{"pageNumber":"5120","pageRowStart":"127975","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":70197302,"text":"70197302 - 1984 - Sedimentary facies and composition of Jurassic volcaniclastic turbidites at Cerro El Calvario, Vizcaino Peninsula, Baja California Sur, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-29T12:52:17","indexId":"70197302","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Sedimentary facies and composition of Jurassic volcaniclastic turbidites at Cerro El Calvario, Vizcaino Peninsula, Baja California Sur, Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology of the Baja California Peninsula:  Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section","language":"English","publisher":"Pacific Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists","usgsCitation":"Moore, T.E., 1984, Sedimentary facies and composition of Jurassic volcaniclastic turbidites at Cerro El Calvario, Vizcaino Peninsula, Baja California Sur, Mexico, chap. <i>of</i> Geology of the Baja California Peninsula:  Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section, v. 39, p. 131-148.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"148","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354522,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15b9eae4b092d9651e2393","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":736595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70198208,"text":"70198208 - 1984 - Correlation of metamorphosed Paleozoic strata of the southeastern Mojave Desert region, California and Arizona:  Discussion and reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-20T09:52:51","indexId":"70198208","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlation of metamorphosed Paleozoic strata of the southeastern Mojave Desert region, California and Arizona:  Discussion and reply","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<1485:COMPSO>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Brown, H., Stone, P., Howard, K.A., and Hamilton, W., 1984, Correlation of metamorphosed Paleozoic strata of the southeastern Mojave Desert region, California and Arizona:  Discussion and reply: GSA Bulletin, v. 95, no. 12, p. 1482-1486, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<1485:COMPSO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1482","endPage":"1486","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355848,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, H.J.","contributorId":44597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Paul 0000-0002-1439-0156 pastone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-0156","contributorId":273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Paul","email":"pastone@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamilton, Warren","contributorId":14819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Warren","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70157386,"text":"70157386 - 1984 - Annual report of the USGS Mission, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, for the first year of the seventh extension of the USGS-MPMR work agreement : fiscal year 1403/04, 1 Rajab 1403 - 30 Jumad Thani 1404 (14 April 1983 - 1 April 1984)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-22T12:34:10","indexId":"70157386","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-28T19:45:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"USGS-TR-04-20","title":"Annual report of the USGS Mission, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, for the first year of the seventh extension of the USGS-MPMR work agreement : fiscal year 1403/04, 1 Rajab 1403 - 30 Jumad Thani 1404 (14 April 1983 - 1 April 1984)","docAbstract":"<p>An interagency report prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey Saudi Arabian Mission for the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The work on which this report was based was performed in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources","publisherLocation":"Jiddah, Saudi Arabia","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey Saudi Arabia Mission, and Saudi Arabia. Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources, 1984, Annual report of the USGS Mission, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, for the first year of the seventh extension of the USGS-MPMR work agreement : fiscal year 1403/04, 1 Rajab 1403 - 30 Jumad Thani 1404 (14 April 1983 - 1 April 1984), v, 50 p.","productDescription":"v, 50 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":308370,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56027bb0e4b03bc34f5447ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey Saudi Arabia Mission","contributorId":147326,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey Saudi Arabia Mission","id":572944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saudi Arabia. Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources","contributorId":147327,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Saudi Arabia. Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources","id":572945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207376,"text":"70207376 - 1984 - Origin of Hawaiian tholeiite: A metasomatic model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T15:04:42.86726","indexId":"70207376","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-18T13:01:15","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of Hawaiian tholeiite: A metasomatic model","docAbstract":"<p><span>Two voluminous magma types generated in the mantle underlying the Pacific plate are mid‐ocean ridge tholeiite (MORB) erupted at the East Pacific Rise spreading center and Hawaiian tholeiite (HT) erupted above the Hawaiian hot spot or melting anomaly. MORB has low initial&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup><span>Sr/</span><sup>86</sup><span>Sr ratios and low amounts of all incompatible trace elements including rare earths; chondrite‐normalized patterns are depleted in light rare earths. HT, by contrast, has higher initial&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup><span>Sr/</span><sup>86</sup><span>Sr and higher amounts of incompatible trace elements; chondrite‐nor‐malized patterns are enriched in the middle and light rare earths. HT is generally poorer in CaO and Al</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;and much richer in total iron and TiO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;compared with MORB having the same MgO content. Primary magma compositions for the two volcanic systems are calculated in Fe‐Mg equilibrium with residual olivine (Fo</span><sub>92</sub><span>). MORB is generated by partial melting of a trace element depleted Iherzolite source leaving a residual assemblage dominated by olivine and orthopyroxene. The percentage of partial melting for a primary magma containing 15% MgO is calculated to be 35–42% in a source mantle having a heavy rare earth content of 3×chondrite and 33–35% MgO. HT, represented by Kilauea tholeiite, is generated by partial melting of a mixture of unmelted and residual mantle for MORB which has been modified by metasomatic addition of a nephelinitic fluid, amphibole, and minor amounts of apatite and Fe‐bearing phases such as sulfide and magnetite/ilmenite. This model yields a picritic magma in equilbrium with magnesian dunite at high (&gt;40%) degrees of partial melting. The source also has 35% MgO before partial melting. Melting in both systems in polyvariant and not controlled by lower‐temperature invariant equilibria. The low‐velocity zone is considered to be the source of metasomatic fluids that are driven upward into the lowermost lithosphere in response to a thermal plume. Picritic primary magmas are produced by shear melting, localized in the zone of thinned and metasomatized lithosphere beneath Hawaii. Melt extraction is rapid and episodic at intervals of months to decades; magma is not stored in the mantle but passes upward to a plexus of storage reservoirs located 2–6 km beneath the surface of Kilauea. Kilauea primary magmas fractionate olivine during upward transport to reach bulk compositions of 13–14% MgO in storage. Different magma batches erupted to the surface, distinguished by different major and minor element compositons compared at similar MgO content, represent combinations of differing degrees of metasomatic enrichment, differing degrees of partial melting, and some effects of premelting mantle heterogeneity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB05p03233","usgsCitation":"Wright, T., 1984, Origin of Hawaiian tholeiite: A metasomatic model: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 89, no. 5, p. 3233-3252, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB05p03233.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"3233","endPage":"3252","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370418,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -160.48828125,\n              21.6778482933475\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.181640625,\n              18.271086109608877\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.0283203125,\n              19.68397023588844\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.14794921875,\n              22.958393318086348\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.48828125,\n              21.6778482933475\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70013399,"text":"70013399 - 1984 - Deposit from a giant wave on the island of Lanai, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-30T16:45:34.85244","indexId":"70013399","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deposit from a giant wave on the island of Lanai, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Limestone-bearing gravel, the newly named Hulopoe Gravel, blankets the coastal slopes on Lanai. The deposit, which reaches a maximum altitude of 326 meters, formerly was believed to have been deposited along several different ancient marine strandlines, but dated submerged coral reefs and tide-gauge measurements indicate that the southeastern Hawaiian Islands sink so fast that former worldwide high stands of the sea now lie beneath local sea level. Evidence indicates that the Hulopoe Gravel and similar deposits on nearby islands were deposited during the Pleistocene by a giant wave generated by a submarine landslide on a sea scarp south of Lanai.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.226.4680.1312","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., and Moore, G.W., 1984, Deposit from a giant wave on the island of Lanai, Hawaii: Science, v. 226, no. 4680, p. 1312-1315, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.226.4680.1312.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1312","endPage":"1315","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220036,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Lanai","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -157.04701403020007,\n              20.92627250123462\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.0706343344538,\n              20.893311531941023\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.97505131595113,\n              20.72310846826069\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.89884331038573,\n              20.732599353870704\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.8300187980304,\n              20.75106585014828\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.80722334799393,\n              20.789174914783295\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.80065186932208,\n              20.82107518570372\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.8407184250824,\n              20.898008081831378\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.9555988624296,\n              20.93741362206584\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.04701403020007,\n              20.92627250123462\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"226","issue":"4680","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059feb4e4b0c8380cd4ee9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, George W.","contributorId":21625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70013881,"text":"70013881 - 1984 - Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-30T16:38:41.954235","indexId":"70013881","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level","docAbstract":"Observed long-term changes in glacier volume and hydrometeorological mass balance models yield data on the transfer of water from glaciers, excluding those in Greenland and Antarctica, to the oceans, The average observed volume change for the period 1900 to 1961 is scaled to a global average by use of the seasonal amplitude of the mass balance. These data are used to calibrate the models to estimate the changing contribution of glaciers to sea level for the period 1884 to 1975. Although the error band is large, these glaciers appear to accountfor a third to half of observed rise in sea level, approximately that fraction not explained by thermal expansion of the ocean.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.226.4681.1418","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Meier, M.F., 1984, Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level: Science, v. 226, no. 4681, p. 1418-1421, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.226.4681.1418.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1418","endPage":"1421","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225669,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"226","issue":"4681","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa85e4b0c8380cd4db4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meier, M. F.","contributorId":98713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012787,"text":"70012787 - 1984 - The variability of Holocene climate change: Evidence from varved lake sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-30T17:21:16.222942","indexId":"70012787","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The variability of Holocene climate change: Evidence from varved lake sediments","docAbstract":"<p><span>Varved sediments from a lake near the present forest-prairie border in northwestern Minnesota provide an annual record of climate change for the last 10,400 years. Climate-sensitive mineral, chemical, and biological components show that the mid-Holocene dry interval between 8500 and 4000 years ago is asymmetrical and actually consists of two distinct drier pulses separated by a moister interval that lasted about 600 years. Cyclic fluctuations with periods of several hundred years were abrupt and persistent throughout the Holocene and are most clearly recorded within the two drier pulses.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.226.4679.1191","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Bradbury, J.P., Anderson, R., and Barnosky, C., 1984, The variability of Holocene climate change: Evidence from varved lake sediments: Science, v. 226, no. 4679, p. 1191-1194, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.226.4679.1191.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1191","endPage":"1194","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222224,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"northwestern Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.31710496338994,\n              49.04719925152051\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.31710496338994,\n              46.16292309024976\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.724674133939,\n              46.16292309024976\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.724674133939,\n              49.04719925152051\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.31710496338994,\n              49.04719925152051\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"226","issue":"4679","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb1b1e4b08c986b3253aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, R.Y.","contributorId":22789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnosky, C.W.","contributorId":44666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnosky","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207107,"text":"70207107 - 1984 - Deformation in the White Mountain seismic gap, California-Nevada, 1972-1982","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T15:37:25.281301","indexId":"70207107","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-06T11:52:36","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation in the White Mountain seismic gap, California-Nevada, 1972-1982","docAbstract":"<p><span>A 100×40 km trilateration network extending from Bishop, California, to near Hawthorne, Nevada, crosses the east end of the Long Valley caldera, site of renewed magma inflation in the 1979–1980 interval, and spans most of the White Mountain seismic gap. The network was surveyed in 1972, 1973, 1976, 1979, 1980, and 1982. The 1980 survey may be contaminated by a scale error. In addition, leveling surveys across the caldera have been run in 1932, 1957, 1975, 1980, 1982, and 1983. Interpretation of the deformation is complicated by the occurrence of the May 1980 Mammoth Lakes earthquake sequence (four earthquakes&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>L</sub></i><span>≥6) at the south edge of the caldera as well as other moderate earthquakes within the White Mountain seismic gap. The vertical deformation is largely accounted for by 0.10‐ to 0.15‐km</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;expansion of a spherical magma chamber 8–10 km beneath the resurgent dome within the Long Valley caldera sometime between July 1979 and September 1980 with an additional expansion of perhaps 0.05 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;between September 1980 and July 1982. Some additional sources of deformation within the aftershock zone of the Mammoth Lakes earthquakes seem to be required to explain the horizontal deformation. We show that right‐lateral slip on vertical faults extending WNW from each of the three largest earthquakes in the Mammoth Lakes sequence provides the required additional deformation, but this solution is by no means unique. There are simply too few data to define the rather complex deformation that apparently occurred within the aftershock zone. There is little doubt, however, that inflation of a magma chamber beneath the resurgent dome within the Long Valley caldera was involved in the deformation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB09p07671","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., and Lisowski, M., 1984, Deformation in the White Mountain seismic gap, California-Nevada, 1972-1982: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B9, p. 7671-7687, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB09p07671.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"7671","endPage":"7687","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370040,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.44610595703124,\n              37.413800350662896\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.22662353515624,\n              37.413800350662896\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.22662353515624,\n              38.371808917147554\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.44610595703124,\n              38.371808917147554\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.44610595703124,\n              37.413800350662896\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207106,"text":"70207106 - 1984 - Earthquake swarm in Long Valley caldera, California, January 1983: Evidence for dike inflation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T15:26:17.668526","indexId":"70207106","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-06T11:29:43","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake swarm in Long Valley caldera, California, January 1983: Evidence for dike inflation","docAbstract":"<p><span>The 1982–1983 deformation observed by trilateration and leveling surveys across the Long Valley caldera is apparently related to the 8.5‐km‐long by 8‐km‐deep vertical rupture surface defined by the January 1983 earthquake swarm that occurred in the south moat of the caldera. The observed deformation can be explained as follows. In late 1982, 0.03 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;of magma was injected into a dike that dips 30° northward from the bottom of the rupture surface. The downdip dimension of this dike is 8 km. The dike inflation accounts for the uplift observed across the caldera as well as some of the horizontal deformation. Inflation of the dike generated a tension of about 3 bars across the vertical plane that was to become the rupture surface of the January swarm. This reduced the frictional stress on the rupture plane and perhaps triggered the slip that caused the January swarm. Right‐lateral slip (0.22 m) on the uppermost 2 km of the rupture plane during and after the January swarm accounts for the additional horizontal deformation observed. The model can be improved marginally if strike slip is admitted over the entire rupture surface and 0.006 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;of magma is injected along that surface in the depth interval 3–8 km. The improvement in the model fit, however, is not sufficient to require shallow injection of magma. Thus we conclude that inflation of a dike at depth (8–12 km) dipping northward beneath the resurgent dome plus shallow right‐lateral slip on the rupture surface is a simple, but not unique, explanation of the observed deformation and seismicity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB10p08315","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., and Cockerham, R., 1984, Earthquake swarm in Long Valley caldera, California, January 1983: Evidence for dike inflation: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B10, p. 8315-8324, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB10p08315.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"8315","endPage":"8324","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370039,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.278564453125,\n              37.49447320172351\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.5479736328125,\n              37.49447320172351\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.5479736328125,\n              38.1151107557172\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.278564453125,\n              38.1151107557172\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.278564453125,\n              37.49447320172351\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cockerham, R.S.","contributorId":21421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cockerham","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207103,"text":"70207103 - 1984 - Regional deformation near Palmdale, California, 1973-1983 (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T15:21:41.721361","indexId":"70207103","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-06T10:28:59","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional deformation near Palmdale, California, 1973-1983 (USA)","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\">The Tehachapi trilateration network spans the intersection of the San Andreas and Garlock faults in southern California in the “Big Bend” region of the San Andreas fault. Analysis of data from 1973–1983 shows strain differences between the northwest and southeast regions of the network and slip at depth on both faults. The Palmdale network, spanning the San Andreas fault entirely within the Tehachapi network, showed increases of about 1 μstrain in both east‐west and north‐south extension in late 1979. The Tehachapi strains also jumped at this time, but the magnitude of the increase was only about one third that of Palmdale. The principal strain rates for Tehachapi over the time interval 1973–1983 are&nbsp;<img class=\"section_image\" src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/e552692c-9980-4ea7-aa0c-c8bc21ab42fa/jgrb4718-math-0001.gif\" alt=\"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb4718:jgrb4718-math-0001\" data-mce-src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/e552692c-9980-4ea7-aa0c-c8bc21ab42fa/jgrb4718-math-0001.gif\" width=\"137\" height=\"19\">&nbsp;μstrain/yr and&nbsp;<img class=\"section_image\" src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/1add3584-2422-4463-94d0-3cddb1bed90f/jgrb4718-math-0002.gif\" alt=\"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb4718:jgrb4718-math-0002\" data-mce-src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/1add3584-2422-4463-94d0-3cddb1bed90f/jgrb4718-math-0002.gif\" width=\"158\" height=\"20\">&nbsp;μstrain/yr, with the 1 axis directed N76°E. Strains were also computed for two subregions. The principal strain rates for the southeast Tehachapi region are&nbsp;<img class=\"section_image\" src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/7d1a542b-f435-413e-b2a0-2bbdd7bd5423/jgrb4718-math-0003.gif\" alt=\"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb4718:jgrb4718-math-0003\" data-mce-src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/7d1a542b-f435-413e-b2a0-2bbdd7bd5423/jgrb4718-math-0003.gif\" width=\"143\" height=\"23\">&nbsp;μstrain/yr and&nbsp;<img class=\"section_image\" src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/52c9e8fb-c23f-4510-b0ce-6702d4ca6256/jgrb4718-math-0004.gif\" alt=\"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb4718:jgrb4718-math-0004\" data-mce-src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/52c9e8fb-c23f-4510-b0ce-6702d4ca6256/jgrb4718-math-0004.gif\" width=\"159\" height=\"23\">&nbsp;μStrain/yr, with the 1 axis directed N73°E. This result differs significantly from the principal strain rates at Palmdale (&nbsp;<img class=\"section_image\" src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/7334fe58-4beb-414a-882e-d973f41ef8bf/jgrb4718-math-0005.gif\" alt=\"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb4718:jgrb4718-math-0005\" data-mce-src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/7334fe58-4beb-414a-882e-d973f41ef8bf/jgrb4718-math-0005.gif\" width=\"136\" height=\"20\">&nbsp;μstrain/yr,&nbsp;<img class=\"section_image\" src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/f78759f7-2ba0-42a7-b8ed-2a487c74be0e/jgrb4718-math-0006.gif\" alt=\"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb4718:jgrb4718-math-0006\" data-mce-src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/f78759f7-2ba0-42a7-b8ed-2a487c74be0e/jgrb4718-math-0006.gif\" width=\"151\" height=\"24\">&nbsp;μstrain/yr, with the 1 axis directed N71°E). For the northwest Tehachapi region,&nbsp;<img class=\"section_image\" src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/69e7ace1-9f50-481d-ba70-14e69959d3b5/jgrb4718-math-0007.gif\" alt=\"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb4718:jgrb4718-math-0007\" data-mce-src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/69e7ace1-9f50-481d-ba70-14e69959d3b5/jgrb4718-math-0007.gif\" width=\"139\" height=\"20\">&nbsp;μstrain/yr and&nbsp;<img class=\"section_image\" src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/fe880333-465b-4ccb-8d07-f7628ee502b3/jgrb4718-math-0008.gif\" alt=\"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb4718:jgrb4718-math-0008\" data-mce-src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/attachment/fe880333-465b-4ccb-8d07-f7628ee502b3/jgrb4718-math-0008.gif\" width=\"174\" height=\"22\">&nbsp;μstrain/yr, with the 1 axis directed N93°E.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB04p02471","usgsCitation":"King, N., and Savage, J.C., 1984, Regional deformation near Palmdale, California, 1973-1983 (USA): Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B4, p. 2471-2477, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB04p02471.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2471","endPage":"2477","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370034,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Near Palmdale","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.38867187500001,\n              33.706062655101206\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.52099609375,\n              33.706062655101206\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.52099609375,\n              34.88593094075317\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.38867187500001,\n              34.88593094075317\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.38867187500001,\n              33.706062655101206\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, N.E.","contributorId":29950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70199566,"text":"70199566 - 1984 - Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 1. Conceptual model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T17:13:40","indexId":"70199566","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-05T17:13:09","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 1. Conceptual model","docAbstract":"<p>Stream sediments adsorb certain solutes from streams, thereby significantly changing the solute composition; but little is known about the details and rates of these adsorptive processes. To investigate such processes, a 24-hr. injection of a solution containing chloride, strontium, potassium, sodium and lead was made at the head of a 640-m reach of Uvas Creek in west-central Santa Clara County, California. Uvas Creek is a cobble-bed pool-and-riffle stream draining the eastern slopes of the Santa Cruz Mountains. By September 12, 1973, after a long dry season, Uvas Creek had a low (0.0215 m<sup>3</sup>s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>average) flow which varied diurnally, from 0.018 to 0.025 m<sup>3</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>. Because stream discharge varied while the injection rate was constant, the concentration of tracers (injected solutes), after mixing in the stream, varied inversely with discharge.</p><p>Chloride, a nonreactive solute, served as a tracer of water movement. Analysis of extensive chloride concentration data at five sites below the injection point during and after the injection demonstrated that there was considerable underflow of water through the stream gravels; however, the extent of underflow varied greatly within the study reach. Pre-injection water, displaced by tracer-laden water percolating through the gravels, diluted tracers in the stream channel, giving the mistaken impression of groundwater inflow at some points. Accurate measurement of total discharge in such streams requires prolonged tracer injection unless a reach can be found where underflow is negligible.</p><p>Strontium and potassium were adsorbed by the bed sediments to a moderate extent and lead was strongly adsorbed. A high proportion of these metals could be removed by adsorption from percolating underflow because of extensive and intimate contact with bed sediments. After channel clearing following injection cutoff, 51% of the added strontium and 96% of the lead remained in the study reach, whereas only 19% of the chloride remained. Packets of sized sediment, placed in the stream before the experiment and withdrawn during and after the injection, indicated that the strontium absorbed on the 0.42–0.50-mm size sediment appeared to achieve near equilibrium with dissolved strontium within less than 2 hr. whereas 3.4–4.0-mm grains had not reached that stage after 24 hr.</p><p>The cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of the sediments shows a “bimodal” distribution with grain size. Largest values are in the finest sizes, lower values in the fine-to-medium sand-size range, intermediate values in the coarse- to very coarse-grained sand, and decreasing values with size above very coarse-grained sand. This considerable exchange capacity in coarse-sand to granule-size particles means that a streambed, that has not been infilled with fines to reduce permeability, can be highly reactive and accessible throughout a rather thick sediment layer and hence have a large and available reactive capacity.</p><p>As stream discharge increases from low flow, the ratio of underflow to channel flow should decrease rapidly with resultant diminution in percent of solutes sorbed within a particular stream reach.</p>","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(84)90046-5","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, V.C., Jackman, A.P., Zand, S., Zellweger, G.W., and Avanzino, R., 1984, Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 1. Conceptual model: Journal of Hydrology, v. 75, no. 1-4, p. 67-110, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90046-5.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"110","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357589,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Clara County","otherGeospatial":"Uvas Creek","volume":"75","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennedy, V. C.","contributorId":46080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackman, A. P.","contributorId":46957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zand, S.M.","contributorId":25699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zand","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zellweger, G. W.","contributorId":55445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Avanzino, R.J.","contributorId":37336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70013849,"text":"70013849 - 1984 - Storm-generated variations in nearshore beach topography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-16T17:13:38.488998","indexId":"70013849","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storm-generated variations in nearshore beach topography","docAbstract":"<p><span>A series of nearshore beach profile measurements from the Outer Banks of North Carolina spanning a four-month period have been examined for temporal variations in nearshore topography. Principal component analysis of the profile data indicates that most of the variation in nearshore topography occurs in four principal modes, two quasiseasonal and two subseasonal. The first principal component, or eigenvector, corresponds to a bar-berm function. The second, to a terrace function. Combined, the first two vectors explain 76.3% of the total variance. The third and fourth components, representing subseasonal modes, are a ridge and runnel and a storm bar function, respectively. Both occur in direct response to storm wave activity. Although the bar-berm and terrace modes of profile variation have been previously identified using principal component analysis techniques, the subsequent modes have not. The ridge and runnel function accounts for 10.6% of total profile variability and the storm bar function accounts for 5.0%.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(84)90052-5","usgsCitation":"Lins, H.F., 1984, Storm-generated variations in nearshore beach topography: Marine Geology, v. 62, no. 1-2, p. 13-29, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(84)90052-5.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220075,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Outer Banks","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.25679346421666,\n              36.146063741929154\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.25679346421666,\n              35.386845871442645\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.36350096680715,\n              35.386845871442645\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.36350096680715,\n              36.146063741929154\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.25679346421666,\n              36.146063741929154\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b987ee4b08c986b31c067","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lins, Harry F. 0000-0001-5385-9247 hlins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-9247","contributorId":1505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"Harry","email":"hlins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70236975,"text":"70236975 - 1984 - Introduction to special issue: Chemical management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-23T18:46:13.463518","indexId":"70236975","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-01T13:33:37","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2348,"text":"Journal of Imaging Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction to special issue: Chemical management","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Imaging Sciences and Technology","usgsCitation":"Luden, C., and Schultz, R., 1984, Introduction to special issue: Chemical management: Journal of Imaging Technology, v. 10, no. 6, p. 211-211.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"211","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407281,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":407280,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.imaging.org/site/IST/Publications/Journals/JIST_About/IST/Publications/Journal_of_Imaging_Science_and_Technology.aspx"}],"volume":"10","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luden, Charles","contributorId":138995,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luden","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schultz, Ronald","contributorId":13815,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schultz","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70199728,"text":"70199728 - 1984 - Design and implementation of evapotranspiration measuring equipment for Owens Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T12:48:10","indexId":"70199728","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-01T12:47:37","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1866,"text":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Design and implementation of evapotranspiration measuring equipment for Owens Valley, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>As part of a plant survivability and ground water study in Owens Valley, California, semipermanent installations are used to measure continuous range‐land evapotranspiration in the valley's phreatophyte community. A proposed mobile installation also has been designed. The semipermanent micrometeoro‐logical station collects continuous data for solution of the Bowen ratio/energy budget equation and the Penman combination equation. Three sites were chosen for this type of installation to provide a representative sampling of Owens Valley. The proposed mobile aerodynamic installation should be capable of calculating evapotranspiration by the eddy correlation method. This instrumentation will be used throughout the valley for short periods of time (up to five days). Many problems with equipment operation, calibration and design have been identified and resolved by means of improved calibration techniques, systematic error‐removal techniques, reduced cycle times, modified equipment design and proper observer training. The collected evapotranspiration data will be instrumental in developing a one‐dimensional evapotranspiration flux algorithm for a model of valleywide ground water flow.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1984.tb00907.x","usgsCitation":"Simpson, M.R., and Duell, L.F., 1984, Design and implementation of evapotranspiration measuring equipment for Owens Valley, California: Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, v. 4, no. 4, p. 155-163, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1984.tb00907.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"163","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357780,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.8,\n              35.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.4,\n              35.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.4,\n              37.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.8,\n              37.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.8,\n              35.7\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, Michael R.","contributorId":90704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duell, Lowell F. W. Jr.","contributorId":81124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duell","given":"Lowell","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221961,"text":"5221961 - 1984 - Pesticides and wildlife: Will there be any more DDT's?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-30T16:11:10.284883","indexId":"5221961","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-01T12:19:21","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1122,"text":"Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides and wildlife: Will there be any more DDT's?","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/besa/30.4.2","usgsCitation":"Hall, R.J., 1984, Pesticides and wildlife: Will there be any more DDT's?: Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America, v. 30, no. 4, p. 2-7, https://doi.org/10.1093/besa/30.4.2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2","endPage":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197287,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6882fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Russell James","contributorId":44602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70120876,"text":"70120876 - 1984 - Proceedings of a workshop on fish habitat suitability index models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T10:58:29","indexId":"70120876","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-01T10:48:46","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1021,"text":"Biological Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proceedings of a workshop on fish habitat suitability index models","docAbstract":"<p>One of the habitat-based methodologies for impact assessment currently in use by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is the Habitat Evaluation Procedures (HEP) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1980). HEP is based on the assumption that the quality of an area as wildlife habitat at a specified target year can be described by a single number, called a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI). An HSI of 1.0 represents optimum habitat: an HSI of 0.0 represents unsuitable habitat. The verbal or mathematical rules by which an HSI is assigned to an area are called an HSI model. A series of Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models, described by Schamberger et al. (1982), have been published to assist users in applying HEP.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>HSI model building approaches are described in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1981).  One type of HSI model described in detail requires the development of Suitability Index (SI) graphs for habitat variables believed to be important for the growth, survival, standing crop, or other measure of well-being for a species.  Suitability indices range from 0 to 1.0, with 1.0 representing optimum conditions for the variable.  When HSI models based on suitability indices are used, habitat variable values are measured, or estimated, and converted to SI's through the use of a Suitability Index graph for each variable.  Individual SI's are aggregated into an HSI.  Standard methods for testing this type of HSI model did not exist at the time the studies reported in this document were performed.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>A workshop was held in Fort Collins, Colorado, February 14-15, 1983, that brought together biologists experienced in the use, development, and testing of aquatic HSI models, in an effort to address the following objectives: (1) review the needs of HSI model users; (2) discuss and document the results of aquatic HSI model tests; and (3) provide recommendations for the future development, testing, modification, and use of HSI models.  Individual presentations, group discussions, and group decision techniques were used to develop and present information at the meeting.  A synthesis of the resulting concepts, results, and recommendations follows this preface.  Subsequent papers describe individual tests of selected HSI models.  Most of the tests involved comparison of values from HSI models or Suitability index (SI) curves with standing crop, as required contractually.  Time and budget constraints generally limited tests to the use of data previously collected for other purposes.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>These proceedings are intended to help persons responsible for the development, testing, or use of HSI models by increasing their understanding of potential uses and limitations of testing procedures and models based on aggregated Suitability Indices.  Problems encountered when testing HSI models are described, model performance during tests is documents, and recommendations for future model development and testing presented by the participants are listed and interpreted.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Terrell, J.W., 1984, Proceedings of a workshop on fish habitat suitability index models: Biological Report, v. 85, no. 6, 393 p.","productDescription":"393 p.","numberOfPages":"393","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292399,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25febe4b0333418718949","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Terrell, James W. 0000-0001-5394-5663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5394-5663","contributorId":92726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terrell","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70120857,"text":"70120857 - 1984 - A workshop model simulating fate and effect of drilling muds and cuttings on benthic communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T10:13:10","indexId":"70120857","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-01T09:47:05","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"WELUT-85/W02","title":"A workshop model simulating fate and effect of drilling muds and cuttings on benthic communities","docAbstract":"<p>Oil and gas exploration and production at marine sites has generated concern over potential environmental impacts resulting from the discharge of spent drilling muds and cuttings.  This concern has led to a broad array of publicly and privately sponsored research.  This report described a cooperative modeling effort designed to focus information resulting from this research through construction of explicit equations that simulate the potential impacts of discharge drilling fluids (muds) and cuttings on marine communities.  The model is the result of collaboration among more than 30 scientists.  The principal cooperating organizations were the E.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Minerals Management Service, the Offshore Operators Committee, and the Alaska Oil and Gas Association.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The overall simulation model can be conceptualized as three connected submodels: Discharge and Plume Fate, Sediment Redistribution, and Benthic Community Effects.  On each day of simulation, these submodels are executed in sequence, with flows of information between submodels.  The Benthic Community Effects submodel can be further divided into sections that calculate mortality due to burial, mortality due to toxicity, mortality due to resuspension disturbance, and growth of the community.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The model represents a series of seven discrete 1-m<sup>2</sup> plots at specified distances along a transect in one direction away from a discharge point.  It consists of coupled difference equations for which parameter values can easily be set to evaluate different conditions or to examine the sensitivity of output to various assumptions.  Sets of parameter values were developed to represent four general cases or scenarios: (1) a shallow (5 m), cold environment with ice cover during a substantial fraction of the year, such as might be encountered in the Beaufort Sea, Alaska; (2) a shallow (20 m), temperate environment, such as might be encountered in the Gulf of Mexico; (3) a deeper (80 m), temperate environment, such as might be encountered in the Gulf of Mexico; and (4) a very deep (1,000 m) environment, such as might be encountered on the Atlantic slope.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The focus of the modeling effort was on the connection of a reasonable representation of physical fate to the biological responses of populations, rather than on highly detailed representations of individual processes.  For example, the calculations of physical fate are not as detailed as those in the recently published model of Brandsma et al. (1983).  The value of the model described herein is in the broad scope of processes that are explicitly represented and linked together.  The model cannot be considered to produce reliable predictions of the quantitative impacts of discharged drilling fluids and cuttings on biological populations at a particular site.  Limitations of the model in predicting integrated fate and effects can be traced to three general areas: level of refinement of the algorithms used in the model; lack of understanding of the processes determining fate and effects; and parameter and data values.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Despite the limitations, several qualitative conclusions concerning both potential impacts and the importance of various remaining data gaps can be drawn from the modeling effort.  These include:</p>\n<br/>\n<p>(1) Simple, unequivocal conclusions about fate and effects across geographical regions and drilling operations are difficult, if not misleading, due to the large amount of variability in characteristics of discharged materials (e.g., oil content and toxicity), discharge conditions (e.g., duration of drilling operations), physical environments (e.g., water depth, current direction, and sediment disturbance regimes), and biological communities (e.g., intrinsic growth rates).  Different combinations of these characteristics can result in substantial differences in simulated environmental fate and biological effects.  For examples, simulated recovery in some high-energy environments occurs within months after the cessation of discharge operations, even at heavily impacted sites, whereas simulated recover in some low-energy environments takes years at heavily impacted sites.</p>\n<br/>\n<p><2) Considerable difficulties remain in the reliable extrapolation of results from laboratory toxicity experiments to predictions of population effects in the field.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>(3) The volume of material discharged and duration of operations in the production drilling operations simulated by the model are sufficient to produce substantial simulated biological impacts at some plots, both in terms of differences from a control plot during the period of discharge operations, and in terms of the recovery period following the perturbations.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Evaluation of the significance of potential effects involves the following factors:</p>\n<br/> \n<p>• Definition of a specific spatial and temporal reference frame (e.g., What is the natural variation?  Is 1 year to be considered a \"long\" or \"short\" time?  Is 50 m to be considered a \"large\" or \"trivial\" distance?</p>\n<br/>\n<p>• Consideration of rare or unique resources and particularly sensitive biotic assemblages.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>• Consideration of the potential for long term, cumulative effects.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Some of these aspects are clearly beyond the scope of this modeling efforts (e.g., the model does not simulate the long term fate of resuspended material).  The model does, however, contain an internal \"reference frame\" by comparison to simulated behavior at a control plot.  The model, in general, simulates substantial \"natural\" variation at the reference or control plots, both over time, due to sediment disturbance events in medium to high energy environments, and over space, due to geographically varying conditions, such as water depth and current regime.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Energy and Land Use Team","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Auble, G.T., Andrews, A.K., Hamilton, D.B., Roelle, J.E., and Shoemaker, T.G., 1984, A workshop model simulating fate and effect of drilling muds and cuttings on benthic communities, 189 p.","productDescription":"189 p.","numberOfPages":"189","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292380,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fc2e4b03334187188f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, Austin K.","contributorId":85516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Austin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":498495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shoemaker, Thomas G.","contributorId":19491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70186165,"text":"70186165 - 1984 - On the expected width function for topologically random channel networks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T11:25:50","indexId":"70186165","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5356,"text":"Journal of Applied Probability","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the expected width function for topologically random channel networks","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Applied Probability Trust","doi":"10.2307/3213700","usgsCitation":"Troutman, B., and Karlinger, M.R., 1984, On the expected width function for topologically random channel networks: Journal of Applied Probability, v. 21, no. 4, p. 836-849, https://doi.org/10.2307/3213700.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"836","endPage":"849","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338828,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1955e4b02ff32c699cdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Troutman, Brent M.","contributorId":41040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troutman","given":"Brent M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlinger, Michael R.","contributorId":10777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70206859,"text":"70206859 - 1984 - Late Devonian icriodontid biofacies models and alternate shallow-water conodont zonation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-26T14:44:08.464546","indexId":"70206859","displayToPublicDate":"1984-11-25T12:58:08","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Devonian icriodontid biofacies models and alternate shallow-water conodont zonation","docAbstract":"<p>Recognition of differences in the habitats, apparatuses, and ranges of Late Devonian<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Icriodus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pelekysgnathus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>permits refinement of their biofacies interpretations and construction of an alternate icriodontid zonation.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Icriodus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is a euphotic genus that predominated in most environments during the early Late Devonian (Frasnian) but died out during the early Famennian. Its apparatus consists of platform (I) elements; four larger, acodiniform cones; and two smaller, oneotodiform, scolopodiform, or drepanodiform cones.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pelekysgnathus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is a shallow-water genus, which shortly after<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Icriodus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>died out, produced somewhat deeper water taxa with triple-rowed I elements that are homeomorphs of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Icriodus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>I elements. Apparatuses for both single-rowed taxa (<i>Pelekysgnathus</i>) and triple-rowed taxa (<i>“Icriodus”)</i><span>&nbsp;</span>contain oistodiform cones, apparently in place of one or more of the acodiniform cones. Biofacies models for southern Belgium and Utah show that<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Icriodus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>lived not only in nearshore environments but ranged into the pelagic palmatolepid-bispathodid (I) and palmatolepid-polygnathid (II) biofacies. Younger<span>&nbsp;</span><i>“Icriodus”,</i><span>&nbsp;</span>however, inhabited mainly the deeper subtidal polygnathid-“icriodid” (III) and polygnathid-pelekysgnathid (IV) biofacies.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pelekysgnathus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>inhabited mainly the polygnathid-pelekysgnathid biofacies and ranged shoreward into the shallow-subtidal clydagnathid (V), scaphignathid (VI), patrognathid (VII), and pandorinellinid (VIII) biofacies, but has not yet been found in the hypersaline antognathid (IX) biofacies (new).</p><p>The Late Devonian, subdivided by 28 mainly<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Palmatolepis</i>-based zones from the Lower<span>&nbsp;</span><i>(Polygnathus) asymmetricus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>to Upper<span>&nbsp;</span><i>(Siphonodella) praesulcata</i><span>&nbsp;</span>Zones in the standard conodont zonation for pelagic biofacies, can be subdivided into nine icriodontid-based zones in nearshore biofacies. In ascending order, these are the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Icriodus symmetricus;</i><span>&nbsp;</span>Lower and Upper<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pelekysgnathus planus;</i><span>&nbsp;</span>Lower, Middle, and Upper “<i>I</i>.”<span>&nbsp;</span><i>cornutus</i>; and Lower, Middle, and Upper “<i>I</i>.”<span>&nbsp;</span><i>costatus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>Zones. Taxonomic revisions involve mainly relegating several previously described species to subspecies and morphotypes and raising some subspecies to species. Two new biostratigraphically significant subspecies,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>I. iowaensis ancylus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>n. subsp. and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>I. alternatus helmsi</i><span>&nbsp;</span>n. subsp., are recognized to occur both in the western United States and in Europe.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pelekysgnathus brevis</i><span>&nbsp;</span>n. sp. is described as new on the basis of a Middle Devonian occurrence in Utah.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE196-p143","usgsCitation":"Sandberg, C., and Dreesen, R., 1984, Late Devonian icriodontid biofacies models and alternate shallow-water conodont zonation: GSA Special Papers, v. 196, p. 143-178, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE196-p143.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"178","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369556,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.71874999999999,\n              41.0130657870063\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.0810546875,\n              38.839707613545144\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.42187500000001,\n              38.37611542403604\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.94970703125,\n              40.863679665481676\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.71874999999999,\n              41.0130657870063\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.4228515625,\n              39.027718840211605\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.400390625,\n              37.64903402157866\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.00488281250001,\n              37.26530995561875\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.115234375,\n              38.496593518947584\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.4228515625,\n              39.027718840211605\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.4228515625,\n              37.70120736474139\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.00537109375,\n              35.65729624809628\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.26953125,\n              35.67514743608467\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.72021484375,\n              37.43997405227057\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.46826171874999,\n              35.40696093270201\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.57861328125,\n              38.03078569382294\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.46728515624999,\n              40.64730356252251\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.884765625,\n              42.61779143282346\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.04931640625,\n              42.32606244456202\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.43408203124999,\n              38.976492485539396\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.4228515625,\n              37.70120736474139\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"196","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sandberg, Charles sandberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":199124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandberg","given":"Charles","email":"sandberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dreesen, Roland","contributorId":62927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dreesen","given":"Roland","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70013515,"text":"70013515 - 1984 - Biological communities at the Florida Escarpment resemble hydrothermal vent taxa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-30T17:27:49.949424","indexId":"70013515","displayToPublicDate":"1984-11-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biological communities at the Florida Escarpment resemble hydrothermal vent taxa","docAbstract":"Dense biological communities of large epifaunal taxa similar to those found along ridge crest vents at the East Pacific Rise were discovered in the abyssal Gulf of Mexico. These assemblages occur on a passive continental margin at the base of the Florida Escarpment, the interface between the relatively impermeable hemipelagic clays of the distal Mississippi Fan and the jointed Cretaceous limestone of the Florida Platform. The fauna apparently is nourished by sulfide rich hypersaline waters seeping out at near ambient temperatures onto the sea floor.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.226.4677.965","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Paull, C.K., Hecker, B., Commeau, R., Freeman-Lynde, R.P., Neumann, C., Corso, W., Golubic, S., Hook, J., Sikes, E., and Curray, J., 1984, Biological communities at the Florida Escarpment resemble hydrothermal vent taxa: Science, v. 226, no. 4677, p. 965-967, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.226.4677.965.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"965","endPage":"967","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220594,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Escarpment","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -86.34024487052253,\n              30.07605910739204\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.34024487052253,\n              25.0903140051866\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.90280590664406,\n              25.0903140051866\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.90280590664406,\n              30.07605910739204\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.34024487052253,\n              30.07605910739204\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"226","issue":"4677","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f165e4b0c8380cd4ac39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paull, C. K.","contributorId":86845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paull","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hecker, Barbara","contributorId":33843,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hecker","given":"Barbara","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7135,"text":"Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":366236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Commeau, R.","contributorId":29954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Commeau","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freeman-Lynde, R. P.","contributorId":102203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman-Lynde","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Neumann, C.","contributorId":26438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neumann","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Corso, W.P.","contributorId":78875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corso","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Golubic, S.","contributorId":20466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golubic","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hook, J.E.","contributorId":9769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hook","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sikes, E.","contributorId":91239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sikes","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Curray, J.","contributorId":29955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curray","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70206778,"text":"70206778 - 1984 - Evaluation of a technique for simulating a compacting aquifer system in the Central Valley of California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-21T13:54:52","indexId":"70206778","displayToPublicDate":"1984-11-21T13:43:18","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evaluation of a technique for simulating a compacting aquifer system in the Central Valley of California, USA","docAbstract":"<p> Large volumes of water have been pumped from the Central Valley aquifer system since the early 1900's. Water levels in the most heavily pumped areas had declined as much as 120 m by 1970. These large water-level declines resulted in approximately 21,000 hm3 of water released by inelastic compaction of numerous compressible fine-grained deposits. The principal technique used to evaluate the aquifer system was a three-dimensional computer program that solves the basic ground-water flow equation. The program was modified to incorporate water released by inelastic compaction of the fine-grained deposits by making storage a function of hydraulic head. The computer-simulated volume of water released from inelastic compaction for the period from 1961 through 1977 was 6 percent of the estimated volume. The technique could be used in other areas where water is released as a result of inelastic compaction of fine-grained deposits.</p>","conferenceTitle":" Land Subsidence: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Land Subsidence","conferenceDate":"March 19-25, 1984","conferenceLocation":"Venice, Italy","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS Press","publisherLocation":"Wallingford, Oxfordshire","isbn":"9780947571405","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., and Williamson, A.K., 1984, Evaluation of a technique for simulating a compacting aquifer system in the Central Valley of California, USA,  Land Subsidence: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Land Subsidence, Venice, Italy, March 19-25, 1984, p. 53-63.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"63","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369397,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Valley of California ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.06909179687501,\n              40.73893324113601\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.277587890625,\n              40.39676430557203\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.454345703125,\n              35.074964853989556\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.36669921875,\n              35.62158189955968\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.06909179687501,\n              40.73893324113601\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":775736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williamson, Alex K.","contributorId":36543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Alex","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70013528,"text":"70013528 - 1984 - The Eocene/Oligocene boundary event in the deep sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-11-17T16:29:35.325291","indexId":"70013528","displayToPublicDate":"1984-11-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Eocene/Oligocene boundary event in the deep sea","docAbstract":"Analysis of middle Eocene to early Oligocene calcareous and siliceous microfossils shows gradual biotic changes with no massive extinction event across the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Biotic changes in the late Paleogene appear to reflect changing paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic conditions and do not support suggestions of a catastrophic biotic event caused by a bolide impact at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.226.4676.806","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Corliss, B., Aubry, M., Berggren, W., Fenner, J., Keigwin, L., and Keller, G., 1984, The Eocene/Oligocene boundary event in the deep sea: Science, v. 226, no. 4676, p. 806-810, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.226.4676.806.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"806","endPage":"810","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219857,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"226","issue":"4676","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba720e4b08c986b321399","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Corliss, B.H.","contributorId":34389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corliss","given":"B.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aubry, M.-P.","contributorId":100121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aubry","given":"M.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berggren, W.A.","contributorId":65601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berggren","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fenner, J.M.","contributorId":55281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenner","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Keigwin, L.D. Jr.","contributorId":23391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keigwin","given":"L.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Keller, G.","contributorId":72527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70199558,"text":"70199558 - 1984 - Reducing relative error from the CVBEM by proper treatment of the known boundary conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T16:19:52","indexId":"70199558","displayToPublicDate":"1984-11-01T16:19:09","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2022,"text":"International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reducing relative error from the CVBEM by proper treatment of the known boundary conditions","docAbstract":"<p><span>By a proper treatment of the known boundary conditions of a boundary value problem, a complex variable boundary element method (CVBEM) can be used to exactly satisfy the known nodal point boundary values. In this fashion, a numerical model can be developed which generates relative error information along the problem boundary that can be used to reduce the modelling error by either an integrated measure or a maximum relative error measure.</span></p>","language":"English","doi":"10.1002/nme.1620201113","usgsCitation":"Hromadka, T., and Guymon, G.L., 1984, Reducing relative error from the CVBEM by proper treatment of the known boundary conditions: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, v. 20, no. 11, p. 2113-2120, https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620201113.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2113","endPage":"2120","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357582,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"20","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hromadka, T. V. II","contributorId":76464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hromadka","given":"T. V.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guymon, Gary L.","contributorId":52059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guymon","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70120866,"text":"70120866 - 1984 - Measuring resource potential for river recreation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T10:21:55","indexId":"70120866","displayToPublicDate":"1984-10-31T10:19:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Measuring resource potential for river recreation","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"1984 National River Recreation Symposium","conferenceTitle":"1984 National River Recreation Symposium","conferenceDate":"1984-10-31T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Baton Rouge, LA","language":"English","publisher":"Louisiana State University","publisherLocation":"Baton Rouge, LA","usgsCitation":"Fritschen, J., Milhous, R.T., and Nestler, J., 1984, Measuring resource potential for river recreation, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292383,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fe8e4b0333418718933","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fritschen, J.A.","contributorId":57779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritschen","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":28646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nestler, J.","contributorId":54903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nestler","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70128353,"text":"70128353 - 1984 - Runoff, sediment transport, and landform modifications near Sheffield, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T14:45:18","indexId":"70128353","displayToPublicDate":"1984-10-07T15:12:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Runoff, sediment transport, and landform modifications near Sheffield, Illinois","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sixth Annual Department of Energy Low Level Waste Management Program Participants' Information Meeting, DOE Low Level Waste Management Program, Denver, September 11 13, 1984","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.R., 1984, Runoff, sediment transport, and landform modifications near Sheffield, Illinois, <i>in</i> Sixth Annual Department of Energy Low Level Waste Management Program Participants' Information Meeting, DOE Low Level Waste Management Program, Denver, September 11 13, 1984, p. 534-544.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"534","endPage":"544","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295075,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543500b8e4b0a4f4b46a23cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, J. R.","contributorId":46025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}