{"pageNumber":"513","pageRowStart":"12800","pageSize":"25","recordCount":69039,"records":[{"id":70144118,"text":"70144118 - 2015 - Storage and mobilization of natural and septic nitrate in thick unsaturated zones, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-25T14:33:42","indexId":"70144118","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-25T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storage and mobilization of natural and septic nitrate in thick unsaturated zones, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Mobilization of natural and septic nitrate from the unsaturated zone as a result of managed aquifer recharge has degraded water quality from public-supply wells near Yucca Valley in the western Mojave Desert, California. The effect of nitrate storage and potential for denitrification in the unsaturated zone to mitigate increasing nitrate concentrations were investigated. Storage of water extractable nitrate in unsaturated alluvium up to 160&nbsp;meters (m) thick, ranged from 420 to 6600&nbsp;kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) as nitrogen (N) beneath undeveloped sites, from 6100 to 9200&nbsp;kg/ha as N beneath unsewered sites. Nitrate reducing and denitrifying bacteria were less abundant under undeveloped sites and more abundant under unsewered sites; however, &delta;</span><sup>15</sup><span>N&ndash;NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>, and &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O&ndash;NO</span><sub>3</sub><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>data show only about 5&ndash;10% denitrification of septic nitrate in most samples&mdash;although as much as 40% denitrification occurred in some parts the unsaturated zone and near the top of the water table. Storage of nitrate in thick unsaturated zones and dilution with low-nitrate groundwater are the primary attenuation mechanisms for nitrate from septic discharges in the study area. Numerical simulations of unsaturated flow, using the computer program TOUGH2, showed septic effluent movement through the unsaturated zone increased as the number and density of the septic tanks increased, and decreased with increased layering, and increased slope of layers, within the unsaturated zone. Managing housing density can delay arrival of septic discharges at the water table, especially in layered unsaturated alluvium, allowing time for development of strategies to address future water-quality issues.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.02.005","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J., Flint, A.L., O’Leary, D.R., Nishikawa, T., Martin, P., Johnson, R.D., and Clark, D.A., 2015, Storage and mobilization of natural and septic nitrate in thick unsaturated zones, California: Journal of Hydrology, v. 524, p. 147-165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.02.005.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"165","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-024969","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.02.005","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":298977,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert, Yucca Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.2466812133789,\n              34.21719638568665\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.26178741455078,\n              34.21691248755925\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.26556396484374,\n              34.179429539103374\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.30985260009766,\n              34.14931753487509\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.38469696044923,\n              34.14477139380641\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.48082733154297,\n              34.12033169446951\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.48632049560547,\n              34.10810919505794\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.47636413574219,\n              34.10441367312451\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.35002136230469,\n              34.115783994045756\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.30882263183592,\n              34.12487915033016\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.26075744628906,\n              34.11834210562594\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.23226165771484,\n              34.11265730814678\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.20651245117188,\n              34.12232123650219\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.20548248291016,\n              34.1802816093354\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.2466812133789,\n              34.21719638568665\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"524","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5513ce1ae4b032384276c999","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.02.005","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.02.005","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Izbicki John A., Flint Alan L., O’Leary David R., Nishikawa Tracy, Martin Peter, Johnson Russell D., Clark Dennis A.","journalName":"Journal of Hydrology","publicationDate":"5/2015","auditedOn":"7/24/2015","publiclyAccessibleDate":"2/9/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":543381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Leary, David R. 0000-0001-9888-1739 doleary@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9888-1739","contributorId":2143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Leary","given":"David","email":"doleary@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":543380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nishikawa, Tracy 0000-0002-7348-3838 tnish@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-3838","contributorId":1515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishikawa","given":"Tracy","email":"tnish@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Russell D.","contributorId":21829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":543385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Clark, Dennis A. daclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Dennis","email":"daclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":543379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70144104,"text":"70144104 - 2015 - The impact of Hurricane Sandy on the shoreface and inner shelf of Fire Island, New York: large bedform migration but limited erosion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-25T13:41:13","indexId":"70144104","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-25T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The impact of Hurricane Sandy on the shoreface and inner shelf of Fire Island, New York: large bedform migration but limited erosion","docAbstract":"<p><span>We investigate the impact of superstorm Sandy on the lower shoreface and inner shelf offshore the barrier island system of Fire Island, NY using before-and-after surveys involving swath bathymetry, backscatter and CHIRP acoustic reflection data. As sea level rises over the long term, the shoreface and inner shelf are eroded as barrier islands migrate landward; large storms like Sandy are thought to be a primary driver of this largely evolutionary process. The &ldquo;before&rdquo; data were collected in 2011 by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of a long-term investigation of the Fire Island barrier system. The &ldquo;after&rdquo; data were collected in January, 2013, ~two months after the storm. Surprisingly, no widespread erosional event was observed. Rather, the primary impact of Sandy on the shoreface and inner shelf was to force migration of major bedforms (sand ridges and sorted bedforms) 10&rsquo;s of meters WSW alongshore, decreasing in migration distance with increasing water depth. Although greater in rate, this migratory behavior is no different than observations made over the 15-year span prior to the 2011 survey. Stratigraphic observations of buried, offshore-thinning fluvial channels indicate that long-term erosion of older sediments is focused in water depths ranging from the base of the shoreface (~13&ndash;16&nbsp;m) to ~21&nbsp;m on the inner shelf, which is coincident with the range of depth over which sand ridges and sorted bedforms migrated in response to Sandy. We hypothesize that bedform migration regulates erosion over these water depths and controls the formation of a widely observed transgressive ravinement; focusing erosion of older material occurs at the base of the stoss (upcurrent) flank of the bedforms. Secondary storm impacts include the formation of ephemeral hummocky bedforms and the deposition of a mud event layer.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2015.03.001","usgsCitation":"Goff, J.A., Flood, R.D., Austin, J.A., Schwab, W.C., Christensen, B.A., Browne, C.M., Denny, J.F., and Baldwin, W.E., 2015, The impact of Hurricane Sandy on the shoreface and inner shelf of Fire Island, New York: large bedform migration but limited erosion: Continental Shelf Research, v. 98, p. 13-25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2015.03.001.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063373","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472198,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/7284","text":"External Repository"},{"id":298973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Fire Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.29048156738281,\n              40.62177060472069\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.05427551269531,\n              40.66813955408042\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.89291381835938,\n              40.724364221722716\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.79815673828124,\n              40.724884598773755\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.8009033203125,\n              40.66188943992171\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.24790954589844,\n              40.54198241319326\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.29048156738281,\n              40.62177060472069\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"98","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5513ce1ae4b032384276c99b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goff, John A.","contributorId":96087,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goff","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12811,"text":"Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flood, Roger D.","contributorId":139894,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flood","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":13306,"text":"School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Austin, James A. Jr.","contributorId":72139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Austin","given":"James","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12811,"text":"Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwab, William C. 0000-0001-9274-5154 bschwab@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9274-5154","contributorId":417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"William","email":"bschwab@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Christensen, Beth A.","contributorId":36523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"Beth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":543352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Browne, Cassandra M.","contributorId":80627,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Browne","given":"Cassandra","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":12811,"text":"Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Denny, Jane F. 0000-0002-3472-618X jdenny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3472-618X","contributorId":418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denny","given":"Jane","email":"jdenny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Baldwin, Wayne E. 0000-0001-5886-0917 wbaldwin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5886-0917","contributorId":1321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Wayne","email":"wbaldwin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70144083,"text":"70144083 - 2015 - Porewater dynamics of silver, lead and copper in coastal sediments and implications for benthic metal fluxes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-25T11:58:57","indexId":"70144083","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-25T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Porewater dynamics of silver, lead and copper in coastal sediments and implications for benthic metal fluxes","docAbstract":"<p><span>To determine the conditions that lead to a diffusive release of dissolved metals from coastal sediments, porewater profiles of Ag, Cu, and Pb have been collected over seven years at two contrasting coastal sites in Massachusetts, USA. The Hingham Bay (HB) site is a contaminated location in Boston Harbor, while the Massachusetts Bay (MB) site is 11&nbsp;km offshore and less impacted. At both sites, the biogeochemical cycles include scavenging by Fe-oxyhydroxides and release of dissolved metals when Fe-oxyhydroxides are reduced. Important differences in the metal cycles at the two sites, however, result from different redox conditions. Porewater sulfide and seasonal variation in redox zone depth is observed at HB, but not at MB. In summer, as the conditions become more reducing at HB, trace metals are precipitated as sulfides and are no longer associated with Fe-oxyhydroxides. Sulfide precipitation close to the sediment&ndash;water interface limits the trace metal flux in summer and autumn at HB, while in winter, oxidation of the sulfide phases drives high benthic fluxes of Cu and Ag, as oxic conditions return. The annual diffusive flux of Cu at HB is found to be significant and contributes to the higher than expected water column Cu concentrations observed in Boston Harbor. At MB, due to the lower sulfide concentrations, the association of trace metals with Fe-oxyhydroxides occurs throughout the year, leading to more stable fluxes. A surface enrichment of solid phase trace metals was found at MB and is attributed to the persistent scavenging by Fe-oxyhydroxides. This process is important, particularly at sites that are less reducing, because it maintains elevated metal concentrations at the surface despite the effects of bioturbation and sediment accumulation, and because it may increase the persistence of metal contamination in surface sediments.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.011","usgsCitation":"Kalnejais, L., Martin, W.R., and Bothner, M., 2015, Porewater dynamics of silver, lead and copper in coastal sediments and implications for benthic metal fluxes: Science of the Total Environment, v. 517, p. 178-194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.011.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"194","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057822","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298968,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Boston Harbor, Hingham Bay, Massachusetts Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.93803405761719,\n              42.28442103567813\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.93803405761719,\n              42.397600949012876\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.80791473388672,\n              42.397600949012876\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.80791473388672,\n              42.28442103567813\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.93803405761719,\n              42.28442103567813\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"517","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5513ce1ae4b032384276c995","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalnejais, Linda H.","contributorId":36376,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kalnejais","given":"Linda H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":543288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, W. R.","contributorId":27690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":543289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":543287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70137830,"text":"sir20155007 - 2015 - Assessment of aquifer properties, evapotranspiration, and the effects of ditching in the Stoney Brook watershed, Fond du Lac Reservation, Minnesota, 2006-9","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-17T10:30:26","indexId":"sir20155007","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-25T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5007","title":"Assessment of aquifer properties, evapotranspiration, and the effects of ditching in the Stoney Brook watershed, Fond du Lac Reservation, Minnesota, 2006-9","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, assessed hydraulic properties of geologic material, recharge, and evapotranspiration, and the effects of ditching on the groundwater resources in the Stoney Brook watershed in the Fond du Lac Reservation. Geologic, groundwater, and surface-water data were collected during 2006&ndash;9 to estimate hydrologic properties in the watershed. Streamflow and groundwater levels in the shallow glacial deposits in the Stoney Brook watershed were analyzed to estimate groundwater-flow directions, groundwater recharge, and evapotranspiration within the watershed and to assess the effect of ditches on surrounding groundwater resources. Groundwater, streamflow, and precipitation data collected during the study (2006&ndash;9) can be used to update the U.S. Department of Agriculture&rsquo;s Natural Resource Conservation Service and Fond du Lac Resource Management Division surface-water models, which are used to evaluate the effect of proposed adjustments to the ditching system on streamflow on wild rice production and aquatic habitats.</p>\n<p>Specific yields calculated from the well water levels ranged from 0.11 to 0.40, and hydraulic conductivities determined from water levels measured during well slug tests ranged from 1 to 7 feet per day. The values for specific yields were similar to values obtained in other studies done in glacial materials of similar composition in Minnesota. The higher hydraulic conductivity estimate (7 feet per day) was similar to lower hydraulic conductivities estimated in another hydrologic study conducted in Carlton County, Minnesota.</p>\n<p>The installation of drainage ditches in the Stoney Brook watershed has reduced water levels in lakes connected to the ditch system, and has locally reduced groundwater levels in shallow groundwater adjacent to the ditches and lakes. Differences in near-ditch groundwater hydrographs relative to far-ditch groundwater hydrographs indicate that the effect of the ditches on groundwater is only localized to near-ditch areas. These hydrograph differences resulted in large differences between recharge estimated at wells near and far from ditches. In this study, recharge estimated at wells within 50 feet of a ditch was influenced by ditch-water levels. Annual groundwater recharge estimates from water levels and streamflows during 2006&ndash;9 ranged from 0.36 to 34.8 inches, and varied with climate, geology, and well location relative to ditches. The higher recharge estimates were determined from analysis of groundwater levels in wells near the ditches because the shallow groundwater in these wells received both infiltration from ditches and areal groundwater recharge from precipitation. The water-table fluctuation method using a manual groundwater recession approach for wells far from ditches provided the best estimates of areal groundwater recharge to the shallow glacial aquifer because water levels in these wells were not affected by water infiltrating from ditches (bank storage). For wells more than 400 feet from ditches, mean annual areal groundwater recharge estimates using the manual groundwater recession approach for wells screened mostly in outwash sands during 2007, 2008, and 2009 ranged from 4.47 to 18.6 inches (wells 5, 7, 13, 14 and 15), and ranged from 0.43 to 2.85 inches for wells screened mostly in clayey sand or sandy clay (wells 9 and 16). Recharge estimates at wells far from ditches were similar to basinwide recharge estimates from streamflow.</p>\n<p>Daily fluctuations in water levels in two wells indicated that the evapotranspiration extinction depth in the Stoney Brook watershed is approximately 4.6 to 6 feet below the land surface. A polynomial regression fit of the daily evapotranspiration rates during 2006&ndash;9 for well 1 produced a total evapotranspiration estimate of 16.1 inches from June 26 to October 6 for every year. Evapotranspiration estimated from daily water-level fluctuations in wells near ditches is relatively high. The ditch-water surface allowed for relatively high evaporation compared to the land surface, which, with a good hydraulic connection to surrounding groundwater, resulted in relatively high fluctuations in daily groundwater levels near ditches, resulting in high evapotranspiration estimates.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155007","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa","usgsCitation":"Jones, P.M., and Tomasek, A.A., 2015, Assessment of aquifer properties, evapotranspiration, and the effects of ditching in the Stoney Brook watershed, Fond du Lac Reservation, Minnesota, 2006-9: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5007, vi, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155007.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-048896","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298967,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155007.jpg"},{"id":298965,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5007/"},{"id":298966,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5007/pdf/sir2015-5007.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 15","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Fond du Lac Reservation, Stoney Brook watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.64461517333984,\n              46.79488875091874\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.67894744873045,\n              46.79935438115391\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.7187728881836,\n              46.83553581454299\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.7304458618164,\n              46.836944988044465\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.82159805297852,\n              46.7988843322654\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.82142639160156,\n              46.78830714664984\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.80477523803711,\n              46.7660882900233\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.80082702636719,\n              46.71915170604123\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.76477813720702,\n              46.68100772325949\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.70709991455078,\n              46.641422536237094\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.63671875,\n              46.641422536237094\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.63980865478514,\n              46.713267047330255\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.62504577636719,\n              46.722682193238484\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.625732421875,\n              46.75773915478246\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.60307312011719,\n              46.76926297371475\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.60307312011719,\n              46.784780956138846\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.64461517333984,\n              46.79488875091874\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5513ce17e4b032384276c98d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Perry M. 0000-0002-6569-5144 pmjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6569-5144","contributorId":2231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Perry","email":"pmjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tomasek, Abigail A.","contributorId":138614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tomasek","given":"Abigail","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address:  TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70143873,"text":"70143873 - 2015 - Wide-area ratios of evapotranspiration to precipitation in monsoon-dependent semiarid vegetation communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-23T15:09:50","indexId":"70143873","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-23T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wide-area ratios of evapotranspiration to precipitation in monsoon-dependent semiarid vegetation communities","docAbstract":"<p><span>Evapotranspiration (ET) and the ratio of ET to precipitation (PPT) are important factors in the water budget of semiarid rangelands and are in part determined by the dominant plant communities. Our goal was to see if landscape changes such as tree or shrub encroachment and replacement of native grasses by invasive grasses impacted ET and ET/PPT and therefore watershed hydrology in this biome. We determined ET and ET/PPT for shrublands, grasslands and mesquite savannas in southern Arizona at five moisture flux towers and determined the environmental factors controlling ET in each plant community. We then scaled ET over areas of 4&ndash;36&nbsp;km</span><sup>2</sup><span>, representing homogeneous patches of each plant community, using the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from MODIS sensors on the Terra satellite. Over wide areas, estimated ET/PPT projected from MODIS EVI ranged from 0.71 for a sparsely-vegetated shrub site to 1.00 for grasslands and mesquite savannas. The results did not support hypotheses that encroachment of mesquites into grasslands or that replacement of native grasses with introduced<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span></span><i>Eragrostis lehmanniana</i><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>(lehmann lovegrass) have increased rangeland ET.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.02.010","usgsCitation":"Glenn, E., Scott, R.L., Nguyen, U., and Nagler, P.L., 2015, Wide-area ratios of evapotranspiration to precipitation in monsoon-dependent semiarid vegetation communities: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 117, p. 84-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.02.010.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057910","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298879,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.05804443359375,\n              31.59959193922864\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.05804443359375,\n              31.961483557268558\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.71221923828125,\n              31.961483557268558\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.71221923828125,\n              31.59959193922864\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.05804443359375,\n              31.59959193922864\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"117","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55112b21e4b02e76d75b50bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glenn, Edward P.","contributorId":56542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glenn","given":"Edward P.","affiliations":[{"id":13060,"text":"Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, Russell L.","contributorId":39875,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scott","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":543096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nguyen, Uyen","contributorId":71863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nguyen","given":"Uyen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13060,"text":"Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nagler, Pamela L. 0000-0003-0674-103X pnagler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-103X","contributorId":1398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"Pamela","email":"pnagler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70147867,"text":"70147867 - 2015 - Recovery of a mining-damaged stream ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-14T11:43:45","indexId":"70147867","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-23T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3888,"text":"Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recovery of a mining-damaged stream ecosystem","docAbstract":"<p>This paper presents a 30+ year record of changes in benthic macroinvertebrate communities and fish populations associated with improving water quality in mining-influenced streams. Panther Creek, a tributary to the Salmon River in central Idaho, USA suffered intensive damage from mining and milling operations at the Blackbird Mine that released copper (Cu), arsenic (As), and cobalt (Co) into tributaries. From the 1960s through the 1980s, no fish and few aquatic invertebrates could be found in 40 km of mine-affected reaches of Panther Creek downstream of the metals contaminated tributaries, Blackbird and Big Deer Creeks.</p>\n<p>Efforts to restore water quality began in 1995, and by 2002 Cu levels had been reduced by about 90%, with incremental declines since. Rainbow Trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) were early colonizers, quickly expanding their range as areas became habitable when Cu concentrations dropped below about 3X the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's biotic ligand model (BLM) based chronic aquatic life criterion. Anadromous Chinook Salmon (<i>O. tshawytscha</i>) and steelhead (<i>O. mykiss</i>) have also reoccupied Panther Creek. Full recovery of salmonid populations occurred within about 12-years after the onset of restoration efforts and about 4-years after the Cu chronic criteria had mostly been met, with recovery interpreted as similarity in densities, biomass, year class strength, and condition factors between reference sites and mining-influenced sites. Shorthead Sculpin (<i>Cottus confusus</i>) were slower than salmonids to disperse and colonize. While benthic macroinvertebrate biomass has increased, species richness has plateaued at about 70 to 90% of reference despite the Cu criterion having been met for several years. Different invertebrate taxa had distinctly different recovery trajectories. Among the slowest taxa to recover were <i>Ephemerella</i>, <i>Cinygmula</i> and <i>Rhithrogena</i> mayflies, <i>Enchytraeidae oligochaetes</i>, and <i>Heterlimnius</i> aquatic beetles. Potential reasons for the failure of some invertebrate taxa to recover include competition, and high sensitivity to Co and Cu.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Harwood Academic","publisherLocation":"Yverdon, Switzerland","doi":"10.12952/journal.elementa.000042","collaboration":"Rio Tinto","usgsCitation":"Mebane, C.A., Eakins, R.J., Fraser, B.G., and Adams, W.J., 2015, Recovery of a mining-damaged stream ecosystem: Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, v. 3, p. 1-34, https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000042.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042317","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472203,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000042","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":308101,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Panther Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.74395751953125,\n              44.72917434046452\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.74395751953125,\n              45.04053733158769\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.2633056640625,\n              45.04053733158769\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.2633056640625,\n              44.72917434046452\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.74395751953125,\n              44.72917434046452\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55f7efc4e4b05d6c4e4fa997","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mebane, Christopher A. 0000-0002-9089-0267 cmebane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9089-0267","contributorId":110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mebane","given":"Christopher","email":"cmebane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eakins, Robert J.","contributorId":140637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eakins","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13541,"text":"EcoMetrix Ltd, Brampton, ON Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fraser, Brian G.","contributorId":140636,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fraser","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":13541,"text":"EcoMetrix Ltd, Brampton, ON Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adams, William J.","contributorId":140638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13542,"text":"Rio Tinto, Lake Point, UT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70142972,"text":"ofr20151042 - 2015 - Use of satellite images to determine surface-water cover during the flood event of September 13, 2013, in Lyons and western Longmont, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-23T12:07:41","indexId":"ofr20151042","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-23T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1042","title":"Use of satellite images to determine surface-water cover during the flood event of September 13, 2013, in Lyons and western Longmont, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>The flooding that occurred in north-central Colorado in 2013 was some of the most destructive in the state&rsquo;s history. Following a summer of drought and wildfires, a wet weather system stalled over the Front Range area from Fort Collins in the north to Colorado Springs in the south, including the cities of Lyons and Longmont. This weather system produced rainfall amounts that greatly exceeded historical highs. The Colorado Office of Emergency Management reported at least eight deaths. More than 11,000 people were evacuated from their homes, and the flooding caused an estimated $2 billion dollars in damages. On September 14, 2013, President Barack Obama issued a major disaster declaration for 15 Colorado counties affected by the severe weather and related damage.</p>\n<p>To support local, State, and Federal disaster response coordination efforts in Colorado, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) developed a geospatial product to identify surface-water cover from Lyons to western Longmont. This information was derived from September 13, 2013 WorldView-2 multispectral imagery at a spatial resolution of 3 meters (m). These data were orthocorrected and pan-sharpened. Three spectral indices (NDVI, NDWI, and NDTI) that were computed from this processed imagery were used to help determine the extent of the surface-water cover. The result was converted to a vector format.</p>\n<p>This surface-water cover dataset was created as a timely representation of post-flood ground conditions to support response efforts. This dataset and all processed imagery and derived products were uploaded to the USGS Hazards Data Distribution System (HDDS) website<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span><a href=\"http://hddsexplorer.usgs.gov/uplift/hdds/\">(http://hddsexplorer.usgs.gov/uplift/hdds/</a>) for distribution to those responding to the flood event.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151042","usgsCitation":"Cole, C.J., Friesen, B.A., Wilson, E.M., Wilds, S.R., and Noble, S.M., 2015, Use of satellite images to determine surface-water cover during the flood event of September 13, 2013, in Lyons and western Longmont, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1042, 42.0 x 29.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151042.","productDescription":"42.0 x 29.0 inches","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2013-09-13","temporalEnd":"2013-09-13","ipdsId":"IP-059354","costCenters":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298870,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151042.jpg"},{"id":298869,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1042/pdf/ofr2015-1042.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":298868,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1042/"}],"scale":"15000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 13N","datum":"World Geodetic System of 1984","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Longmont, Lyons","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.28352737426758,\n              40.166543612622554\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.28352737426758,\n              40.24179856487036\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.13040542602539,\n              40.24179856487036\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.13040542602539,\n              40.166543612622554\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.28352737426758,\n              40.166543612622554\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55112b1fe4b02e76d75b50ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Christopher J. cjcole@usgs.gov","contributorId":2163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Christopher","email":"cjcole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friesen, Beverly A. bafriesen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friesen","given":"Beverly","email":"bafriesen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, Earl M. emwilson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Earl","email":"emwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilds, Stanley R. srwilds@usgs.gov","contributorId":3399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilds","given":"Stanley","email":"srwilds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":543063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Noble, Suzanne M. smnoble@usgs.gov","contributorId":3400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"Suzanne","email":"smnoble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":543064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70141916,"text":"sir20155033 - 2015 - Geospatial assessment of ecological functions and flood-related risks on floodplains along major rivers in the Puget Sound Basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-19T09:50:10","indexId":"sir20155033","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-23T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5033","title":"Geospatial assessment of ecological functions and flood-related risks on floodplains along major rivers in the Puget Sound Basin, Washington","docAbstract":"<p><span>Ecological functions and flood-related risks were assessed for floodplains along the 17 major rivers flowing into Puget Sound Basin, Washington. The assessment addresses five ecological functions, five components of flood-related risks at two spatial resolutions—fine and coarse. The fine-resolution assessment compiled spatial attributes of floodplains from existing, publicly&nbsp;available sources and integrated the attributes into 10-meter rasters for each function, hazard, or exposure. The raster values generally represent different types of floodplains with regard to each function, hazard, or exposure rather than the degree of function, hazard, or exposure. The coarse-resolution assessment tabulates attributes from the fine-resolution assessment for larger floodplain units, which are floodplains associated with 0.1 to 21-kilometer long segments of major rivers. The coarse-resolution assessment also derives indices that can be used to compare function or risk among different floodplain units and to develop normative (based on observed distributions) standards. The products of the assessment are available online as geospatial datasets (Konrad, 2015;<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span></span><a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7DR2SJC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7DR2SJC\">http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7DR2SJC</a><span>).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155033","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy, Washington State Department of Ecology, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Konrad, C.P., 2015, Geospatial assessment of ecological functions and flood-related risks on floodplains along major rivers in the Puget Sound Basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5033, Report: v, 28 p.; Flood Plain Unit Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155033.","productDescription":"Report: v, 28 p.; Flood Plain Unit Tables","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-059005","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298854,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155033.PNG"},{"id":299116,"rank":6,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7DR2SJC","text":"Geospatial data on ecological functions and flood-related risks to people on major river floodplains in the Puget Sound basin, Washington","description":"Data Release","linkHelpText":"USGS Data Release"},{"id":298852,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5033/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":298863,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5033/downloads/sir2015-5033_fpu_indices.csv","text":"Indices","size":"151 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"description":"Indices","linkHelpText":"Flood Plain Unit Table"},{"id":298861,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5033/pdf/sir2015-5033.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":298862,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5033/downloads/sir2015-5033_fpu_attributes.csv","text":"Attributes","size":"116 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"description":"Attributes","linkHelpText":"Flood Plain Unit Table"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.64401245117188,\n              48.393649752479995\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.71954345703126,\n              48.38977412459175\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.7281265258789,\n              48.384758167957436\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.3817138671875,\n              48.11843396091691\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.71704101562499,\n              48.00094957553023\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.5357666015625,\n              47.454094290400015\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.35998535156249,\n              47.28295557691231\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.19244384765625,\n              46.97275640318636\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.97296142578124,\n              46.592843997427416\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.19018554687499,\n              47.14116119721895\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.8551025390625,\n              48.206371336358906\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.60791015625,\n              48.52388120259336\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.59417724609375,\n              48.7362668466753\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.69854736328125,\n              49.44312875803005\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.35910034179688,\n              49.44580743661371\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.3385009765625,\n              49.00004203215395\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.20367431640624,\n              49.0027448364445\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.20367431640624,\n              49.00724918431423\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.20367431640624,\n              49.01445529346132\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.2119140625,\n              49.09185510395163\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.4810791015625,\n              49.09185510395163\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.47695922851562,\n              49.0027448364445\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.12927246093751,\n              49.001843917978526\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.26797485351561,\n              48.6927734325279\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.16909790039062,\n              48.46563710044979\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.10455322265625,\n              48.42373281900577\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.67196655273436,\n              48.39729713260604\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.772216796875,\n              48.219182942479165\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.09494018554686,\n              48.186232335871836\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.541259765625,\n              48.15051192444076\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.1015625,\n              48.22101291025667\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.56298828125001,\n              48.36811076994179\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.64401245117188,\n              48.393649752479995\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55112b1de4b02e76d75b50b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konrad, Christopher P. 0000-0002-7354-547X cpkonrad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-547X","contributorId":1716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konrad","given":"Christopher","email":"cpkonrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70145169,"text":"70145169 - 2015 - Observing a catastrophic thermokarst lake drainage in northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-04T10:23:09","indexId":"70145169","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-23T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3032,"text":"Permafrost and Periglacial Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observing a catastrophic thermokarst lake drainage in northern Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>The formation and drainage of thermokarst lakes have reshaped ice-rich permafrost lowlands in the Arctic throughout the Holocene. North of Teshekpuk Lake, on the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska, thermokarst lakes presently occupy 22.5% of the landscape, and drained thermokarst lake basins occupy 61.8%. Analysis of remotely sensed imagery indicates that nine lakes (&gt;10 ha) have drained in the 1,750 km<sup>2</sup> study area between 1955 and 2014. The most recent lake drainage was observed using <i>in situ</i> data loggers providing information on the duration and magnitude of the event, and a nearby weather station provided information on the environmental conditions preceding the lake drainage. Lake 195 (L195), an 80 ha thermokarst lake with an estimated water volume of ~872,000 m<sup>3</sup>, catastrophically drained on 05 July 2014. Abundant winter snowfall and heavy early summer precipitation resulted in elevated lake water levels that likely promoted bank overtopping, thermo-erosion along an ice-wedge network, and formation of a 9 m wide, 2 m deep, and 70 m long drainage gully. The lake emptied in 36 hours, with 75% of the water volume loss occurring in the first ten hours. The observed peak discharge of the resultant flood was 25 m<sup>3</sup>/s, which is similar to that in northern Alaska river basins whose areas are more than two orders of magnitude larger. Our findings support the catastrophic nature of sudden lake drainage events and the mechanistic hypotheses developed by J. Ross Mackay.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","publisherLocation":"Chichester, Sussex, England","doi":"10.1002/ppp.1842","usgsCitation":"Jones, B.M., and Arp, C.D., 2015, Observing a catastrophic thermokarst lake drainage in northern Alaska: Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, v. 26, no. 2, p. 119-128, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1842.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058922","costCenters":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299375,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154.11346435546875,\n              70.64814065995955\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.81683349609375,\n              70.72897946208789\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.7152099609375,\n              70.7235398817235\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.621826171875,\n              70.73441756577733\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.4405517578125,\n              70.69995129442536\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.358154296875,\n              70.63630548079054\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.33892822265625,\n              70.6381267305321\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.33343505859375,\n              70.65451056704278\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.27301025390625,\n              70.66724433235791\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.204345703125,\n              70.66087845765566\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.18511962890625,\n              70.64723050859092\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.14117431640625,\n              70.64905077016431\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.072509765625,\n              70.64267913423242\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.984619140625,\n              70.59984587310147\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.6165771484375,\n              70.55966406981804\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.51495361328125,\n              70.58250444499285\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.314453125,\n              70.57885171945057\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.2979736328125,\n              70.60167042013317\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.43255615234375,\n              70.61352595482504\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.48199462890625,\n              70.69268768325199\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.43804931640625,\n              70.69541184552675\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.37762451171875,\n              70.7153777416415\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.303466796875,\n              70.78148599387845\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.2100830078125,\n              70.79594631369068\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.20184326171875,\n              70.81761716431917\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.38861083984375,\n              70.85728594792577\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.59185791015625,\n              70.88338810016397\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.70721435546872,\n              70.88338810016397\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.78961181640625,\n              70.882488596545\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.83905029296875,\n              70.84917830714011\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.0010986328125,\n              70.88878426638139\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.0560302734375,\n              70.9121507137758\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.26202392578125,\n              70.9202326894952\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.4844970703125,\n              70.88518698518163\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.70422363281247,\n              70.88968348485005\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.80859375,\n              70.88878426638139\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.95416259765622,\n              70.87889017463034\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.93768310546872,\n              70.87169137475729\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.995361328125,\n              70.82303119876653\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.039306640625,\n              70.81220165893917\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.17388916015625,\n              70.76791992927899\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.237060546875,\n              70.77696499572423\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.31121826171875,\n              70.79413934642666\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.34967041015625,\n              70.78239007072987\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.43756103515622,\n              70.70085906098585\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.11346435546875,\n              70.64814065995955\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5523ae40e4b027f0aee3d141","chorus":{"doi":"10.1002/ppp.1842","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1842","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Jones Benjamin M., Arp Christopher D.","journalName":"Permafrost and Periglacial Processes","publicationDate":"3/23/2015","auditedOn":"9/9/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Benjamin M. 0000-0002-1517-4711 bjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-4711","contributorId":2286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Benjamin","email":"bjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arp, Christopher D.","contributorId":17330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arp","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70141851,"text":"sir20155030 - 2015 - Hydrologic characteristics of low-impact stormwater control measures at two sites in northeastern Ohio, 2008-13","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-20T12:40:05","indexId":"sir20155030","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-20T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5030","title":"Hydrologic characteristics of low-impact stormwater control measures at two sites in northeastern Ohio, 2008-13","docAbstract":"<p><span>This report updates and examines hydrologic data gathered to characterize the performance of two stormwater-control measure (SCM) sites in the Chagrin River watershed, Ohio. At the Sterncrest Drive site, roadside bioswales and rain gardens were used to alleviate drainage problems in this residential neighborhood area. At the Washington Street site, a treatment train (including a pervious-paver system, rain garden, and bioswales) was used to reduce and delay stormwater runoff at a small business development. Selected metrics were used to demonstrate SCM system performance with regard to stormwater-management objectives at each site. Rain-garden overflow-frequency data collected at the Sterncrest Drive site during 2008&ndash;13 were used to characterize system sensitivity to rainfall characteristics. Approximately 70 percent of storms exceeding 0.75 inches during 3 hours or more resulted in overflows. Drainage-design features that may restrict flow through the system were identified. Overall, the data and local observations confirmed the continued success of the SCM at the Sterncrest Drive site in preventing roadway closure due to flooding. The additional years of data collected at the Washington Street site indicated that a previous analysis of increased runoff removal, based on only the first 2 years (2009&ndash;10) of data, provided premature conclusions. With 5 years of data (2009&ndash;13) and adjusting for changes in rainfall characteristics, it appears that the percentage of runoff removed by the system is decreasing; however, the lag time (time from onset of rainfall to runoff) has remained nearly constant. The annual mean percent removal for 2010&ndash;13 ranged from 55 to 37 percent with an overall mean of 45 percent, and this does meet the project objective of reducing runoff from the business complex. One possible explanation for the combination of increased volume of runoff and no change in the timing of runoff is the preferential flow paths developed in the SCM, increasing the capacity for internal drainage. Data indicated that the SCM system at the Washington Street site had reduced functionality over time.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155030","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development","usgsCitation":"Darner, R.A., Shuster, W.D., and Dumouchelle, D.H., 2015, Hydrologic characteristics of low-impact stormwater control measures at two sites in northeastern Ohio, 2008-13: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5030, v, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155030.","productDescription":"v, 27 p.","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-056876","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298841,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155030.jpg"},{"id":298839,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5030/"},{"id":298840,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5030/pdf/sir2015-5030.pdf","size":"3.69 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Ohio","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.47838592529297,\n              41.381703200976666\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.47838592529297,\n              41.45301999377133\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.34620666503906,\n              41.45301999377133\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.34620666503906,\n              41.381703200976666\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.47838592529297,\n              41.381703200976666\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550d369ce4b02e76d759d869","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darner, Robert A. 0000-0003-1333-8265 radarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1333-8265","contributorId":1972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darner","given":"Robert","email":"radarner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shuster, William D.","contributorId":139413,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shuster","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12772,"text":"USEPA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dumouchelle, Denise H. ddumouch@usgs.gov","contributorId":1847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumouchelle","given":"Denise","email":"ddumouch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70139410,"text":"sir20155013 - 2015 - Seismic-sequence stratigraphy and geologic structure of the Floridan aquifer system near \"Boulder Zone\" deep wells in Miami-Dade County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-20T11:46:21","indexId":"sir20155013","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-20T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5013","title":"Seismic-sequence stratigraphy and geologic structure of the Floridan aquifer system near \"Boulder Zone\" deep wells in Miami-Dade County, Florida","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department, acquired, processed, and interpreted seismic-reflection data near the North and South District &ldquo;Boulder Zone&rdquo; Well Fields to determine if geologic factors may contribute to the upward migration of injected effluent into that upper part of the Floridan aquifer system designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as an underground source of drinking water. The depth of the Boulder Zone at the North and South District &ldquo;Boulder Zone&rdquo; Well Fields ranges from about 2,750 to 3,300 feet below land surface (ft bls), whereas overlying permeable zones used as alternative drinking water supply range in depth from about 825 to 1,580 ft bls at the North and South District &ldquo;Boulder Zone&rdquo; Well Fields. Seismic-sequence stratigraphy and geologic structures imaged on seismic-reflection profiles created for the study describe the part of the Floridan aquifer system overlying and within the Boulder Zone. Features of the Floridan aquifer system underlying the Boulder Zone were not studied because seismic-reflection profiles acquired near the North and South District &ldquo;Boulder Zone&rdquo; Well Fields lacked adequate resolution at such depths.</p>\n<p>Stratigraphic analysis of seismic-reflection data collected from the study area was mainly applied to the Floridan aquifer system and used to identify four provisional seismic sequences, which extend vertically from near the base of the Floridan aquifer system upward to the lower part of the intermediate confining unit. These four seismic sequences compose a framework in which each sequence includes a major permeable unit of the Floridan aquifer system; from shallowest to deepest, these units are the Upper Floridan aquifer, Avon Park permeable zone, uppermost major permeable zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer, and Boulder Zone. The relations between seismic-sequence stratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy allow for detailed mapping of permeable zones and semiconfining units of the Floridan aquifer system at a level of resolution never before accomplished using well data alone.</p>\n<p>In addition to the preceding seismic-reflection analysis, interpretation of geophysical well log data from four effluent injection wells at the North District &ldquo;Boulder Zone&rdquo; Well Field delineated a narrow karst collapse structure beneath the injection facility that extends upward about 900 ft from the top of the Boulder Zone to about 125 ft above the top of the uppermost major permeable zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer. No karst collapse structures were identified in the seismic-reflection profiles acquired near the North District &ldquo;Boulder Zone&rdquo; Well Field. However, karst collapse structures at the level of the lowermost major permeable zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer at the South District &ldquo;Boulder Zone&rdquo; Well Field are present at three locations, as indicated by seismic-reflection data acquired in the C&ndash;1 Canal bordering the south side of the injection facility. Results from the North District &ldquo;Boulder Zone&rdquo; Well Field well data indicate that a plausible hydraulic connection between faults and stratiform permeability zones may contribute to the upward transport of effluent, terminating above the base of the deepest U.S. Environmental Protection Agency designated underground source of drinking water at the North District &ldquo;Boulder Zone&rdquo; Well Field.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155013","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, K.J., 2015, Seismic-sequence stratigraphy and geologic structure of the Floridan aquifer system near \"Boulder Zone\" deep wells in Miami-Dade County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5013, Report: vii, 28 p.; 2 Plates: 48.00 x 36.00 inches and 35.86 x 31.74 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155013.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 28 p.; 2 Plates: 48.00 x 36.00 inches and 35.86 x 31.74 inches","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-051033","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298837,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155013.jpg"},{"id":298833,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5013/"},{"id":298834,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5013/pdf/sir2015-5013.pdf","size":"26.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":298835,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5013/plates/sir2015-5013_plate1.pdf","text":"Plate 1 - Seismic-Reflection Sections","size":"46.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":298836,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5013/plates/sir2015-5013_plate2.pdf","text":"Plate 2 - Hydrologic, Lithostratigraphic, Seismic Sequence","size":"6.48 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Miami-Dade County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.37374496459961,\n              25.51161554418656\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.37374496459961,\n              25.577595037553998\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.27812957763672,\n              25.577595037553998\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.27812957763672,\n              25.51161554418656\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.37374496459961,\n              25.51161554418656\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.20877838134766,\n              25.89412921721991\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.20877838134766,\n              25.992921085153892\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.07282257080078,\n              25.992921085153892\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.07282257080078,\n              25.89412921721991\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.20877838134766,\n              25.89412921721991\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550d369de4b02e76d759d86b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, Kevin J. 0000-0002-2179-8686 kcunning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-8686","contributorId":1689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Kevin","email":"kcunning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70135764,"text":"sir20145228 - 2015 - Geophysical log analysis of selected test and residential wells at the Shenandoah Road National Superfund Site, East Fishkill, Dutchess County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-20T09:35:52","indexId":"sir20145228","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-20T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5228","title":"Geophysical log analysis of selected test and residential wells at the Shenandoah Road National Superfund Site, East Fishkill, Dutchess County, New York","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey collected and analyzed geophysical logs from 20 test wells and 23 residential wells at the Shenandoah Road National Superfund Site in East Fishkill, New York, from 2006 through 2010 as part of an Interagency Agreement to provide hydrogeologic technical support to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 2. The geophysical logs collected include caliper, gamma, acoustic and optical televiewer, deviation, electromagnetic-induction, magnetic-susceptibility, fluid-property, and flow under ambient and pumped conditions. The geophysical logs were analyzed along with single-well aquifer test data and drilling logs to characterize the lithology, fabric, fractures, and flow zones penetrated by the wells. The results of the geophysical log analysis were used as part of the hydrogeologic characterization of the site and in the design of discrete-zone monitoring installations in the test wells and selected residential wells.</p>\n<p>Most of the logged test and residential wells penetrated gneiss of the Hudson Highlands Complex or dolostones in the Wappinger Group, and some wells penetrated both the dolostone and gneiss. The bedrock fabric reflects the regional northeast-southwest structural trend, as well as localized folding, and includes foliation in the gneiss and bedding in the dolostone. Many fractures were oriented along the bedrock fabric, whereas others were orthogonal to the fabric.</p>\n<p>Total wellbore transmissivity of the wells was estimated from short-term, single-well aquifer test data through the use of the Cooper-Jacob analytical solution. An empirical relation was established to estimate total wellbore transmissivity from specific-capacity data for wells with insufficient transient drawdown measurements. Wellbore transmissivity estimates ranged from 0.36 to 370 feet squared per day (ft<sup>2</sup>/d), whereas specific capacities ranged from 0.03 to 2.1 gallons per minute per foot ((gal/min)/ft).</p>\n<p>Transmissivity and hydraulic heads of individual fracture zones were estimated from the total wellbore transmissivity and flow logs through use of an analytical model based on the Thiem equation. The model-estimated transmissivity of 95 fracture zones delineated in the 43 wells ranged from 0.25 to 340 ft<sup>2</sup>/d, with a median value of 6.7 ft<sup>2</sup>/d. The difference between model-estimated fracture-zone heads and the composite heads in each well ranged from less 0.01 to more than 10 feet (ft). Flow-log analysis generally provided an order of magnitude estimate for the fracture-zone hydraulic-head difference on the basis of a comparison of estimated and measured values.</p>\n<p>The geophysical logs and their analyses are available for display and download from the U.S. Geological Survey, New York Water Science Center, online geophysical log archive (<a href=\"http://ny.water.usgs.gov/maps/geologs/\">http://ny.water.usgs.gov/maps/geologs/</a>) in LAS (Log ASCII Standard), PDF, and WellCad formats.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145228","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, R.J., Anderson, J.A., and Williams, J., 2015, Geophysical log analysis of selected test and residential wells at the Shenandoah Road National Superfund Site, East Fishkill, Dutchess County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5228, Report: viii, 30 p.; Geophysical Log Archive; WellCad reader download, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145228.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 30 p.; Geophysical Log Archive; WellCad reader download","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-042201","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298827,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145228.jpg"},{"id":298824,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5228/pdf/sir2014-5228.pdf","size":"2.38 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":298825,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://ny.water.usgs.gov/maps/geologs/","text":"Geophysical Log Archive","linkHelpText":"The USGS New York Water Science Center has developed an online geophysical log archive where the logs and log analysis of the Shenandoah Road Superfund site wells, as well as many others throughout the State, can be viewed or downloaded."},{"id":298823,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5228/"},{"id":298826,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://www.alt.lu/downloads.htm","text":"WellCad reader download","linkHelpText":"The locations of the Shenandoah Road National Superfund Site wells are shown on the index map. The user can zoom-in to the well cluster located just east of Fishkill, N.Y., to expand the view of the wells logged.  Clicking on an individual well will bring up a menu of the available log formats, which are LAS, PDF, and WellCad Reader. WellCad Reader is available online free of charge."}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Dutchess County","city":"East Fishkill","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah Road National Superfund Site","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.80074501037598,\n              41.5186034007529\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.80074501037598,\n              41.545075129729334\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.7743091583252,\n              41.545075129729334\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.7743091583252,\n              41.5186034007529\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.80074501037598,\n              41.5186034007529\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550d369be4b02e76d759d867","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Richard J. 0000-0001-5032-6613 rjreynol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-6613","contributorId":1082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rjreynol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, J. Alton aanders@usgs.gov","contributorId":1602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.","email":"aanders@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alton","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":536840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, John H. 0000-0002-6054-6908 jhwillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6054-6908","contributorId":1553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"John","email":"jhwillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70142770,"text":"fs20153023 - 2015 - Contaminant removal by wastewater treatment plants in the Stillaguamish River Basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-29T17:58:55.812626","indexId":"fs20153023","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-20T08:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-3023","title":"Contaminant removal by wastewater treatment plants in the Stillaguamish River Basin, Washington","docAbstract":"<p><span>Human activities in most areas of the developed world typically release nutrients, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, and other contaminants into the environment, many of which reach freshwater ecosystems. In urbanized areas, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are critical facilities for collecting and reducing the amounts of wastewater contaminants (WWCs) that ultimately discharge to rivers, coastal areas, and groundwater. Most WWTPs use multiple methods to remove contaminants from wastewater. These include physical methods to remove solid materials (primary treatment), biological and chemical methods to remove most organic matter (secondary treatment), advanced methods to reduce the concentrations of various contaminants such as nitrogen, phosphorus and (or) synthetic organic compounds (tertiary treatment), and disinfection prior to discharge (Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., 1979). This study examined the extent to which 114 organic WWCs were removed by each of three WWTPs, prior to discharge to freshwater and marine ecosystems, in a rapidly developing area in northwestern Washington State. Removal percentages for each WWC were estimated by comparing the concentrations measured in the WWTP influents with those measured in the effluents. The investigation was carried out in the 700-mi</span><sup>2</sup><span>Stillaguamish River Basin, the fifth largest watershed that discharges to Puget Sound (fig. 1).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153023","usgsCitation":"Barbash, J.E., Moran, P.W., Wagner, R.J., and Wolanek, M., 2015, Contaminant removal by wastewater treatment plants in the Stillaguamish River Basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3023, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20153023.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057746","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":506254,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_101531.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":298778,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3023/"},{"id":298821,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3023/pdf/fs2015-3023.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":298822,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20153023.jpg"}],"projection":"Transverse Mercator projection, UTM Zone 10","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Stillaguamish River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.39181518554686,\n              48.26491251331118\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.21328735351562,\n              48.32156041109599\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.11715698242188,\n              48.40732607972984\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.94961547851562,\n              48.46745824148332\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.64337158203124,\n              48.46108396195774\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.57608032226562,\n              48.387266208071274\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.61315917968749,\n              48.265826687750916\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.57882690429688,\n              48.20087966673982\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.47308349609374,\n              48.1367666796927\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.41403198242189,\n              48.09000531373827\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.4483642578125,\n              48.04779189160941\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.5252685546875,\n              48.09459164290992\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.61315917968749,\n              48.08358376568458\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.81915283203126,\n              48.13218411348939\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.98669433593749,\n              48.12118428591277\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.12677001953124,\n              48.189894561126884\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.21603393554688,\n              48.189894561126884\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.35198974609375,\n              48.11476663187632\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.36984252929688,\n              48.13493370228957\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.37396240234375,\n              48.167001359708934\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.37533569335936,\n              48.19904897935913\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.39181518554686,\n              48.26491251331118\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550be51ae4b02e76d759cdc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barbash, Jack E. 0000-0001-9854-8880 jbarbash@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9854-8880","contributorId":1003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbash","given":"Jack","email":"jbarbash@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, Patrick W. 0000-0002-2002-3539 pwmoran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2002-3539","contributorId":489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Patrick","email":"pwmoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wagner, Richard J. rjwagner@usgs.gov","contributorId":3122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Richard","email":"rjwagner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolanek, Michael","contributorId":139629,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolanek","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12809,"text":"City of Arlington, WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70135798,"text":"sir20145234 - 2015 - Assessment of the use of sorbent amendments for reduction of mercury methylation in wetland sediments at Acadia National Park, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-17T10:54:03","indexId":"sir20145234","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-19T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5234","title":"Assessment of the use of sorbent amendments for reduction of mercury methylation in wetland sediments at Acadia National Park, Maine","docAbstract":"<p>Mercury is a contaminant of ecological concern because of its ubiquity and toxicity to fish and wildlife, and is considered a severe and ongoing threat to biota at Acadia National Park in Maine. The formation and biomagnification of methylmercury is the primary concern of resource managers at Acadia, and information is needed to develop strategies for remediation or mitigation of this contaminant. The U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with Acadia National Park, National Park Service carried out a series of laboratory and field experiments to evaluate the potential of zero-valent iron and granular activated carbon to reduce the rate of the bacterially mediated process of mercury methylation and subsequent biological uptake by the great pond snail <i>Lymnaea stagnalis</i>. The addition of zero-valent iron resulted in an increase in ferrous iron that was then further oxidized to poorly crystalline amorphous ferric iron, as was anticipated. Our original hypothesis was that these reactions would reduce methylation by decreasing the concentrations of substrates for bacterial methylation (sulfide and divalent mercury) through sorption to ferric iron surfaces, formation of iron sulfide compounds, or conversion of mercury to gaseous forms and subsequent evasion. The results of our experiments did not consistently support this hypothesis. In one experiment the application of zero-valent iron increased the amount of methylmercury associated with surficial sediment. In another experiment zero-valent iron decreased the amount of methylmercury associated with surficial sediment. The addition of zero-valent iron may have stimulated mercury methylation by iron reducing bacteria and if that effect outweighed the processes that could have decreased methylation then methylation would not be decreased.</p>\n<p>The results of field mesocosm experiments indicated that there was a decreasing trend in pore-water methylmercury concentration after application of granular activated carbon but methylation was not affected because there was no corresponding decrease in sediment methylmercury concentration. The application of granular activated carbon resulted in the sorption of methylmercury. The application of granular activated carbon resulted in an increase in the distribution coefficient for methylmercury indicating that this amendment caused a higher proportion of methylmercury to be associated with the sediment than the pore water in comparison to the reference (untreated) condition. Experiments to test whether zero-valent iron or granular activated carbon would reduce the biouptake of methylmercury in snails were inconsistent; zero-valent iron had no effect on uptake in one experiment but resulted in a significant decrease in uptake in a second experiment. Granular activated carbon did not affect biouptake in either experiment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145234","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Huntington, T.G., Lewis, A., Amirbahman, A., Marvin-DiPasquale, M.C., and Culbertson, C.W., 2015, Assessment of the use of sorbent amendments for reduction of mercury methylation in wetland sediments at Acadia National Park, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5234, ix, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145234.","productDescription":"ix, 30 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056940","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145234.jpg"},{"id":298772,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5234/pdf/sir2014-5234.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.76 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":298771,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5234/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Acadia National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -68.40319633483885,\n              44.334347121728534\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.39469909667969,\n              44.33446990650702\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.38886260986328,\n              44.330479269611885\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.38148117065428,\n              44.32397087926596\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.37787628173827,\n              44.31604931683517\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.37770462036133,\n              44.313408558353835\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.3847427368164,\n              44.31132043263459\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.39298248291014,\n              44.31389987125513\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.39521408081055,\n              44.31426835323179\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.39718818664551,\n              44.31561943401762\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.39838981628418,\n              44.31571155202936\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.40173721313477,\n              44.31353138696479\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.40680122375487,\n              44.3123645047812\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.40688705444336,\n              44.318137274295545\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.40465545654297,\n              44.31936544986048\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.40499877929688,\n              44.32691816435907\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.40319633483885,\n              44.334347121728534\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550be518e4b02e76d759cdc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530 thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":1884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, Ariel","contributorId":131004,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lewis","given":"Ariel","affiliations":[{"id":7063,"text":"University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amirbahman, Aria","contributorId":44031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amirbahman","given":"Aria","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marvin-DiPasquale, Mark C. 0000-0002-8186-9167 mmarvin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8186-9167","contributorId":1485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin-DiPasquale","given":"Mark","email":"mmarvin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Culbertson, Charles W. cculbert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culbertson","given":"Charles","email":"cculbert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70142754,"text":"ofr20151043 - 2015 - Surface and subsurface microgravity data in the vicinity of Sanford Underground Research Facility, Lead, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-19T11:57:37","indexId":"ofr20151043","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-19T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1043","title":"Surface and subsurface microgravity data in the vicinity of Sanford Underground Research Facility, Lead, South Dakota","docAbstract":"<p><span>Absolute gravity data were collected at 32 stations in the vicinity of the Sanford Underground Research Facility from 2007 through 2014 for the purpose of monitoring groundwater storage change during dewatering of the former Homestake gold mine in the Black Hills of South Dakota, the largest and deepest underground mine in North America. Eight underground stations are at depths from 300 feet below land surface to 4,850 feet below land surface. Surface stations were located using Global Positioning System observations, and subsurface stations were located on the basis of maps constructed from survey measurements made while the mine was in operation. Gravity varies widely at many stations; however, no consistent temporal trends are present across all stations during the 7-year period of data collection.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151043","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, J.R., Koth, K.R., and Carruth, R., 2015, Surface and subsurface microgravity data in the vicinity of Sanford Underground Research Facility, Lead, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1043, vi, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151043.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062938","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298757,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151043.jpg"},{"id":298755,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1043/"},{"id":298756,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1043/downloads/OFR2015-1043.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","city":"Lead","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -103.90869140625,\n              44.286502899553156\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.90869140625,\n              44.42397290075389\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.63128662109375,\n              44.42397290075389\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.63128662109375,\n              44.286502899553156\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.90869140625,\n              44.286502899553156\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550be51be4b02e76d759cdce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennedy, Jeffrey R. 0000-0002-3365-6589 jkennedy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3365-6589","contributorId":2172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jkennedy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koth, Karl R. kkoth@usgs.gov","contributorId":4817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koth","given":"Karl","email":"kkoth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carruth, Rob 0000-0001-7008-2927 rlcarr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7008-2927","contributorId":1162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carruth","given":"Rob","email":"rlcarr@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":542105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70142048,"text":"sir20155037 - 2015 - Estimated freshwater withdrawals in Washington, 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-18T10:05:48","indexId":"sir20155037","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-18T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5037","title":"Estimated freshwater withdrawals in Washington, 2010","docAbstract":"<p>Every 5 years since 1950, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has compiled data on the amount of water used in homes, businesses, industries, and farms throughout the State. This water-use data, combined with other related USGS information, has facilitated a unique understanding of the effects of human activity on the State&rsquo;s water resources. As water availability continues to emerge as an important issue in the 21st century, the need for consistent, long-term water-use data will increase to support wise use of this essential natural resource.</p>\n<p>The amount of public- and self-supplied water used for domestic, irrigation, livestock, aquaculture, industrial, mining, and thermoelectric power was estimated for state, county, and eastern and western regions of Washington during calendar year 2010. Withdrawals of freshwater for offstream uses were estimated to be about 4,885 million gallons per day. The total estimated freshwater withdrawals for 2010 was approximately 15 percent less than the 2005 estimate because of decreases in irrigation and thermoelectric power withdrawals.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155037","usgsCitation":"Lane, R.C., and Welch, W.B., 2015, Estimated freshwater withdrawals in Washington, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5037, 48 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155037.","productDescription":"v, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-061245","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298679,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155037.jpg"},{"id":298678,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5037/"},{"id":298663,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5037/pdf/sir2015-5037.pdf","text":"Report","size":"18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PDF of report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.78271484375,\n              45.55252525134013\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.78271484375,\n              48.99463598353408\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.04833984375001,\n              48.99463598353408\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.04833984375001,\n              45.55252525134013\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.78271484375,\n              45.55252525134013\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_wa@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, Washington Water Science Center<br />U.S. Geological Survey<br />934 Broadway, Suite 300<br />Tacoma, Washington 98402<br /><a href=\"http://wa.water.usgs.gov/\">http://wa.water.usgs.gov</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul>\n<li>Abstract</li>\n<li>Introduction</li>\n<li>Freshwater Withdrawals</li>\n<li>Summary</li>\n<li>References Cited</li>\n<li>Appendix A. Methods And Data Sources</li>\n</ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"publishedDate":"2015-03-18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550a939ee4b02e76d7590bb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, Ron C. rclane@usgs.gov","contributorId":1640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"Ron","email":"rclane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Welch, Wendy B. wwelch@usgs.gov","contributorId":1645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"Wendy","email":"wwelch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":542598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70142860,"text":"ds928 - 2015 - Back-island and open-ocean shorelines, and sand areas of Assateague Island, Maryland and Virginia, April 12, 1989, to September 5, 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-18T10:59:23","indexId":"ds928","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-18T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"928","title":"Back-island and open-ocean shorelines, and sand areas of Assateague Island, Maryland and Virginia, April 12, 1989, to September 5, 2013","docAbstract":"<p>Assessing the physical change to shorelines and wetlands is critical in determining the resiliency of wetland systems that protect adjacent habitat and communities. The wetland and back-barrier shorelines of Assateague Island, located in Maryland and Virginia, changed as a result of wave action and storm surge that occurred during Hurricane Sandy in 2012. As part of the U.S. Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geology Program, the impact of Hurricane Sandy will be assessed and placed in its historical context to understand the future vulnerability of wetland systems. Making these assessments will rely on data extracted from current and historical resources such as maps, aerial photographs, satellite imagery, and lidar elevation data, which document physical changes over time.</p>\n<p>This Data Series Report includes several open-ocean shorelines, back-island shorelines, back-island shoreline points, sand area polygons, and sand lines for Assateague Island that were extracted from natural-color orthoimagery (aerial photography) dated from April 12, 1989, to September 5, 2013. The images used were 0.3&ndash;2-meter (m)-resolution U.S. Geological Survey Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quads (DOQQ), U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) images, and Virginia Geographic Information Network Virginia Base Map Program (VBMP) images courtesy of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The back-island shorelines were hand-digitized at the intersect of the apparent back-island shoreline and transects spaced at 20-m intervals. The open-ocean shorelines were hand-digitized at the approximate still water level, such as tide level, which was fit through the average position of waves and swash apparent on the beach. Hand-digitizing was done at a scale of approximately 1:2,000. The sand polygons were derived by using an image-processing unsupervised classification technique that separates images into classes. The classes were then visually categorized as either sand or not sand. Also included in this report are 20-m-spaced transect lines and the transect base lines.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds928","usgsCitation":"Guy, K.K., 2015, Back-island and open-ocean shorelines, and sand areas of Assateague Island, Maryland and Virginia, April 12, 1989, to September 5, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 928, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds928.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1989-04-12","temporalEnd":"2013-09-05","ipdsId":"IP-062423","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298699,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds928.PNG"},{"id":298681,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0928/"},{"id":298697,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0928/ds928_abstract.html","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Assateague Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.0970458984375,\n              38.32711378564577\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.08811950683594,\n              38.32334305552793\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.18356323242186,\n              38.09728086978861\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.36483764648438,\n              37.85208561975298\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.38887023925781,\n              37.84612146910074\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.4046630859375,\n              37.87431138542283\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.37513732910156,\n              37.91495092582022\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.35247802734375,\n              37.92145117009527\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.31539916992188,\n              37.99508044703298\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.11489868164062,\n              38.312568460056966\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.0970458984375,\n              38.32711378564577\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550a9399e4b02e76d7590bb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guy, Kristy K. kguy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"Kristy","email":"kguy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":542620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70140270,"text":"sim3319 - 2015 - California State Waters Map Series: Offshore of Refugio Beach, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T20:02:15.825778","indexId":"sim3319","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-18T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3319","title":"California State Waters Map Series: Offshore of Refugio Beach, California","docAbstract":"<p>In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within California&rsquo;s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow (to about 100 m) subsurface geology.</p>\n<p>The Offshore of Refugio Beach map lies within the western Santa Barbara Channel region of the Southern California Bight. This geologically complex region forms a major biogeographic transition zone, separating the cold-temperate Oregonian province north of Point Conception from the warm-temperate California province to the south. The map area is in the southern part of the Western Transverse Ranges geologic province, which is north of the California Continental Borderland. Significant clockwise rotation&mdash;at least 90&deg;&mdash;since the early Miocene has been proposed for the Western Transverse Ranges province, and geodetic studies indicate that the region is presently undergoing north-south shortening. Uplift rates (as much as 0.5 mm/yr) that are based on studies of onland marine terraces provide further evidence of significant shortening.</p>\n<p>The coastal zone of this map area lies at the steep flank of the Santa Ynez Mountains. The crest of the range, which lies about 8 km from the shoreline (north of the map area), has a maximum elevation of about 780 m. This area is largely open space, partly used for livestock grazing, with no significant towns or population centers. Highway 101 crosses the map area, adjacent to and within a few hundred meters of the shoreline. The most significant developments are the recreational state beaches at El Capitan Beach and Refugio Beach. The beaches are subject to erosion each winter during storm-wave attack, and then they undergo gradual recovery or accretion during the more gentle wave climate of the late spring, summer, and fall months.</p>\n<p>The Offshore of Refugio Beach map area lies in the west-central part of the Santa Barbara littoral cell, which is characterized by west-to-east transport of sediment from Point Arguello on the northwest to Hueneme and Mugu Canyons on the southeast. Longshore drift rates have been reported to range from about 160,000 to 800,000 tons/yr, averaging 400,000 tons/yr. Sediment supply to the western and central part of the littoral cell, including the map area, is mainly from relatively small coastal watersheds. Within the map area, these coastal watersheds include (from east to west) Ca&ntilde;ada del Capitan, Tajiquas Creek, Arroyo Hondo, Ca&ntilde;ada del Molino, and several unnamed canyons and creeks. The Santa Ynez and Santa Maria Rivers, the mouths of which are 80 to 120 km northwest of the map area, are not considered significant sediment sources because Point Conception and Point Arguello provide obstacles to downcoast sediment transport and also because much of their sediment load is trapped in dams. The Ventura and Santa Clara Rivers, the mouths of which are about 70 km to the southeast of the map area, are not sediment sources for the map area.</p>\n<p>The offshore part of the map area consists of relatively flat and shallow continental shelf, which dips gently seaward (about 0.8&deg; to 1.0&deg;) so that water depths at the shelf break, roughly coincident with the California&rsquo;s State Waters limit, are about 80 to 100 m. This part of the Santa Barbara Channel is relatively well protected from large Pacific swells from the north and northwest by Point Conception and from the south and southwest by offshore islands and banks. The shelf is underlain by variable amounts of upper Quaternary marine and fluvial sediments deposited as sea level fluctuated in the late Pleistocene.</p>\n<p>In the map area, the shelf break is at depths of about 90 m and lies about 5.6 to 6.4 km offshore. Beyond the shelf break, the slope is steep (as much as about 7&deg;) and unstable. Several submarine landslides, including the large (130 km<sup>2</sup>) Goleta landslide complex, have been documented offshore of Goleta, a few kilometers east of the map area. This compound slump complex may have been initiated more than 200,000 year ago, but it also includes three recent failures that may have been generated 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. A local, 10-m-high tsunami may have been generated from these failure events.</p>\n<p>Small folds related to local faulting are superimposed on the homocline that makes up the south flank of the Santa Ynez Mountains. One of these superimposed anticlines hosts the Molino gas field, which was discovered in 1962 and subsequently developed through directional drilling from onshore wells. The Oligocene Sespe and Vaqueros Formations are the reservoirs in the Molino gas field, and the map area includes numerous seafloor hydrocarbon seeps.</p>\n<p>Seafloor habitats in the broad Santa Barbara Channel region consist of significant amounts of soft, unconsolidated sediment interspersed with isolated areas of rocky habitat that support kelp-forest communities nearshore and rocky-reef communities in deep water. The potential marine benthic habitat types mapped in the Offshore of Refugio Beach map area are directly related to its Quaternary geologic history, geomorphology, and active sedimentary processes. These potential habitats, which lie primarily within the Shelf (continental shelf) but also partly within the Flank (basin flank or continental slope) megahabitats, primarily are composed of soft sediment interrupted by a few carbonate mounds. This homogeneous seafloor of sediment and low-relief bedrock provides promising habitat for groundfish, crabs, shrimp, and other marine benthic organisms.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3319","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S.Y., Dartnell, P., Cochrane, G.R., Golden, N.E., Phillips, E.L., Ritchie, A., Krigsman, L.M., Dieter, B.E., Conrad, J.E., Greene, H.G., Seitz, G.G., Endris, C.A., Sliter, R.W., Wong, F.L., Erdey, M.D., Gutierrez, C.I., Yoklavich, M.M., East, A., and Hart, P.E., 2015, California State Waters Map Series: Offshore of Refugio Beach, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3319, Pamphlet: iv, 42 p.; 11 Plates: 53.0 x 36.0 inches or smaller; Metadata: Data Catalog, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3319.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 42 p.; 11 Plates: 53.0 x 36.0 inches or smaller; Metadata: Data Catalog","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-043010","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298696,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3319.gif"},{"id":398997,"rank":16,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_103684.htm"},{"id":298695,"rank":14,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3319/SIM3319_metadata.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":298694,"rank":13,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3319/downloads/sim3319_sheet11.pdf","text":"Sheet 11","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 11","linkHelpText":"Predicted Distribution of Benthic Macro-Invertebrates, Offshore of Refugio Beach Map Area and Santa Barbara Channel Region, California"},{"id":298693,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3319/downloads/sim3319_sheet10.pdf","text":"Sheet 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 10","linkHelpText":"Offshore and Onshore Geology and Geomorphology, Offshore of Refugio Beach Map Area, California"},{"id":298692,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3319/downloads/sim3319_sheet9.pdf","text":"Sheet 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 9","linkHelpText":"Local (Offshore of Refugio Beach Map Area) and Regional (Offshore from Refugio Beach to Hueneme Canyon) Shallow-Subsurface Geology and Structure, Santa Barbara Channel, California"},{"id":298691,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3319/downloads/sim3319_sheet8.pdf","text":"Sheet 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 8","linkHelpText":"Seismic-Reflection Profiles, Offshore of Refugio Beach Map Area, California"},{"id":298690,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3319/downloads/sim3319_sheet7.pdf","text":"Sheet 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 7","linkHelpText":"Potential Marine Benthic Habitats, Offshore of Refugio Beach Map Area, California"},{"id":298689,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3319/downloads/sim3319_sheet6.pdf","text":"Sheet 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 6","linkHelpText":"Ground-Truth Studies, Offshore of Refugio Beach Map Area, California"},{"id":298688,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3319/downloads/sim3319_sheet5.pdf","text":"Sheet 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 5","linkHelpText":"Seafloor Character, Offshore of Refugio Beach Map Area, California"},{"id":298686,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3319/downloads/sim3319_sheet4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 4","linkHelpText":"Data Integration and Visualization, Offshore of Refugio Beach Map Area, California"},{"id":298685,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3319/downloads/sim3319_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 3","linkHelpText":"Acoustic Backscatter, Offshore of Refugio Beach Map Area, California"},{"id":298684,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3319/downloads/sim3319_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 2","linkHelpText":"Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Refugio Beach Map Area, California"},{"id":298687,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3319/downloads/sim3319_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 1","linkHelpText":"Colored Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Refugio Beach Map Area, California"},{"id":298682,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3319/downloads/sim3319_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Pamphlet"},{"id":298683,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3319/"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 10N","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Refugio Beach, Santa Barbara Channel","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.19111633300781,\n              34.355624460840694\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.19111633300781,\n              34.544741936111166\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.99404907226564,\n              34.544741936111166\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.99404907226564,\n              34.355624460840694\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.19111633300781,\n              34.355624460840694\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550a939ae4b02e76d7590bb5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Johnson, Samuel Y. 0000-0001-7972-9977 sjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7972-9977","contributorId":2607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Samuel","email":"sjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542640,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cochran, Susan A. 0000-0002-2442-8787 scochran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2442-8787","contributorId":2062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochran","given":"Susan A.","email":"scochran@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":542641,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Samuel Y. 0000-0001-7972-9977 sjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7972-9977","contributorId":2607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Samuel","email":"sjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dartnell, Peter 0000-0002-9554-729X pdartnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-729X","contributorId":2688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"Peter","email":"pdartnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cochrane, Guy R. 0000-0002-8094-4583 gcochrane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8094-4583","contributorId":2870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochrane","given":"Guy","email":"gcochrane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Golden, Nadine E. 0000-0001-6007-6486 ngolden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6007-6486","contributorId":138974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golden","given":"Nadine","email":"ngolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":542624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Phillips, Eleyne L.","contributorId":44485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Eleyne","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":542648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ritchie, Andrew C.","contributorId":139060,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ritchie","given":"Andrew C.","affiliations":[{"id":6924,"text":"National Park Service, Upper Columbia Basin Network","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Krigsman, Lisa M.","contributorId":139064,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krigsman","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":12641,"text":"NOAA NMFS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dieter, Bryan E.","contributorId":139061,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dieter","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12639,"text":"Moss Landing Marine Labs","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Conrad, James E. 0000-0001-6655-694X jconrad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6655-694X","contributorId":2316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrad","given":"James","email":"jconrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Greene, H. Gary","contributorId":139063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greene","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gary","affiliations":[{"id":12639,"text":"Moss Landing Marine Labs","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Seitz, Gordon G.","contributorId":139062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seitz","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":12640,"text":"California Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Endris, Charles A.","contributorId":87875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Endris","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sliter, Ray W. 0000-0003-0337-3454 rsliter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0337-3454","contributorId":1992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sliter","given":"Ray","email":"rsliter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Wong, Florence L. 0000-0002-3918-5896 fwong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3918-5896","contributorId":1990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Florence","email":"fwong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Erdey, Mercedes D. merdey@usgs.gov","contributorId":5411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erdey","given":"Mercedes","email":"merdey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Gutierrez, Carlos I.","contributorId":32799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutierrez","given":"Carlos","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Yoklavich, Mary M.","contributorId":96167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoklavich","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"East, Amy E. aeast@usgs.gov","contributorId":2472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"Amy E.","email":"aeast@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":542638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Hart, Patrick E. 0000-0002-5080-1426 hart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5080-1426","contributorId":2879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Patrick","email":"hart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}}
,{"id":70136499,"text":"sir20145240 - 2015 - Effect of land-applied biosolids on surface-water nutrient yields and groundwater quality in Orange County, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T13:17:22","indexId":"sir20145240","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-18T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5240","title":"Effect of land-applied biosolids on surface-water nutrient yields and groundwater quality in Orange County, North Carolina","docAbstract":"<p>Land application of municipal wastewater biosolids is the most common method of biosolids management used in North Carolina and the United States. Biosolids have characteristics that may be beneficial to soil and plants. Land application can take advantage of these beneficial qualities, whereas disposal in landfills or incineration poses no beneficial use of the waste. Some independent studies and laboratory analysis, however, have shown that land-applied biosolids can pose a threat to human health and surface-water and groundwater quality. The effect of municipal biosolids applied to agriculture fields is largely unknown in relation to the delivery of nutrients, bacteria, metals, and contaminants of emerging concern to surface-water and groundwater resources. Therefore, the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR) collaborated with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) through the 319 Nonpoint Source Program to better understand the transport of nutrients and bacteria from biosolids application fields to groundwater and surface water and to provide a scientific basis for evaluating the effectiveness of the current regulations.</p>\n<p>The USGS conducted a paired agricultural watershed study in the Collins Creek and Cane Creek Reservoir watersheds in Orange County, North Carolina. Field activities were conducted from March 2011 through May 2013 at two field study sites, including biosolids field application sites owned by Orange County Water and Sewer Authority (OWASA) in the Collins Creek watershed and a background study site in the Cane Creek watershed that has no fields receiving biosolids applications. Samples of biosolids source material and soil were collected from the land-application fields for laboratory analyses. Soil samples were also collected from a background agricultural field in the Cane Creek watershed that has never received land-applied municipal biosolids. Shallow groundwater samples were collected quarterly from new monitoring wells installed by NCDENR along the edge of the biosolids land-application fields and a background agricultural field for laboratory analyses. Two surface-water monitoring sites were established on Collins Creek to compute continuous streamflow and collect discrete baseflow and stormwater runoff water-quality data upstream and downstream from the biosolids land-application fields. Surface water-quality samples were also collected for baseflow and stormwater runoff conditions at an existing USGS streamgage on Cane Creek to monitor water-quality conditions in the background study watershed. The study primarily focused on nutrients and bacteria; however, data for field properties and water-quality constituents, including metals, major ions, and contaminants of emerging concern (household-, industrial-, and agricultural-use compounds, pharmaceutical compounds, hormones, and antibiotics) also were collected and used in the analyses.</p>\n<p>There were no exceedances of the 10 elements with designated U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ceiling concentrations for land-applied biosolids in any of the biosolids samples. Treatment processes and storage techniques used by OWASA are effective in eliminating <i>Escherichia coli</i> and fecal coliform bacteria from biosolids. Copper, molybdenum, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total phosphorus were elevated in the soil from biosolids land-application fields relative to the background field. The relative richness of these constituents in the biosolids land-application fields is consistent with biosolids being the source of the elevated concentrations given the relatively high concentrations of these constituents in the biosolids samples that were collected.</p>\n<p>Shallow groundwater in the transitional zone wells, which were located adjacent to and topographically downgradient from all the biosolids land-application fields, were found to be statistically different and had higher nitrate concentrations (medians greater than 12 milligrams per liter) than all the other wells sampled as part of the study. Surface-water nutrient concentrations and yields, primarily nitrate, were higher at the monitoring site on Collins Creek downstream from the biosolids land-application fields than the other study sites that drained watersheds without biosolids land application. The largest differences in concentrations between sites were measured at baseflow conditions, which indicate that the main cause of these differences, particularly between Cane Creek and the Collins Creek site downstream from the OWASA application fields, is related to nitrate contribution from the shallow groundwater.</p>\n<p>Contaminants of emerging concern were detected in approximately 40 percent of the laboratory analyses of the biosolids samples and more frequently in soil samples from the biosolids land-application fields (approximately 40 percent of laboratory analyses) relative to the soil samples from the background field (approximately 12 percent of laboratory analyses). However, contaminants of emerging concern detected in the laboratory analysis for this study do not appear to be good indicators of human-waste contaminants derived from land-applied biosolids in groundwater or surface-water because the number of detections and concentrations at the background wells and surface-water monitoring sites are similar to or higher than those at wells and monitoring sites adjacent to or downstream from the biosolids land-application fields.</p>\n<p>The data, analysis, and conclusions associated with this study can be used by regulatory agencies, resource managers, and wastewater-treatment operators to (1) better understand the quantity and characteristics of nutrients, bacteria, metals, and contaminants of emerging concern that are transported away from biosolids land-application fields to surface water and groundwater under current regulations for the purposes of establishing effective total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) and restoring impaired water resources, (2) assess how well existing regulations protect waters of the State and potentially recommend effective changes to regulations or land-application procedures, and (3) establish a framework for developing guidance on effective techniques for monitoring and regulatory enforcement of permitted biosolids land-application fields.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145240","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources 319 Nonpoint Source Program","usgsCitation":"Wagner, C., Fitzgerald, S.A., McSwain, K.B., Harden, S.L., Gurley, L., and Rogers, S.W., 2015, Effect of land-applied biosolids on surface-water nutrient yields and groundwater quality in Orange County, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5240, Report: x, 106 p.; Appendixes 1-4, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145240.","productDescription":"Report: x, 106 p.; Appendixes 1-4","numberOfPages":"120","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-058328","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298582,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145240.jpg"},{"id":298579,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5240/appendix","text":"Appendixes 1-4","description":"Appendixes 1-5"},{"id":298577,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5240/"},{"id":298578,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5240/pdf/sir2014-5240.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.87 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"projection":"U.S. Census Bureau Projection: North Carolina State Plane","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Orange County","otherGeospatial":"Cane Creek Reservoir watershed, Collins Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.18087005615234,\n              35.94632704841525\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.18953895568846,\n              35.93089971399348\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.19992446899414,\n              35.92728566887712\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.21073913574219,\n              35.93173370094518\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.21932220458984,\n              35.94855056001542\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.20730590820312,\n              35.98092335649322\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.20867919921875,\n              36.00467348670187\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.20421600341797,\n              36.02744467075585\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.189453125,\n              36.03841136862611\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.16061401367188,\n              36.03855017779992\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.16009902954102,\n              35.97481105524676\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.18087005615234,\n              35.94632704841525\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550a939de4b02e76d7590bb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, Chad R. 0000-0002-9602-7413 cwagner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9602-7413","contributorId":1530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Chad R.","email":"cwagner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38131,"text":"WMA - Office of Planning and Programming","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitzgerald, Sharon A. safitzge@usgs.gov","contributorId":131155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"Sharon","email":"safitzge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McSwain, Kristen Bukowski kmcswain@usgs.gov","contributorId":1606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McSwain","given":"Kristen","email":"kmcswain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Bukowski","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harden, Stephen L. 0000-0001-6886-0099 slharden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6886-0099","contributorId":2212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Stephen","email":"slharden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gurley, Laura N. 0000-0002-2881-1038","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2881-1038","contributorId":93834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurley","given":"Laura N.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rogers, Shane W.","contributorId":21017,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rogers","given":"Shane","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70141850,"text":"sir20155026 - 2015 - Nutrient, suspended sediment, and trace element loads in the Blackstone River Basin in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, 2007 to 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T11:33:56","indexId":"sir20155026","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-18T09:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5026","title":"Nutrient, suspended sediment, and trace element loads in the Blackstone River Basin in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, 2007 to 2009","docAbstract":"<p>Nutrients, suspended sediment, and trace element loads in the Blackstone River and selected tributaries were estimated from composite water-quality samples in order to better understand the distribution and sources of these constituents in the river basin. The flow-proportional composite water-quality samples were collected during sequential 2-week periods at six stations along the river&rsquo;s main stem, at three stations on tributaries, and at four wastewater treatment plants in the Massachusetts segment of the basin from June 2007 to September 2009. Samples were collected at an additional station on the Blackstone River near the mouth in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, from September 2008 to September 2009. The flow-proportional composite samples were used to estimate average daily loads during the sampling periods; annual loads for water years 2008 and 2009 also were estimated for the monitoring station on the Blackstone River near the Massachusetts-Rhode Island border. The effects of hydrologic conditions and net attenuation of nitrogen were investigated for loads in the Massachusetts segment of the basin. Sediment resuspension and contaminant loading dynamics were evaluated in two Blackstone River impoundments, the former Rockdale Pond (a breached impoundment) and Rice City Pond.</p>\n<p>Total nitrogen and phosphorus loads along the Blackstone River in Massachusetts showed similar general patterns during the sampling periods monitored in this study. Total nitrogen loads were relatively low at the farthest upstream monitoring station in Millbury, Massachusetts (typically less than 430 kilograms per day (kg/d) for total nitrogen and 37 kg/d for total phosphorus). Loads typically increased (5- to 10-fold for nitrogen and 6- to 15-fold for phosphorus) downstream from the first, large wastewater treatment plant along the river, the Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Control Abatement District in Millbury. Further downstream, total nitrogen and phosphorus loads remained elevated but variable (typically about 1,000 to 3,000 kg/d for nitrogen and about 100 to 370 kg/d for phosphorus) from Millbury to the Massachusetts-Rhode Island border near Millville, Mass. Monitored tributaries of the Blackstone River and wastewater treatment plants other than the Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Control Abatement District rarely contributed more than a small fraction of the total nitrogen and phosphorus loads observed at the main stem monitoring stations. Loads of suspended sediment also were substantially larger along the river&rsquo;s main stem than in tributaries during most sampling periods. Very large loads of suspended sediment from the West River tributary during several sampling periods may have been associated with flood-control operations.</p>\n<p>The estimated annual load of total nitrogen in the Blackstone River at Millville, about 1.3 miles upstream from the Massachusetts-Rhode Island border, was 936,000 kilograms (kg) (2,600 kg/d) in water year 2008 and 878,000 kg (2,400 kg/d) in water year 2009. The estimated annual load of total phosphorus at Millville was 81,400 kg in water year 2008 (223 kg/d) and 80,900 kg (222 kg/d) in water year 2009. The estimated annual load of suspended sediment in was 4,940,000 kg (13,600 kg/d) in water year 2008 and 7,040,000 kg (19,300 kg/d) in water year 2009. The higher load in water year 2009 likely reflects several large storms in summer 2009, which resulted in streamflows in the Blackstone River that were 10 times the typical July flows. Loads of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and trace elements were almost always lower in the Blackstone River at Millville than in the river near its mouth at the Pawtucket monitoring station, when loads were monitored at both stations in the latter part of water year 2008 and in water year 2009. Loads of suspended sediment at Millville and Pawtucket varied by about the same range, but were usually lower at Pawtucket than at Millville.</p>\n<p>Total nitrogen loads were higher during sampling periods when the base-flow contribution to streamflow was substantially less than the runoff contribution than in sampling periods when the base-flow dominated. During these sampling periods when the runoff component of streamflow was relatively large, loads of total nitrogen in wastewater discharge from Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Control Abatement District also were high but also constituted smaller fractions of the total nitrogen loads in the river. Nitrogen attenuation may have occurred during some sampling periods, based on net changes in total nitrogen load between consecutive monitoring stations, especially in the Blackstone River reach between the South Grafton and Uxbridge monitoring stations.</p>\n<p>Analysis of the representative constituents (total phosphorus, total chromium, and suspended sediment) upstream and downstream of impoundments indicated that the existing impoundments, such as Rice City Pond, can be sources of particulate contaminant loads in the Blackstone River. Loads of particulate phosphorus, particulate chromium, and suspended sediment were consistently higher downstream from Rice City Pond than upstream during high-flow events, and there was a positive, linear relation between streamflow and changes in these constituents from upstream to downstream of the impoundment. Thus, particulate contaminants were mobilized from Rice City Pond during high-flow events and transported downstream. In contrast, downstream loads of particulate phosphorus, particulate chromium, and suspended sediment were generally lower than or equal to upstream loads for the former Rockdale Pond impoundment. Sediments associated with the former impoundment at Rockdale Pond, breached in the late 1960s, did not appear to be mobilized during the high-flow events monitored during this study.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155026","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, M.J., Waldron, M.C., and DeSimone, L., 2015, Nutrient, suspended sediment, and trace element loads in the Blackstone River Basin in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, 2007 to 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5026, Report x, 112 p.; Appendix 1-5; Readme, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155026.","productDescription":"Report x, 112 p.; Appendix 1-5; Readme","numberOfPages":"126","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-06-01","temporalEnd":"2009-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-013241","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298661,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155026.jpg"},{"id":298656,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5026/"},{"id":298657,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5026/pdf/sir2015-5026.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":298658,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5026/attachments/sir2015-5026_app1-5.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1-5","size":"163 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 1-5","linkHelpText":"This is an electronic copy of Appendix 1-5. See Readme.txt file for more information."},{"id":298659,"rank":4,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5026/attachments/readme.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"projection":"Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, mainland zone","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts, Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Blackstone River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.75033569335938,\n              41.83785101947692\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.34796142578124,\n              41.864447405239375\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.3507080078125,\n              42.09312731992276\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.52168273925781,\n              42.2341099541558\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.69128417968749,\n              42.39202286040118\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.96044921875,\n              42.36564700281194\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.75033569335938,\n              41.83785101947692\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550a939ee4b02e76d7590bbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Marc J. mzimmerm@usgs.gov","contributorId":3245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Marc","email":"mzimmerm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waldron, Marcus C. mwaldron@usgs.gov","contributorId":1867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldron","given":"Marcus","email":"mwaldron@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeSimone, Leslie A. 0000-0003-0774-9607 ldesimon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-9607","contributorId":176711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"Leslie A.","email":"ldesimon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70137532,"text":"ofr20141217 - 2015 - Laboratory and field tests of the Sutron RLR-0003-1 water level sensor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-18T08:39:56","indexId":"ofr20141217","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-17T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1217","title":"Laboratory and field tests of the Sutron RLR-0003-1 water level sensor","docAbstract":"<p>Three Sutron RLR-0003-1 water level sensors were tested in laboratory conditions to evaluate the accuracy of the sensor over the manufacturer&rsquo;s specified operating temperature and distance-to-water ranges. The sensor was also tested for compliance to SDI-12 communication protocol and in field conditions at a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamgaging site. Laboratory results were compared to the manufacturer&rsquo;s accuracy specification for water level and to the USGS Office of Surface Water (OSW) policy requirement that water level sensors have a measurement uncertainty of no more than 0.01 foot or 0.20 percent of the indicated reading. Except for one sensor, the differences for the temperature testing were within 0.05 foot and the average measurements for the sensors were within the manufacturer&rsquo;s accuracy specification. Two of the three sensors were within the manufacturer&rsquo;s specified accuracy and met the USGS accuracy requirements for the laboratory distance to water testing. Three units passed a basic SDI-12 communication compliance test. Water level measurements made by the Sutron RLR-0003-1 during field testing agreed well with those made by the bubbler system and a Design Analysis Associates (DAA) H3613 radar, and they met the USGS accuracy requirements when compared to the wire-weight gage readings.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141217","usgsCitation":"Fulford, J.M., and Bryars, R.S., 2015, Laboratory and field tests of the Sutron RLR-0003-1 water level sensor: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1217, v, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141217.","productDescription":"v, 7 p.","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056889","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298649,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1217/"},{"id":298650,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1217/pdf/ofr2014-1217.pdf","text":"Report","size":"689 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OF 2014-1217 Report"},{"id":298651,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141217.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5509421fe4b02e76d757d913","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fulford, Janice M. jfulford@usgs.gov","contributorId":991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulford","given":"Janice","email":"jfulford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bryars, R. Scott","contributorId":139697,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bryars","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70139748,"text":"ds918 - 2015 - Sample descriptions and geophysical logs for cored well BP-3-USGS, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, Alamosa County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-17T14:13:31","indexId":"ds918","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-17T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"918","title":"Sample descriptions and geophysical logs for cored well BP-3-USGS, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, Alamosa County, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>The BP-3-USGS well was drilled at the southwestern corner of Great Sand Dunes National Park in the San Luis Valley, south-central Colorado, 68 feet (ft, 20.7 meters [m]) southwest of the National Park Service&rsquo;s boundary-piezometer (BP) well 3. BP-3-USGS is located at latitude 37&deg;43ʹ18.06ʺN. and longitude 105&deg;43ʹ39.30ʺW., at an elevation of 7,549 ft (2,301 m). The well was drilled through poorly consolidated sediments to a depth of 326 ft (99.4 m) in September 2009. Water began flowing from the well after penetrating a clay-rich layer that was first intercepted at a depth of 119 ft (36.3 m). The base of this layer, at an elevation of 7,415 ft (2,260 m) above sea level, likely marks the top of a regional confined aquifer recognized throughout much of the San Luis Valley. Approximately 69 ft (21 m) of core was recovered (about 21 percent), almost exclusively from clay-rich zones. Coarser grained fractions were collected from mud extruded from the core barrel or captured from upwelling drilling fluids. Natural gamma-ray, full waveform sonic, density, neutron, resistivity, spontaneous potential, and induction logs were acquired. The well is now plugged and abandoned.</p>\n<p>This report presents lithologic descriptions from the well samples and core, along with a compilation and basic data processing of the geophysical logs. The succession of sediments in the well can be generalized into three lithologic packages: (1) mostly sand from the surface to about 77 ft (23.5 m) depth; (2) interbedded sand, silt, and clay, decreasing in overall grain size downward, from 77 to 232 ft (23.5 to 70.7 m) depth; and (3) layers of massive clay alternating with layers of fine sand to silt from 232 to 326 ft (70.7 to 99.4 m), the total depth of the well. The topmost clay layers of the deepest package have a blue tint, prompting a correlation with the &ldquo;blue clay&rdquo; of the San Luis Valley that is commonly considered as the top of the confined aquifer. However, a confining clay was intercepted 113 ft (34.4 m) higher than the blue clay in BP-3-USGS.</p>\n<p>Most of the geophysical logs have good correspondence to the lithologic variations in the well. Exceptions are the gamma-ray log, which is likely affected by naturally occurring radiation from abundant volcanic detritus, and one interval within the deepest lithologic package, which appears to be abnormally electrically conductive. Resistivity logs and variations in sand versus clay content within the well are consistent with electrical resistivity models derived from time-domain electromagnetic geophysical surveys for the area. In particular, the topmost blue clay corresponds to a strong electrical conductor that is prominent in the electromagnetic geophysical data throughout the park and vicinity.</p>\n<p>BP-3-USGS was sited to test hypotheses developed from geophysical studies and to answer questions about the history and evolution of Pliocene and Pleistocene Lake Alamosa, which is represented by lacustrine deposits sampled by the well. The findings reported here represent a basis from which future studies can answer these questions and address other important scientific questions in the San Luis Valley regarding geologic history and climate change, groundwater hydrology, and geophysical interpretation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds918","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Grauch, V.J., Skipp, G.L., Thomas, J.V., Davis, J.K., and Benson, M.E., 2015, Sample descriptions and geophysical logs for cored well BP-3-USGS, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, Alamosa County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 918, Report: vi, 53 p.; Log files; Photographs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds918.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 53 p.; Log files; Photographs","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-059656","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298635,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds918.jpg"},{"id":298632,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0918/pdf/ds918.pdf","size":"3.10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":298633,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0918/downloads/LogFiles/","text":"Log files--data for borehole geophysical logs"},{"id":298634,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0918/downloads/PhotoFiles/","text":"Photographs of samples taken onsite"},{"id":298630,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0918/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Great Sand Dune National Park, Great Sand Dune National Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.754150390625,\n              37.00255267215955\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.754150390625,\n              39.16414104768742\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.117431640625,\n              39.16414104768742\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.117431640625,\n              37.00255267215955\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.754150390625,\n              37.00255267215955\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55094222e4b02e76d757d919","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grauch, V. J. S. 0000-0002-0761-3489 tien@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.","email":"tien@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skipp, Gary L. 0000-0002-9404-0980 gskipp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9404-0980","contributorId":2102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skipp","given":"Gary","email":"gskipp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, Jonathan V. 0000-0003-0903-9713 jvthomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0903-9713","contributorId":2194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Jonathan","email":"jvthomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, Joshua K.","contributorId":138996,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":12430,"text":"University of Texas at Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Benson, Mary Ellen 0000-0002-4424-0730 mbenson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4424-0730","contributorId":4724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Mary","email":"mbenson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ellen","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70143793,"text":"70143793 - 2015 - Presence of amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in rainwater suggests aerial dispersal is possible","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-04T15:33:31","indexId":"70143793","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-17T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":667,"text":"Aerobiologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Presence of amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in rainwater suggests aerial dispersal is possible","docAbstract":"<p>Abstract Global spread of the pathogenic amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) may involve dispersal mechanisms not previously explored. Weather systems accompanied by strong wind and rainfall have been known to assist the dispersal of microbes pathogenic to plants and animals, and we considered a similar phenomenon might occur with Bd. We investigated this concept by sampling rainwater from 20 precipitation events for the presence of Bd in Cusuco National Park, Honduras: a site where high Bd prevalence was previously detected in stream-associated amphibians. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed the presence of Bd in rainwater in one (5 %) of the weather events sampled, although viability cannot be ascertained from molecular presence alone. The source of the Bd and distance that the contaminated rainwater traveled could not be determined; however, this collection site was located approximately 600 m from the nearest observed perennial river by straight-line aerial distance. Although our results suggest atmospheric Bd dispersal is uncommon and unpredictable, even occasional short-distance aerial transport could considerably expand the taxonomic diversity of amphibians vulnerable to exposure and at risk of decline, including terrestrial and arboreal species that are not associated with permanent water bodies.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Aerobiology","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1007/s10453-015-9374-6","usgsCitation":"Kolby, J.E., Ramirez, S.D., Berger, L., Griffin, D.W., Jocque, M., and Lee F. Skerratt, 2015, Presence of amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in rainwater suggests aerial dispersal is possible: Aerobiologia, v. 31, no. 3, p. 411-419, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-015-9374-6.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"419","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045408","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298856,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5511395be4b02e76d75b50f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolby, Jonathan E.","contributorId":139790,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kolby","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12910,"text":"James Cook University, AUS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ramirez, Sara D.","contributorId":139794,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ramirez","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12911,"text":"Operation Wallacea, UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berger, Lee","contributorId":139791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Berger","given":"Lee","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12910,"text":"James Cook University, AUS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Griffin, Dale W. 0000-0003-1719-5812 dgriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1719-5812","contributorId":2178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Dale","email":"dgriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jocque, Merlijn","contributorId":139793,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jocque","given":"Merlijn","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12910,"text":"James Cook University, AUS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lee F. Skerratt","contributorId":139792,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee F. Skerratt","affiliations":[{"id":12910,"text":"James Cook University, AUS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70142045,"text":"sir20155031 - 2015 - Dry season mean monthly flow and harmonic mean flow regression equations for selected ungaged basins in Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-15T09:03:43","indexId":"sir20155031","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-17T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5031","title":"Dry season mean monthly flow and harmonic mean flow regression equations for selected ungaged basins in Arkansas","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality, Southwestern Energy, the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission, and the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, developed regression equations for estimation of dry season mean monthly flows and harmonic mean flows that are representative of natural streamflow conditions at selected ungaged basins in Arkansas. Observed values of dry season mean monthly flow and harmonic mean flow computed from daily-mean flow data were used with basin characteristics to identify significant explanatory variables for multiple-linear-regression equations to estimate predicted values of dry season mean monthly flow and harmonic mean flow. Five dry season mean monthly flow regression equations and two harmonic mean flow regression equations were developed using dry season mean monthly flows and harmonic mean flows established for 91 and 93 U.S. Geological Survey continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations, respectively. The dry season in Arkansas is defined as the months of July through November for this study. For harmonic mean flow calculations and regression equations, the study area is composed of the Springfield-Salem Plateaus (Arkansas and Missouri), Boston Mountains, Arkansas Valley, Ouachita Mountains (Arkansas and Oklahoma), and West Gulf Coastal Plain (Arkansas) physiographic sections. All continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations used to compute dry season mean monthly flows were located within Arkansas.</p>\n<p>Equations for two regions were found to be statistically significant for developing regression equations for estimating harmonic mean flows at ungaged basins; thus, equations are applicable only to streams in those respective regions in Arkansas. Regression equations for dry season mean monthly flows are applicable only to streams located throughout Arkansas. All regression equations are applicable only to unaltered streams where flows were not significantly affected by regulation, diversion, or urbanization. The median number of years used for dry season mean monthly flow calculation was 43, and the median number of years used for harmonic mean flow calculations was 34 for region 1 and 43 for region 2.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155031","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Breaker, B.K., 2015, Dry season mean monthly flow and harmonic mean flow regression equations for selected ungaged basins in Arkansas (Version 1: Originally posted March 17, 2015; Version 1.1: June 13, 2015): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5031, iv, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155031.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062868","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305737,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":298612,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5031/"},{"id":298613,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5031/pdf/sir2015-5031.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.41 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"USA Contiguous Albers Equal Area Conic USGS version","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.625244140625,\n              36.500805317604794\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.17578124999999,\n              36.5184659896759\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.010986328125,\n              36.359374956015856\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.06591796875,\n              36.1822249804225\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.28564453124999,\n              36.05798104702501\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.637451171875,\n              36.03133177633187\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.615478515625,\n              35.8356283888737\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.07666015625,\n              32.99023555965106\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.053955078125,\n              33.0178760185549\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.06494140625,\n              33.486435450999885\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.482421875,\n              33.55055114384406\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.449462890625,\n              35.44277092585766\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.625244140625,\n              36.500805317604794\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1: Originally posted March 17, 2015; Version 1.1: June 13, 2015","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5509421ee4b02e76d757d911","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breaker, Brian K. 0000-0002-1985-4992 bbreaker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1985-4992","contributorId":4331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breaker","given":"Brian","email":"bbreaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":542486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70142977,"text":"sir20155009 - 2015 - An assessment of two methods for identifying undocumented levees using remotely sensed data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-17T10:32:39","indexId":"sir20155009","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-17T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5009","title":"An assessment of two methods for identifying undocumented levees using remotely sensed data","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many undocumented and commonly unmaintained levees exist in the landscape complicating flood forecasting, risk management, and emergency response. This report describes a pilot study completed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to assess two methods to identify undocumented levees by using remotely sensed, high-resolution topographic data. For the first method, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers examined hillshades computed from a digital elevation model that was derived from light detection and ranging (lidar) to visually identify potential levees and then used detailed site visits to assess the validity of the identifications. For the second method, the U.S. Geological Survey applied a wavelet transform to a lidar-derived digital elevation model to identify potential levees. The hillshade method was applied to Delano, Minnesota, and the wavelet-transform method was applied to Delano and Springfield, Minnesota. Both methods were successful in identifying levees but also identified other features that required interpretation to differentiate from levees such as constructed barriers, high banks, and bluffs. Both methods are complementary to each other, and a potential conjunctive method for testing in the future includes (1) use of the wavelet-transform method to rapidly identify slope-break features in high-resolution topographic data, (2) further examination of topographic data using hillshades and aerial photographs to classify features and map potential levees, and (3) a verification check of each identified potential levee with local officials and field visits.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155009","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Czuba, C.R., Williams, B.K., Westman, J., and LeClaire, K., 2015, An assessment of two methods for identifying undocumented levees using remotely sensed data: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5009, vii, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155009.","productDescription":"vii, 19 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-046266","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298608,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155009.jpg"},{"id":298556,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5009/"},{"id":298607,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5009/pdf/sir2015-5009.pdf","size":"6.04 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Delano, Springfield","otherGeospatial":"Cottonwood River, South Fork Crow River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.83766174316406,\n              45.00437940337335\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.83766174316406,\n              45.06782265048428\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.75646591186523,\n              45.06782265048428\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.75646591186523,\n              45.00437940337335\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.83766174316406,\n              45.00437940337335\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.01251220703125,\n              44.2075577272807\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.01251220703125,\n              44.25460557622782\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.94685173034668,\n              44.25460557622782\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.94685173034668,\n              44.2075577272807\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.01251220703125,\n              44.2075577272807\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55094218e4b02e76d757d90b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czuba, Christiana R. cczuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":4555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czuba","given":"Christiana","email":"cczuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":542369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Byron K. 0000-0001-7644-1396","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7644-1396","contributorId":86616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Byron","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":542370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Westman, Jack","contributorId":139665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Westman","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LeClaire, Keith","contributorId":139664,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"LeClaire","given":"Keith","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}