Runoff from coal-tar-based (CT) sealcoated pavement is a source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and N-heterocycles to surface waters. We investigated acute toxicity of simulated runoff collected from 5 h to 111 days after application of CT sealcoat and from 4 h to 36 days after application of asphalt-based sealcoat containing about 7% CT sealcoat (AS/CT-blend). Ceriodaphnia dubia (cladocerans) and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) were exposed in the laboratory to undiluted and 1:10 diluted runoff for 48 h, then transferred to control water and exposed to 4 h of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Mortality following exposure to undiluted runoff from unsealed asphalt pavement and UVR was ≤10% in all treatments. Test organisms exposed to undiluted CT runoff samples collected during the 3 days (C. dubia) or 36 days (P. promelas) following sealcoat application experienced 100% mortality prior to UVR exposure; with UVR exposure, mortality was 100% for runoff collected across the entire sampling period. Phototoxic-equivalent PAH concentrations and mortality demonstrated an exposure-response relation. The results indicate that runoff remains acutely toxic for weeks to months after CT sealcoat application.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5b00933","usgsCitation":"Mahler, B., Ingersoll, C.G., Van Metre, P., Kunz, J.L., and Little, E.E., 2015, Acute toxicity of runoff from sealcoated pavement to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 49, no. 8, p. 5060-5069, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00933.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"5060","endPage":"5069","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058082","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299675,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"552e2c1be4b0b22a157f9f2d","chorus":{"doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5b00933","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00933","publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","authors":"Mahler Barbara J., Ingersoll Christopher G., Van Metre Peter C., Kunz James L., Little Edward E.","journalName":"Environmental Science & Technology","publicationDate":"4/21/2015","auditedOn":"7/24/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mahler, Barbara 0000-0002-9150-9552 bjmahler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-9552","contributorId":1249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahler","given":"Barbara","email":"bjmahler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Metre, Peter C. pcvanmet@usgs.gov","contributorId":486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"Peter C.","email":"pcvanmet@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kunz, James L. 0000-0002-1027-158X jkunz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1027-158X","contributorId":3309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunz","given":"James","email":"jkunz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70146244,"text":"70146244 - 2015 - Exposure to runoff from coal-tar-sealed pavement induces genotoxicity and impairment of DNA repair capacity in the RTL-W1 fish liver cell line","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-14T13:49:50","indexId":"70146244","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-14T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exposure to runoff from coal-tar-sealed pavement induces genotoxicity and impairment of DNA repair capacity in the RTL-W1 fish liver cell line","docAbstract":"Coal-tar-based (CTB) sealcoat, frequently applied to parking lots and driveways in North America, contains elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and related compounds. The RTL-W1 fish liver cell line was used to investigate two endpoints (genotoxicity and DNA-repair-capacity impairment) associated with exposure to runoff from asphalt pavement with CTB sealcoat or with an asphalt-based sealcoat hypothesized to contain about 7% CTB sealcoat (AS-blend). Genotoxic potential was assessed by the Formamido pyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg)-modified comet assay for 1:10 and 1:100 dilutions of runoff samples collected from 5 h to 36 d following sealcoat application. DNA-repair capacity was assessed by the base excision repair comet assay for 1:10 dilution of samples collected 26 h and 36 d following application. Both assays were run with and without co-exposure to ultraviolet-A radiation (UVA). With co-exposure to UVA, genotoxic effects were significant for both dilutions of CTB runoff for three of four sample times, and for some samples of AS-blend runoff. Base excision repair was significantly impaired for CTB runoff both with and without UVA exposure, and for AS-blend runoff only in the absence of UVA. This study is the first to investigate the effects of exposure to the complex mixture of chemicals in coal tar on DNA repair capacity. The results indicate that co-exposure to runoff from CT-sealcoated pavement and UVA as much as a month after sealcoat application has the potential to cause genotoxicity and impair DNA repair capacity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.005","usgsCitation":"Kienzler, A., Mahler, B., Van Metre, P., Schweigert, N., Devaux, A., and Bony, S., 2015, Exposure to runoff from coal-tar-sealed pavement induces genotoxicity and impairment of DNA repair capacity in the RTL-W1 fish liver cell line: Science of the Total Environment, v. 520, p. 73-80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.005.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060690","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299676,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"520","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"552e2c1fe4b0b22a157f9f2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kienzler, Aude","contributorId":140240,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kienzler","given":"Aude","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13426,"text":"University of Lyon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahler, Barbara 0000-0002-9150-9552 bjmahler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-9552","contributorId":1249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahler","given":"Barbara","email":"bjmahler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Metre, Peter C. pcvanmet@usgs.gov","contributorId":486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"Peter C.","email":"pcvanmet@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schweigert, Nathalie","contributorId":140241,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schweigert","given":"Nathalie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13426,"text":"University of Lyon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Devaux, Alain","contributorId":140242,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Devaux","given":"Alain","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13426,"text":"University of Lyon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bony, Sylvie","contributorId":140243,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bony","given":"Sylvie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13426,"text":"University of Lyon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70146670,"text":"70146670 - 2015 - Effects of extreme floods on trout populations and fish communities in a Catskill Mountain river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-09T11:22:51","indexId":"70146670","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-13T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of extreme floods on trout populations and fish communities in a Catskill Mountain river","docAbstract":"Summary
\n1. Extreme hydrologic events are becoming more common with changing climate. Although the impacts of winter and spring floods on lotic ecosystems have been well studied, the effects of summer floods are less well known.
\n2. The Upper Esopus Creek Basin in the Catskill Mountains, NY, experienced severe flooding from Tropical Storm Irene on 28 August 2011, and peak discharges exceeded the 0.01 annual exceedance probability (>100 year flood) in some reaches. Three years of fish community data from pre-flood surveys at nine sites were compared to data from 2 years of post-flood surveys to evaluate changes in fish communities and populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
\n3. Basinwide, fish assemblages were not strongly impacted and appeared highly resilient to the effects of the flood. Total density and biomass of fish communities were greater at most sites 10-11 months after the flood than 1 month prior to the flood while richness and diversity were generally unchanged. Community composition did not differ significantly between years or between the pre-and post-flood periods.
\n4. Although the density of mature brown trout was low at most sites (mean density = 146 fish ha-1), young-of-the-year brown trout reached their highest density (mean = 2312 fish ha-1) during 2012. In contrast, rainbow trout densities declined substantially during the 5-year study and the 2012 year class was small (mean density = 222 fish ha-1).
\n5. Late summer floods may be less damaging to stream fish communities than winter or spring floods as spawning activity is negligible and early life stages of many species are generally larger and less susceptible to displacement and mortality. Additionally, post-flood conditions may be advantageous for brown trout recruitment.
","language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","publisherLocation":"Oxford, England","doi":"10.1111/fwb.12577","collaboration":"New York State Energy Research & Development Authority; Cornell Cooperative Extension of Ulster County; US Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"George, S.D., Baldigo, B.P., Smith, A., and Robinson, G., 2015, Effects of extreme floods on trout populations and fish communities in a Catskill Mountain river: Freshwater Biology, v. 60, no. 12, p. 2511-2522, https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12577.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2511","endPage":"2522","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052350","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472149,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12577","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":299785,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":299783,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/fwb.12577/full"}],"volume":"60","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55362338e4b0b22a15807a8e","chorus":{"doi":"10.1111/fwb.12577","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12577","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"George S. D., Baldigo B. P., Smith A. J., Robinson G. R.","journalName":"Freshwater Biology","publicationDate":"4/13/2015","auditedOn":"7/24/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"George, Scott D. 0000-0002-8197-1866 sgeorge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8197-1866","contributorId":3014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"Scott","email":"sgeorge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baldigo, Barry P. 0000-0002-9862-9119 bbaldigo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-9119","contributorId":1234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldigo","given":"Barry","email":"bbaldigo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Alexander J.","contributorId":140345,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Alexander J.","affiliations":[{"id":13464,"text":"Environmental Analyst, NY State Dept of Environmental Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, George","contributorId":140346,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13465,"text":"Assoc. Professor, State University of New York at Albany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70147256,"text":"70147256 - 2015 - Habitats of North American sea ducks.","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70147256,"text":"70147256 - 2015 - Habitats of North American sea ducks.","indexId":"70147256","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"13","title":"Habitats of North American sea ducks."},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70146989,"text":"70146989 - 2015 - Ecology and conservation of North American sea ducks","indexId":"70146989","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Ecology and conservation of North American sea ducks"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70146989,"text":"70146989 - 2015 - Ecology and conservation of North American sea ducks","indexId":"70146989","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Ecology and conservation of North American sea ducks"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T10:45:24","indexId":"70147256","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"13","title":"Habitats of North American sea ducks.","docAbstract":"Breeding, molting, fall and spring staging, and wintering habitats of the sea duck tribe Mergini are described based on geographic locations and distribution in North America, geomorphology, vegetation and soil types, and fresh water and marine characteristics. The dynamics of habitats are discussed in light of natural and anthropogenic events that shape areas important to sea ducks. Strategies for sea duck habitat management are outlined and recommendations for international collaboration to preserve key terrestrial and aquatic habitats are advanced. We follow the definition of habitat advanced by Odum (1971), which is the place or space where an organism lives. Weller (1999) emphasized that habitats for waterbirds required presence of sufficient resources (i.e., food, water, cover, space) for maintenance during a portion of their annual cycle. Habitats exploited by North American sea ducks are diverse, widespread across the continent and adjacent marine waters and until recently, most were only superficially known. A 15-year-long effort funded research on sea duck habitats through the Sea Duck Joint Venture and the Endangered or Threatened Species programs of the United States and Canada. Nevertheless, important gaps remain in our understanding of key elements required by some species during various life stages. Many significant habitats, especially staging and wintering sites, have been and continue to be destroyed or altered by anthropogenic activities. The goal of this chapter is to develop a comprehensive summary of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats and their characteristics by considering sea duck species with similar needs as groups within the tribe Mergini. Additionally, we examine threats and changes to sea duck habitats from human-caused and natural events. Last, we evaluate conservation and management programs underway or available for maintenance and enhancement of habitats critical for sea ducks.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology and conservation of North American sea ducks; Studies in Avian Biology v. 46","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","isbn":"9781482248975","usgsCitation":"Derksen, D.V., Petersen, M.R., and Savard, J.L., 2015, Habitats of North American sea ducks., chap. 13 of Ecology and conservation of North American sea ducks; Studies in Avian Biology v. 46, v. 46, p. 469-528.","productDescription":"60 p.","startPage":"469","endPage":"528","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056052","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312271,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":299939,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781482248975"}],"volume":"46","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566ff651e4b09cfe53ca79a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Derksen, Dirk V. dderksen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"Dirk","email":"dderksen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Savard, Jean-Pierre L.","contributorId":101776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Savard","given":"Jean-Pierre","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6962,"text":"Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70147255,"text":"70147255 - 2015 - Remigial molt of sea ducks","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70147255,"text":"70147255 - 2015 - Remigial molt of sea ducks","indexId":"70147255","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"9","title":"Remigial molt of sea ducks"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70146989,"text":"70146989 - 2015 - Ecology and conservation of North American sea ducks","indexId":"70146989","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Ecology and conservation of North American sea ducks"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70146989,"text":"70146989 - 2015 - Ecology and conservation of North American sea ducks","indexId":"70146989","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Ecology and conservation of North American sea ducks"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T10:56:42","indexId":"70147255","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"9","title":"Remigial molt of sea ducks","docAbstract":"Molt is a dynamic process occurring throughout much of the year in waterfowl. The molt of flight feathers by waterfowl, especially sea ducks, however, occurs over a compressed period of time and in spcific areas used each year. We provide an overview of the flight feather molt of sea ducks. We focus on the need to molt and why, the timing and duration of flight feather mot, and the duration birds remain at molting areas; energetics of molt and strategies for managing energetic needs; molt migration' food resources and foraging behavior; predation risks; temporal constraints and competition; response to disturbance; and molt habitats and seasonal differences in habitat used by sea ducks. We conclude by presenting and discussing data gaps and emphasize the continuing need for a holistic approach to sea duck management and international cooperation among countries.
","largerWorkTitle":"Ecology and conservation of North American sea ducks; Studies in Avian Biology v. 46","language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","isbn":"9781482248975","collaboration":"Savard, Jean-Pierre L.","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M.R., and Savard, J.L., 2015, Remigial molt of sea ducks, chap. 9 of Ecology and conservation of North American sea ducks; Studies in Avian Biology v. 46, v. 46, p. 305-336.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"336","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054808","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312268,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":299938,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781482248975"}],"volume":"46","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566ff655e4b09cfe53ca79bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savard, Jean-Pierre L.","contributorId":101776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Savard","given":"Jean-Pierre","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6962,"text":"Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70146256,"text":"70146256 - 2015 - Delineation of fractures, foliation, and groundwater of the bedrock at a geothermal feasibility site on Roosevelt Island, New York County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-24T16:29:02","indexId":"70146256","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Delineation of fractures, foliation, and groundwater of the bedrock at a geothermal feasibility site on Roosevelt Island, New York County, New York","docAbstract":"Advanced borehole-geophysical methods were used to investigate the hydrogeology of the crystalline bedrock in three boreholes on Roosevelt Island, New York County, New York. Cornell University was evaluating the feasibility of using geothermal energy for a future campus at the site. The borehole-logging techniques were used to delineate bedrock fractures, foliation, and groundwater-flow zones of the Fordham Gneiss in test boreholes at the site. Three fracture populations dominated by small (0.04 in or less) fractures were delineated in the three boreholes. A sub-horizontal population with low to moderate dipping fractures, a northeast dipping population with moderate to high angle fractures, and a small northwest dipping high angle fracture population. One large southwest dipping transmissive fracture underlies the entire study area with a mean dip azimuth of 235º southwest and a dip angle of 31º (N325ºW 31ºSW). The mean foliation dip azimuth was 296º northwest with a mean dip angle of 73º (N26ºE 73ºNW). Groundwater appears to flow through a network of fractures dominated by a large fracture underlying the site that is affected by tidal variations from the nearby East River. The total number of fractures penetrated by each borehole was 95, 63, and 68, with fracture indices of 0.26, 0.20, and 0.20 in GT-1 (NY292), GT-2 (NY293), and GT-3 (NY294), respectively. Aquifer test data indicate the specific capacity of boreholes GT-1 (NY292), GT-2 (NY293), and GT-3 (NY294) was 1.9, 1.5, and 3.7 gal/min/ft, respectively. The large contribution of flow from the leaking casing in borehole GT-3 (NY294) caused the doubling in specific capacity compared to boreholes GT-1 (NY292) and GT-2 (NY293). The transmissivities of the large fracture intersected by the three boreholes tested (GT-1, GT-2, and GT-3), calculated from aquifer-test analyses of time-drawdown data and flowmeter differencing, were 133, 124, and 65 feet squared per day (ft2/d), respectively. Gringarten analysis indicated the large fracture intersects a low transmissivity boundary or distant fracture network with an average transmissivity of 69 ft2/d, this distant hydraulic boundary averages about 200 ft away from boreholes GT-1 and GT-2. Field measurements of specific conductance of the three boreholes under ambient conditions at the site indicate an increase in conductivity toward the southwest part of the site. Specific conductance was 5, 6, and 23 millisiemens per centimeter (mS/cm) in boreholes GT-2, GT-3, and GT-1, respectively. Three borehole radar reflection logs collected at each of the boreholes indicated increased penetration with depth and the large fracture intersecting all three boreholes was imaged as far as 80 ft from the boreholes. A borehole radar attenuation tomogram from GT-1 to GT-2 indicated the large fracture intersected by the boreholes extends between the boreholes with a low angle southwest dip.
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The program uses a three-dimensional (3D) method of columns approach to assess the stability of many (typically millions) potential landslides within a user-defined size range. For each potential landslide (or failure), Scoops3D assesses the stability of a rotational, spherical slip surface encompassing many DEM cells using a 3D version of either Bishop’s simplified method or the Ordinary (Fellenius) method of limit-equilibrium analysis. Scoops3D has several options for the user to systematically and efficiently search throughout an entire DEM, thereby incorporating the effects of complex surface topography. In a thorough search, each DEM cell is included in multiple potential failures, and Scoops3D records the lowest stability (factor of safety) for each DEM cell, as well as the size (volume or area) associated with each of these potential landslides. It also determines the least-stable potential failure for the entire DEM. The user has a variety of options for building a 3D domain, including layers or full 3D distributions of strength and pore-water pressures, simplistic earthquake loading, and unsaturated suction conditions. Results from Scoops3D can be readily incorporated into a geographic information system (GIS) or other visualization software. This manual includes information on the theoretical basis for the slope-stability analysis, requirements for constructing and searching a 3D domain, a detailed operational guide (including step-by-step instructions for using the graphical user interface [GUI] software, Scoops3D-i) and input/output file specifications, practical considerations for conducting an analysis, results of verification tests, and multiple examples illustrating the capabilities of Scoops3D. Easy-to-use software installation packages are available for the Windows or Macintosh operating systems; these packages install the compiled Scoops3D program, the GUI (Scoops3D-i), and associated documentation. Several Scoops3D examples, including all input and output files, are available as well. The source code is written in the Fortran 90 language and can be compiled to run on any computer operating system with an appropriate compiler.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Section A: Modeling methods in Book 14 Landslide and Debris-Flow Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm14A1","usgsCitation":"Reid, M.E., Christian, S.B., Brien, D.L., and Henderson, S.T., 2015, Scoops3D: software to analyze 3D slope stability throughout a digital landscape: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 14-A1, Report: xiv, 218 p.; Readme; Windows install package; Mac install disk image; examples folder, https://doi.org/10.3133/tm14A1.","productDescription":"Report: xiv, 218 p.; Readme; Windows install package; Mac install disk image; examples folder","numberOfPages":"236","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049458","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299583,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm14A1.jpg"},{"id":299582,"rank":7,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/14/a01/downloads/tm14-a1_Scoops3Dexamples_1.3.zip","text":"Examples folder","size":"35 MB"},{"id":299580,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/14/a01/downloads/Scoops3D_1.3.01win_installer.exe","text":"Windows install package version 1.3.01","size":"35 MB"},{"id":299579,"rank":4,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/14/a01/downloads/tm14-a1_ReadMe_Scoops3D_1.3.01.txt","size":"15 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":299578,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/14/a01/pdf/tm14-a1.pdf","size":"18.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":299581,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/14/a01/downloads/tm14-a1_Scoops3D_1.1mac.dmg","text":"Mac install disk image version 1.1","size":"51 MB"},{"id":299577,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/14/a01/"}],"publicComments":"This report is Chapter 1 of Section A: Modeling methods in Book 14 Landslide and Debris-Flow Assessment","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5528e61de4b026915857cb00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, Mark E. 0000-0002-5595-1503 mreid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-1503","contributorId":1167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Mark","email":"mreid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christian, Sarah B.","contributorId":20739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brien, Dianne L. dbrien@usgs.gov","contributorId":3296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brien","given":"Dianne","email":"dbrien@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":363,"text":"Landslide Hazards Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Henderson, Scott T.","contributorId":119002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70144858,"text":"70144858 - 2015 - Response to \"Comment on and Reinterpretation of Gabriel et al. (2014) \"Fish Mercury and Surface Water Sulfate Relationships in the Everglades Protection Area\"\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-13T12:56:43","indexId":"70144858","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-10T12:55:06","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response to \"Comment on and Reinterpretation of Gabriel et al. (2014) \"Fish Mercury and Surface Water Sulfate Relationships in the Everglades Protection Area\"\"","docAbstract":"The purpose of this forum is to respond to a rebuttal submitted by Julian et al., Environ Manag 55:1–5, 2015 where they outlined their overall disagreement with the data preparation, methods, and interpretation of results presented in Gabriel et al. (Environ Manag 53:583–593, 2014). Here, we provide background information on the research premise presented in Gabriel et al. (Environ Manag 53:583–593, 2014) and provide a defense for this work using five themes. In spite of what Julian et al. perceive as limitations in the sampling methods and analytical tools used for this work, the relationships found between fish total mercury and surface water sulfate concentrations in Gabriel et al. (Environ Manag 53:583–593, 2014) are comparable to relationships between pore water methylmercury (MeHg) and pore water sulfate found in past studies indicating that sulfate is important to MeHg production and bioaccumulation in the Everglades. Julian et al. state “…there is no way to justify any ecosystem-wide sulfur strategy as a management approach to reduce mercury risk in the (Everglades) as suggested by Gabriel et al. (Environ Manag 53:583–593, 2014), Corrales et al. (Sci Tot Environ 409:2156–2162, 2011) and Orem et al. (Rev Environ Sci Technol 41 (S1):249–288, 2011).” We disagree, and having stated why sulfate input reduction to the Everglades may be the most effective means of reducing mercury in Everglades fish, it is important that research on sulfur and mercury biogeochemistry continues. If further studies support the relationship between sulfate loading reduction and MeHg reduction, sulfur mass balance studies should commence to (1) better quantify agricultural and connate seawater sulfate inputs and (2) define opportunities to reduce sulfate inputs to the Everglades ecosystem.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-015-0486-0","usgsCitation":"Gabriel, M.C., Axelrad, D., Orem, W.H., and Osborne, T.Z., 2015, Response to \"Comment on and Reinterpretation of Gabriel et al. (2014) \"Fish Mercury and Surface Water Sulfate Relationships in the Everglades Protection Area\"\": Environmental Management, v. 55, no. 6, p. 1227-1231, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0486-0.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1227","endPage":"1231","ipdsId":"IP-063092","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366530,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gabriel, Mark C.","contributorId":140034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gabriel","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13361,"text":"International Joint Commission, Washington DC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Axelrad, Don","contributorId":140035,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Axelrad","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13362,"text":"Florida A&M University, Inst. of Public Health, Tallahassee, FL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Orem, William H. 0000-0003-4990-0539 borem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"William","email":"borem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Osborne, Todd Z.","contributorId":140037,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Osborne","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":13363,"text":"University of Florida, Wetland Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Soil and Water Science Dept, Gainesville, FL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70134287,"text":"cir1407 - 2015 - The water-energy nexus: An earth science perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-29T17:17:38.039351","indexId":"cir1407","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-10T09:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1407","title":"The water-energy nexus: An earth science perspective","docAbstract":"Water availability and use are closely connected with energy development and use. Water cannot be delivered to homes, businesses, and industries without energy, and most forms of energy development require large amounts of water. The United States faces two significant and sometimes competing challenges: to provide sustainable supplies of freshwater for humans and ecosystems and to ensure adequate sources of energy for future generations. This report reviews the complex ways in which water and energy are interconnected and describes the earth science data collection and research that can help the Nation address these important challenges.
\nThe earth sciences have been a cornerstone in developing our current understanding of the water-energy nexus. A full understanding of the nexus, however, is limited by uncertainty in our knowledge of fundamental issues, such as the quantity of freshwater that is available, the amount of water that is used in energy development, the effects that emerging energy development technologies have on water quality and quantity, and the amount of energy required to treat and deliver freshwater. Enhanced data collection and research can improve our understanding of these important issues and thereby lay the groundwork for informed resource management.
\nRelevant earth science issues analyzed and discussed herein include freshwater availability; water use; ecosystems health; assessment of saline water resources; assessment of fossil-fuel, uranium, and geothermal resources; subsurface injection of wastewater and carbon dioxide and related induced seismicity; climate change and its effect on water availability and energy production; byproducts and waste streams of energy development; emerging energy-development technologies; and energy for water treatment and delivery.
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engle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5258-7374","contributorId":584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engle","given":"Mark","email":"engle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bales, Jerad D. 0000-0001-8398-6984 jdbales@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-6984","contributorId":683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"Jerad","email":"jdbales@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70187270,"text":"70187270 - 2015 - Effects of microhabitat and land use on stream salamander abundance in the southwest Virginia coalfields","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T09:51:56","indexId":"70187270","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effects of microhabitat and land use on stream salamander abundance in the southwest Virginia coalfields","docAbstract":"Large-scale land uses such as residential wastewater discharge and coal mining practices, particularly surface coal extraction and associated valley fills, are of particular ecological concern in central Appalachia. Identification and quantification of both alterations across scales are a necessary first-step to mitigate negative consequences to biota. In central Appalachian headwater streams absent of fish, salamanders are the dominant, most abundant vertebrate predator providing a significant intermediate trophic role. Stream salamander species are considered to be sensitive to aquatic stressors and environmental alterations, and past research has shown linkages among microhabitat parameters, large-scale land use such as urbanization and logging with salamander abundances. However, little is known about these linkages in the coalfields of central Appalachia. In the summer of 2013, we visited 70 sites (sampled three times each) in the southwest Virginia coalfields to survey salamanders and quantify stream and riparian microhabitat parameters. Using an information-theoretic framework we compared the effects of microhabitat and large-scale land use on salamander abundances. Our findings indicate that dusky salamander (Desmognathus spp.) abundances are more correlated to microhabitat parameters such as canopy cover than to subwatershed land uses. Brook salamander (Eurycea spp.) abundances show strong negative associations to the suspended sediments and stream substrate embeddedness. Neither Desmognathus spp. nor Eurycea spp. abundances were influenced by water conductivity. These suggest protection or restoration of riparian habitats and erosion control is an important conservation component for maintaining stream salamanders in the mined landscapes of central Appalachia.
","conferenceTitle":"Second Environmental Considerations in Energy Production Conference","conferenceDate":"September 20-23, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Pittsburgh, PA","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Mining, Mettallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.","publisherLocation":"Englewood, CO","usgsCitation":"Sweeten, S.E., and Ford, W., 2015, Effects of microhabitat and land use on stream salamander abundance in the southwest Virginia coalfields, Second Environmental Considerations in Energy Production Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, September 20-23, 2015, 19 p.","productDescription":"19 p.","ipdsId":"IP-064395","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340891,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Mark 0000-0002-9611-594X wford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-594X","contributorId":172499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"W. Mark","email":"wford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":693150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70142432,"text":"sir20155041 - 2015 - Revision and proposed modification for a total maximum daily load model for Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-09T16:21:03","indexId":"sir20155041","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-09T17:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5041","title":"Revision and proposed modification for a total maximum daily load model for Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"This report presents Phase 2 of the review and development of the mass balance water-quality model, originally developed in 2001, that guided establishment of the phosphorus (P) total maximum daily load (TMDL) for Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon. The purpose of Phase 2 was to incorporate a longer (19-year) set of external phosphorus loading data into the lake TMDL model than had originally been available, and to develop a proof-of-concept method for modeling algal mortality and the consequent decrease in chlorophyll a that had not been possible with the 2001 TMDL model formulation.
\nUsing the extended 1991–2010 external phosphorus loading dataset, the lake TMDL model was recalibrated following the same procedures outlined in the Phase 1 review. The version of the model selected for further development incorporated an updated sediment initial condition, a numerical solution method for the chlorophyll a model, changes to light and phosphorus factors limiting algal growth, and a new pH-model regression, which removed Julian day dependence in order to avoid discontinuities in pH at year boundaries. This updated lake TMDL model was recalibrated using the extended dataset in order to compare calibration parameters to those obtained from a calibration with the original 7.5-year dataset. The resulting algal settling velocity calibrated from the extended dataset was more than twice the value calibrated with the original dataset, and, because the calibrated values of algal settling velocity and recycle rate are related (more rapid settling required more rapid recycling), the recycling rate also was larger than that determined with the original dataset. These changes in calibration parameters highlight the uncertainty in critical rates in the Upper Klamath Lake TMDL model and argue for their direct measurement in future data collection to increase confidence in the model predictions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155041","usgsCitation":"Wherry, S.A., Wood, T.M., and Anderson, C.W., 2015, Revision and proposed modification for a total maximum daily load model for Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5041, vii, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155041.","productDescription":"vii, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057247","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299551,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155041.JPG"},{"id":299549,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5041/"},{"id":299550,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5041/pdf/sir2015-5041.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.4 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PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5527949ee4b026915857c83e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wherry, Susan A. 0000-0002-6749-8697 swherry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6749-8697","contributorId":4952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wherry","given":"Susan","email":"swherry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, Tamara M. 0000-0001-6057-8080 tmwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6057-8080","contributorId":1164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Tamara","email":"tmwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Chauncey W. 0000-0002-1016-3781 chauncey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-3781","contributorId":139268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Chauncey","email":"chauncey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70141222,"text":"sir20155016 - 2015 - Evaluation of mean-monthly streamflow-regression equations for Colorado, 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-09T09:22:23","indexId":"sir20155016","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-09T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5016","title":"Evaluation of mean-monthly streamflow-regression equations for Colorado, 2014","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board, evaluated the predictive uncertainty of mean-monthly streamflow-regression equations representative of natural streamflow conditions in Colorado. This study evaluates the predictive uncertainty of mean-monthly streamflow-regression equations developed in a 2009 U.S. Geological Survey study using streamflow data collected over the entire period of record at each streamgage through calendar year 2013. The study area for this report is limited to the Mountain, Northwest, Rio Grande, and Southwest hydrologic regions of Colorado.
\nData collected from the beginning of the period of record through calendar year 2013 were used to evaluate the mean-monthly streamflow equations using the same basin characteristics as in the 2009 study. U.S. Geological Survey and Colorado Division of Water Resources streamgages with at least 10 years of streamflow record and identified as representative of natural streamflow conditions were selected for this study. During the streamgage selection process, a total of 432 streamgages, composed of 278 from the 2009 study and 154 new streamgages, were identified.
\nThe updated standard error of prediction and adjusted coefficient of determination values that correspond to the mean-monthly streamflow equations developed in the 2009 study are in close agreement with the results of this study. The old streamgages performed slightly better than the new streamgages, with approximately 88 and 85 percent of the data within the prediction intervals, respectively. This result was expected because the streamgages used to develop the regression equations should yield a better performance than the new streamgages.
\nFor all hydrologic regions, approximately 87 percent of the data are within the 95-percent prediction intervals. The explanation for why fewer than 95 percent of the data are within the prediction intervals is that the data do not conform perfectly to the regression assumptions required to accurately estimate performance metrics. The equations for the Rio Grande hydrologic region had the best fit with the parametric prediction-interval assumptions, with approximately 91.8 percent of the data within the prediction interval (average 12 months). The Mountain, Northwest, and Southwest hydrologic regions had 87.8, 84.9, and 83.5 percent of the data contained within the prediction interval, respectively.
\nMonthly adjusted coefficient of determination values were computed and have the same general pattern for all four hydrologic regions. The largest values usually occur in March or April, and the lowest values usually occur in August or September. Only the Rio Grande hydrologic region deviates from this seasonal pattern, exhibiting a decrease in adjusted coefficient of determination values in August and September, with the lowest values occurring in the winter months (December, January, and February). Generally, the adjusted coefficient of determination values for this report are just slightly less (0.76 compared to 0.79) than the values computed in the 2009 study. The similarity of values, even when tested with data not used to originally develop the mean-monthly streamflow-regression equations, provides confidence that the predictive uncertainty of mean-monthly regression equations in the 2009 study are accurate. The fact that the results for the two datasets are very similar provides assurance that when these equations are applied to locations not used to develop the equations, the standard error of prediction and adjusted-coefficient of determination error metrics should be similar to those established in the 2009 study for locations with natural streamflow.
\nThe median absolute differences between the observed and computed mean-monthly streamflow for Mountain, Northwest, and Southwest hydrologic regions are fairly uniform throughout the year, with the exception of late summer and early fall (July, August, and September), when each hydrologic region exhibits a substantial increase in median absolute percent difference. The greatest difference occurs in the Northwest hydrologic region, and the smallest difference occurs in the Mountain hydrologic region. The Rio Grande hydrologic region shows seasonal variation in median absolute percent difference with March, April, August, and September having a median absolute difference near or below 40 percent, and the remaining months of the year having a median absolute difference near or above 50 percent. In the Mountain, Northwest, and Southwest hydrologic regions, the mean-monthly streamflow equations perform the best during spring (March, April, and May). However, in the Rio Grande hydrologic region, the mean-monthly streamflow equations perform the best during late summer and early fall (August and September).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155016","collaboration":"Colorado Water Conservation Board","usgsCitation":"Kohn, M.S., Stevens, M.R., Bock, A.R., and Char, S.J., 2015, Evaluation of mean-monthly streamflow-regression equations for Colorado, 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5016, vii, 53, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155016.","productDescription":"vii, 53","startPage":"53","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2013-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-057631","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299533,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155016.jpg"},{"id":299532,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5016/pdf/sir2015-5016.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.84 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":299521,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5016/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.45654296875,\n 36.12012758978146\n ],\n [\n -110.45654296875,\n 41.78769700539063\n ],\n [\n -104.853515625,\n 41.78769700539063\n ],\n [\n -104.853515625,\n 36.12012758978146\n ],\n [\n -110.45654296875,\n 36.12012758978146\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5527949ae4b026915857c838","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kohn, Michael S. 0000-0002-5989-7700 mkohn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5989-7700","contributorId":4549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohn","given":"Michael","email":"mkohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevens, Michael R. 0000-0002-9476-6335 mrsteven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6335","contributorId":769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Michael","email":"mrsteven@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bock, Andrew R. 0000-0001-7222-6613 abock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7222-6613","contributorId":4580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bock","given":"Andrew","email":"abock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Char, Stephen J. sjchar@usgs.gov","contributorId":3982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Char","given":"Stephen","email":"sjchar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70141356,"text":"sir20155028 - 2015 - New argon-argon (40Ar/39Ar) radiometric age dates from selected subsurface basalt flows at the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-09T09:06:19","indexId":"sir20155028","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-09T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5028","title":"New argon-argon (40Ar/39Ar) radiometric age dates from selected subsurface basalt flows at the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"In 2011, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, collected samples for 12 new argon-argon radiometric ages from eastern Snake River Plain olivine tholeiite basalt flows in the subsurface at the Idaho National Laboratory. The core samples were collected from flows that had previously published paleomagnetic data. Samples were sent to Rutgers University for argon-argon radiometric dating analyses.
\nPaleomagnetic and stratigraphic data were used to constrain the results of the age dating experiments to derive the preferred age for each basalt flow. Knowledge of the ages of subsurface basalt flows is needed to improve numerical models of groundwater flow and contaminant transport in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer. This could be accomplished by increasing the ability to correlate basalt flow from corehole to corehole in the subsurface. The age of basalt flows also can be used in volcanic recurrence and landscape evolution studies that are important to better understand future hazards that could occur at the Idaho National Laboratory.
\nResults indicate that ages ranged from 60 ± 16 thousand years ago for Quaking Aspen Butte to 621 ± 9 thousand years ago for State Butte.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155028","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Hodges, M., Turrin, B.D., Champion, D.E., and Swisher, C.C., 2015, New argon-argon (40Ar/39Ar) radiometric age dates from selected subsurface basalt flows at the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5028, v, 25 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155028.","productDescription":"v, 25 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-044883","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299524,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5028/"},{"id":299528,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5028/pdf/sir2015-5028.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":299529,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5028/download/sir2015-5028_AppendixA.zip","text":"Appendix A","size":"12.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix A"},{"id":299530,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155028.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Idaho National Laboratory","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.345703125,\n 43.389081939117496\n ],\n [\n -114.345703125,\n 44.38669150215206\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 44.38669150215206\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 43.389081939117496\n ],\n [\n -114.345703125,\n 43.389081939117496\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5527949de4b026915857c83c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodges, Mary K. V. 0000-0001-8708-0354 mkhodges@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-0354","contributorId":3023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"Mary K. V.","email":"mkhodges@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turrin, Brent D.","contributorId":139307,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turrin","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12727,"text":"Rutgers University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Champion, Duane E. 0000-0001-7854-9034 dchamp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9034","contributorId":2912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Duane","email":"dchamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swisher, Carl C. III","contributorId":139308,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swisher","given":"Carl","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12727,"text":"Rutgers University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70142422,"text":"ds926 - 2015 - Digital surfaces and thicknesses of selected hydrogeologic units of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-02T12:28:04","indexId":"ds926","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-08T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"926","title":"Digital surfaces and thicknesses of selected hydrogeologic units of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina","docAbstract":"Digital surfaces and thicknesses of selected hydrogeologic units of the Floridan aquifer system were developed to define an updated hydrogeologic framework as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Resources Program. The dataset contains structural surfaces depicting the top and base of the aquifer system, its major and minor hydrogeologic units and zones, geophysical marker horizons, and the altitude of the 10,000-milligram-per-liter total dissolved solids boundary that defines the approximate fresh and saline parts of the aquifer system. The thicknesses of selected major and minor units or zones were determined by interpolating points of known thickness or from raster surface subtraction of the structural surfaces. Additional data contained include clipping polygons; regional polygon features that represent geologic or hydrogeologic aspects of the aquifers and the minor units or zones; data points used in the interpolation; and polygon and line features that represent faults, boundaries, and other features in the aquifer system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds926","collaboration":"Groundwater Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Williams, L.J., and Dixon, J.F., 2015, Digital surfaces and thicknesses of selected hydrogeologic units of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 926, Report: vi, 24 p.; Readme; Geodatabase; Shapefiles; Raster files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds926.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 24 p.; Readme; Geodatabase; Shapefiles; Raster files","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-041756","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. 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The updated framework generally conforms to the original framework established by the U.S. Geological Survey in the 1980s, except for adjustments made to the internal boundaries of the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers and the individual higher and contrasting lower permeability zones within these aquifers. The system behaves as one aquifer over much of its extent; although subdivided vertically into two aquifer units, the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers. In the previous framework, discontinuous numbered middle confining units (MCUI–VII) were used to subdivide the system. In areas where less-permeable rocks do not occur within the middle part of the system, the system was previously considered one aquifer and named the Upper Floridan aquifer. In intervening years, more detailed data have been collected in local areas, resulting in some of the same lithostratigraphic units in the Floridan aquifer system being assigned to the Upper or Lower Floridan aquifer in different parts of the State of Florida. Additionally, some of the numbered middle confining units are found to have hydraulic properties within the same order of magnitude as the aquifers. A new term “composite unit” is introduced for lithostratigraphic units that cannot be defined as either a confining or aquifer unit over their entire extent. This naming convention is a departure from the previous framework, in that stratigraphy is used to consistently subdivide the aquifer system into upper and lower aquifers across the State of Florida. This lithostratigraphic mapping approach does not change the concept of flow within the system. The revised boundaries of the Floridan aquifer system were mapped by considering results from local studies and regional correlations of lithostratigraphic and hydrogeologic units or zones. Additional zones within the aquifers have been incorporated into the framework to allow finer delineation of permeability variations within the aquifer system. These additional zones can be used to progressively divide the system for assessing groundwater and surface-water interaction, saltwater intrusion, and offshore movement of groundwater at greater detail if necessary. The lateral extent of the updip boundary of the Floridan aquifer system is modified from previous work based on newer data and inclusion of parts of the updip clastic facies. The carbonate and clastic facies form a gradational sequence, generally characterized by limestone of successively younger units that extend progressively farther updip. Because of the gradational nature of the carbonate-clastic sequence, some of the updip clastic aquifers have been included in the Floridan aquifer system, the Southeastern Coastal Plain aquifer system, or both. Thus, the revised updip limit includes some of these clastic facies. Additionally, the updip limit of the most productive part of the Floridan aquifer system was revised and indicates the approximate updip limit of the carbonate facies. The extent and altitude of the freshwater-saltwater interface in the aquifer system has been mapped to define the freshwater part of the flow system.
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North Carolina–South Carolina–Georgia
20 Gracern Road, Suite 129
Columbia, SC 29210
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/
Juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha emigrating from natal tributaries of the Sacramento River, California, must negotiate the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (hereafter, the Delta), a complex network of natural and man-made channels linking the Sacramento River with San Francisco Bay. Fish that enter the interior and southern Delta—the region to the south of the Sacramento River where water pumping stations are located—survive at a lower rate than fish that use alternative migration routes. Consequently, total survival decreases as the fraction of the population entering the interior Delta increases, thus spurring management actions to reduce the proportion of fish that are entrained into the interior Delta. To better inform management actions, we modeled entrainment probability as a function of hydrodynamic variables. We fitted alternative entrainment models to telemetry data that identified when tagged fish in the Sacramento River entered two river channels leading to the interior Delta (Georgiana Slough and the gated Delta Cross Channel). We found that the probability of entrainment into the interior Delta through both channels depended strongly on the river flow and tidal stage at the time of fish arrival at the river junction. Fish that arrived during ebb tides had a low entrainment probability, whereas fish that arrived during flood tides (i.e., when the river's flow was reversed) had a high probability of entering the interior Delta. We coupled our entrainment model with a flow simulation model to evaluate the effect of nighttime closures of the Delta Cross Channel gates on the daily probability of fish entrainment into the interior Delta. Relative to 24-h gate closures, nighttime closures increased daily entrainment probability by 3 percentage points on average if fish arrived at the river junction uniformly throughout the day and by only 1.3 percentage points if 85% of fish arrived at night. We illustrate how our model can be used to evaluate the effects of alternative water management actions on fish entrainment into the interior Delta.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2014.1001038","usgsCitation":"Perry, R.W., Brandes, P., Burau, J.R., Sandstrom, P.T., and Skalski, J.R., 2015, Effect of tides, river flow, and gate operations on entrainment of juvenile salmon into the interior Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 144, no. 3, p. 445-455, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2014.1001038.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"445","endPage":"455","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056864","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300640,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.91734313964844,\n 38.05403884511629\n ],\n [\n -121.89743041992189,\n 38.053227812983906\n ],\n [\n -121.86927795410156,\n 38.07079816372681\n ],\n [\n -121.8651580810547,\n 38.07431172756913\n ],\n [\n -121.84078216552733,\n 38.079446632654914\n ],\n [\n -121.79786682128905,\n 38.06458144502031\n ],\n [\n -121.78207397460936,\n 38.05809387097575\n ],\n [\n -121.7841339111328,\n 38.04700960141592\n ],\n [\n -121.77452087402344,\n 38.037275688165614\n ],\n [\n -121.75907135009764,\n 38.03376034594566\n ],\n [\n -121.75048828124999,\n 38.02997440409721\n ],\n [\n -121.7501449584961,\n 38.01374672284207\n ],\n [\n -121.761474609375,\n 38.01834493072087\n ],\n [\n -121.77932739257812,\n 38.01320573824361\n ],\n [\n -121.8002700805664,\n 38.01618110412486\n ],\n [\n -121.80953979492188,\n 38.01428770344776\n ],\n [\n -121.83700561523438,\n 38.02240193339466\n ],\n [\n -121.8558883666992,\n 38.02727004012099\n ],\n [\n -121.87957763671874,\n 38.032137823399275\n ],\n [\n -121.88541412353514,\n 38.03348992801713\n ],\n [\n -121.89228057861328,\n 38.03889809689809\n ],\n [\n -121.90395355224608,\n 38.03700528321584\n ],\n [\n -121.92352294921874,\n 38.04160203158018\n ],\n [\n -121.91734313964844,\n 38.05403884511629\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"144","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555f01c0e4b0a92fa7eb969b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Russell W. 0000-0003-4110-8619 rperry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-8619","contributorId":2820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Russell","email":"rperry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brandes, Patricia L.","contributorId":25834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandes","given":"Patricia L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burau, Jon R. 0000-0002-5196-5035 jrburau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":1500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"Jon","email":"jrburau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sandstrom, Philip T. psandstrom@usgs.gov","contributorId":5907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandstrom","given":"Philip","email":"psandstrom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":547407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Skalski, John R.","contributorId":94131,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skalski","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13190,"text":"School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70154856,"text":"70154856 - 2015 - A chronicle of a killer alga in the west: Ecology, assessment, and management of Prymnesium parvum blooms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T17:35:37.333821","indexId":"70154856","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-08T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A chronicle of a killer alga in the west: Ecology, assessment, and management of Prymnesium parvum blooms","title":"A chronicle of a killer alga in the west: Ecology, assessment, and management of Prymnesium parvum blooms","docAbstract":"Since the mid-1980s, fish-killing blooms of Prymnesium parvum spread throughout the USA. In the south central USA, P. parvum blooms have commonly spanned hundreds of kilometers. There is much evidence that physiological stress brought on by inorganic nutrient limitation enhances toxicity. Other factors influence toxin production as well, such as stress experienced at low salinity and temperature. A better understanding of toxin production by P. parvum remains elusive and the identities and functions of chemicals produced are unclear. This limits our understanding of factors that facilitated the spread of P. parvum blooms. In the south central USA, not only is there evidence that the spread of blooms was controlled, in part, by migration limitation. But there are also observations that suggest changed environmental conditions, primarily salinity, facilitated the spread of blooms. Other factors that might have played a role include altered hydrology and nutrient loading. Changes in water hardness, herbicide use, system pH, and the presence of toxin-resistant and/or P. parvum-inhibiting plankton may also have played a role. Management of P. parvum in natural systems has yet to be attempted, but may be guided by successes achieved in small impoundments and mesocosm experiments that employed various chemical and hydraulic control approaches.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10750-015-2273-6","usgsCitation":"Roelke, D.L., Barkoh, A., Brooks, B.W., Grover, J.P., Hambright, K.D., LaClaire, J.W., Moeller, P.D., and Patino, R., 2015, A chronicle of a killer alga in the west: Ecology, assessment, and management of Prymnesium parvum blooms: Hydrobiologia, v. 764, p. 29-50, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2273-6.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061394","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305644,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"764","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7ef48e4b0bc0bec09f00f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roelke, D. L.","contributorId":28342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelke","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barkoh, Aaron","contributorId":145542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barkoh","given":"Aaron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brooks, Bryan W. 0000-0002-6277-9852","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6277-9852","contributorId":198868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brooks","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":35352,"text":"Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grover, J. P.","contributorId":20453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grover","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hambright, K. D.","contributorId":25793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hambright","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"LaClaire, John W. II","contributorId":145543,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"LaClaire","given":"John","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moeller, Peter D. R.","contributorId":145544,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moeller","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Patino, Reynaldo 0000-0002-4831-8400 r.patino@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-8400","contributorId":2311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"Reynaldo","email":"r.patino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70145561,"text":"70145561 - 2015 - The dynamics of avian influenza in western Arctic snow geese: implications for annual and migratory infection patterns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-17T15:07:23","indexId":"70145561","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-08T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The dynamics of avian influenza in western Arctic snow geese: implications for annual and migratory infection patterns","docAbstract":"Wild water birds are the natural reservoir for low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIV). However, our ability to investigate the epizootiology of AIV in these migratory populations is challenging, and despite intensive worldwide surveillance, remains poorly understood. We conducted a cross-sectional, retrospective analysis in Pacific Flyway lesser snow geese Chen caerulescens to investigate AIV serology and infection patterns. We collected nearly 3,000 sera samples from snow geese at 2 breeding colonies in Russia and Canada during 1993-1996 and swab samples from > 4,000 birds at wintering and migration areas in the United States during 2006-2011. We found seroprevalence and annual seroconversion varied considerably among years. Seroconversion and infection rates also differed between snow goose breeding colonies and wintering areas, suggesting that AIV exposure in this gregarious waterfowl species is likely occurring during several phases (migration, wintering and potentially breeding areas) of the annual cycle. We estimated AIV antibody persistence was longer (14 months) in female geese compared to males (6 months). This relatively long period of AIV antibody persistence suggests that subtype-specific serology may be an effective tool for detection of exposure to subtypes associated with highly-pathogenic AIV. Our study provides further evidence of high seroprevalence in Arctic goose populations, and estimates of annual AIV seroconversion and antibody persistence for North American waterfowl. We suggest future AIV studies include serology to help elucidate the epizootiological dynamics of AIV in wild bird populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/14-1820.1","usgsCitation":"Samuel, M.D., Hall, J.S., Brown, J.D., Goldberg, D.R., Ip, S., and Baranyuk, V.V., 2015, The dynamics of avian influenza in western Arctic snow geese: implications for annual and migratory infection patterns: Ecological Applications, v. 25, no. 7, p. 1851-1859, https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1820.1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1851","endPage":"1859","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057837","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1820.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":299487,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Russia, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 73.52839948765174\n ],\n [\n -118.65234374999999,\n 74.86788912917916\n ],\n [\n -182.548828125,\n 71.69129271863999\n ],\n [\n -181.58203125,\n 70.61261423801925\n ],\n [\n -124.892578125,\n 48.28319289548349\n ],\n [\n -122.56347656249999,\n 38.13455657705411\n ],\n [\n -119.61914062499999,\n 34.63320791137959\n ],\n [\n -117.99316406249999,\n 34.95799531086792\n ],\n [\n -110.21484375,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 73.52839948765174\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55264320e4b026915857c63a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Samuel, Michael D. msamuel@usgs.gov","contributorId":1419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"Michael","email":"msamuel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, Jeffrey S. 0000-0001-5599-2826 jshall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5599-2826","contributorId":2254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jshall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Justin D.","contributorId":87838,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":7125,"text":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldberg, Diana R. 0000-0001-8540-8512 dgoldberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8540-8512","contributorId":5739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"Diana","email":"dgoldberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ip, S. 0000-0003-4844-7533 hip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4844-7533","contributorId":727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ip","given":"S.","email":"hip@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Baranyuk, Vasily V.","contributorId":75482,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baranyuk","given":"Vasily","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70148064,"text":"70148064 - 2015 - Intercontinental spread of asian-origin H5N8 to North America through Beringia by migratory birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-18T11:46:40","indexId":"70148064","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-08T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2497,"text":"Journal of Virology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intercontinental spread of asian-origin H5N8 to North America through Beringia by migratory birds","docAbstract":"Phylogenetic network analysis and understanding of waterfowl migration patterns suggest the Eurasian H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza virus emerged in late 2013 in China, spread in early 2014 to South Korea and Japan, and reached Siberia and Beringia by summer 2014 via migratory birds. Three genetically distinct subgroups emerged and subsequently spread along different flyways during fall 2014 into Europe, North America, and East Asia, respectively. All three subgroups reappeared in Japan, a wintering site for waterfowl from Eurasia and parts of North America.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","publisherLocation":"Baltimore, MD","doi":"10.1128/JVI.00728-15","usgsCitation":"Lee, D., Kim Torchetti, M., Winker, K., Ip, S., Swayne, D.E., and Song, C., 2015, Intercontinental spread of asian-origin H5N8 to North America through Beringia by migratory birds: Journal of Virology, v. 89, no. 12, p. 6521-6524, https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00728-15.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"6521","endPage":"6524","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062907","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00728-15","text":"External Repository"},{"id":300466,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555b0d51e4b0a92fa7eac62d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Dong-Hun","contributorId":140813,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee","given":"Dong-Hun","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13585,"text":"Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kim Torchetti, Mia","contributorId":139355,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kim Torchetti","given":"Mia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12747,"text":"USDA APHIS VS National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winker, Kevin","contributorId":140814,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Winker","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13586,"text":"University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ip, S. 0000-0003-4844-7533 hip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4844-7533","contributorId":727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ip","given":"S.","email":"hip@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swayne, David E.","contributorId":86218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayne","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Song, Chang-Seon","contributorId":140815,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Song","given":"Chang-Seon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70139404,"text":"sir20145224 - 2015 - Hydrogeologic framework, hydrology, and refined conceptual model of groundwater flow for Coastal Plain aquifers at the Standard Chlorine of Delaware, Inc. Superfund Site, New Castle County, Delaware, 2005-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:43:13","indexId":"sir20145224","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-08T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5224","title":"Hydrogeologic framework, hydrology, and refined conceptual model of groundwater flow for Coastal Plain aquifers at the Standard Chlorine of Delaware, Inc. Superfund Site, New Castle County, Delaware, 2005-12","docAbstract":"From 1966 to 2002, activities at the Standard Chlorine of Delaware chemical facility in New Castle County, Delaware resulted in the contamination of groundwater, soils, and wetland sediment. In 2005, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in partnership with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 3, and the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control began a multi-year investigation of the hydrogeologic framework and hydrology of the confined aquifer system. The goals of the ongoing study at the site (the Potomac Aquifer Study) are to determine the hydraulic connection between the Columbia and Potomac aquifers, determine the direction of groundwater flow in the Potomac aquifer, and identify factors affecting the fate of contaminated groundwater. This report describes progress made towards these goals based on available data collected through September 2012.
\nThe regional hydrogeologic framework indicates that the site is underlain by Coastal Plain sediments of the Columbia, Merchantville, and Potomac Formations. Two primary aquifers underlying the site, the Columbia and the upper Potomac, are separated by the Merchantville Formation confining unit. Local groundwater flow in the surficial (Columbia) aquifer is controlled by topography and generally flows northward and discharges to nearby surface water. Regional flow within the Potomac aquifer is towards the southeast, and is strongly influenced by major water withdrawals locally. Previous investigations at the site indicated that contaminants, primarily benzene and chlorinated benzene compounds, were present in the Columbia aquifer in most locations; however, there were only limited detections in the upper Potomac aquifer as of 2004. From 2005 through 2012, the USGS designed a monitoring network, assisted with exploratory drilling, collected data at monitoring wells, conducted geophysical surveys, evaluated water-level responses in wells during pumping of a production well, and evaluated major aquifer withdrawals. Data collected through these efforts were used to refine the local conceptual flow system. The refined conceptual flow system for the site includes: (a) identification of gaps in confining units in the study area, (b) identification and correlation of multiple water-bearing sand intervals within the upper Potomac Formation, (c) connections between groundwater and surface water, (d) connections between shallow and deeper groundwater, (e) new water-level (or potentiometric surface) maps and inferred flow directions, and (f) identification of major local pumping well influences. The implications of the revised conceptual flow system on the occurrence and movement of site contaminants are that the resulting detection of contaminants in the upper Potomac aquifer at specific well locations can be attributed primarily to either advective lateral transport, direct vertical contaminant transport, or a combination of vertical and lateral movement resulting from changes in water withdrawal rates over time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145224","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Brayton, M.J., Cruz, R.M., Myers, L., Degnan, J.R., and Raffensperger, J.P., 2015, Hydrogeologic framework, hydrology, and refined conceptual model of groundwater flow for Coastal Plain aquifers at the Standard Chlorine of Delaware, Inc. Superfund Site, New Castle County, Delaware, 2005-12: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5224, vii, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145224.","productDescription":"vii, 61 p.","numberOfPages":"74","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-059549","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299486,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145224.jpg"},{"id":299484,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5224/"},{"id":299485,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5224/pdf/sir2014-5224.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.94 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"projection":"State Plane Delaware Projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Delaware","county":"New Castle County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.60430526733398,\n 39.63187001350982\n ],\n [\n -75.65872192382812,\n 39.637422462817\n ],\n [\n -75.70489883422852,\n 39.60886226158157\n ],\n [\n -75.71365356445311,\n 39.59464387992515\n ],\n [\n -75.65108299255371,\n 39.55554482419571\n ],\n [\n -75.59306144714355,\n 39.571623755318214\n ],\n [\n -75.58670997619629,\n 39.579231826349016\n ],\n [\n -75.58653831481934,\n 39.5808856443388\n ],\n [\n -75.59864044189453,\n 39.58935257415456\n ],\n [\n -75.60842514038085,\n 39.59484229602979\n ],\n [\n -75.61426162719727,\n 39.60463011823322\n ],\n [\n -75.61134338378906,\n 39.6109782362526\n ],\n [\n -75.61408996582031,\n 39.617325772242175\n ],\n [\n -75.61031341552734,\n 39.625788248139436\n ],\n [\n -75.60636520385742,\n 39.6265815522009\n ],\n [\n -75.60430526733398,\n 39.63187001350982\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5526431de4b026915857c634","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brayton, Michael J. mbrayton@usgs.gov","contributorId":2993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brayton","given":"Michael","email":"mbrayton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cruz, Roberto M. 0000-0003-1235-3295 rmcruz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1235-3295","contributorId":5757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cruz","given":"Roberto","email":"rmcruz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Myers, Luke lmyers@usgs.gov","contributorId":5758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"Luke","email":"lmyers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Degnan, James R. 0000-0002-5665-9010 jrdegnan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5665-9010","contributorId":498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"James","email":"jrdegnan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Raffensperger, Jeff P. 0000-0001-9275-6646 jpraffen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-6646","contributorId":199119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raffensperger","given":"Jeff","email":"jpraffen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70141848,"text":"sir20155024 - 2015 - Hydrologic effects of potential changes in climate, water use, and land cover in the Upper Scioto River Basin, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-15T08:44:40","indexId":"sir20155024","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-08T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5024","title":"Hydrologic effects of potential changes in climate, water use, and land cover in the Upper Scioto River Basin, Ohio","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a study to provide information on the hydrologic effects of potential 21st-century changes in climate, water use, and land cover in the Upper Scioto River Basin, Ohio (from Circleville, Ohio, to the headwaters). A precipitation-runoff model, calibrated on the basis of historical climate and streamflow data, was used to simulate the effects of climate change on streamflows and reservoir water levels at several locations in the basin. Two levels of simulations were done. The first level of simulation (level 1) accounted only for anticipated 21st-century changes in climate and operations of three City of Columbus upground reservoirs located in northwest Delaware County, Ohio. The second level of simulation (level 2) accounted for development-driven changes in land cover and water use in addition to changes in climate and reservoir operations.
\nA statistical change-factor approach was used to construct future climate time series that were used in the precipitation-runoff model to compute time series of future streamflows and reservoir water levels. Monthly change factors were computed by determining differences or fractional changes between baseline historical climate time series and future climate time series consisting of outputs from selected global climate models that were included in the World Climate Research Programme’s Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3). Eight sets of change factors were determined on the basis of outputs from four global climate models, each of which was run under two greenhouse-gas scenarios (the “A1b” and “A2” scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 4th assessment). The 4 global climate models whose data were used in this study were selected to represent a wide range of potential climate outcomes as compared to the entire range of potential climate outcomes associated with the 16 global climate models represented in the CMIP3 multimodel dataset.
\nFuture land-cover and water-use data were estimated for use in the level-2 precipitation-runoff simulations to account for development-driven changes in land cover and water use. Future land-cover characteristics were estimated for selected future years based on population projections and zoning plans for communities in the basin. Future water-use data for major water suppliers and wastewater-treatment facilities were estimated from current per capita water use, population projections for 2035, and population projections for 2090 assuming full build-out. A statistical change-factor-based approach was used to estimate future water-use characteristics by major water suppliers and wastewater-treatment facilities on the basis of reference-period historical water uses. Annual change factors that were determined for future years other than 2035 and 2090 (when the change factors could be explicitly computed) were estimated by interpolating or extrapolating linearly in time. Water uses by entities other than major water suppliers and wastewater-treatment facilities were assumed to remain unchanged because of uncertainty about if and (or) how they might change.
\nResults from the level-1 simulations were analyzed primarily to facilitate evaluation of climate-driven temporal changes in annual, seasonal, and monthly streamflow and water-level characteristics, as well as in maximum and minimum 7-, 30-, and 180-day average streamflow and reservoir water levels. Results from the level-2 simulations were analyzed to help evaluate and contrast (relative to level-1 results) the effects of the added development-related factors on maximums and minimum 7-, 30-, and 180-day average streamflows and reservoir water levels and duration characteristics of 7- and 30-day average streamflows and reservoir water levels. Results for 12 stream locations and 5 reservoirs in the Upper Scioto River Basin are presented primarily as a series of plots.
\nAlthough it is beyond the scope of this study to address results in detail for each model-output location, selected results are discussed to illustrate potential uses and interpretations of the graph products provided in this report. In addition, general trends and patterns in streamflow and water-level characteristics are identified where possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155024","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission; the Ohio Water Development Authority; the City of Columbus, Ohio; and Del-Co Water Company","usgsCitation":"Ebner, A.D., Koltun, G., and Ostheimer, C., 2015, Hydrologic effects of potential changes in climate, water use, and land cover in the Upper Scioto River Basin, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5024, Report: vii, 34 p.; Appendixes A-G; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155024.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 34 p.; Appendixes A-G; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-060946","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science 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quantile."},{"id":299478,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5024/appendix/sir2015-5024_appendixd.pdf","text":"Appendix D","size":"905 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix D","linkHelpText":"Plots of maximum and minimum 7-, 30-, and 180-day average streamflows and water levels as a function of plotting year."},{"id":299481,"rank":9,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5024/appendix/sir2015-5024_appendixg.pdf","text":"Appendix G","size":"226 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix G","linkHelpText":"Plots of simulated level-2 30-day running average streamflows and water levels as a function of exceedance quantile."},{"id":299482,"rank":10,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5024/downloads","text":"Downloads Directory","size":"5.44 MB","description":"Downloads Directory","linkHelpText":"Contains Appendixes A-G ZIP file"},{"id":299473,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5024/"},{"id":299474,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5024/pdf/sir2015-5024.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.72 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":299475,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5024/appendix/sir2015-5024_appendixa.pdf","text":"Appendix A","size":"2.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix A","linkHelpText":"Description of the precipitation-runoff model."},{"id":299476,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5024/appendix/sir2015-5024_appendixb.pdf","text":"Appendix B","size":"129 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix B","linkHelpText":"Plots of ensemble means of level-1 simulated annual mean streamflows and water levels as a function of time."},{"id":299477,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5024/appendix/sir2015-5024_appendixc.pdf","text":"Appendix C","size":"1.56 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix C","linkHelpText":"Boxplots of the medians of site-, month-, and emission-specific level-1 ensemble mean streamflows and water levels as a function of epoch."}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 17","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Upper Scioto River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.72602081298828,\n 40.80497409762779\n ],\n [\n -83.00823211669922,\n 40.804454347291006\n ],\n [\n -83.111572265625,\n 40.73997376331186\n ],\n [\n -83.91014099121094,\n 40.7508982634657\n ],\n [\n 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The goals of this study were to predict and map patterns of fish biomass as a proxy for the availability of catchable fish for anglers in rivers and to identify the strongest landscape constraints on fish productivity. We examined hypotheses about fish responses to total phosphorus (TP), as TP is a growth-limiting nutrient known to cause increases (subsidy response) and/or decreases (stress response) in fish biomass depending on its concentration and the species being considered. Boosted regression trees were used to define nonlinear functions that predicted the standing crops of Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis, Brown Trout Salmo trutta, Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu, panfishes (seven centrarchid species), and Walleye Sander vitreus by using landscape and modeled local-scale predictors. Fitted models were highly significant and explained 22–56% of the variation in validation data sets. Nonlinear and threshold responses were apparent for numerous predictors, including TP concentration, which had significant effects on all except the Walleye fishery. Brook Trout and Smallmouth Bass exhibited both subsidy and stress responses, panfish biomass exhibited a subsidy response only, and Brown Trout exhibited a stress response. Maps of reach-specific standing crop predictions showed patterns of predicted fish biomass that corresponded to spatial patterns in catchment area, water temperature, land cover, and nutrient availability. Maps illustrated predictions of higher trout biomass in coldwater streams draining glacial till in northern Michigan, higher Smallmouth Bass and panfish biomasses in warmwater systems of southern Michigan, and high Walleye biomass in large main-stem rivers throughout the state. Our results allow fisheries managers to examine the biomass potential of streams, describe geographic patterns of fisheries, explore possible nutrient management targets, and identify habitats that are candidates for species management.
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These data were used to characterize current water-quality conditions, to establish a baseline for future comparisons, and to describe trends in surface-water quality. The data also were used to assess the effects of watershed characteristics on surface-water quality and to inform future watershed management.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153030","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Cambridge, Massachusetts, Water Department","usgsCitation":"Smith, K.P., and Waldron, M.C., 2015, Water quality in the Cambridge, Massachusetts, drinking-water source area, 2005-8: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3030, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20153030.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-046036","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":506259,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_101578.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":299463,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3030/"},{"id":299465,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20153030.jpg"},{"id":299464,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3030/pdf/fs2015-3030.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.63 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3030 Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"Cambridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.06420516967773,\n 42.38504955243599\n ],\n [\n -71.15741729736328,\n 42.39531906359705\n ],\n [\n -71.23191833496094,\n 42.42700448967684\n ],\n [\n -71.24839782714844,\n 42.45411449876218\n ],\n [\n -71.2957763671875,\n 42.456647545121605\n ],\n [\n -71.33663177490234,\n 42.44296787761998\n ],\n [\n -71.33251190185545,\n 42.36133451106724\n ],\n [\n -71.26556396484375,\n 42.34154398944032\n ],\n [\n -71.06403350830078,\n 42.348648996207956\n ],\n [\n -71.06420516967773,\n 42.38504955243599\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5524f19fe4b027f0aee3d461","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Kirk P. 0000-0003-0269-474X kpsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-474X","contributorId":1516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kirk","email":"kpsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waldron, Marcus C. mwaldron@usgs.gov","contributorId":1867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldron","given":"Marcus","email":"mwaldron@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70145259,"text":"70145259 - 2015 - RRAWFLOW: Rainfall-Response Aquifer and Watershed Flow Model (v1.15)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-12T20:04:28","indexId":"70145259","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-07T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1818,"text":"Geoscientific Model Development","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"RRAWFLOW: Rainfall-Response Aquifer and Watershed Flow Model (v1.15)","docAbstract":"The Rainfall-Response Aquifer and Watershed Flow Model (RRAWFLOW) is a lumped-parameter model that simulates streamflow, spring flow, groundwater level, or solute transport for a measurement point in response to a system input of precipitation, recharge, or solute injection. I introduce the first version of RRAWFLOW available for download and public use and describe additional options. The open-source code is written in the R language and is available at http://sd.water.usgs.gov/projects/RRAWFLOW/RRAWFLOW.html along with an example model of streamflow. RRAWFLOW includes a time-series process to estimate recharge from precipitation and simulates the response to recharge by convolution, i.e., the unit-hydrograph approach. Gamma functions are used for estimation of parametric impulse-response functions (IRFs); a combination of two gamma functions results in a double-peaked IRF. A spline fit to a set of control points is introduced as a new method for estimation of nonparametric IRFs. Several options are included to simulate time-variant systems. For many applications, lumped models simulate the system response with equal accuracy to that of distributed models, but moreover, the ease of model construction and calibration of lumped models makes them a good choice for many applications (e.g., estimating missing periods in a hydrologic record). RRAWFLOW provides professional hydrologists and students with an accessible and versatile tool for lumped-parameter modeling.
","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","publisherLocation":"Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany","doi":"10.5194/gmd-8-865-2015","usgsCitation":"Long, A.J., 2015, RRAWFLOW: Rainfall-Response Aquifer and Watershed Flow Model (v1.15): Geoscientific Model Development, v. 8, p. 865-880, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-865-2015.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"865","endPage":"880","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056483","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-865-2015","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":299446,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5524f19ce4b027f0aee3d45d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Andrew J. 0000-0001-7385-8081 ajlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7385-8081","contributorId":989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Andrew","email":"ajlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70140114,"text":"sir20155017 - 2015 - Physical subdivision and description of the water-bearing sediments of the Santa Clara Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-07T08:39:02","indexId":"sir20155017","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-07T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5017","title":"Physical subdivision and description of the water-bearing sediments of the Santa Clara Valley, California","docAbstract":"A thick Quaternary alluvial section fills a sedimentary basin beneath the Santa Clara Valley, California, located within the San Andreas Fault system at the south end of San Francisco Bay. This section consists of an upper sequence about 1,000 feet thick containing eight sedimentary cycles and a lower fine-grained unit as thick as several hundred feet. Together these constitute the Quaternary Santa Clara Basin. The section overlies an irregular unconformity with more than 1,200 feet of relief cut into the underlying bedrock. This stratigraphy is determined through study of new wells and seismic reflection profiles, together with a sample of the many thousands of water wells in the valley. It represents a major change and improvement in understanding of the basin, particularly with regard to the upper cyclic sequence, which forms a large groundwater system that is an important resource in the San Francisco Bay region.
\nEach of the eight sedimentary cycles consists of a coarse-grained bottom interval overlain by a fine-grained top, with the coarse bottom forming a permeable sheet that is more or less continuous around the basin and the fine top forming a similarly extensive, relatively impermeable confining layer. This stratigraphic organization contrasts with most previous views, which have considered the coarse sediment in the basin to occur as scattered, discrete lenses and (or) sinuous channel sands, all embedded in a predominantly fine-grained section. Temperature logs in several wells demonstrate that the fine cycle tops do limit vertical movement of groundwater, although this may not be the case where those tops are thin to perhaps locally absent around parts of the basin margin.
\nAge control has been obtained from previous work, in which the sedimentary cycles were correlated with the marine oxygen isotope record and the ages of two deeper Quaternary unconformities were estimated, and from detailed paleomagnetic study of cores from the new wells by E.A. Mankinen. Despite careful search of the cores, very few fossils were found, and none that are helpful in subdividing the section. No tephra (volcanic ash) was recovered, and the few carbon samples found and dated radiometrically are limited to the upper 120 feet of the section. The upper cyclic section ranges in age from 0 to somewhat older than 718 thousand years (ka), and the lower fine-grained section lies between unconformities with estimated ages of 950 and 1500 ka.
\nReflections in the seismic profiles indicate that layering in the basin is subparallel to the ground surface, and this fact, together with the continuous stratigraphic detail provided by geophysical logs of the new wells, allows the confident interwell correlation required to delineate the sedimentary cycles. The sequence of layers within any one cycle tends to persist laterally between the wells in the dataset, which are spaced 1 to 3 km apart, with most changes occurring gradually. The eight cycles, in contrast, tend to differ from each other in the details of their internal organization.
\nMaps and cross sections show the elevations of cycle boundaries and the underlying bedrock surface, the varying thicknesses of the cycles and of their fine tops and coarse bottoms, and the aggregate thickness of coarse layers in those bottom intervals. Coarse sediment is more abundant toward some parts of the basin margin and in the southern part of the basin. Cycle boundary surfaces are relatively smooth, and their shapes are consistent with having been intercycle topographic surfaces. The underlying bedrock surface has a relief of more than 1,200 feet and deepens toward the center of the basin and the west edge of the fault-bounded Evergreen Basin, which is concealed beneath the east side of the Quaternary basin. The absence of consistent abrupt changes in thicknesses or boundary elevations across the basin or in cross section indicates that the interior of the basin is largely unfaulted, with the Silver Creek strand of the San Andreas system at the west edge of the Evergreen Basin being the sole exception. The east and west margins of the Santa Clara Basin, in contrast, are marked by reverse and thrust fault systems.
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