The yield of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in biomass and numbers was estimated for constant recruitment of young fish into the population on the basis of vital statistics of the Maryland stock. Separate computations were performed for males, females, and sexes combined. Yield in biomass per individual entering the population was highest when the minimum legal length was in the range of 80-90 cm fork length and no upper size limits were imposed. The yield would increase at these size limits in both the Bay and Coastal fisheries, although the Coastal fishery would gain a slight relative advantage because the escapement of immature females from the Bay would increase. The most significant negative effect associated with an increase in the size limits would be the elimination of the traditional fisheries that focus on panfish (male and immature female striped bass 28-40 cm long). Although the length limits recommended in an existing Interstate Fisheries Management Plan for Striped Bass will increase yield per recruit, more stringent regulations would further increase the yield.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1984)4<488:AOPYPR>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Goodyear, C., 1984, Analysis of potential yield per recruit for striped bass produced in Chesapeake Bay: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 4, no. 4B, p. 488-496, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1984)4<488:AOPYPR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"488","endPage":"496","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130750,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.64812890800285,\n 39.66334779189384\n ],\n [\n -76.64812890800285,\n 38.065348260070635\n ],\n [\n -75.92033247458004,\n 38.065348260070635\n ],\n [\n -75.92033247458004,\n 39.66334779189384\n ],\n [\n -76.64812890800285,\n 39.66334779189384\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"4B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6801d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goodyear, C.P.","contributorId":11538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodyear","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003307,"text":"1003307 - 1984 - Relationship of young-of-the-year northern pike to aquatic vegetation types in backwaters of the upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-01T15:40:45.407075","indexId":"1003307","displayToPublicDate":"1984-10-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship of young-of-the-year northern pike to aquatic vegetation types in backwaters of the upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"The association of young-of-the-year northern pike (Esox lucius) with different aquatic plant types (e.g., submerged, emergent, floating) was studied to evaluate the impacts of a potential loss of backwaters on available fish nursery habitats in the upper Mississippi River. Eight biweekly collections were made at each of six representative lentic habitats in Navigation Pool 7. In the spring, average catches of northern pike from areas with submerged vegetation were nearly three times greater than from areas with emergent vegetation, and more than 10 times greater than from an area with no vegetation. This pattern was consistent until late summer, when the young became more common in the more highly oxygenated, less heavily vegetated waters. Food and growth were examined as possible indicators for the selection of areas with submerged vegetation over other habitats. Food varied among fish in the different vegetation types; however, no significant patterns of improved growth or condition were apparent. Young northern pike apparently were successful, opportunistic feeders. Although preference for habitats with submerged vegetation was seemingly not related to food, the overall production of young was clearly best in these habitats.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1984)4<514:ROYNPT>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Holland, L.E., and Huston, M., 1984, Relationship of young-of-the-year northern pike to aquatic vegetation types in backwaters of the upper Mississippi River: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 4, no. 4B, p. 514-522, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1984)4<514:ROYNPT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"514","endPage":"522","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134416,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"upper Mississippi river","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.55990007660549,\n 44.906660690740296\n ],\n [\n -91.43260857118594,\n 42.13319443722958\n ],\n [\n -91.88829429543449,\n 40.8246331112638\n ],\n [\n -90.4055501655566,\n 37.15280968887886\n ],\n [\n -88.8037050864248,\n 37.179001003161034\n ],\n [\n -90.231167774702,\n 40.7368565162695\n ],\n [\n -89.70108624979954,\n 44.00756026263559\n ],\n [\n -92.55990007660549,\n 44.906660690740296\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"4B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c0b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holland, L. E.","contributorId":104853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"L.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huston, M.L.","contributorId":16794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huston","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70120743,"text":"70120743 - 1984 - Projected future abundance of the Yellowstone grizzly bear","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-04T16:56:45.394701","indexId":"70120743","displayToPublicDate":"1984-10-01T16:46:46","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Projected future abundance of the Yellowstone grizzly bear","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3801814","usgsCitation":"Knight, R., and Eberhardt, L., 1984, Projected future abundance of the Yellowstone grizzly bear: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 4, p. 1434-1438, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801814.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1434","endPage":"1438","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292349,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.02068833732608,\n 44.88708008420463\n ],\n [\n -111.02068833732608,\n 44.22869292050456\n ],\n [\n -110.27441673209835,\n 44.22869292050456\n ],\n [\n -110.27441673209835,\n 44.88708008420463\n ],\n [\n -111.02068833732608,\n 44.88708008420463\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ef1ed6e4b0bfa1f993efee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, R.R.","contributorId":59063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberhardt, L.L.","contributorId":72313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhardt","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70233967,"text":"70233967 - 1984 - A comparative ground response study near Los Angeles using recordings of Nevada nuclear tests and the 1971 San Fernando earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-28T13:51:53.997964","indexId":"70233967","displayToPublicDate":"1984-10-01T08:44:01","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparative ground response study near Los Angeles using recordings of Nevada nuclear tests and the 1971 San Fernando earthquake","docAbstract":"A comparative ground response study at sites in the Los Angeles region is based on the extensive strong-motion data set recorded in the 1971 San Fernando earthquake and 159 three-component recordings of distant nuclear tests in Nevada. Amplitude spectral ratios computed for the nuclear test data over those frequency bands for which there is an adequate signal-to-noise ratio provide statistically stable estimates of the local ground response related to the type of local geologic conditions. Comparison of the strong-motion data recorded from the 1971 San Fernando earthquake with that recorded at 28 of the same sites for the nuclear tests show that the corresponding amplitude spectral ratios are statistically equivalent for most sites, provided reference stations are chosen to minimize effects on the earthquake data of azimuthal source variations and crustal propagation path. Statistical equivalence of the spectral ratios for the two types of data sources suggests that amplitude spectral ratios computed with respect to the appropriate reference station provide a first-order estimate of local ground response.
Until recently, the sedimentary processes on the United States Atlantic Continental Slope were inferred mainly from descriptive studies based on the bathymetry and on widely spaced grab samples, bottom photographs, and seismic-reflection profiles. Over the past 6 years, however, much additional information has been collected on the bottom morphology, characteristics of shallow-subbottom strata, velocity of bottom currents, and transport of suspended and bottom sediments. A review of these new data provides a much clearer understanding of the kinds and relative importance of gravitational and hydrodynamic processes that affect the surface sediments. On the rugged slope between Georges Bank and Cape Lookout, N.C., these processes include: (1) small scale mass wasting within submarine canyons and peripheral gullies; (2) density flows within some submarine valleys; (3) sand spillover near the shelf break; (4) sediment creep on the upper slope; and (5) hemipelagic sedimentation on the middle and lower slope. The area between Georges Bank and Hudson Canyon is further distinguished by the relative abundance of large-scale slump scars and deposits on the open slope, the presence of ice-rafted debris, and the transport of sand within the heads of some submarine canyons. Between Cape Lookout and southern Florida, the slope divides into two physiographic units, and the topography is smooth and featureless. On the Florida—Hatteras Slope, offshelf sand spillover and sediment winnowing, related to Gulf Stream flow and possibly to storm-driven currents, are the major processes, whereas hemipelagic sedimentation is dominant over the offshore slope along the seaward edge of the Blake Plateau north of the Blake Spur. Slumping generally is absent south of Cape Lookout, although one large slump scarp (related to uplift over salt diapirs) has been identified east of Cape Romain. Future studies concerning sedimentary processes on the Atlantic slope need to resolve: (1) the ages and mechanisms of mass wasting; (2) the accumulation rates and thicknesses of hemipelagic sediments; and (3) the causes and variability of offshelf sand spillover, sediment winnowing, and canyon transport.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(84)90107-5","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H.J., 1984, Sedimentary processes on the Atlantic Continental Slope of the United States: Marine Geology, v. 61, no. 1, p. 43-74, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(84)90107-5.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"74","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219941,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a32e4b08c986b3170a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, Harley J.","contributorId":25930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"Harley","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221520,"text":"5221520 - 1984 - [Book review] Ecotoxicology: The study of pollutants in ecosystems by F. Moriarity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-05T15:53:01.617612","indexId":"5221520","displayToPublicDate":"1984-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] Ecotoxicology: The study of pollutants in ecosystems by F. Moriarity","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801823","usgsCitation":"Heinz, G.H., 1984, [Book review] Ecotoxicology: The study of pollutants in ecosystems by F. Moriarity: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801823.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1465","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197607,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b6e4b07f02db5342eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinz, Gary H.","contributorId":85698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinz","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223091,"text":"5223091 - 1984 - Survival of juvenile wood ducks in a northern greentree impoundment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-06T15:13:09.25603","indexId":"5223091","displayToPublicDate":"1984-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of juvenile wood ducks in a northern greentree impoundment","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801798","usgsCitation":"Haramis, G., and Thompson, D., 1984, Survival of juvenile wood ducks in a northern greentree impoundment: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 4, p. 1364-1369, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801798.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1364","endPage":"1369","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199834,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Seneca County","otherGeospatial":"Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.82347731566692,\n 43.03929328757371\n ],\n [\n -76.82347731566692,\n 42.99913772833466\n ],\n [\n -76.71569027474648,\n 42.99913772833466\n ],\n [\n -76.71569027474648,\n 43.03929328757371\n ],\n [\n -76.82347731566692,\n 43.03929328757371\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688171","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haramis, G.M.","contributorId":101212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haramis","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, D.Q.","contributorId":50991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"D.Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007700,"text":"1007700 - 1984 - Carbon assimilation characteristics of the aquatic CAM plant Isoetes howellii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-24T15:26:39.612472","indexId":"1007700","displayToPublicDate":"1984-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3088,"text":"Plant Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon assimilation characteristics of the aquatic CAM plant Isoetes howellii","docAbstract":"The relationship between malic acid production and carbon assimilation was examined in the submerged aquatic Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant, Isoetes howellii Engelmann. Under natural conditions free-CO2 level in the water was highest at 0600 hours and 14CO2 assimilation rates in I. howellii were also highest at this time. After 0900 hours there was a similar pattern in (a) rate of free-CO2 depletion from the water, (b) reduction of carbon assimilation rates, and (c) rate of deacidification in leaves. Rates of daytime deacidification increased under CO2-free conditions and as irradiance intensity increased. Nighttime CO2 uptake was estimated to contribute one-third to one-half of the total daily gross carbon assimilation. CO2 uptake, however, accounted for only one-third to one-half of the overnight malic acid accumulation. Internal respiratory CO2 may be a substrate for a large portion of overnight acid accumulation as leaves incubated overnight without CO2 accumulated substantial levels of malic acid. Loss of CAM occurred in emergent leaf tips even though submerged bases continued CAM. Associated with loss of CAM in aerial leaves was an increase in total chlorophyll, a/b ratio, and carotenoids, and a decrease in leaf succulence. δ13C values of I. howellii were not clearly distinguishable from those for associated non-CAM submerged macrophytes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1104/pp.76.2.525","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J., and Busch, G., 1984, Carbon assimilation characteristics of the aquatic CAM plant Isoetes howellii: Plant Physiology, v. 76, no. 2, p. 525-530, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.76.2.525.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"525","endPage":"530","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":491477,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.76.2.525","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131265,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5afe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busch, G.","contributorId":18717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busch","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014032,"text":"70014032 - 1984 - Reevaluation of the systematic position of Scenella","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-01T16:15:09.90309","indexId":"70014032","displayToPublicDate":"1984-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2614,"text":"Lethaia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reevaluation of the systematic position of Scenella","docAbstract":"Specimens originally illustrated from Lower Cambrian rocks of the Sierra Morena in Badajoz and Sevilla Provinces, southwestern Spain are supplemented by new material from another locality and are described as Scenella morenensis n. sp. Although Scenella was originally considered to be a patelliform gastropod, for three decades now the genus has been classified as a monoplacophoran. The type species of Scenella, S. reticulata Billings, does not show any paired muscles scars, nor does this new species; such scars are indicative of the Monoplacophora. This new species of Scenella does exhibit features which suggest assignment to the chondrophorine coelenterates. If so, Scenella cannot represent the ancestral form of mollusk.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1502-3931.1984.tb02024.x","issn":"00241164","usgsCitation":"Yochelson, E.L., and Gil, C.D., 1984, Reevaluation of the systematic position of Scenella: Lethaia, v. 17, no. 4, p. 331-340, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1984.tb02024.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"340","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225997,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Spain","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Morena in Badajoz and Sevilla Provinces, southwestern Spain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -6.954447881788241,\n 38.92662020119738\n ],\n [\n -6.954447881788241,\n 37.22349382893758\n ],\n [\n -5.512005249144465,\n 37.22349382893758\n ],\n [\n -5.512005249144465,\n 38.92662020119738\n ],\n [\n -6.954447881788241,\n 38.92662020119738\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a421e4b0e8fec6cdba5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yochelson, E. L.","contributorId":50948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yochelson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gil, Cid D.","contributorId":84918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gil","given":"Cid","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014089,"text":"1014089 - 1984 - Biology contravenes taxonomy in the Myxozoa: New discoveries show alternation of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-11-17T16:34:54.798211","indexId":"1014089","displayToPublicDate":"1984-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biology contravenes taxonomy in the Myxozoa: New discoveries show alternation of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts","docAbstract":"For 80 years the infectivity of salmonid whirling disease has eluded discovery. New findings now show that this myxosporean disease of fish is initiated by what is regarded as an actinosporean produced in a tubificid oligochaete. Experimental results provide evidence that, instead of being considered as representatives of separate classes in the phylum Myxozoa, the myxosporean and actinosporean are alternating life forms of a single organism.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.225.4669.1449","usgsCitation":"Wolf, K., and Markiw, M., 1984, Biology contravenes taxonomy in the Myxozoa: New discoveries show alternation of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts: Science, v. 225, no. 4669, p. 1449-1452, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.225.4669.1449.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1449","endPage":"1452","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129476,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"225","issue":"4669","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db6232d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolf, K.","contributorId":16344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Markiw, M.E.","contributorId":44865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markiw","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199549,"text":"70199549 - 1984 - Government investment in mineral resource information on leasable public lands: The case of strippable coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T15:40:30","indexId":"70199549","displayToPublicDate":"1984-09-20T15:34:28","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5751,"text":"Resources and Energy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Government investment in mineral resource information on leasable public lands: The case of strippable coal","docAbstract":"A scheme is presented to aid the government in estimating the net benefits, in terms of itsrecovery of expected rents, of performing various levels of exploration of mineral tracts prior to leasing and making such information available to potential bidders. Conditions are identified where the government will profit by investment in geologic data that are collected and provided to potential bidders without reducing the expected returns to bidders. Expected benefits of an optimal data-collection program depend on (1) the degree of bidder risk aversion, (2) the expected degree of lease competition and (3) unique lease tract factors that determine economic rents—thickness of seams, proximity to markets, extraction costs, and the spatial correlation characteristics of data. The effects of price uncertainty and government policies affecting market stability on the value of information are also discussed.
Side-scan sonar was used to map and measure feeding pits of the California gray whale over 22,000 square kilometers of the northeastern Bering Sea floor. The distribution of pits, feeding whales, ampeliscid amphipods (whale prey), and a fine-sand substrate bearing the amphipods were all closely correlated. The central Chirikov Basin and nearshore areas of Saint Lawrence Island supply at least 6.5 percent of the total gray whale food resource in summer. While feeding, the whales resuspend at least 1.2 × 108 cubic meters of sediment annually; this significantly affects the geology and biology of the region.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.225.4667.1150","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Johnson, K., and Nelson, C., 1984, Side-scan sonar assessment of gray whale feeding in the Bering Sea: Science, v. 225, no. 4667, p. 1150-1152, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.225.4667.1150.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1150","endPage":"1152","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220469,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"northeastern Bering Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -171.92295786150484,\n 64.61544740977314\n ],\n [\n -171.92295786150484,\n 63.55419003160364\n ],\n [\n -166.05840971121214,\n 63.55419003160364\n ],\n [\n -166.05840971121214,\n 64.61544740977314\n ],\n [\n -171.92295786150484,\n 64.61544740977314\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"225","issue":"4667","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8ef0e4b08c986b318c36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, K.R.","contributorId":28599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, C.H.","contributorId":88346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012889,"text":"70012889 - 1984 - Disruption of the terrestrial plant ecosystem at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, western interior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-11-17T16:47:38.844803","indexId":"70012889","displayToPublicDate":"1984-09-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disruption of the terrestrial plant ecosystem at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, western interior","docAbstract":"The palynologically defined Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the western interior of North America occurs at the top of an iridium-rich clay layer. The boundary is characterized by the abrupt disappearance of certain pollen species, immediately followed by a pronounced, geologically brief change in the ratio of fern spores to angiosperm pollen. The occurrence of these changes at two widely separated sites implies continentwide disruption of the terrestrial ecosystem, probably caused by a major catastrophic event at the end of the period.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.225.4666.1030","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Tschudy, R., Pillmore, C.L., Orth, C.J., Gilmore, J.S., and Knight, J., 1984, Disruption of the terrestrial plant ecosystem at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, western interior: Science, v. 225, no. 4666, p. 1030-1032, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.225.4666.1030.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1030","endPage":"1032","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221917,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"North America western interior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -128.0749275778024,\n 57.29836240768384\n ],\n [\n -128.0749275778024,\n 32.447678075383465\n ],\n [\n -100.7740765711535,\n 32.447678075383465\n ],\n [\n -100.7740765711535,\n 57.29836240768384\n ],\n [\n -128.0749275778024,\n 57.29836240768384\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"225","issue":"4666","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0226e4b0c8380cd4fee8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tschudy, R.H.","contributorId":55023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tschudy","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pillmore, C. L.","contributorId":46093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pillmore","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Orth, C. J.","contributorId":90034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orth","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gilmore, J. S.","contributorId":72927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmore","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Knight, J.D.","contributorId":46688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70120845,"text":"70120845 - 1984 - Population structure of Adenostoma fasciculatum in mature stands of chamise chaparral in the southern Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T08:57:10","indexId":"70120845","displayToPublicDate":"1984-09-04T08:54:44","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population structure of Adenostoma fasciculatum in mature stands of chamise chaparral in the southern Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"In the low elevation chaparral areas of Sequoia National Park, California, pure stands of chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) are periodically rejuvenated by fire. Mature stands showed considerable variability in density and total biomass even though a positive correlation exists between the two. Mature stands showed a preponderance of individuals in the smaller size classes (inverse-J shape distribution). Dead shrubs found in mature stands also tended to be in the smaller size classes. This relatively high mortality of small individuals is important to post-fire stand development. In addition, resprout and seedling biomass one year after fire both showed inverse-J shaped size-class structures. A positive correlation existed between the preburn basal area of a shrub and its first year resprout biomass. Shrub biomass and distance to nearest neighbor were poorly correlated. A significant correlation existed between stand density and a stand's variance-to-mean ratio, indicating a trend toward more regular spacing as density increases. Pre-burn and fire-induced mortality tended to move the stand towards a more clumped distribution. Seedlings replaced dead individuals after a fire and thus restored regular spacing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oecologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"Berlin","doi":"10.1007/BF00377549","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T., Parsons, D., and Rundel, P., 1984, Population structure of Adenostoma fasciculatum in mature stands of chamise chaparral in the southern Sierra Nevada, California: Oecologia, v. 64, no. 1, p. 87-91, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00377549.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292356,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292355,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377549"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevadas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.1179,34.7923 ], [ -121.1179,38.8275 ], [ -117.9218,38.8275 ], [ -117.9218,34.7923 ], [ -121.1179,34.7923 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25feae4b0333418718947","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, D.J.","contributorId":47721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rundel, P.W.","contributorId":79068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rundel","given":"P.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199555,"text":"70199555 - 1984 - A method for predicting petroleum industry demands associated with future discoveries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T16:04:43","indexId":"70199555","displayToPublicDate":"1984-09-01T15:55:44","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5753,"text":"Journal of Resource Management and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for predicting petroleum industry demands associated with future discoveries","language":"English","publisher":"University of Pennsylvania,","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., 1984, A method for predicting petroleum industry demands associated with future discoveries: Journal of Resource Management and Technology, v. 13, no. 3.","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357579,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199554,"text":"70199554 - 1984 - A note on petroleum industry exploration efficiency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-29T15:46:20.252654","indexId":"70199554","displayToPublicDate":"1984-09-01T15:48:16","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5752,"text":"The Energy Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A note on petroleum industry exploration efficiency","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Energy Economics","doi":"10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol5-No3-9","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., 1984, A note on petroleum industry exploration efficiency: The Energy Journal, v. 5, no. 3, p. 133-146, https://doi.org/10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol5-No3-9.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"146","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357577,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199548,"text":"70199548 - 1984 - Offshore exploration and industry change: The case of the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T14:50:04.105169","indexId":"70199548","displayToPublicDate":"1984-09-01T15:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5748,"text":"Journal of Petroleum Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Offshore exploration and industry change: The case of the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"This paper considers industry structure and the exploration performance (by size class of operator) of firms searching for oil and gas in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. It also tracks the changes in industry structure that have occurred in response to a decline in the quality of remaining prospects in the area. Data presented indicate that because vertically integrated majors dominated in exploration in the early years of the Gulf of Mexico exploration history, they were able to discover 86% of the total hydrocarbons discovered through 1975. However, the data also show a dynamic relationship between the structure of the industry operating in an area and the quality of remaining prospects. The relative share of both credited discoveries and wildcat wells of nonmajor operators has increased as exploration in the gulf proceeded. For example, in state-owned waters from 1951 to 1955, major inns accounted for 85% of all wildcat wells drilled, whereas from 1971 to 1975 these firms accounted for only 30% of the wildcat wells. During these same two periods in the federal Gulf of Mexico, the majors' share of wildcats fell from 98% to 70%.
","doi":"10.2118/11152-PA","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., and Drew, L.J., 1984, Offshore exploration and industry change: The case of the Gulf of Mexico: Journal of Petroleum Technology, v. 36, no. 3, p. 437-442, https://doi.org/10.2118/11152-PA.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"442","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357564,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drew, L. J.","contributorId":118947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70120681,"text":"70120681 - 1984 - The orientation and navigation of juvenile alligators: evidence of magnetic sensitivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-15T13:39:35","indexId":"70120681","displayToPublicDate":"1984-09-01T13:35:20","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2225,"text":"Journal of Comparative Physiology A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The orientation and navigation of juvenile alligators: evidence of magnetic sensitivity","docAbstract":"Displaced juvenile alligators, Alligator mississipiensis, were released on land in a 9 m diameter dodecagonal arena to test their ability to orient in the absence of terrestrial landmarks. Navigational ability seemed to improve with age. When displaced along a fairly direct route yearlings (age 7–14 months) compensated for their displacement, moving in the direction from the arena to their home sites. When displaced by a circuitous route, yearlings failed to compensate for their displacement, exhibiting instead simple compass orientation in a direction that would have returned them to water had they been released on land near the site where they were captured. The older juveniles were oriented in a homeward direction under all displacement and test conditions.
\nThe latter animals may have been using geomagnetic map information to select their homeward directions as the errors in their homeward bearings correlated with small deviations in the geomagnetic field's dip angle at the time of the test (1980r s=−0.6047,P=0.0131, all testsr s= −0.4652,P=0.0084). This effect appeared to depend on a very short-term assessment of geomagnetic conditions, as values measured 20 min before or 30 min after the tests began did not correlate with the directions the animals moved. The older juveniles appeared to use magnetically quiet hours on the night of their capture as the baseline from which to measure the geomagnetic deviations that occurred at the time of the arena test. The magnitude of the magnetic effect in the older animals suggests that the geomagnetic information may have been used to perform a ‘map’ step, as small fluctuations in dip angle correlated with much larger deviations in homeward bearings. In addition, the compass-oriented yearlings and the seemingly route-based behavior of the homeward-oriented yearlings did not appear to be influenced by geomagnetic conditions. These findings have many parallels in results obtained from bird orientation studies, providing evidence that navigation may share a common basis in different vertebrate groups.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Comparative Physiology A","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer Verlag","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1007/BF01350218","usgsCitation":"Rodda, G.H., 1984, The orientation and navigation of juvenile alligators: evidence of magnetic sensitivity: Journal of Comparative Physiology A, v. 154, no. 5, p. 649-658, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01350218.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"649","endPage":"658","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292310,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292309,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01350218"}],"volume":"154","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ef1ed8e4b0bfa1f993f01c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodda, Gordon H. roddag@usgs.gov","contributorId":3196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodda","given":"Gordon","email":"roddag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221898,"text":"5221898 - 1984 - Organochlorine pesticide, polychlorobiphenyl, and mercury residues in bald eagle eggs – 1969-79 – And their relationships to shell thinning and reproduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T16:20:31.953986","indexId":"5221898","displayToPublicDate":"1984-09-01T12:19:29","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organochlorine pesticide, polychlorobiphenyl, and mercury residues in bald eagle eggs – 1969-79 – And their relationships to shell thinning and reproduction","docAbstract":"Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) eggs were collected in 14 States in 1969–79 and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, polychlorobiphenyls, and mercury. Moderate shell thinning occurred in eggs from several areas. Eggs from the Chesapeake Bay area contained the highest residue levels of most organochlorines. DDE was detected in all eggs; other organochlorines were detected less frequently. Mercury levels were highest in eggs from Maine. Eight contaminants were significantly negatively correlated with shell thickness or reproduction at sampled breeding areas; DDE was most closely related to these factors. Production of young was near normal at breeding areas when DDE was ⩽3 ppm (wet weight); reproductive failure approached 100% for those breeding areas where DDE in eggs was >15 ppm. Five ppm DDE was associated with 10% shell thinning. The other contaminants that were associated with these factors were also highly correlated with DDE; their impact appeared minor in relation to those of DDE.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01056332","usgsCitation":"Wiemeyer, S.N., Lamont, T., Bunck, C.M., Sindelar, C.R., Gramlich, F.J., Fraser, J., and Byrd, M.A., 1984, Organochlorine pesticide, polychlorobiphenyl, and mercury residues in bald eagle eggs – 1969-79 – And their relationships to shell thinning and reproduction: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 13, no. 5, p. 529-549, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01056332.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"529","endPage":"549","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194046,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68aa2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiemeyer, Stanley N.","contributorId":78279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiemeyer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamont, Thair","contributorId":56321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamont","given":"Thair","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bunck, Christine M. cbunck@usgs.gov","contributorId":731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunck","given":"Christine","email":"cbunck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":334957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sindelar, C. R.","contributorId":94756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sindelar","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gramlich, F. J.","contributorId":13325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gramlich","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fraser, James D.","contributorId":86686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fraser","given":"James D.","affiliations":[{"id":33131,"text":"Dept of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":334956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Byrd, M. A.","contributorId":49477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrd","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70221677,"text":"70221677 - 1984 - Age of the Comfort Member of the Castle Hayne Formation, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-28T16:27:57.791133","indexId":"70221677","displayToPublicDate":"1984-09-01T11:20:43","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age of the Comfort Member of the Castle Hayne Formation, North Carolina","docAbstract":"The biostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic position of the Comfort Member of the Castle Hayne Formation has been the subject of much debate. At the Martin-Marietta Quarry at Castle Hayne, New Hanover County, North Carolina, the planktic foraminifers indicate an assignment within an interval of the uppermost Turborotalia frontosa Zone to the Turborotalia pomeroli Zone. The calcareous nannofossils indicate an assignment to the middle part of the Chiasmolithus solitus Zone. The dinocyst data indicate placement in the upper part of the Kisselovia coleothrypta Zone of Costa and Downie. These zonal units are considered to be within the middle Eocene of international usage, and, on the basis of the time scale used in this paper, the Chiasmolithus solitus Zone represents a time interval of 42.1 to 45.4 megaannums (Ma). This differs significantly from a Rb/Sr glauconite date of 34.8 ± 1.0 Ma previously obtained at the same locality.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<1040:AOTCMO>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hazel, J.E., Bybell, L.M., Edwards, L.E., Jones, G.D., and Ward, L.W., 1984, Age of the Comfort Member of the Castle Hayne Formation, North Carolina: GSA Bulletin, v. 95, no. 9-10, p. 1040-1044, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<1040:AOTCMO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1040","endPage":"1044","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386803,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"New Hanover County","city":"Castle Hayne","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.92791366577148,\n 34.33401010846338\n ],\n [\n -77.86688804626465,\n 34.33401010846338\n ],\n [\n -77.86688804626465,\n 34.38049178631383\n ],\n [\n -77.92791366577148,\n 34.38049178631383\n ],\n [\n -77.92791366577148,\n 34.33401010846338\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"95","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hazel, J. E.","contributorId":89187,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hazel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bybell, Laurel M. 0000-0002-4760-7542 lbybell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":1760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"Laurel","email":"lbybell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, G. D.","contributorId":31971,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ward, L. W.","contributorId":58704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1429,"text":"1429 - 1984 - Development of a predictive irrigation scheduling index using electrophytograms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-10T09:07:01","indexId":"1429","displayToPublicDate":"1984-09-01T09:04:34","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Development of a predictive irrigation scheduling index using electrophytograms","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Research project technical completion report 828-05","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/1429","usgsCitation":"Gensler, W.G., 1984, Development of a predictive irrigation scheduling index using electrophytograms, i, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/1429.","productDescription":"i, 12 p.","numberOfPages":"13","temporalStart":"1983-01-01","temporalEnd":"1984-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289700,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bfb5f6e4b06d97a6487d09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gensler, William G.","contributorId":81019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gensler","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1007695,"text":"1007695 - 1984 - Hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon isotope ratios of cellulose from submerged aquatic Crassulacean acid metabolism and non-Crassulacean acid metabolism plants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-24T15:33:10.303058","indexId":"1007695","displayToPublicDate":"1984-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3088,"text":"Plant Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon isotope ratios of cellulose from submerged aquatic Crassulacean acid metabolism and non-Crassulacean acid metabolism plants","docAbstract":"Isotope ratios of cellulose and cellulose nitrate from aquatic Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and non-CAM plants were determined. Cellulose oxygen istope ratios for all plants that grew together were virtually identical, whereas large differences were observed for hydrogen isotope ratios of cellulose nitrate between CAM and non-CAM plants. Carbon isotope ratios of cellulose nitrate did not differentiate CAM from non-CAM plants.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1104/pp.76.1.68","usgsCitation":"Sternberg, L., DeNiro, M.J., and Keeley, J., 1984, Hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon isotope ratios of cellulose from submerged aquatic Crassulacean acid metabolism and non-Crassulacean acid metabolism plants: Plant Physiology, v. 76, no. 1, p. 68-70, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.76.1.68.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"68","endPage":"70","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":491397,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.76.1.68","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131167,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628e2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sternberg, L.","contributorId":58984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sternberg","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeNiro, M. J.","contributorId":64190,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeNiro","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1013927,"text":"1013927 - 1984 - Bias-elimination in fish population models with stochastic variation in survival of the young","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-09T17:26:10.462297","indexId":"1013927","displayToPublicDate":"1984-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bias-elimination in fish population models with stochastic variation in survival of the young","docAbstract":"The addition of random variation in survival to a single prereproductive age class in a Leslie matrix population model can alter population growth in the modeled system. Methods are presented to characterize the stochastic variation in survival and to determine a correction factor that, when included in the model, will eliminate the propensity for the modeled population to systematically deviate from the initial conditions. This ability is important for applications of fish population models that seek to evaluate probability distributions of population trends that are associated with stochastic variations in survival, and to forecast the effects of changes in fishing mortality rates in fluctuating environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1984)113<627:BIFPMW>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Goodyear, C., and Christensen, S., 1984, Bias-elimination in fish population models with stochastic variation in survival of the young: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 113, no. 5, p. 627-632, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1984)113<627:BIFPMW>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"627","endPage":"632","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130861,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62adab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goodyear, C.P.","contributorId":11538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodyear","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, S.W.","contributorId":8023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70120844,"text":"70120844 - 1984 - Spawning by Rhinichthys osculus (Cyprinidae), in the San Francisco River, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T08:43:41","indexId":"70120844","displayToPublicDate":"1984-08-28T08:37:28","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spawning by Rhinichthys osculus (Cyprinidae), in the San Francisco River, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The speckles dace Rhinichthys osculus [Girard] is the most widely distributed and ubiquitous fish in the western United States (Moyle, Inland Fishes of California, 1976). Although common, very little information is available concerning thje reproductive behavior of speckled dace or the environmental cues which trigger spawning activity. Several hundred speckled dace were observed spawning in the San Francisco River, 4.8 km upstream from Reserve, Catron County, New Mexico, on June 2-3, 1981. Spawning was in an area of disturbed substrate at a time when other reaches of the streambed were overgrown with diatoms, filamentous algae, and macrophytes. This note described the spawning site and reproductive behavior and proposes that physical disturbance is a major cue for reproductive activity in the species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","publisherLocation":"Dallas, TX","doi":"10.2307/3671369","usgsCitation":"Mueller, G.A., 1984, Spawning by Rhinichthys osculus (Cyprinidae), in the San Francisco River, New Mexico: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 29, no. 3, p. 354-356, https://doi.org/10.2307/3671369.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"354","endPage":"356","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292353,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292352,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3671369"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108.905174,33.473514 ], [ -108.905174,33.489787 ], [ -108.892172,33.489787 ], [ -108.892172,33.473514 ], [ -108.905174,33.473514 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fefe4b033341871895d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, Gordon A.","contributorId":86420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1007753,"text":"1007753 - 1984 - Stylites, a vascular land plant without stomata absorbs CO2 via its roots","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-03T23:19:41.772327","indexId":"1007753","displayToPublicDate":"1984-08-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stylites, a vascular land plant without stomata absorbs CO2 via its roots","docAbstract":"Photosynthetic organs of most higher plants normally have access to atmospheric CO2 through stomatal pores which also serve as variable valves to control the loss of H2O vapour which accompanies CO2 uptake1. The acquisition of stomata is commonly thought to have been a crucial development permitting ‘conquest’ of land and direct access of plants to atmospheric CO2. Only in desert stem succulents during drought do stomata remain so tightly closed in the light that the photosynthetic tissues are dependent on internal CO2 generated through the photosynthetic pathway known as crassulacean acid metabolism2. Functional stomata are absent in submerged aquatic plants and in non-vascular land plants (for example, mosses) which are normally covered by a water film. Although it is now clearly established that some aquatic plants assimilate large amounts of CO2 from the sediment via roots3–5, terrestrial plants are thought to assimilate only insignificant amounts of CO2 via this path6. Here we report on a terrestrial plant, Stylites andicola, which lacks stomata and is unable to exchange gas with the aerial atmosphere. Rather, it derives nearly all of its photosynthetic carbon through its roots. In addition, this species possesses characteristics of crassulacean acid metabolism.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/310694a0","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J., Osmond, C., and Raven, J., 1984, Stylites, a vascular land plant without stomata absorbs CO2 via its roots: Nature, v. 310, p. 694-695, https://doi.org/10.1038/310694a0.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"694","endPage":"695","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"310","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osmond, C.B.","contributorId":108061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osmond","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raven, J.A.","contributorId":83477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raven","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}