Science impacts our daily lives and guides national and international policies (1). Thus, results of scientific studies are of paramount importance; yet, there are concerns that many studies are not reproducible or replicable (2). To address these concerns, the National Research Council conducted a Consensus Study [NASEM 2019 (3)] that provides definitions of key concepts, discussions of problems, and recommendations for dealing with these problems. These recommendations are useful and well considered, but they do not go far enough in our opinion. The NASEM recommendations treat reproducibility and replicability as single-study issues, despite clear acknowledgement of the limitations of isolated studies and the need for research synthesis (3). We advocate a strategic approach to research, focusing on the accumulation of evidence via designed sequences of studies, as a means of dealing more effectively with reproducibility, replicability, and related problems. These sequences are designed to provide iterative tests based on comparison of data from empirical studies with predictions from competing hypotheses. Evidence is then formally accumulated based on the relative predictive abilities of the different hypotheses as the sequential studies proceed.
Resource managers in the Pacific Northwest (USA) actively thin second-growth forests to accelerate the development of late-successional conditions and seek to expand these restoration thinning treatments into riparian zones. Riparian forest thinning, however, may impact stream temperatures–a key water quality parameter often regulated to protect stream habitat and aquatic organisms. To better understand the effects of riparian thinning on shade, light, and stream temperature, we employed a manipulative field experiment following a replicated Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design in three watersheds in the redwood forests of northern California, USA. Thinning treatments were intended to reduce canopy closure or basal area within the riparian zone by up to 50% on both sides of the stream channel along a 100–200 m stream reach. We found that responses to thinning ranged widely depending on the intensity of thinning treatments. In the watersheds with more intensive treatments, thinning reduced shade, increased light, and altered stream thermal regimes in thinned and downstream reaches. Thinning shifted thermal regimes by increasing maximum temperatures, thermal variability, and the frequency and duration of elevated temperatures. These thermal responses occurred primarily during summer but also extended into spring and fall. Longitudinal profiles indicated that increases in temperature associated with thinning frequently persisted downstream, but downstream effects depended on the magnitude of upstream temperature increases. Model selection analyses indicated that local changes in shade as well as upstream thermal conditions and proximity to upstream treatments explained variation in stream temperature responses to thinning. In contrast, in the study watershed with less intensive thinning, smaller changes in shade and light resulted in minimal stream temperature responses. Collectively, our data shed new light on the stream thermal responses to riparian thinning. These results provide relevant information for managers considering thinning as a viable restoration strategy for second-growth riparian forests.
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However, application of this approach has not always been successful, possibly because of female dispersal and high deer densities. We developed a spatially explicit, agent-based model to investigate the intensity of deer removal required to locally reduce deer density depending on the surrounding deer density, dispersal behavior, and size and shape of the area of localized reduction. Application of this model is illustrated using the example of abundant deer populations in Pennsylvania, USA. Most scenarios required at least 5 years before substantial deer density reductions occurred. Our model indicated that a localized reduction was successful for scenarios in which the surrounding deer density was lowest (30 deer/mi²), localized antlerless harvest rates were 30%, and the removal area was 5 mi² or larger. When the size of the removal area was < 5 mi2, end population density was highly variable and, in some scenarios, exceeded the initial density. The shape of the area of localized reduction had less influence on the ability to reduce deer density than the size. There were no differences in mean deer density in the same size circle or square removal areas. Similarly, increasing the ratio of sides (length : width) in rectangular removal areas had little influence on the ability to locally reduce deer densities. Situations in which deer density was higher (40 or 50 deer/mi2) required antlerless removal rates to exceed 30% and took more than 5 years to considerably reduce density in the localized area regardless of its size. These results indicate that the size of the area of reduction, surrounding deer density, and antlerless harvest rate are the most influential factors in locally reducing deer density. Therefore, localized management likely can be an effective strategy for lower density herds, especially in larger removal areas. For high density herds, the success of this strategy would depend most on the ability of resource managers to achieve consistently high antlerless harvest rates.
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J.","contributorId":252885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolff","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":50459,"text":"Space Science Institute, Boulder, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":49}]}} ,{"id":70217896,"text":"sir20205110 - 2021 - Geologic assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in the Cherokee Platform area of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-01T15:49:52.891672","indexId":"sir20205110","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-15T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-5110","displayTitle":"Geologic Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources in the Cherokee Platform Province Area of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri","title":"Geologic assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in the Cherokee Platform area of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri","docAbstract":"In 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey completed a geology-based assessment to estimate the volumes of undiscovered, technically recoverable petroleum resources in the Cherokee Platform Province area of southeastern Kansas, northeastern Oklahoma, and southwestern Missouri. The U.S. Geological Survey identified four stratigraphic intervals that contain petroleum source rocks: (1) thin shales in the Middle to Upper Ordovician Simpson Group, (2) shales within the Upper Devonian to Lower Mississippian Woodford Shale and stratigraphically equivalent Chattanooga Shale, (3) coals and coal-associated shales and mudstones in the Middle Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Cherokee and Marmaton Groups, and (4) thin marine shales within the Marmaton Group and the Upper Pennsylvanian (Missourian) Kansas City and Lansing Groups. Based on the nature of the petroleum accumulations, the characterization of the compositions and thermal maturity of the organic matter in the rocks, and the compositions of the produced petroleum, the U.S. Geological Survey identified three total petroleum systems (TPS) containing four assessment units (AU): the Paleozoic Composite TPS with the Paleozoic Conventional Assessment Unit (AU), the Woodford/Chattanooga TPS with the Woodford Shale Oil AU and the Woodford Biogenic Gas AU, and the Desmoinesian Coal TPS with the Desmoinesian Coalbed Gas AU. Assessment unit summaries follow
1. Three source rock intervals have contributed geochemically distinct oils to reservoirs within the Paleozoic Conventional AU. These intervals are the Simpson Group; the Woodford and Chattanooga Shales; and the Marmaton, Kansas City, and Lansing Groups. The major petroleum source rocks are the Woodford and Chattanooga Shales. The Paleozoic Conventional AU includes reservoirs that range in age from the Upper Cambrian Arbuckle Group to the lower Permian Chase Group. Most oil production in the province has been from Pennsylvanian sandstone reservoirs. Estimated undiscovered petroleum resources for this AU are a mean of 3 million barrels of oil (MMBO), 140 billion cubic feet of gas (BCFG), and 4 million barrels of natural gas liquids (MMBNGL).
2. The Woodford Shale Oil AU contains undiscovered continuous petroleum resources within the Woodford Shale and Chattanooga Shale. The geologic model for the AU assumes that petroleum resources remain trapped within the shale following petroleum migration. For most of the AU, organic matter within the Woodford Shale and Chattanooga Shale is thermally mature with respect to petroleum generation as shown by vitrinite reflectance values between 0.6 and 1 percent. Petroleum has been produced from the Woodford Shale and Chattanooga Shale. Estimated undiscovered petroleum resources for this AU are means of 460 MMBO, 640 BCFG, and 7 MMBNGL.
3. The Woodford Shale Biogenic Gas AU contains undiscovered continuous petroleum resources in the east-central portion of the Cherokee Platform Province near the Ozark uplift where the Woodford Shale and Chattanooga Shale are at depths of 1,250 ft or shallower. At those depths, methanogenesis and(or) biodegradation of thermogenic natural gases can be found where the shale may be more fractured and more susceptible to groundwater penetrations. The mean assessed volume of undiscovered gas for this assessment unit is 416 BCFG and 1 MMBNGL.
4. The Desmoinesian Coalbed Gas AU contains undiscovered continuous petroleum resources within the Middle Pennsylvanian coals and coal-associated shales and mudstones. The boundaries for the Desmoinesian Coalbed Gas AU are, in part, defined by the extent, depth, and thickness of the coals. Within the Desmoinesian Coalbed Gas AU, a sweet spot area was delineated based on a 10 foot or greater net coal thickness. Gas analytical data show that natural gas produced from the coals has a mixed biogenic and thermogenic origin and that there is significant migration of natural gas into the coals from adjacent conventional sandstone reservoirs. The estimated mean volume of undiscovered gas is 10.0 trillion cubic ft of gas (TCFG), and 23 MMBNGL.
For the three continuous (unconventional) assessment units and one conventional assessment unit in the Cherokee Platform Province, total mean volumes of undiscovered petroleum resources are estimated to be 463 MMBO, 11.2 TCFG and 35 MMBNGL.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205110","issn":"978-1-4113-4399-3","usgsCitation":"Drake, R.M., II, and Hatch, J.R., 2021, Geologic assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in the Cherokee Platform area of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5110, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205110.","productDescription":"viii, 39 p.","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069652","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383204,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5110/sir20205110.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5110"},{"id":383203,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5110/coverthb2.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.2392578125,\n 33.43144133557529\n ],\n [\n -93.251953125,\n 33.578014746143985\n ],\n [\n -93.2958984375,\n 40.04443758460856\n ],\n [\n -100.0634765625,\n 40.04443758460856\n ],\n [\n -100.2392578125,\n 33.43144133557529\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
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St, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bell, Douglas A.","contributorId":279590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bell","given":"Douglas A.","affiliations":[{"id":57302,"text":"East Bay Regional Park District, 2950 Peralta Oaks Court, Oakland, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Greig, Hamish S.","contributorId":279591,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greig","given":"Hamish","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":57280,"text":"University of Maine, 212 Deering Hall, Orono, ME","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Gagne, Chase R.","contributorId":279592,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gagne","given":"Chase","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":57280,"text":"University of Maine, 212 Deering Hall, Orono, ME","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Batzer, Darold P.","contributorId":279593,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Batzer","given":"Darold P.","affiliations":[{"id":57305,"text":"University of Georgia, 120 Cedar St, Athens, GA 30602, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70229051,"text":"70229051 - 2021 - Uncovering process domains in large rivers: Patterns and potential drivers of benthic substrate heterogeneity in two North American riverscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-28T14:29:43.181527","indexId":"70229051","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-15T08:18:27","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uncovering process domains in large rivers: Patterns and potential drivers of benthic substrate heterogeneity in two North American riverscapes","docAbstract":"Identifying and understanding functional process domains (sensu Montgomery, 1999) in rivers is paramount for linking the physical habitat template to ecosystem structure and function. To date, efforts to do this have been rare, especially in large rivers, as they require appropriate tools for quantifying habitat heterogeneity with fine-scale resolution across broad spatial extents. In this study, we used side-scan sonar technology to map riverbed substrate at six sites in the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers. Substrate maps were then analyzed and visualized using geospatial analysis to relate fine-grained spatial substrate patterns to process domain structure. Our findings revealed two distinct nested domains of substrate patchiness, suggesting that different factors are responsible for shaping patterns of substrate at different scales. Although small-scale patchiness in substrate was likely driven by internal, or autogenic, physical processes, patterns at larger segment extents (>3 km) were often driven by abrupt transitions in habitat related to exogenous factors such as lateral erosion of talus, tributary inputs, and bank armoring. Additionally, we found that heterogeneity in benthic substrate increased with spatial extent at all of our study sites; however, this relationship was lower in the Missouri River, which is altered by impoundment. Our study represents one of the first efforts to relate benthic habitat heterogeneity to nested process domain structure in large riverscapes, and offers a unique perspective for linking landscape processes, geomorphological habitat heterogeneity, and biological structure and function in large rivers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107524","usgsCitation":"Scholl, E., Cross, W.F., Baxter, C.V., and Guy, C.S., 2021, Uncovering process domains in large rivers: Patterns and potential drivers of benthic substrate heterogeneity in two North American riverscapes: Geomorphology, v. 375, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107524.","productDescription":"107524, 15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","ipdsId":"IP-120694","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/5832738","text":"External Repository"},{"id":396542,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River, Yellowstone River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.820068359375,\n 47.25686404408872\n ],\n [\n -103.60107421874999,\n 47.25686404408872\n ],\n [\n -103.60107421874999,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -106.820068359375,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -106.820068359375,\n 47.25686404408872\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"375","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholl, E.A","contributorId":286923,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scholl","given":"E.A","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36244,"text":"MSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cross, W. F.","contributorId":15412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":36555,"text":"Montana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baxter, C. V.","contributorId":62853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baxter","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":38154,"text":"Idaho State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guy, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9936-4781 cguy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-4781","contributorId":2876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"Christopher","email":"cguy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":5062,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":836361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70219912,"text":"70219912 - 2021 - Evaluating lethal toxicant doses for the largest individuals of an invasive vertebrate predator with indeterminate growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T13:04:00.523779","indexId":"70219912","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-15T07:58:35","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2655,"text":"Management of Biological Invasions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating lethal toxicant doses for the largest individuals of an invasive vertebrate predator with indeterminate growth","docAbstract":"The brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) was accidentally introduced to Guam and caused severe ecological and economic damages. Acetaminophen is an effective, low-risk oral toxicant for invasive brown treesnakes, and an automated aerial delivery system (ADS) has been developed for landscape-scale toxic bait distribution. A fixed dose of 80 mg of acetaminophen within a tablet inserted into a dead neonatal mouse (DNM) was lethal for all brown treesnakes in previous trials; however, these trials did not include very large individuals which are difficult to acquire for testing. Because most reptiles continue to grow throughout their lifespan, a small number reach much greater than average body sizes. Here, we tested effectiveness of 80 mg acetaminophen DNM baits for unusually large brown treesnakes as they became available. Our results confirmed that an 80 mg dose is lethal for the vast majority of snakes on Guam, but efficacy starts to diminish around 200 g of body mass. We also tested an alternative mouse bait configuration with 160 mg of acetaminophen
that could be incorporated into the ADS to improve control of unusually large snakes. The 160 mg dose is expected to be effective for nearly all female snakes; males grow much larger and additional methods will be needed for extraordinarily large individuals. We describe a full dose-response curve for brown treesnakes to acetaminophen tablets and estimate the LD90 at 299 mg/kg and the LD99 at 578 mg/kg. To our knowledge, this is the first published dose-response curve for an invasive vertebrate with indeterminate growth.
Distinguishing between human impacts and natural variation in abundance remains difficult because most species exhibit complex patterns of variation in space and time. When ecological monitoring data are available, a before‐after‐control‐impact (BACI) analysis can control natural spatial and temporal variation to better identify an impact and estimate its magnitude. However, populations with limited distributions and confounding spatial‐temporal dynamics can violate core assumptions of BACI‐type designs. In this study, we assessed how such properties affect the potential to identify impacts. Specifically, we quantified the conditions under which BACI analyses correctly (or incorrectly) identified simulated anthropogenic impacts in a spatially and temporally replicated data set of fish, macroalgal, and invertebrate species found on nearshore subtidal reefs in southern California, USA. We found BACI failed to assess very localized impacts, and had low power but high precision when assessing region‐wide impacts. Power was highest for severe impacts of moderate spatial scale, and impacts were most easily detected in species with stable, widely distributed populations. Serial autocorrelation in the data greatly inflated false impact detection rates, and could be partly controlled for statistically, while spatial synchrony in dynamics had no consistent effect on power or false detection rates. Unfortunately, species that offer high power to detect real impacts were also more likely to detect impacts where none had occurred. However, considering power and false detection rates together can identify promising indicator species, and collectively analyzing data for similar species improved the net ability to assess impacts. These insights set expectations for the sizes and severities of impacts that BACI analyses can detect in real systems, point to the importance of serial autocorrelation (but not of spatial synchrony), and indicate how to choose the species, and groups of species, that can best identify impacts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/eap.2304","usgsCitation":"Rassweiler, A., Okamoto, D.K., Reed, D.C., Kushner, D.J., Schroeder, D., and Lafferty, K.D., 2021, Improving the ability of a BACI design to detect impacts within a kelp‐forest community: Ecological Applications, v. 31, no. 4, e02304, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2304.","productDescription":"e02304, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-118865","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384711,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rassweiler, Andrew 0000-0002-8760-3888","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8760-3888","contributorId":203606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rassweiler","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7092,"text":"Florida State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":813105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Okamoto, Daniel K","contributorId":256705,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Okamoto","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"K","affiliations":[{"id":51835,"text":"Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":813106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reed, Daniel C.","contributorId":203607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reed","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":36524,"text":"University of California, Santa Barbara","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":813107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kushner, David J","contributorId":256706,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kushner","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[{"id":51836,"text":"Channel Islands National Park, Ventura, California, 93001 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":813108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schroeder, Donna M","contributorId":256707,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Donna M","affiliations":[{"id":51837,"text":"Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Pacific OCS Region, 760 Paseo Camarillo, Camarillo, California, 93010 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":813109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70218783,"text":"70218783 - 2021 - The role of hydrates, competing chemical constituents, and surface composition on CLNO2 formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-12T13:46:18.062877","indexId":"70218783","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-15T07:45:02","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7760,"text":"Environmental Science Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of hydrates, competing chemical constituents, and surface composition on CLNO2 formation","docAbstract":"Atomic chlorine (Cl•) affects air quality and atmospheric oxidizing capacity. Nitryl chloride (ClNO2) – a common Cl• source–forms when chloride-containing aerosols react with dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5). A recent study showed that saline lakebed (playa) dust is an inland source of particulate chloride (Cl–) that generates high ClNO2. However, the underlying physiochemical factors responsible for observed yields are poorly understood. To elucidate these controlling factors, we utilized single particle and bulk techniques to determine the chemical composition and mineralogy of playa sediment and dust samples from the southwest United States. Single particle analysis shows trace highly hygroscopic magnesium and calcium Cl-containing minerals are present and likely facilitate ClNO2 formation at low humidity. Single particle and mineralogical analysis detected playa sediment organic matter that hinders N2O5 uptake as well as 10 Å-clay minerals (e.g., Illite) that compete with water and chloride for N2O5. Finally, we show that the composition of the aerosol surface, rather than the bulk, is critical in ClNO2 formation. These findings underscore the importance of mixing state, competing reactions, and surface chemistry on N2O5 uptake and ClNO2 yield for playa dusts and, likely, other aerosol systems. Therefore, consideration of particle surface composition is necessary to improve ClNO2 and air quality modeling.
In August 2020, outbreaks of coronavirus disease were confirmed on mink farms in Utah, USA. We surveyed mammals captured on and around farms for evidence of infection or exposure. Free-ranging mink, presumed domestic escapees, exhibited high antibody titers, suggesting a potential severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission pathway to native wildlife.
Demographic models enhance understanding of drivers of population growth and inform conservation efforts to prevent population declines and extinction. For species with complex life histories, however, parameterizing demographic models is challenging because some life stages can be difficult to study directly. Integrated population models (IPMs) empower researchers to estimate vital rates for organisms that have cryptic or widely dispersing early life stages by integrating multiple demographic data sources. For a stream‐inhabiting frog (Rana boylii) that is declining through much of its range in Oregon and California, USA, we collected egg‐mass counts and capture–mark–recapture data on adults from two populations in California to fit IPMs that estimate adult abundance and the survival rate of both marked and unobserved life stages. Estimates of adult abundance based on long‐term monitoring of egg‐mass counts showed that study populations fluctuated greatly inter‐annually but were stable at longer timescales (i.e., decades). Adult female survival during 5–6 yr of capture–mark–recapture study periods was nearly equal in each population. Survival rate of R. boylii eggs to the subadult stage is low on average (0.002) but highly variable among years depending on post‐oviposition stream flow. Population viability analysis showed that survival of adult and subadult life stages has the greatest proportional effect on population growth; the survival of egg and tadpole life stages, however, is more malleable by management interventions. For example, simulations showed head‐starting of tadpoles, salvaging stranded egg masses, and limiting aseasonal pulsed flows could dramatically reduce the threat of extirpation. This study demonstrates the value of integrating multiple demographic data sources to construct models of population dynamics in species with complex life histories.
Plague is a non-native disease in North America that reduces survival of many mammals. Previous studies have focused on epizootic plague which causes acute mortality events and dramatic declines in local abundance. We know much less about enzootic plague which causes less punctuated reductions in survival and abundance of infected populations. As a result, enzootic plague is much more difficult to detect because changes in population attributes are more subtle and Yersinia pestis prevalence is likely lower relative to epizootic plague outbreaks. The northern Idaho ground squirrel (Urocitellus brunneus) is a threatened species which coexists with Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus) and yellow-pine chipmunks (Neotamias amoenus) throughout their restricted distribution in central Idaho. Columbian ground squirrels and yellow-pine chipmunks are more abundant and widespread than northern Idaho ground squirrels and both are known hosts for plague. Hence, enzootic plague may be one cause of rarity for northern Idaho ground squirrels but its effect on this threatened species has not been evaluated. We conducted three controlled and randomized field experiments to examine the effects of plague in northern Idaho ground squirrels and the two coexisting species: 1) a plague vaccine experiment, 2) a paired flea-reduction experiment, and 3) a non-paired flea-reduction experiment. For Experiment 1, we hypothesized that if enzootic plague is present, vaccinated animals would have higher survival. Furthermore, Experiments 2 and 3 tested the prediction that untreated, control animals should have lower survival than those in areas where fleas are experimentally removed or reduced because fleas are the main vector for plague. In the plague vaccine experiment, vaccinated chipmunks had 4.65% higher apparent survival compared to chipmunks that received a placebo for intervals when the vaccine is believed to be effective. Apparent annual survival increased for all three species on experimental flea-reduction plots compared to non-treated plots for the paired experiment but results were mixed for the non-paired experiment. Taken together, our results suggest that enzootic plague is present and negatively impacting survival of northern Idaho ground squirrels and two coexisting species.
Climate change and non-native species are considered two of the biggest threats to native salmonids in North America. We evaluated how non-native salmonids and stream temperature and discharge were associated with Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri) distribution, abundance, and body size to gain a more complete understanding of the existing threats to native populations. Allopatric Yellowstone cutthroat trout were distributed across a wide range of average August temperatures (3.2 to 17.7 °C), but occurrence significantly declined at colder temperatures (<10 °C) with increasing numbers of non-natives. At warmer temperatures, occurrence remained high, despite sympatry with non-natives. Yellowstone cutthroat trout relative abundance was significantly reduced with increasing abundance of non-natives, with the greatest impacts at colder temperatures. Body sizes of large Yellowstone cutthroat trout (90th percentile) significantly increased with warming temperatures and larger stream size, highlighting the importance of access to these more productive stream segments. Considering multiple population-level attributes demonstrates the complexities of how native salmonids (such as Yellowstone cutthroat trout) are likely to be affected by shifting climates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-2020-0408","usgsCitation":"Al-Chokhachy, R., Lien, M., Shepard, B.B., and High, B., 2021, The interactive effects of stream temperature, stream size, and non-native species on Yellowstone cutthroat trout: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 78, no. 8, p. 1073-1083, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2020-0408.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1073","endPage":"1083","ipdsId":"IP-108988","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501010,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/106639","text":"External Repository"},{"id":396605,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Teton River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.74493408203125,\n 43.38508989465156\n ],\n [\n -110.7861328125,\n 43.47883342917123\n ],\n [\n -110.70098876953125,\n 43.66588482492509\n ],\n [\n -110.52520751953125,\n 43.82858280301419\n ],\n [\n -110.53619384765625,\n 43.92559366355069\n ],\n [\n -110.70098876953125,\n 44.05995928349327\n ],\n [\n -110.58837890625,\n 44.32384807250689\n ],\n [\n -110.85479736328125,\n 44.4377021634654\n ],\n [\n -111.26129150390625,\n 44.4808302785626\n ],\n [\n -111.37664794921875,\n 44.50238238974582\n ],\n [\n -111.61285400390625,\n 44.374913492661456\n ],\n [\n -112.2802734375,\n 44.321883129398586\n ],\n [\n -112.52471923828125,\n 44.29436701558004\n ],\n [\n -112.69500732421875,\n 44.16447445668456\n ],\n [\n -112.66204833984375,\n 44.04219306625442\n ],\n [\n -112.2637939453125,\n 43.739352079154706\n ],\n [\n -111.92596435546875,\n 43.69965122967144\n ],\n [\n -111.67877197265624,\n 43.59232754538541\n ],\n [\n -111.4178466796875,\n 43.574421623084234\n ],\n [\n -111.21185302734375,\n 43.401056495052906\n ],\n [\n -111.06353759765625,\n 43.229195113965005\n ],\n [\n -110.74493408203125,\n 43.38508989465156\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"78","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Al-Chokhachy, Robert K.","contributorId":287433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Al-Chokhachy","given":"Robert K.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":836755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lien, Michael","contributorId":287434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lien","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":61583,"text":"Friends of the Teton River","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shepard, Bradley B.","contributorId":145880,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shepard","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6765,"text":"Montana State University, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"High, Brett","contributorId":274499,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"High","given":"Brett","affiliations":[{"id":56023,"text":"idfg","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70217009,"text":"70217009 - 2021 - Letter to the editor: Using classification systems to integrate ecosystem services with decision making tools","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-14T14:12:31.138583","indexId":"70217009","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-14T09:05:01","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1477,"text":"Ecosystem Services","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Letter to the editor: Using classification systems to integrate ecosystem services with decision making tools","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101257","usgsCitation":"Finisdore, J., Lamothe, K.A., Rhodes, C., Obst, C., Booth, P., Haines-Young, R., Russell, M., Houdet, J.R., Maynard, S., Wielgus, J., and Rowcroft, P., 2021, Letter to the editor: Using classification systems to integrate ecosystem services with decision making tools: Ecosystem Services, v. 48, 101257, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101257.","productDescription":"101257, 2 p.","ipdsId":"IP-123739","costCenters":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8048124","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":385091,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finisdore, John","contributorId":245879,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Finisdore","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":49358,"text":"IDEEA, in Melbourne AUSL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":807253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamothe, Karl A.","contributorId":245880,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lamothe","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":49360,"text":"graduate student in Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":807254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rhodes, Charles 0000-0002-9040-3684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9040-3684","contributorId":245881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Obst, Carl","contributorId":176851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Obst","given":"Carl","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Booth, Pieter","contributorId":257431,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Booth","given":"Pieter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Haines-Young, Roy","contributorId":257432,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haines-Young","given":"Roy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Russell, Marc","contributorId":257433,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russell","given":"Marc","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Houdet, Joel Robert","contributorId":257434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houdet","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Maynard, Simone","contributorId":191652,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maynard","given":"Simone","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wielgus, Jeffrey","contributorId":257435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wielgus","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Rowcroft, Petrina","contributorId":257436,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rowcroft","given":"Petrina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70237906,"text":"70237906 - 2021 - Evidence of preferential flow activation in the vadose zone via geophysical monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-31T11:57:50.049069","indexId":"70237906","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-14T06:52:58","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3380,"text":"Sensors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence of preferential flow activation in the vadose zone via geophysical monitoring","docAbstract":"Coral reefs generate substantial volumes of carbonate sediment, which is redistributed throughout the reef‐lagoon system. However, there is little understanding of the specific processes that transport this sediment produced on the outer portions of coral reefs throughout a reef‐lagoon system. Furthermore, the separate contributions of currents, sea‐swell waves, and infragravity waves to transport, which are all strongly influenced by the presence of a reef, is not fully understood. Here, we show that in reef‐lagoon systems most suspended sediment is transported close to the seabed and can, at times, be suspended higher in the water column during oscillatory flow transitions (i.e., near slack flow) at sea‐swell wave frequencies, and during the peak onshore oscillatory velocity phase at infragravity wave frequencies. While these wave frequencies contribute to the transport of suspended sediment offshore and onshore, respectively, the net flux is small. Mean currents are the primary transport mechanism and responsible for almost 2 orders of magnitude more suspended‐sediment flux than sea‐swell and infragravity waves. Whilst waves may not be the primary mechanism for the transport of sediment, our results suggest they are an important driver of sediment suspension from the seabed, as well as contributing to the partitioning of sediment grain sizes from the reef to the shoreline. As the ocean wave climate changes, sea level rises, and the composition of reef benthic communities change, the relative importance of mean currents, sea‐swell waves, and infragravity waves is likely to change, and this will affect how sediment is redistributed throughout reef‐lagoon systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2020JC017010","usgsCitation":"Pomeroy, A., Storlazzi, C.D., Rosenberger, K.J., Lowe, R., Hansen, J., and Buckley, M.L., 2021, The contribution of currents, sea-swell waves, and infragravity waves to suspended-sediment transport across a coral reef-lagoon system.: JGR Oceans, v. 126, no. 3, e2020JC017010, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC017010.","productDescription":"e2020JC017010, 26 p.","ipdsId":"IP-124202","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jc017010","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":385282,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia","otherGeospatial":"Ningaloo Reef","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 113.6370849609375,\n -22.550610920226646\n ],\n [\n 113.69888305664062,\n -22.532853707527117\n ],\n [\n 113.76068115234374,\n -22.38690459799015\n ],\n [\n 113.8623046875,\n -22.146707780012616\n ],\n [\n 113.98452758789062,\n -21.86532228248991\n ],\n [\n 113.27041625976562,\n -21.90737455082829\n ],\n [\n 113.13858032226562,\n -22.673580199535557\n ],\n [\n 113.27316284179688,\n -22.823023136184315\n ],\n [\n 113.66729736328125,\n -22.72172372713301\n ],\n [\n 113.6810302734375,\n -22.658373466642733\n ],\n [\n 113.653564453125,\n -22.58104653946133\n ],\n [\n 113.6370849609375,\n -22.550610920226646\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pomeroy, Andrew","contributorId":182033,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pomeroy","given":"Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Storlazzi, Curt D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":213610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"Curt","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenberger, Kurt J. 0000-0002-5185-5776 krosenberger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5185-5776","contributorId":140453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberger","given":"Kurt","email":"krosenberger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lowe, Ryan","contributorId":177845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lowe","given":"Ryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hansen, Jeff","contributorId":149139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hansen","given":"Jeff","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Buckley, Mark L. 0000-0002-1909-4831","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1909-4831","contributorId":203481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckley","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70227143,"text":"70227143 - 2021 - Historical data provide important context for understanding declines in Cutthroat Trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-03T15:37:47.456251","indexId":"70227143","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-13T08:38:40","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical data provide important context for understanding declines in Cutthroat Trout","docAbstract":"We used historical stocking and population survey records of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri and other salmonids in the North Fork Shoshone River drainage, Wyoming to summarize fish stocking history and population trends. Based on 98 years of historical records, we found that despite extensive stocking of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout and minimal stocking of nonnative salmonids after about 1950, populations of wild Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout declined relative to those of nonnative salmonid species. The timing of increases in nonnative salmonids (1970s) did not coincide with their period of most intensive stocking (1935–1950). It is plausible that Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout populations persisted because of high levels of supplemental stocking from 1935 to 1965 and declined with reduced stocking efforts in the 1970s, thereby allowing the increase of introduced nonnative salmonids. The establishment of nonnative salmonids likely further reduced stocking success of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout due to competition and hybridization. This study demonstrates that an understanding of long-term stocking records and population survey data can be useful for developing and implementing successful management frameworks for the conservation of imperiled fish populations across the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1002/nafm.10593","usgsCitation":"Nordberg, B.J., Mandeville, E., Walters, A.W., Burckhardt, J.C., and Wagner, C.E., 2021, Historical data provide important context for understanding declines in Cutthroat Trout: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 41, no. 3, p. 809-819, https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10593.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"809","endPage":"819","ipdsId":"IP-107228","costCenters":[{"id":683,"text":"Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393734,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"North Fork Shoshone River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110,\n 44.40\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 44.40\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 44.55\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 44.55\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 44.40\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-02-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordberg, Brittany J.","contributorId":270690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nordberg","given":"Brittany","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40829,"text":"uwy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":829772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mandeville, Elizabeth G.","contributorId":270691,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mandeville","given":"Elizabeth G.","affiliations":[{"id":56198,"text":"uwyo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":829773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walters, Annika W. 0000-0002-8638-6682 awalters@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8638-6682","contributorId":4190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Annika","email":"awalters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":829771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burckhardt, Jason C.","contributorId":270692,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burckhardt","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":56161,"text":"wygf","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":829774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wagner, Catherine E.","contributorId":270693,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wagner","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":56198,"text":"uwyo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":829775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70219530,"text":"70219530 - 2021 - Would you like to know more? The effect of personalized wildfire risk information and social comparisons on information-seeking behavior in the wildland–urban interface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-13T13:24:44.123688","indexId":"70219530","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-13T08:23:41","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2822,"text":"Natural Hazards","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Would you like to know more? The effect of personalized wildfire risk information and social comparisons on information-seeking behavior in the wildland–urban interface","docAbstract":"Private landowners are important actors in landscape-level wildfire risk management. Accordingly, wildfire programs and policy encourage wildland–urban interface homeowners to engage with local organizations to properly mitigate wildfire risk on their parcels. We investigate whether parcel-level wildfire risk assessment data, commonly used to inform community-level planning and resource allocation, can be used to “nudge” homeowners to engage further with a regional wildfire organization. We sent 4564 households in western Colorado a letter that included varying combinations of risk information about their community, their parcels, and their neighbors’ parcels, and we measured follow-up visits to a personalized “Web site”. We find that the effect of providing parcel-specific information depends on baseline conditions: Informing homeowners about their property’s wildfire risk increases information-seeking among homeowners of the highest-risk parcels by about 5 percentage points and reduces information-seeking among homeowners of lower-risk parcels by about 6 percentage points. Parcel-specific information also increases the overall response in the lowest risk communities by more than 10 percentage points. Further, we find evidence of a 6-percentage point increase in response rate associated with receiving a social comparison treatment that signals neighboring properties as being either low or moderate risk on average. These results, especially considered against the 13 percent overall average response rate, offer causal evidence that providing parcel-specific wildfire risk information can influence behavior. As such, we demonstrate the effectiveness of simple outreach in engaging wildland–urban interface homeowners with wildfire risk professionals in ways that leverage existing data.
Drainage (or stormwater) systems are a potential source of marine debris. Approximately 67 km (33%) of the land along the Mediterranean coast of Israel is considered urban, covered by concrete and asphalt. The purpose of the present pilot study was to determine the composition of the solid waste in a drainage system and evaluate to what extent municipal sources contribute to marine debris. We sampled the waste in Netanya, a medium-size city (245,000 residents) on the central Mediterranean coast of Israel. Samples were taken from seven street stormwater receptacles prior to the first significant rain and then on the beach near a drainage outlet, a few hours after this substantial rain. In terms of composition of the debris, paper, cigarette butts, and sanitary items made up a higher proportion of the drainage system debris than those items did on the beach. In contrast, single-use items, polystyrene pieces, bottle caps, and plastic drinking bottles composed more of the debris on the beaches compared to the debris in the drainage system. Overall, we found that municipal stormwater systems contribute significant amounts of solid waste to marine debris on Israeli beaches. Preventing the waste from reaching the streets might help reduce marine debris on the beaches, especially at the beginning of the rainy season. There are multiple solutions, but all will require creativity and resources and constant maintenance. Educating the public to prevent disposal of solid waste items in the street is also important as a way to reduce terrestrial as well as marine debris.
Exposure to high concentration geogenic arsenic via groundwater is a worldwide health concern. Well installation introduces oxic drilling fluids and hypochlorite (a strong oxidant) for disinfection, thus inducing geochemical disequilibrium. Well installation causes changes in geochemistry lasting 12 + months, as illustrated in a recent study of 250 new domestic wells in Minnesota, north-central United States. One study well had extremely high initial arsenic (1550 µg/L) that substantially decreased after 15 months (5.2 µg/L). The drilling and development of the study well were typical and ordinary; nothing observable indicated the very high initial arsenic concentration. We hypothesized that oxidation of arsenic-containing sulfides (which lowers pH) combined with low pH dissolution of arsenic-bearing Fe (oxyhydr)oxides caused the very high arsenic concentration. Geochemical equilibrium considerations and modeling supported our hypothesis. Groundwater equilibrium redox conditions are poised at the Fe(III)(s)/Fe(II)(aq) stability boundary, indicating arsenic-bearing Fe (oxyhydr)oxide mineral sensitivity to pH and redox changes. Changing groundwater geochemistry can have negative implications for home water treatment (e.g., reduced arsenic removal efficiency, iron fouling), which can lead to ongoing but unrecognized hazard of arsenic exposure from domestic well water. Our results may inform arsenic mobilization processes and geochemical sensitivity in similarly complex aquifers in Southeast Asia and elsewhere.
Lawns as a landcover change substantially alter evapotranspiration, CO2, and energy exchanges and are of rising importance considering their spatial extent. We contrast eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements collected in the Denver, Colorado, USA metropolitan area in 2011 and 2012 over a lawn and a xeric tallgrass prairie. Close linkages between seasonal vegetation development, energy fluxes, and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 were found. Irrigation of the lawn modified energy and CO2 fluxes and greatly contributed to differences observed between sites. Due to greater water inputs (precipitation + irrigation) at the lawn in this semi-arid climate, energy partitioning at the lawn was dominated by latent heat (LE) flux. As a result, evapotranspiration (ET) of the lawn was more than double that of tallgrass prairie (2011: 639(±17) mm vs. 302(±9) mm; 2012: 584(±15) mm vs. 265(±7) mm). NEE for the lawn was characterized by a longer growing season, higher daily net uptake of CO2, and growing season NEE that was also more than twice that of the prairie (2011: −173(±23) g C m−2 vs. -81(±10) g C m−2; 2012: −73(±22) g C m−2 vs. -21(±8) g C m−2). During the drought year (2012), temperature and water stress greatly influenced the direction and magnitude of CO2 flux at both sites. The results suggest that lawns in Denver can function as carbon sinks and conditionally contribute to the mitigation of carbon emissions - directly by CO2 uptake and indirectly through effects of evaporative cooling on microclimate and energy use.
Electromagnetic geophysical methods image the electrical conductivity of the subsurface. Electrical conductivity is an intrinsic material property that is sensitive to temperature, composition, porosity, volatile and/or melt content, and other physical properties relevant to the solid Earth. Therefore, imaging the electrical structure of the crust and mantle yields valuable information on the physical and chemical state of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system.
Here we explore the viability of the passive magnetotelluric (MT) method for constraining upper mantle properties. We approach this problem in four successive steps: 1) review the electrical conductivity behavior of relevant materials; 2) predict the bulk electrical conductivity structure of oceanic and continental lithosphere for a suite of representative physical states; 3) generate synthetic MT data from the conductivity predictions; 4) compare and discuss the conductivity predictions and the synthetic data with select case studies from oceanic and continental settings. Our aim is to clarify the uncertainties associated with drawing inferences from electrical conductivity observations and ultimately to provide a basis for assigning confidence levels to interpretations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.pepi.2021.106661","usgsCitation":"Naif, S., Selway, K., Murphy, B.S., Egbert, G.D., and Pommier, A., 2021, Electrical conductivity of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 313, 106661, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2021.106661.","productDescription":"106661, 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-122999","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383704,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"313","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naif, Samer","contributorId":252975,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Naif","given":"Samer","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":50479,"text":"Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Tech; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selway, Kate","contributorId":224245,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Selway","given":"Kate","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":811218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murphy, Benjamin Scott 0000-0001-7636-3711","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7636-3711","contributorId":242928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Egbert, Gary D.","contributorId":187462,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Egbert","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":811220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pommier, Anne","contributorId":252976,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pommier","given":"Anne","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":50480,"text":"Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70218236,"text":"70218236 - 2021 - Heatwave-induced synchrony within forage fish portfolio disrupts energy flow to top pelagic predators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-22T18:29:27.802713","indexId":"70218236","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-12T11:01:40","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heatwave-induced synchrony within forage fish portfolio disrupts energy flow to top pelagic predators","docAbstract":"During the Pacific marine heatwave of 2014–2016, abundance and quality of several key forage fish species in the Gulf of Alaska were simultaneously reduced throughout the system. Capelin (Mallotus catervarius), sand lance (Ammodytes personatus), and herring (Clupea pallasii) populations were at historically low levels, and within this community abrupt declines in portfolio effects identify trophic instability at the onset of the heatwave. Although compensatory changes in age‐structure, size, growth or energy content of forage fish were observed to varying degrees among all these forage fish, none were able to fully mitigate adverse impacts of the heatwave, which likely included both top‐down and bottom‐up forcing. Notably, changes to the demographic structure of forage fish suggested size‐selective removals typical of top‐down regulation. At the same time, zooplankton community structure may have driven bottom‐up regulation as copepod community structure shifted towards smaller, warm‐water species, and euphausiid biomass was reduced owing to the loss of cold‐water species. Mediated by these impacts on the forage fish community, an unprecedented disruption of the normal pelagic food web was signaled by higher trophic level disruptions during 2015–2016, when seabirds, marine mammals, and groundfish experienced shifts in distribution, mass mortalities, and reproductive failures. Unlike decadal‐scale variability underlying ecosystem regime shifts, the heatwave appeared to temporarily overwhelm the ability of the forage fish community to buffer against changes imposed by warm water anomalies, thereby eliminating any ecological advantages that may have accrued from having a suite of coexisting forage species with differing life history compensations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/gcb.15556","usgsCitation":"Arimitsu, M.L., Piatt, J.F., Hatch, S., Suryan, R., Batten, S., Bishop, M.A., Campbell, R.W., Coletti, H., Cushing, D., Gorman, K., Hopcroft, R.R., Kuletz, K.J., Marsteller, C.E., McKinstry, C., McGowan, D., Moran, J., Pegau, W., Schaefer, A., Schoen, S.K., Straley, J., and von Biela, V.R., 2021, Heatwave-induced synchrony within forage fish portfolio disrupts energy flow to top pelagic predators: Global Change Biology, v. 27, no. 9, p. 1859-1878, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15556.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1859","endPage":"1878","ipdsId":"IP-123071","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15556","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":383375,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135,\n 56.32872090717995\n ],\n [\n -138.1640625,\n 59.00662762374203\n ],\n [\n -143.37158203125,\n 60.18523283150752\n ],\n [\n -145.72265625,\n 60.3812902796077\n ],\n [\n -149.87548828125,\n 59.85585085709834\n ],\n [\n -152.2265625,\n 58.0546319113729\n ],\n [\n -153.91845703125,\n 56.47462805805594\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 56.32872090717995\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arimitsu, Mayumi L. 0000-0001-6982-2238 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