The study area of the South-Central Texas study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program comprises the Edwards aquifer in the San Antonio region and its catchment area. The first phase of the assessment includes evaluation of existing water-quality data for surface water and ground water, including volatile organic compounds, to determine the scope of planned monitoring. Most analyses of volatile organic compounds in surface water are from the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System sites in San Antonio, Texas. Nine volatile organic compounds were detected at the six sites. The three compounds with the most detections at National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System sites are 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene. Analysis of volatile organic compounds in ground water was limited to Edwards aquifer wells. Twenty-eight volatile organic compounds were detected in samples from 89 wells. The five most commonly detected compounds in samples from wells, in descending order, are tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, bromoform, chloroform, and dibromochloromethane. Detections of volatile organic compounds in surface water and ground water within the South-Central Texas study area are limited to site-specific sources associated with development; therefore, planned monitoring for possible detections of volatile organic compounds as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program will emphasize areas of expanding population and development. Monitoring of volatile organic compounds is planned at National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System sites, at basic fixed surface-water sites, and in the ground-water study-unit surveys.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri974028","usgsCitation":"Ging, P.B., Judd, L.J., and Wynn, K.H., 1997, Water-quality assessment of south-central Texas: Occurrence and distribution of volatile organic compounds in surface water and ground water, 1983-94, and implications for future monitoring: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4028, vi, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974028.","productDescription":"vi, 20 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410744,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48664.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2192,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974028","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56188,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4028/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4028/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.4806,\n 30.2333\n ],\n [\n -100.4806,\n 29\n ],\n [\n -97.7272,\n 29\n ],\n [\n -97.7272,\n 30.2333\n ],\n [\n -100.4806,\n 30.2333\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cbe4b07f02db54384d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ging, P. B.","contributorId":50935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ging","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Judd, L. J.","contributorId":70807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Judd","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wynn, K. H.","contributorId":12076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26089,"text":"wri964245 - 1997 - Chlorofluorocarbon and tritium age determination of ground-water recharge in the Ryan Flat subbasin, Trans-Pecos Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri964245","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4245","title":"Chlorofluorocarbon and tritium age determination of ground-water recharge in the Ryan Flat subbasin, Trans-Pecos Texas","docAbstract":"A study was conducted to determine the relative influence of \r\nmountain-front infiltration in the Ryan Flat subbasin and to \r\ndetermine whether recent recharge (post-1940), which is of \r\nimportance to water-use planning, has reached the Salt Basin \r\naquifer, Trans-Pecos Texas. The alluvial and volcanic Salt Basin \r\naquifer lies within a bolson, and the average depth to water in \r\nmost of the subbasin is approximately 250 feet. Concentrations of \r\nthe chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113, as well as \r\ntritium, were measured in water from 10 wells in the study area. \r\nCFC-model recharge dates ranged from pre-1940 to the early \r\n1970's. Ground water in five wells had CFC-model dates of pre-1940 \r\nor pre-1945. Ground water in two wells had dates of the mid- to \r\nlate 1940's. Ground water from one well had a CFC-model recharge \r\nage of the early 1950's. Samples from the remaining two wells were \r\nmost probably contaminated in some manner and are probably \r\nunreliable. CFC-model ages were calculated independently for the \r\nthree chlorofluorocarbons, though the presence of volatile \r\norganic compounds affected agreement among them. Tritium \r\nactivities in the nine wells for which tritium was analyzed \r\nindicated pre-1953 recharge and thus agreed approximately with \r\nthe CFC-model dates.\r\n\r\n Ground water was analyzed for selected water-quality \r\nconstituents. Water from all wells met U.S. Environmental \r\nProtection Agency national primary and secondary drinking water \r\nstandards for all tested constituents except fluoride in samples \r\nfrom three wells. Silica concentrations in water from six wells \r\nexceeded a range considered typical in natural waters.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ; Denver, CO : Branch of Information Services [distributor], 1997","doi":"10.3133/wri964245","usgsCitation":"Bartolino, J., 1997, Chlorofluorocarbon and tritium age determination of ground-water recharge in the Ryan Flat subbasin, Trans-Pecos Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4245, iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964245.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4245/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54858,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4245/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671cf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartolino, J. R.","contributorId":72417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartolino","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26206,"text":"wri964249 - 1997 - Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas: Ground-water quality in the Rio Grande flood plain, Cochiti Lake, New Mexico, to El Paso, Texas, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-14T22:51:22.915363","indexId":"wri964249","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4249","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas: Ground-water quality in the Rio Grande flood plain, Cochiti Lake, New Mexico, to El Paso, Texas, 1995","docAbstract":"From March to May of 1995, water samples were collected from \r\n30 wells located in the flood plain of the Rio Grande between \r\nCochiti Lake, New Mexico, and El Paso, Texas. These samples were \r\nanalyzed for a broad host of constituents, including field \r\nparameters, major constituents, nutrients, dissolved organic \r\ncarbon, trace elements, radiochemicals, pesticides, and volatile \r\norganic compounds. The main purpose of this study was to observe \r\nthe quality of ground water in this part of the Rio Grande Valley \r\nstudy unit of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality \r\nAssessment program. The sampling effort was limited to the basin-\r\nfill aquifer beneath the above-defined reach of the Rio Grande \r\nflood plain because of the relative homogeneity of the \r\nhydrogeology, the large amount of ground-water use for public \r\nsupply, and the potential for land-use activities to affect the \r\nquality of ground water. Most of the wells sampled for the study \r\nare used for domestic purposes, including drinking water. Depths \r\nto the tops of the sampling intervals in the 30 wells ranged from \r\n10 to 345 feet below land surface, and the median was 161.5 feet; \r\nthe sampling intervals in most of the wells spanned about 10 feet \r\nor less. Quality-control data were collected at three of the \r\nwells.\r\n\r\n A significant amount of variation was found in the chemical \r\ncomposition of ground water sampled throughout the study area, \r\nbut the water generally was found to be of suitable chemical \r\nquality for use as drinking water, according to current \r\nenforceable standards established by the U.S. Environmental \r\nProtection Agency (EPA). Nutrients generally were measured at \r\nconcentrations near or below their method reporting limits. The \r\nmost dominant nutrient species was nitrite plus nitrate, at a \r\nmaximum concentration of 1.9 milligrams per liter (as N). Only \r\neight of the trace elements analyzed for had median \r\nconcentrations greater than their respective minimum reporting \r\nlevels. Water from one well exceeded the lifetime health advisory \r\nestablished by the EPA for molybdenum; water from a different well \r\nexceeded the proposed EPA maximum contaminant level for uranium. \r\nGross alpha and gross beta particle activities generally appeared \r\nto strongly correlate with quantities of uranium and potassium, \r\nrespectively, detected in ground water. However, water from one \r\nwell exceeded the EPA maximum contaminant level for gross alpha \r\nparticle activity and may exceed the EPA maximum contaminant \r\nlevel for beta particle and photon activity, although current \r\ndata on gross beta particle activities are not conclusive on this \r\npoint. Radon concentrations did not appear to directly correlate \r\nwith uranium concentrations. The herbicide prometon was the only \r\nsynthetic organic compound detected in ground water in the study \r\narea, and was detected in only one well, at a concentration of \r\n0.038 microgram per liter. This well is shallow and is not used \r\nfor drinking water. With the exception of the one detection of \r\nprometon, no strong evidence was found of effects on ground-water \r\nquality from human activities. Therefore, most of the water \r\nsampled probably recharged at the margins of the alluvial basins \r\nor recharged through the flood plain before human development \r\nbegan.\r\n\r\n With respect to major constituents, the concentrations of \r\ndissolved solids ranged from 209 to 3,380 milligrams per liter, \r\nand the median concentration was 409.5 milligrams per liter. \r\nThere is evidence that the overall chemical composition of ground \r\nwater in the study area may be affected by several processes, \r\nincluding cation exchange, feldspar weathering, calcite \r\ndissolution and precipitation, dissolution of volcanic glass, and \r\nmicrobial activity. Several chemical constituents in ground water \r\nshowed relatively distinct spatial patterns that appear to be \r\nrelated to one or more of these processes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964249","usgsCitation":"Bexfield, L.M., and Anderholm, S., 1997, Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas: Ground-water quality in the Rio Grande flood plain, Cochiti Lake, New Mexico, to El Paso, Texas, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4249, viii, 93 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964249.","productDescription":"viii, 93 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410519,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48578.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55001,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4249/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4249/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Colorado, New Mexico, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.5167,\n 35.6333\n ],\n [\n -106.8778,\n 35.6333\n ],\n [\n -106.8778,\n 31.8\n ],\n [\n -106.5167,\n 31.8\n ],\n [\n -106.5167,\n 35.6333\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb523","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bexfield, L. M.","contributorId":36593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bexfield","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderholm, S. K.","contributorId":69149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderholm","given":"S. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22038,"text":"ofr97219 - 1997 - Preliminary hydrogeologic assessment of a ground-water contamination area in Wolcott, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:50","indexId":"ofr97219","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-219","title":"Preliminary hydrogeologic assessment of a ground-water contamination area in Wolcott, Connecticut","docAbstract":"Contamination of ground water by volatile organic compounds and inorganic constituents has been identified at a number of industrial sites in the Town of Wolcott, Connecticut. Contamination is also present at a municipal landfill in the City of Waterbury that is upgradient from the industrial sites in the local ground-water-flow system. The study area, which lies in the Western Highlands of Connecticut, is in the Mad River Valley, a tributary to the Naugatuck River. Geohydrologic units (aquifer materials) include unconsolidated glacial sediments (surficial materials) and fractured crystalline (metamorphic) bedrock. Surficial materials include glacial till, coarse-grained andfine-grained glacial stratified deposits, and postglacial floodplain alluvium and swamp deposits. The ground-water-flow system in the surficial aquifer is complex because the hydraulic properties of the surficial materials are highly variable. In the bedrock aquifer, ground water moves exclusively through fractures. Hydrologic characteristics of the crystalline bedrock-degree of confinement, hydraulic conductivity, storativity, and porosity-are poorly defined in the study area. Further study is needed to adequately assess ground-water flow and contaminant migration under current or past hydrologic conditions. All known water-supply wells in the study area obtain water from the bedrock aquifer. Twenty households in a hillside residential area on Tosun Road currently obtain drinking water from private wells tapping the bedrock aquifer. The extent of contamination in the bedrock aquifer and the potential for future contamination from known sources of contamination in the surficial aquifer is of concern to regulatory agencies. Previous investigations have identified ground-water contamination by volatile organic compounds at the Nutmeg Valley Road site area. Contamination has been associated with on-site disposal of heavy metals, chlorinated and non-chlorinated volatile organic compounds, and cyanide. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds detected in water samples collected from bedrock wells during 1981-95 at the Nutmeg Valley Road site area show a general downward trend through time. Water samples collected from wells completed in surficial materials were not collected systematically, and a trend in concentration cannot be identified.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97219","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Stone, J.R., Casey, G.D., Mondazzi, R., and Frick, T., 1997, Preliminary hydrogeologic assessment of a ground-water contamination area in Wolcott, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-219, iv, 29 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97219.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":258612,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0219/report.pdf","size":"6509","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0219/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":258604,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0219/plate-1.pdf","size":"1117","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258605,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0219/plate-2.pdf","size":"5627","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258606,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0219/plate-3.pdf","size":"1002","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258607,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0219/plate-4.pdf","size":"1195","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258608,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0219/plate-5.pdf","size":"1388","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258609,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0219/plate-6.pdf","size":"909","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258610,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0219/plate-7.pdf","size":"1047","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258611,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0219/plate-8.pdf","size":"5021","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697396","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stone, J. R.","contributorId":87964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casey, G. D.","contributorId":49819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mondazzi, R.A.","contributorId":75563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mondazzi","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frick, T.W.","contributorId":90329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frick","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28745,"text":"wri964284 - 1997 - Quantity and quality of runoff from selected guttered and unguttered roadways in northeastern Ramsey County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T10:24:31","indexId":"wri964284","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4284","title":"Quantity and quality of runoff from selected guttered and unguttered roadways in northeastern Ramsey County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Five roadway sections in northeastern Ramsey County, Minnesota were monitored during 1993-95, to evaluate water quality and loading of constituents from roadway runoff. Two snowmelt-runoff and five rainfall-runoff events were monitored per year at each site. Additional samples of rainfall were analyzed to determine if rainfall was a direct source of constituent loading to roadway runoff. Roadway-runoff samples were analyzed for selected physical properties, dissolved solids, nutrients, dissolved ions, selected metals, and semi-volatile compounds.
\nConcentrations of dissolved ions such as sodium, chloride, and metals such as aluminum, chromium, lead, and zinc were detected at much greater levels for snowmelt-runoff samples than rainfall-runoff samples. Analysis of chemical samples from rainfall indicate that rainfall was not a direct source for most constituents. Dissolved nitrate and dissolved ammonia in rainfall, however, can contribute up to one-half the amounts detected in roadway runoff.
\nConcentrations of total phosphorus and fecal Streptococcus bacteria were greater at unguttered sites than at guttered sites. Concentrations of dissolved solids, and some metals were greater at guttered sites than at unguttered sites. This suggests that the vegetated road ditches associated with unguttered sites may filter out heavier particles such as metals and solids, while contributing additional organic matter. Concentrations of aliiminum, copper, lead, and zinc exceeded chronic condition standard limits established by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency for metropolitan storm water from 96 percent, 52 percent, 9 percent, and 20 percent of the samples collected, respectively. Chemical loadings of specific constituents, such as suspended solids, from an individual rainfall-runoff event accounted for greater than 90 percent of the cumulative loadings of that constituent for all monitored events at site 4, for the entire study period.
\nLength of latent period was statistically compared to constituent concentration levels of total phosphorus, dissolved sulfate, and total zinc and there was a correlation. Constituent loads were not associated with latent period. No correlation was found between traffic volumes which ranged from 1,888 to 7,172 vehicles per day and constituent concentrations or loads for this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri964284","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Transportation and the Minnesota Local Road Research Board","usgsCitation":"Mitton, G., and Payne, G.A., 1997, Quantity and quality of runoff from selected guttered and unguttered roadways in northeastern Ramsey County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4284, v, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964284.","productDescription":"v, 67 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4284/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57595,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4284/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Ramsey County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.33333,\n 45.1\n ],\n [\n -93.33333,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -92.9,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -92.9,\n 45.1\n ],\n [\n -93.33333,\n 45.1\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64acf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mitton, G.B.","contributorId":104517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitton","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Payne, G. A.","contributorId":62190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70169138,"text":"70169138 - 1997 - Pesticides and volatile organic compounds in shallow urban groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-21T15:35:25","indexId":"70169138","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T16:30:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Pesticides and volatile organic compounds in shallow urban groundwater","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Groundwater in the Urban Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"A.T. Balkema Publishers","publisherLocation":"Netherlands","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., Squillace, P.J., Barbash, J., and Zogorski, J., 1997, Pesticides and volatile organic compounds in shallow urban groundwater, chap. of Groundwater in the Urban Environment, p. 469-474.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"469","endPage":"474","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319128,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f11b68e4b0f59b85ddc4ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Squillace, P. J.","contributorId":8878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squillace","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barbash, J.E.","contributorId":62783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbash","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zogorski, J.S.","contributorId":108201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70073898,"text":"70073898 - 1997 - Natural attenuation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in a freshwater wetland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-06T20:45:39","indexId":"70073898","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T10:15:46","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Natural attenuation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in a freshwater wetland","docAbstract":"Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOC's) occurs as ground water discharges from a sand aquifer to a freshwater wetland at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. Field and laboratory results indicate that biotransformation in the anaerobic wetland sediments is an important attenuation process. Relatively high concentrations of the parent compounds trichloroethylene (TCE) and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (PCA) and low or undetectable concentrations of daughter products were measured in the aquifer. In contrast, relatively high concentrations of the daughter products cis- and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (12DCE); vinyl chloride (VC); 1,1,2-trichloroethane (112TCA); and 1,2-dichloroethane (12DCA) were measured in ground water in the wetland sediments, although total VOC concentrations decreased upward from about 1 mu mol/L (micromoles per liter) at the base of the wetland sediments to less than 0.2 near the surface. Microcosm experiments showed that 12DCE and VC are produced from anaerobic degradation of both TCE and PCA; PCA degradation also produced 112TCA and 12DCA.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"In situ and on-site bioremediation: Papers from the Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium","conferenceDate":" April 28-May 1, 1997","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA","language":"English","publisher":"Battelle Press","publisherLocation":"Columbus, OH","usgsCitation":"Lora, M.M., Olsen, L., and Smith, B.L., 1997, Natural attenuation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in a freshwater wetland, in In situ and on-site bioremediation: Papers from the Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, v. 3, New Orleans, LA, April 28-May 1, 1997, p. 207-212.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281412,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Harford County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.569237,39.258009 ], [ -76.569237,39.721208 ], [ -76.03564,39.721208 ], [ -76.03564,39.258009 ], [ -76.569237,39.258009 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd68aee4b0b29085102328","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Alleman, Bruce C.","contributorId":113025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alleman","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509766,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leeson, Andrea","contributorId":112484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leeson","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509765,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Lora, Michelle M.","contributorId":71478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lora","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, Lisa D. ldolsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Lisa D.","email":"ldolsen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Barrett L.","contributorId":16450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Barrett","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24409,"text":"ofr96599 - 1997 - Summary of data concerning radiological contamination at well PM-2, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:16","indexId":"ofr96599","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-599","title":"Summary of data concerning radiological contamination at well PM-2, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Analysis of water collected during August and September 1993 from well PM-2, on Pahute Mesa at\\x11the Nevada Test Site, indicated tritium concentrations of\\x1121,000 Bq/L at 610 m below land surface. The Schooner event (U-20u) was detonated in 1968 approximately 270 meterssoutheast of well PM-2 at a working depth of 108.2 meters. The crater created by the Schooner event was about 129.8 meters in radius and\\x1163.4 meters in depth. Geologic and hydrologic properties of the stratigraphic units are summarized from historical data. The soil around the well and water in the well were analyzed for radionuclides and water in the well was also analyzed for inorganic constituents and organic (volatile and semivolatile) substances. Close agreement between tritium analyses of water from well PM-2, at different times and at the same depths, confirms the elevated levels of tritium. The highest tritium values in the borehole were at 610 meters below land surface-above the shallowest perforations at 765 meters below land surface. These values were only slightly higher than values found at greater depth in the well.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96599","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Russell, G., and Locke, G., 1997, Summary of data concerning radiological contamination at well PM-2, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-599, iv, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96599.","productDescription":"iv, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0599/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53498,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0599/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f61c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russell, G.M.","contributorId":106154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Locke, G.L.","contributorId":59065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25491,"text":"wri934173 - 1997 - Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Hydrology of a small carbonate site near Ephrata, Pennsylvania, prior to implementation of nutrient management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T19:41:38.173174","indexId":"wri934173","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4173","title":"Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Hydrology of a small carbonate site near Ephrata, Pennsylvania, prior to implementation of nutrient management","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, investigated the effects of agricultural best-management practices on water quality in the Conestoga River headwaters watershed. This report describes environmental factors and the surface-water and ground-water quality of one 47.5-acre field site, Field-Site 2, from October 1984 through September 1986, prior to implementation of nutrient management.
The site is partially terraced agricultural cropland underlain by carbonate rock. Twenty-seven acres are terraced, pipe-drained, and are under no-till cultivation. The remaining acreage is under minimum-till cultivation. Corn is the primary crop. The average annual rate of fertilization at the site was 480 pounds per acre of nitrogen and 110 pounds per acre of phosphorus.
An unconfined limestone and dolomitic aquifer underlies the site, Depth to bedrock ranges from 5 to 30 feet below land surface. Estimated specific yields range from 0.05 to 0.10, specific capacities of wells range from less than 1 to about 20 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown, and estimates of transmissivities range from 10 to 10,000 square feet per day. Average ground-water recharge was estimated to be about 23 inches per year.
The specific capacity and transmissivity data indicate that two aquifer regimes are present at the site. Wells drilled into dolomites in the eastern part of the site have larger specific capacities (averaging 20 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown) relative to specific capacities (averaging less than 1 gallon per minute per foot of drawdown) of wells drilled into limestones in the western part of the site.
Median concentrations of soil-soluble nitrate and soluble phosphorus in the top 4 feet of silt- or silty-clay-loam soil ranged from 177 to 329 and 8.5 to 35 pounds per acre, respectively.
Measured runoff from the pipe-drained terraces ranged from 10 to 48,000 cubic feet and was 1.7 and 0.8 percent, respectively, of the 1985 and 1986 annual precipitation. An estimated 90,700 cubic feet of surface runoff carried 87 pounds to total nitrogen and 37 pounds of total phosphorus, or less that 0.65 percent of the amount of either nutrient applied during the study period. Rainfall on the snow-covered, frozen ground produced more that half of the runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus loads measured in pipe-drained runoff.
Graphical and regression analyses of surface runoff suggest that (1) mean-storm concentrations of total nitrogen species and total phosphorus decreased with increasing time between a runoff event and the last previous nutrient application, and (2) mean total-phosphorus concentrations approached a baseline value (estimated at 2 to 5 milligrams per liter for total-phosphorus concentrations) after several months without nutrient applications.
Dissolved nitrate concentrations in ground water in wells unaffected by an on-site ammonia spill ranged from 7.4 to 100 milligrams per liter.
Average annual additions and removals of nitrogen were estimated. Nitrogen was added to the site by applications of manure and commercial fertilizer nitrogen, as well as by precipitation and ground water entering across the western site boundary. These sources of nitrogen accounted for 95, 3, 1, and 1 percent, respectively, of estimated additions. Nitrogen was removed from the site in harvested crops, by ground-water discharge, by volatilization, and in surface runoff, which accounted for 42, 28, 29, and less than 1 percent, respectively, of estimated removals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934173","usgsCitation":"Koerkle, E.H., Hall, D.W., Risser, D.W., Lietman, P., and Chichester, D., 1997, Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Hydrology of a small carbonate site near Ephrata, Pennsylvania, prior to implementation of nutrient management (Rev. May 1997): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4173, viii, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934173.","productDescription":"viii, 88 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":431733,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47872.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54213,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4173/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123607,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4173/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Ephrata","otherGeospatial":"Conestoga River headwaters","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.1889,\n 40.2\n ],\n [\n -76.1889,\n 40.1958\n ],\n [\n -76.1778,\n 40.1958\n ],\n [\n -76.1778,\n 40.2\n ],\n [\n -76.1889,\n 40.2\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Rev. May 1997","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faef7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koerkle, E. H.","contributorId":29853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koerkle","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, D. W.","contributorId":106528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Risser, D. W.","contributorId":48211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lietman, P. L.","contributorId":63040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lietman","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chichester, D. C.","contributorId":61856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chichester","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019301,"text":"70019301 - 1997 - Error evaluation of methyl bromide aerodynamic flux measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-03T17:31:44.422069","indexId":"70019301","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":612,"text":"ACS Symposium Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Error evaluation of methyl bromide aerodynamic flux measurements","docAbstract":"Methyl bromide volatilization fluxes were calculated for a tarped and a nontarped field using 2 and 4 hour sampling periods. These field measurements were averaged in 8, 12, and 24 hour increments to simulate longer sampling periods. The daily flux profiles were progressively smoothed and the cumulative volatility losses increased by 20 to 30% with each longer sampling period. Error associated with the original flux measurements was determined from linear regressions of measured wind speed and air concentration as a function of height, and averaged approximately 50%. The high errors resulted from long application times, which resulted in a nonuniform source strength; and variable tarp permeability, which is influenced by temperature, moisture, and thickness. The increase in cumulative volatilization losses that resulted from longer sampling periods were within the experimental error of the flux determination method.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/bk-1997-0652.ch012","usgsCitation":"Majewski, M.S., 1997, Error evaluation of methyl bromide aerodynamic flux measurements: ACS Symposium Series, v. 652, p. 135-153, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1997-0652.ch012.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226737,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"652","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a47e4b0c8380cd522a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Majewski, Michael S. majewski@usgs.gov","contributorId":440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majewski","given":"Michael","email":"majewski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019511,"text":"70019511 - 1997 - Preliminary assessment of the occurrence and possible sources of MTBE in groundwater in the United States, 1993-1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70019511","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":610,"text":"ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary assessment of the occurrence and possible sources of MTBE in groundwater in the United States, 1993-1994","docAbstract":"The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require fuel oxygenates to be added to gasoline used in some metropolitan areas to reduce atmospheric concentrations of carbon monoxide or ozone. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), is the most commonly used fuel oxygenate and is a relatively new gasoline additive. Nevertheless, out of 60 volatile organic chemicals analyzed, MTBE was the second most frequently detected chemical in samples of shallow ambient groundwater from urban areas that were collected during 1993-94 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Samples were collected from 5 drinking-water wells, 12 springs, and 1g3 monitoring wells in urban areas. No MTBE was detected in drinking-water wells. At a reporting level of 0.2 ??g/L, MTBE was detected most frequently in shallow groundwater from urban areas (27% of 210 wells and springs sampled in 8 areas) as compared to shallow groundwater from agricultural areas (1.3% of 549 wells sampled in 21 areas) or deeper groundwater from major aquifers (1.0% of 412 wells sampled in 9 areas). Only 3% of the shallow wells sampled in urban areas had concentrations of MTBE that exceed 20 ??g/L, which is the estimated lower limit of the United States Environmental Protection Agency draft lifetime drinking water health advisory. Because MTBE is persistent and mobile in groundwater) it can move from shallow to deeper aquifers with time. In shallow urban groundwater, MTBE generally was not found with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, or xylenes (BTEX) compounds which commonly are associated with gasoline spills. This disassociation causes uncertainty as to the source of MTBE. Possible sources of MTBE in groundwater include point sources, such as leaking storage tanks, and nonpoint sources, such as recharge of precipitation and storm-water runoff.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00933066","usgsCitation":"Squillace, P., Zogorski, J., Wilber, W.G., and Price, C.V., 1997, Preliminary assessment of the occurrence and possible sources of MTBE in groundwater in the United States, 1993-1994: ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints, v. 37, no. 1, p. 372-374.","startPage":"372","endPage":"374","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a82f9e4b0c8380cd7bd36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Squillace, P.T.","contributorId":65617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squillace","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zogorski, J.S.","contributorId":108201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilber, W. G.","contributorId":98337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilber","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Price, C. V.","contributorId":19190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019893,"text":"70019893 - 1997 - Hydrocarbon source potential and maturation in eocene New Zealand vitrinite-rich coals: Insights from traditional coal analyses, and Rock-Eval and biomarker studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-18T08:24:44","indexId":"70019893","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2418,"text":"Journal of Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrocarbon source potential and maturation in eocene New Zealand vitrinite-rich coals: Insights from traditional coal analyses, and Rock-Eval and biomarker studies","docAbstract":"The results of traditional methods of coal characterisation (proximate, specific energy, and ultimate analyses) for 28 Eocene coal samples from the West Coast of New Zealand correspond well with biomarker ratios and Rock-Eval analyses. Isorank variations in vitrinite fluorescence and reflectance recorded for these samples are closely related to their volatile-matter content, and therefore indicate that the original vitrinite chemistry is a key controlling factor. By contrast, the mineral-matter content and the proportion of coal macerals present appear to have had only a minor influence on the coal samples' properties. Our analyses indicate that a number of triterpane biomarker ratios show peak maturities by high volatile bituminous A rank; apparent maturities are then reversed and decline at the higher medium volatile bituminous rank. The Rock-Eval S1 +S2 yield also maximizes by high volatile bituminous A rank, and then declines; however, this decline is retarded in samples with the most hydrogen-rich (perhydrous) vitrinites. These Rock-Eval and biomarker trends, as well as trends in traditional coal analyses, are used to define the rank at which expulsion of gas and oil occurs from the majority of the coals. This expulsion commences at high volatile A bituminous rank, and persists up to the threshold of medium volatile bituminous rank (c. 1.1% Ro ran. or 1.2% Ro max in this sample set), where marked hydrocarbon expulsion from perhydrous vitrinites begins to take place.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1747-5457.1997.tb00770.x","issn":"01416421","usgsCitation":"Newman, J., Price, L., and Johnston, J., 1997, Hydrocarbon source potential and maturation in eocene New Zealand vitrinite-rich coals: Insights from traditional coal analyses, and Rock-Eval and biomarker studies: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 20, no. 2, p. 137-163, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.1997.tb00770.x.","startPage":"137","endPage":"163","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269620,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.1997.tb00770.x"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-12-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3323e4b0c8380cd5ed70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newman, J.","contributorId":13764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Price, L.C.","contributorId":48575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, J.H.","contributorId":26093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019508,"text":"70019508 - 1997 - Marine bacterial degradation of brominated methanes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-13T05:44:25","indexId":"70019508","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marine bacterial degradation of brominated methanes","docAbstract":"Brominated methanes are ozone-depleting compounds whose natural sources include marine algae such as kelp. Brominated methane degradation by bacteria was investigated to address whether bacterial processes might effect net emission of these compounds to the atmosphere. Bacteria in seawater collected from California kelp beds degraded CH2Br2 but not CHBr3. Specific inhibitors showed that methanotrophs and nitrifiers did not significantly contribute to CH2Br2 removal. A seawater enrichment culture oxidized 14CH2Br2 to 14CO2 as well as 14CH3Br to 14CO2. The rates of CH2Br2 degradation in laboratory experiments suggest that bacterial degradation of CH2Br2 in a kelp bed accounts for <1% of the CH2Br2 produced by the kelp. However, the half-life of CH2Br2 due to bacterial removal appears faster than hydrolysis and within an order of magnitude of volatilization to the atmosphere.Brominated methanes are ozone-depleting compounds whose natural sources include marine algae such as kelp. Brominated methane degradation by bacteria was investigated to address whether bacterial processes might effect net emission of these compounds to the atmosphere. Bacteria in seawater collected from California kelp beds degraded CH2Br2 but not CHBr3. Specific inhibitors showed that methanotrophs and nitrifiers did not significantly contribute to CH2Br2 removal. A seawater enrichment culture oxidized 14CH2Br2 to 14CO2 as well as 14CH3Br to 14CO2. The rates of CH2Br2 degradation in laboratory experiments suggest that bacterial degradation of CH2Br2 in a kelp bed accounts for <1% of the CH2Br2 produced by the kelp. However, the half-life of CH2Br2 due to bacterial removal appears faster than hydrolysis and within an order of magnitude of volatilization to the atmosphere.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es970165g","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Goodwin, K., Lidstrom, M., and Oremland, R., 1997, Marine bacterial degradation of brominated methanes: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31, no. 11, p. 3188-3192, https://doi.org/10.1021/es970165g.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"3188","endPage":"3192","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":205732,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es970165g"},{"id":226472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-10-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a51cbe4b0c8380cd6bf3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goodwin, K.D.","contributorId":45472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodwin","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lidstrom, M.E.","contributorId":93207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidstrom","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70171398,"text":"70171398 - 1997 - Pesticides and volatile organic compounds in shallow urban groundwater of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-19T18:21:05","indexId":"70171398","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Pesticides and volatile organic compounds in shallow urban groundwater of the United States","docAbstract":"The widespread use of pesticides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) over the past half century has led to their detection in many hydrologic systems in the United States. However, few systematic investigations of occurrences have been carried out over multistate regions using a consistent study design. Nine urban studies of shallow groundwater have been conducted to date as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Pesticide compounds were detected in 48.6% of the 208 urban wells sampled. Sixteen different pesticide compounds were detected in samples from these wells. Prometon was by far the most frequently detected pesticide compound, being found in 8 of the 9 urban studies. VOCs were detected in 53.4% of the 208 urban wells sampled, with 36 different VOC compounds being found.
Measured VOC concentrations exceeded current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water regulations in 19 wells. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a common fuel oxygenate, was the most frequently detected VOC for this study.
The 0.76 Ma Bishop Tuff, from Long Valley caldera in eastern California, consists of a widespread fall deposit and voluminous partly welded ignimbrite. The fall deposit (F), exposed over an easterly sector below and adjacent to the ignimbrite, is divided into nine units (F1‐F9), with no significant time breaks, except possibly between F8 and F9. Maximum clast sizes are compared with other deposits where accumulation rates are known or inferred to estimate an accumulation time for F1‐F8 as ca. 90 hrs. The ignimbrite (Ig) is divided into chronologically and/or geographically distinct packages of material. Earlier packages (Ig1) were emplaced mostly eastward, are wholly intraplinian (coeval with fall units F2‐F8), Lack phenocrystic pyroxenes, and contain few or no Glass Mountain‐derived rhyolite lithic fragments. Earlier packages (Ig2) were erupted mostly to the north and east, are at least partly intraplinian (interbedded with fall unit F9 to the east), contain pyroxenes, and have lithic fractions rich in Glass Mountain‐derived rhyolite or other lithologies exposed on the northern caldera rim. Recognition of the intraplinian nature of Ig1 east of the caldera and use of the fall deposit chronometry yields accumulation estimates of ca. 25 hrs for an earlier, less‐welded subpackage and ca. 36 hrs for a later, mostly welded subpackage. Average accumulation rates range up to ≥1 mm/s of dense‐welded massive ignimbrite, equivalent to ≥2.5 mm/s of non‐welded material. Comparisons of internal stratification in Ig1 and northern Ig2 lobes suggest the thickest northern ignimbrite accumulated in ≥35 hrs. Identifiable vent positions migrated from an initial site previously proposed in the south‐central part of the caldera (F1‐8, Ig1) in complex fashion; one vent set (for eastern Ig2) migrated east and north toward Glass Mountain, while another set (for northern Ig2) opened from west to east across the northern caldera margin. Vent locations for Ig1 and Ig2 southwest of the caldera have not been identified. The new stratigraphic framework shows that much of the Bishop ignimbrite is intraplinian in nature, and that fall deposits and ignimbrite units previously inferred to be sequential are largely or wholly coeval. Fundamental reassessment is therefore required of all existing models for the eruption dynamics and the nature and causes of pre‐eruptive zonations in trace elements, volatiles, and isotopes in the parental magma chamber.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/515937","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Wilson, C.J., and Hildreth, W., 1997, The Bishop Tuff: New insights from eruptive stratigraphy: Journal of Geology, v. 105, no. 4, p. 407-439, https://doi.org/10.1086/515937.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"439","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228289,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Bishop Tuff, Long Valley Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.9812469482422,\n 37.541855135522226\n ],\n [\n -118.63586425781249,\n 37.541855135522226\n ],\n [\n -118.63586425781249,\n 37.76474401178003\n ],\n [\n -118.9812469482422,\n 37.76474401178003\n ],\n [\n -118.9812469482422,\n 37.541855135522226\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9eee4b08c986b3225f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, C. J. N.","contributorId":22096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019503,"text":"70019503 - 1997 - The urban atmosphere as a non-point source for the transport of MTBE and other volatile organic compounds (VOCS) to shallow groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-12T06:37:55","indexId":"70019503","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The urban atmosphere as a non-point source for the transport of MTBE and other volatile organic compounds (VOCS) to shallow groundwater","docAbstract":"Infiltration and dispersion (including molecular diffusion) can transport volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from urban air into shallow groundwater. The gasoline additive methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is of special interest because of its (1) current levels in some urban air, (2) strong partitioning from air into water, (3) resistance to degradation, (4) use as an octane-booster since the 1970s, (5) rapidly increasing use in the 1990s to reduce CO and O3 in urban air, and (6) its frequent detection at low microgram per liter levels in shallow urban groundwater in Denver, New England, and elsewhere. Numerical simulations were conducted using a 1-D model domain set in medium sand (depth to water table = 5 m) to provide a test of whether MTBE and other atmospheric VOCs could move to shallow groundwater within the 10−15 y time frame over which MTBE has now been used in large amounts. Degradation and sorption were assumed negligible. In case 1 (no infiltration, steady atmospheric source), 10 y was not long enough to permit significant VOC movement by diffusion into shallow groundwater. Case 2 considered a steady atmospheric source plus 36 cm/y of net infiltration; groundwater at 2 m below the water table became nearly saturated with atmospheric levels of VOC within 5 y. Case 3 was similar to case 2, but considered the source to be seasonal, being “on” for only 5 of 12 months each year, as with the use of MTBE during the winter fuel-oxygenate season; groundwater at 2 m below the water table became equilibrated with 5/12 of the “source-on” concentration within 5 y. Cases 4 and 5 added an evapotranspiration (ET) loss of 36 cm/y, resulting in no net recharge. Case 4 took the ET from the surface, and case 5 took the ET from the capillary fringe at a depth of 3.5 m. Net VOC mass transfer to shallow groundwater after 5 y was less for both cases 4 and 5 than for case 3. However, it was significantly greater for cases 4 and 5 than for case 1, even though cases 1, 4, and 5 were all no-net recharge cases. The mechanism responsible for this effect was the dispersion acting on each downward infiltration event, and also on the ET-induced flow. The ability of MTBE to reach groundwater in cases 2−5 is taken as evidence of the potential importance of urban air as a non-point source for VOCs in shallow urban groundwater. Two subcases were run for both case 4 and case 5: subcase a (water and VOCs move with ET) and subcase b (water only moves with ET).
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publication","doi":"10.1021/es970040b","usgsCitation":"Pankow, J.F., Thomson, N., Johnson, R.L., Baehr, A.L., and Zogorski, J., 1997, The urban atmosphere as a non-point source for the transport of MTBE and other volatile organic compounds (VOCS) to shallow groundwater: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31, no. 10, p. 2821-2828, https://doi.org/10.1021/es970040b.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2821","endPage":"2828","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb155e4b08c986b3252d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pankow, J. F.","contributorId":20917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pankow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomson, N.R.","contributorId":51027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomson","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Richard L.","contributorId":169575,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baehr, A. L.","contributorId":59831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zogorski, J.S.","contributorId":108201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019567,"text":"70019567 - 1997 - Transport and degradation of semivolatile hydrocarbons in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer, Bemidji, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-03T17:39:34.643169","indexId":"70019567","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":612,"text":"ACS Symposium Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport and degradation of semivolatile hydrocarbons in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer, Bemidji, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were used as probes to identify the processes controlling the transport and fate of aqueous semivolatile hydrocarbons (SVHCs) in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer near Bemidji, Minnesota. PAH and other SVHCs were isolated from ground water by field solid-phase extraction and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Close to the oil body, aqueous aliphatic hydrocarbon compositions are substantially different from the parent oil, suggesting microbial alteration prior to or during dissolution. Aqueous PAH concentrations are elevated above oil-water equilibrium concentrations directly beneath the oil and decrease dramatically at distances ranging from the 25 to 65 m downgradient from the leading edge of the oil body. Variations in downgradient distributions of naphthalene, fluorene and phenanthrene, coupled with their biodegradation, partitioning and volatility characteristics, suggest that the PAH are useful probes for distinguishing between the biogeochemical processes affecting SVHC transport and persistence in ground water.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/bk-1997-0671.ch026","usgsCitation":"Furlong, E., Koleis, J., and Aiken, G., 1997, Transport and degradation of semivolatile hydrocarbons in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer, Bemidji, Minnesota: ACS Symposium Series, v. 671, p. 398-412, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1997-0671.ch026.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"398","endPage":"412","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227874,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Bemidji","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.81849145043573,\n 47.63065049734956\n ],\n [\n -95.08942367782309,\n 47.63065049734956\n ],\n [\n -95.08942367782309,\n 47.44684126204635\n ],\n [\n -94.81849145043573,\n 47.44684126204635\n ],\n [\n -94.81849145043573,\n 47.63065049734956\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"671","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb733e4b08c986b3270f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koleis, J. C.","contributorId":62082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koleis","given":"J. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019447,"text":"70019447 - 1997 - Comagmatic granophyric granite in the Fish Canyon Tuff, Colorado: Implications for magma-chamber processes during a large ash-flow eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-17T01:08:05.805612","indexId":"70019447","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comagmatic granophyric granite in the Fish Canyon Tuff, Colorado: Implications for magma-chamber processes during a large ash-flow eruption","docAbstract":"The 27.8 Ma Fish Canyon Tuff, a vast ash-flow sheet (∼ 5000 km3) of uniform phenocryst-rich dacite, is representative of “monotonous intermediate” eruptions from a magma chamber that lacked compositional gradients. Sparse small fragments of comagmatic granophyre in late-erupted tuff and postcaldera lava, having mineral compositions indistinguishable from phenocrysts in the tuff and precaldera lava-like rocks, record complex events in the Fish Canyon chamber just prior to eruption. Sanidine phenocrysts in the granophyre preserve zoning evidence of mingling with andesitic magma, then shattering by decompression and volatile loss accompanying early Fish Canyon eruptions before overgrowth by granophyre. The textural and chemical disequilibria indicate that the eruption resulted from batholith-scale remobilization of a shallow subvolcanic chamber, contrary to previous interpretations of magma storage and phenocryst growth in the lower crust.
A mass balance model was developed and applied to the Sacramento River in northern California during the July 1991 Sacramento River metam-sodium spill. The transport and reactions of metam-sodium, a soil fumigant, and the volatile and toxic methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) were simulated during the two-and-a-half days of movement along a 68-km stretch of river. Results from modeling were compared with field data for MITC, which is the only product measured downriver after the spill. Agreement between the simulated and measured values of MITC concentrations were found at Doney Creek (65.9 km downstream). Results illuminated the complexities and unique characteristics associated with the multiple kinetic processes of the chemical plume in the river. In particular, the photolysis of metam-sodium followed zero-order kinetics for high concentrations and first-order kinetics for low concentrations, a unique phenomenon consistent with the finding reported in a laboratory study. Concentrations of metam-sodium for transition from zeroto first-order, obtained by calibration and model sensitivity analyses, were in the same range as those in the reported laboratory results.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:7(704)","issn":"07339372","usgsCitation":"Wang, P., Mill, T., Martin, J., and Wool, T., 1997, Fate and transport of metam spill in Sacramento River: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 123, no. 7, p. 704-712, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:7(704).","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"704","endPage":"712","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227939,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f0ae4b0c8380cd53728","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, P.-F.","contributorId":25311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"P.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mill, T.","contributorId":100133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mill","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, J.L.","contributorId":71328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wool, T.A.","contributorId":75289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wool","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44307,"text":"ofr96646 - 1997 - Combined-sewer overflow data and methods of sample collection for selected sites, Detroit, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-15T20:04:25.953938","indexId":"ofr96646","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-646","title":"Combined-sewer overflow data and methods of sample collection for selected sites, Detroit, Michigan","docAbstract":"The discharge of untreated sewage is illegal in Michigan unless permitted under Act 245 due to public health concerns. In October, 1992, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR, now the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality) issued a discharge permit to Detroit authorizing discharge from the City's 78 combined-sewer overflows (CSOs), and requiring that a long-term control plan be developed to achieve mandated waterquality standards in receiving waters. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) issued a national CSO policy in April, 1994, which requires (1) operational improvements of existing systems to minimize discharges and prevent their occurrence in dry weather; (2) publicly operated treatment works (POTW) to characterize the frequency and volume of discharges; and (3) construction of CSO discharge control projects where necessary.
In 1993, the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG) requested assistance from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with Detroit Water and Sewerage Department (DWSD) and MDNR, Surface Water Quality Division, to address part of the technical data requirements for requirement 2. The USGS scope of services for this interdisciplinary, multiagency investigation consisted of collection, compilation, and interpretation of the necessary hydrologic data, and documentation of results. In addition to USGS personnel, personnel from DWSD assisted with the field collection of samples and in alerting USGS personnel to CSO effluent discharges.
From October 1, 1994 through December 31, 1995, four CSOs discharging to the Detroit River in Detroit, Michigan (figure 1) were monitored to characterize storm-related water quantity and quality. Water velocity, stage, and precipitation were measured continuously and recorded at 5-minute intervals. Water-quality samples were collected at discrete times during storms and analyzed for inorganic and organic pollutants. Discharges were sampled between 30 and 78 times for inorganic pollutants, and between 14 and 22 times for organic pollutants, depending on the site. These samples represented between 8 and 17 storms during which one or more of the four selected CSOs discharged. The monitored pollutants included fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, and Escherichia coli; antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, total chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, silver, thallium and zinc; and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, volatile organic compounds, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Metal and non-metal inorganic pollutants were detected at all sites. Many organic pollutants were not detected at all.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96646","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with: City of Detroit, Michigan Southeast Michigan Council of Governments Michigan Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Sweat, M., and Wolf, J., 1997, Combined-sewer overflow data and methods of sample collection for selected sites, Detroit, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-646, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96646.","productDescription":"23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168752,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0646/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":464205,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0646/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Detroit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.4796142578125,\n 42.16238548673798\n ],\n [\n -83.4796142578125,\n 42.527784255084676\n ],\n [\n -82.81219482421875,\n 42.527784255084676\n ],\n [\n -82.81219482421875,\n 42.16238548673798\n ],\n [\n -83.4796142578125,\n 42.16238548673798\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae6eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweat, M.J.","contributorId":90786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweat","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolf, J.R.","contributorId":58702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5015,"text":"fs02997 - 1997 - Volatile organic compounds in ground water in the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins, 1993-1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"fs02997","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"029-97","title":"Volatile organic compounds in ground water in the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins, 1993-1995","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs02997","usgsCitation":"Grady, S.J., 1997, Volatile organic compounds in ground water in the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins, 1993-1995: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 029-97, 1 folded sheet [6 p.] : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs02997.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet [6 p.] : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125190,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0029/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31847,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0029/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd9bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grady, Stephen J.","contributorId":101636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44842,"text":"wri974054B - 1997 - Rock-stratigraphic nomenclature, lithology, and subcrop area of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit in Illinois and Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T18:38:07.376529","indexId":"wri974054B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4054","chapter":"B","title":"Rock-stratigraphic nomenclature, lithology, and subcrop area of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit in Illinois and Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The Galena-Platteville bedrock unit is a dependable source of ground water for many private well owners and some municipal-water-supply systems in northern Illinois (Hackett, 1960) and in Wisconsin. The carbonate lithology of the unit contributes to the availability of ground water and also to the susceptibility of the unit to ground-water contamination. Susceptibility to contamination is greatest in areas where the unit is overlain by only a thin layer (less than 50 feet) of soil or unconsolidated glacial deposits.
\nWithin the study area in Illinois and Wisconsin (fig. 1), volatile organic compounds and other contaminants have been detected in groundwater samples from various sites (Kay and others, 1989; Mills, 1993a, 1993b; Kay and others, 1994). Known and suspected sources of contaminants are numerous, including landfills and industrial facilities. To determine the possible effects of contamination on the ground-water supply, an understanding of the regional hydrogeologic framework of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit is needed.
\nPublished map and point data describing the geologic and hydrologic properties of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit are available from many sources. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5, has selected and compiled pertinent data. The objective of this study is to publish these data in a series of concise map reports and a bibliographic report listing available sources of information by county for the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit. Investigators involved in site-specific studies within the subcrop area will be able to utilize these reports to design effective site investigations.
\nThis report presents the rock-stratigraphic nomenclature of the lithologic units that make up the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit (fig.2) and provides a brief, generalized description of the lithologic characteristics of each unit. Sources with more detailed descriptions of lithology can be found below in SELECTED REFERENCES. Figure 3 is a map, created from published maps of various scales, showing the areal extent of the Galena-Platteville subcrop and major known geologic structural features in Illinois and Wisconsin. The subcrop area of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit is that area where the unit crops out, or is the uppermost bedrock unit and is overlain by soil or glacial deposits. The unit is present at depth under younger bedrock units south and east of the subcrop area and is absent north and west of the subcrop area. Data sources used to prepare the map are included in SELECTED REFERENCES.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974054B","usgsCitation":"Batten, W.G., Brown, T., Mills, P., and Sabin, T.J., 1997, Rock-stratigraphic nomenclature, lithology, and subcrop area of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit in Illinois and Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4054, 1 Plate: 36.00 x 47.59 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974054B.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 36.00 x 47.59 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168870,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82195,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4054b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":407868,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48682.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 41.53325414281322\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 45.1433047394883\n ],\n [\n -87.51708984375,\n 45.1433047394883\n ],\n [\n -87.51708984375,\n 41.53325414281322\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 41.53325414281322\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe455","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Batten, W. G.","contributorId":89504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batten","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, T.A.","contributorId":12885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mills, P. C.","contributorId":69117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sabin, T. J.","contributorId":56698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}