-flow periods in August or September of each year. Phosphorus concentrations in monthly samples were generally low and dominated by the dissolved fraction. Two monitoring stations in the network, Flatlick Branch and Frog Branch, are notable for having median total P concentrations that were, on average, approximately three times greater than the median total P concentration of 0.02 mg/L observed at the other 12 stations in the network.
\nSuspended-sediment and nutrient loads and yields were similar to those of urbanized watersheds in other studies, although the yields from these urbanized basins were greater than, or within, the upper quartile of yields observed throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Annual suspended-sediment loads ranged from 289–10,275 tons, with a median of 1,311 tons, and corresponding yields ranged from 107–2,827 tons per square mile (ton/mi2), with a median of 277 ton/mi2. Annual total N loads ranged from 8,014–36,413 pounds, with a median of 21,314 pounds, and corresponding yields ranged from 3,361–8,360 pounds per square mile (lb/mi2), with a median of 6,200 lb/mi2. Annual total P loads ranged from 380–6,558 pounds, with a median of 1,874 pounds, and corresponding yields ranged from 140–1,562 lb/mi2, with a median of 543 lb/mi2.
\nBenthic macroinvertebrate community metrics indicated that streams throughout Fairfax County are generally of poor health. One station, Castle Creek, was an exception with results indicating relatively high quality aquatic health.
\nSix additional monitoring stations were added to the network in 2012 to improve spatial coverage throughout Fairfax County. Monitoring activities are expected to continue at all 20 stations for the foreseeable future as BMP implementation is conducted.
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