From a casual observation that the form of degraded fault scarps resembles the error function, this investigation proceeds through an elementary diffusion equation representation of landform evolution to the application of the resulting equations to the modern topography of scarplike landforms. The morphologic observations can be analyzed either in the form of one or more cross-strike elevation profiles or in the form of the slope-offset plot, a point plot of maximum scarp slope versus scarp offset. Working with either or both of these data representations for nine geologic structures, which range in age from 3 to 400 ka B.P. and in offset from 1 to 50 m, we apply analytical solutions for the vertical initial value scarp, the vertical continuous offset scarp, and the finite slope, initial value scarp. The model calculations are intrinsically ambiguous, yielding as the final answer only the product κt (in the case of the initial value problem) or the product κA−1 (in the case of the repeated faulting problem); here t is the age of a single scarp-forming event, 2A is the vertical slip rate, and κ is the “mass diffusivity.” A single profile across three sea cliffs along the Santa Cruz, California, coast is analyzed as three separate initial value problems. A reasonably constrained age for the sea cliff standing above the Highway 1 platform returns κ = 11 GKG (1 GKG = 1 m2/ka). With this κ, we can date the two older sea cliffs. In fact, we do the converse: age estimates for these two older sea cliffs based on a uniform rate of uplift both yield the same κ as for the lower sea cliff. We treat a single profile of the Raymond fault in Pasadena/San Marino in terms of the repeated faulting problem; for it the uplift rate of R. Crook and others yields κ = 16 GKG. The very substantial preexisting offset across the Raymond fault must have been buried/leveled some 230 ka B.P., when the modern topography began to form. Our analysis of the Lake Bonneville shoreline scarps reveals a dependence of κt on 2a, suggestive of nonlinear modification processes. This appearance is treated with the finite slope initial value scarp model to determine κ=1.1 GKG for the Lake Bonneville shoreline scarps. The suggestion of M. N. Machette that approximately 100,000-year-old, meter-high scarps are “unobservable” in weakly consolidated alluvial terranes of the Basin and Range and Rio Grande Rift Valley provinces can be formulated as κ ≳ 1 GKG. The coincidence between this inequality and the Lake Bonneville shoreline κ is striking, and it suggests that the value of κ = 1 GKG may be generally applicable, as a good first approximation, to the modification of alluvial terranes within the semiarid regions of the western United States. The Lake Bonneville shoreline κ is the basis for dating four sets of fault scarps in west-central Utah. The Drum Mountains fault scarps can be modeled in several different circumstances, but the most likely interpretation is that these fault scarps formed as the result of a single episode of normal faulting 3.6 to 5.7 ka B.P. The younger age is associated with quite low initial slope angles (25°). The other three sets of fault scarps show no evidence for finite initial value slopes. Fault scarps along the eastern base of the Fish Springs Range are very young, 3 ka B.P. We estimate the age of fault scarps along the western flank of the Oquirrh Mountains to be 32 ka B.P., which meets the weak geologic constraint that they be older than the Lake Bonneville shoreline. Fault scarps along the northeastern margin of the Sheeprock Mountains are even older, 53 ka B.P. An intriguing consequence of our single-event analysis of these scarps is that an 11.5-m offset occurred in a single earthquake.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB07p05771","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hanks, T.C., Bucknam, R., Lajoie, K.R., and Wallace, R.E., 1984, Modification of wave-cut and faulting-controlled landforms: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B7, p. 5771-5790, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB07p05771.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"5771","endPage":"5790","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219865,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cb4e4b0c8380cd6feb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanks, Thomas C.","contributorId":35763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"Thomas","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bucknam, R.C.","contributorId":35744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bucknam","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lajoie, K. R.","contributorId":6828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lajoie","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wallace, R. E.","contributorId":6823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013208,"text":"70013208 - 1984 - Heavy minerals in surficial sediments from lower Cook Inlet, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:39","indexId":"70013208","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heavy minerals in surficial sediments from lower Cook Inlet, Alaska","docAbstract":"Amphiboles, orthopyroxenes, and clinopyroxenes dominate the heavy mineral suite of surficial sediments in lower Cook Inlet, Alaska. Sources for these sediments include the igneous arc terrane of the northeast Alaska Range, reworked intrabasinal sediments, and local drainages in lower Cook Inlet. The distribution of these deposits is a reflection of both the tidal currents and the prevailing southerly net movement from the head of Cook Inlet. The heavy mineral studies concur with similar findings from gravel analyses, clay mineral investigations, and quartz microtexture observations. ?? 1984 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geo-Marine Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02237970","issn":"02760460","usgsCitation":"Wong, F.L., 1984, Heavy minerals in surficial sediments from lower Cook Inlet, Alaska: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 4, no. 1, p. 25-30, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02237970.","startPage":"25","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204987,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02237970"},{"id":219902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a301ee4b0c8380cd5d3a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wong, F. L.","contributorId":87515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014049,"text":"70014049 - 1984 - Landslides caused by earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T01:02:46.346084","indexId":"70014049","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landslides caused by earthquakes","docAbstract":"Data from 40 historical world-wide earthquakes were studied to determine the characteristics, geologic environments, and hazards of landslides caused by seismic events. This sample of 40 events was supplemented with intensity data from several hundred United States earthquakes to study relations between landslide distribution and seismic parameters. Fourteen types of landslides were identified in the earthquakes studied. The most abundant of these were rock falls, disrupted soil slides, and rock slides. The greatest losses of human life were due to rock avalanches, rapid soil flows, and rock falls. Correlations between magnitude (M) and landslide distribution show that the maximum area likely to be affected by landslides in a seismic event increases from approximately 0 at M ≅ 4.0 to 500,000 km2 at M = 9.2.
Threshold magnitudes, minimum shaking intensities, and relations between M and distance from epicenter or fault rupture were used to define relative levels of shaking that trigger landslides in susceptible materials. Four types of internally disrupted landslides—rock falls, rock slides, soil falls, and disrupted soil slides—are initiated by the weakest shaking. More coherent, deeper-seated slides require stronger shaking; lateral spreads and flows require shaking that is stronger still; and the strongest shaking is probably required for very highly disrupted rock avalanches and soil avalanches.
Each type of earthquake-induced landslide occurs in a particular suite of geologic environments. These range from overhanging slopes of well-indurated rock to slopes of less than 1° underlain by soft, unconsolidated sediments. Materials most susceptible to earthquake-induced landslides include weakly cemented rocks, more-indurated rocks with prominent or pervasive discontinuities, residual and colluvial sand, volcanic soils containing sensitive clay, loess, cemented soils, granular alluvium, granular deltaic deposits, and granular man-made fill. Few earthquake-induced landslides reactivate older landslides; most are in materials that have not previously failed.
Analyses of the bulk oxidation state of marine manganese nodules indicates that more than 98% of the Mn in deep ocean nodules is present as Mn(IV). The samples were collected from three quite different areas: the hemipelagic environment of the Guatemala Basin, the pelagic area of the North Pacific, and seamounts in the central Pacific. Results of the study suggest that todorokite in marine nodules is fully oxidized and has the following stoichiometry: (K, Na, Ca, Ba).33(Mg, Cu, Ni).76Mn5O22(H2O)3.2.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(84)90230-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Piper, D., Basler, J., and Bischoff, J.L., 1984, Oxidation state of marine manganese nodules: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, no. 11, p. 2347-2355, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90230-8.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2347","endPage":"2355","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225927,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a726be4b0c8380cd76ab5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Basler, J.R.","contributorId":52732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basler","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014021,"text":"70014021 - 1984 - Transport of clays in the eastern part of santa barbara channel, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:35","indexId":"70014021","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of clays in the eastern part of santa barbara channel, California","docAbstract":"A record discharge of about 54 ?? 106 metric tons of predominantly fine-grained detrital sediment was introduced during 1969 into the eastern part of Santa Barbara Channel from the Santa Clara and Ventura Rivers. The clay-size fraction from bottom samples collected during a time-series of about 18 months revealed movement across the shelf and into the adjacent basin in a repetitive sequential pattern. Light transmission profiles show resuspension and transport of sediments at depths of up to 225 m. This transport and distribution history is attributed to seasonal variations in the vertical and lateral position of a poleward-flowing current. ?? 1985 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geo-Marine Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02281704","issn":"02760460","usgsCitation":"Kolpack, R., and Drake, D., 1984, Transport of clays in the eastern part of santa barbara channel, California: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 4, no. 3-4, p. 191-196, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02281704.","startPage":"191","endPage":"196","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205663,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02281704"},{"id":225865,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb74ce4b08c986b32719e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpack, R.L.","contributorId":91250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpack","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014095,"text":"70014095 - 1984 - U-Pb zircon geochronology and geological evolution of the Halaban- Al Amar region of the eastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-14T16:09:39.701756","indexId":"70014095","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2545,"text":"Journal of the Geological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb zircon geochronology and geological evolution of the Halaban- Al Amar region of the eastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.","docAbstract":"U-Pb zircon model ages for eleven major units from the Halaban-Al Amar region of the eastern Arabian Shield indicate three stages of evolution: (1) plate convergence, (2) plate collision, and (3) post-orogenic intracratonic activity.
Convergence occurred between the western Afif and eastern Ar Rayn plates that were separated by oceanic crust. Remnants of oceanic crust now comprise the ophiolitic complexes of the Urd group. The oldest plutonic unit in the study is from one of these complexes and gave an age of 694 ± 8 Ma. Detrital zircons from the sedimentary Abt formation of the Urd group, which is intercalated with the ophiolitic rocks, were derived from source rocks with a mean age of 710 Ma. The Abt formation may be an accretionary wedge on the western margin of the Ar Rayn plate. Plate convergence was terminated by collision of the Afif and Ar Rayn plates during the Al Amar orogeny which began about 670 Ma. During collision, the Urd group rocks were deformed and in part obducted on to one or both plates. Synorogenic leucogranitoid rocks were intruded from 670 to 640 Ma. From about 640 to 630 Ma, widespread unfoliated dioritic plutons were emplaced in the Ar Rayn block, and represent the end of orogenesis related to collision. There is no definitive evidence for a significantly older basement beneath the study region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/gsjgs.141.6.1043","issn":"00167649","usgsCitation":"Stacey, J.S., Stoeser, D.B., Greenwood, W., and Fischer, L.B., 1984, U-Pb zircon geochronology and geological evolution of the Halaban- Al Amar region of the eastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 141, no. 6, p. 1043-1055, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.141.6.1043.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1043","endPage":"1055","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9d4e4b08c986b327e36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stacey, J. S.","contributorId":72785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoeser, D. B.","contributorId":18735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoeser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greenwood, W.R.","contributorId":34502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenwood","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fischer, L. B.","contributorId":107293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014026,"text":"70014026 - 1984 - Near-infrared reflectance of zunyite: Implications for field mapping and remote-sensing detection of hydrothermally altered high alumina rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-08T23:57:10.800283","indexId":"70014026","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Near-infrared reflectance of zunyite: Implications for field mapping and remote-sensing detection of hydrothermally altered high alumina rocks","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.79.3.553","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Crowley, J., 1984, Near-infrared reflectance of zunyite: Implications for field mapping and remote-sensing detection of hydrothermally altered high alumina rocks: Economic Geology, v. 79, no. 3, p. 553-557, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.79.3.553.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"557","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225930,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63fae4b0c8380cd727d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowley, J.K.","contributorId":103690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013955,"text":"70013955 - 1984 - Thermal conductivity determinations on solid rock - a comparison between a steady-state divided-bar apparatus and a commercial transient line-source device","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:35","indexId":"70013955","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal conductivity determinations on solid rock - a comparison between a steady-state divided-bar apparatus and a commercial transient line-source device","docAbstract":"Two apparatuses were used to measure thermal conductivities on pairs of contiguous samples from 17 specimens of solid rock: the USGS divided-bar apparatus, a steadystate comparative method, and the Shotherm \"Quick Thermal Meter\" (QTM), which employs a transient strip heat source. Both devices were calibrated relative to fused silica. Both devices have a reproducibility of ??5% or better depending, to some extent, on the physical nature of the specimen being tested. For solid rocks, specimen preparation for the divided bar is much more tedious and expensive than for the QTM, which seems insensitive to minor surface roughness. The QTM does, however, require quite large specimens (30 mm ?? 60 mm ?? 100 mm as a minimum for rocks) with even larger specimens (50 mm ?? 100 mm ?? 100 mm) required for higher conductivity material (3.5 W m-1 K-1 and greater). Experimental times are comparable; however, the QTM is a self-contained unit that can be transported easily and set up quickly and requires no more space than a standard desk top. From a formal statistical comparison, it appears that, over a large range of conductivities (1.4 to ???5 W m-1 K-1) and rock types, the two instruments will yield the same value of thermal conductivity for isotropic rocks. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Sass, J., Stone, C., and Munroe, R.J., 1984, Thermal conductivity determinations on solid rock - a comparison between a steady-state divided-bar apparatus and a commercial transient line-source device: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 20, no. 1-2, p. 145-153.","startPage":"145","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb215e4b08c986b3255b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sass, J.H.","contributorId":70749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":367241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, C.","contributorId":23698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Munroe, R. J.","contributorId":56215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munroe","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014088,"text":"70014088 - 1984 - Middle Cambrian fossils from the Doonerak anticlinorium, central Brooks Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-01T22:28:45.805321","indexId":"70014088","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Middle Cambrian fossils from the Doonerak anticlinorium, central Brooks Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"Middle Cambrian fossils collected near Wolf Creek in the Wiseman quadrangle, northern Alaska, include trilobites and paraconodonts. Trilobites date the strata as early Middle Cambrian, correlative with the Amgan Stage of Siberia. The assemblage includes: Kootenia cf. K. anabarensis Lermontova, cf. 'Parehmania' lata Chernysheva and Pagetia sp. Specimens of the paracondont genus Westergaardodina, from the same sample as the megafossils, record the earliest known occurrence of this taxon. These fossils, the first to establish an age for part of the sedimentary sequence in the Doonerak Anticlinorium, are the oldest fossils yet taken from the central and western Brooks Range.
","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontology Society","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Dutro, J., Palmer, A.R., Repetski, J., and Brosge, W., 1984, Middle Cambrian fossils from the Doonerak anticlinorium, central Brooks Range, Alaska: Journal of Paleontology, v. 58, no. 6, p. 1364-1371.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1364","endPage":"1371","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225870,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56cce4b0c8380cd6d824","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dutro, J.T. Jr.","contributorId":8432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dutro","given":"J.T.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmer, A. R.","contributorId":41819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Repetski, J.E.","contributorId":38579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brosge, W. P.","contributorId":58248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brosge","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013896,"text":"70013896 - 1984 - Volatiles of Mount St. Helens and their origins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70013896","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatiles of Mount St. Helens and their origins","docAbstract":"Analyses have been made of gases in clouds apparently emanating from Mount St. Helens. Despite appearances, most of the water in these clouds does not issue from the volcano. Even directly above a large fumarole ??D and ?? 18O data indicate that only half the water can come from the volcano. Isotopic and chemical evidence also shows the steam in the volcano (-33.0 per mol ??D) from which a condensate of 0.2 N HCI was obtained is not a major cause of the explosions. The steam in the volcano is derived from a metamorphic brine in the underlying Tertiary meta andesite. The gas that caused the explosive eruptions is carbon dioxide. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Barnes, I., 1984, Volatiles of Mount St. Helens and their origins: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 22, no. 1-2, p. 133-146.","startPage":"133","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2cce4b08c986b32ad87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, I.","contributorId":23678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013964,"text":"70013964 - 1984 - A special issue devoted to massive sulfide deposits of the Appalachian-Caledonian orogen. Preface.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:33","indexId":"70013964","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A special issue devoted to massive sulfide deposits of the Appalachian-Caledonian orogen. Preface.","docAbstract":"This issue of Economic Geology (pp 1425-1758) adds 17 reports to those earlier published by a nine-year project (No. 60) of the International Geological Correlation Programme (IGCP) on the Correlation of Caledonian Stratabound Sulphides (CCSS). The contents of the 17 reports are noted and briefly discussed in relation to one another and to stratiform ores as a whole. From this preview, it is concluded that geological mapping appears to be still the best way to find strata-bound sulphide deposits.-G.J.N.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Gair, J., and Vokes, F., 1984, A special issue devoted to massive sulfide deposits of the Appalachian-Caledonian orogen. Preface.: Economic Geology, v. 79, no. 7, p. 1425-1427.","startPage":"1425","endPage":"1427","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5a4e4b0c8380cd46ec3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gair, J. E.","contributorId":50891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gair","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vokes, F.M.","contributorId":24933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vokes","given":"F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013957,"text":"70013957 - 1984 - Heat capacity and entropy of Ni2SiO4-olivine from 5 to 1000 K and heat capacity of Co2SiO4 from 360 to 1000 K.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70013957","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat capacity and entropy of Ni2SiO4-olivine from 5 to 1000 K and heat capacity of Co2SiO4 from 360 to 1000 K.","docAbstract":"The heat capacity of Ni2SiO4-olivine has been measured between 5 and 387 K by cryogenic adiabatic-shield calorimetry and between 360 and 1000 K by differential scanning calorimetry. The heat capacity of Co2SiO4-olivine was measured between 360 and 1000 K by differential scanning calorimetry.-J.A.Z.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Robie, R.A., Hemingway, B.S., Ito, J., and Krupka, K.M., 1984, Heat capacity and entropy of Ni2SiO4-olivine from 5 to 1000 K and heat capacity of Co2SiO4 from 360 to 1000 K.: American Mineralogist, v. 69, no. 11-12, p. 1096-1101.","startPage":"1096","endPage":"1101","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2feee4b0c8380cd5d20a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robie, R. A.","contributorId":71237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ito, J.","contributorId":31534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ito","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krupka, K. M.","contributorId":60772,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krupka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013510,"text":"70013510 - 1984 - EFFECT ON BRIDGE PIERS ON STREAMFLOW AND CHANNEL GEOMETRY.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:34","indexId":"70013510","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"EFFECT ON BRIDGE PIERS ON STREAMFLOW AND CHANNEL GEOMETRY.","docAbstract":"Piers in the waterway affect the velocity distribution across the channel and may act as barriers to floating debris. In addition, they also affect channel geometry by causing general and local scour in the vicinity of the bridge. The level of hydraulic efficiency of an unobstructed channel may be reduced by several percent if piers are placed in the waterway. Pier design should consider the probability that the channel alignment and geometry will change with time.","largerWorkTitle":"Transportation Research Record","conferenceTitle":"Second Bridge Engineering Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Minneapolis, MN, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Transportation Research Board","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, USA","issn":"03611981","isbn":"0309036593","usgsCitation":"Blodgett, J.C., 1984, EFFECT ON BRIDGE PIERS ON STREAMFLOW AND CHANNEL GEOMETRY., in Transportation Research Record, v. 2, Minneapolis, MN, USA, p. 172-183.","startPage":"172","endPage":"183","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0458e4b0c8380cd5090a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kassabian NaomiHerman ScottKaplan Elizabeth W.Starkey Jane","contributorId":128446,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Kassabian NaomiHerman ScottKaplan Elizabeth W.Starkey Jane","id":536273,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Blodgett, James C.","contributorId":82348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013910,"text":"70013910 - 1984 - Seismicity at Old Faithful Geyser: an isolated source of geothermal noise and possible analogue of volcanic seismicity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:33","indexId":"70013910","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity at Old Faithful Geyser: an isolated source of geothermal noise and possible analogue of volcanic seismicity","docAbstract":"Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A., is a relatively isolated source of seismic noise and exhibits seismic behavior similar to that observed at many volcanoes, including \"bubblequakes\" that resemble B-type \"earthquakes\", harmonic tremor before and during eruptions, and periods of seismic quiet prior to eruptions. Although Old Faithful differs from volcanoes in that the conduit is continuously open, that rock-fracturing is not a process responsible for seismicity, and that the erupting fluid is inviscid H2O rather than viscous magma, there are also remarkable similarities in the problems of heat and mass recharge to the system, in the eruption dynamics, and in the seismicity. Water rises irregularly into the immediate reservoir of Old Faithful as recharge occurs, a fact that suggests that there are two enlarged storage regions: one between 18 and 22 m (the base of the immediate reservoir) and one between about 10 and 12 m depth. Transport of heat from hot water or steam entering at the base of the recharging water column into cooler overlying water occurs by migration of steam bubbles upward and their collapse in the cooler water, and by episodes of convective overturn. An eruption occurs when the temperature of the near-surface water exceeds the boiling point if the entire water column is sufficiently close to the boiling curve that the propagation of pressure-release waves (rarefactions) down the column can bring the liquid water onto the boiling curve. The process of conversion of the liquid water in the conduit at the onset of an eruption into a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture takes on the order of 30 s. The seismicity is directly related to the sequence of filling and heating during the recharge cycle, and to the fluid mechanics of the eruption. Short (0.2-0.3 s), monochromatic, high-frequency events (20-60 Hz) resembling unsustained harmonic tremor and, in some instances, B-type volcanic earthquakes, occur when exploding or imploding bubbles of steam cause transient vibrations of the fluid column. The frequency of the events is determined by the length of the water column and the speed of sound of the fluid in the conduit when these events occur; damping is controlled by the characteristic and hydraulic impedances, which depend on the above parameters, as well as on the recharge rate of the fluid. Two periods of reduced seismicity (of a few tens of seconds to nearly a minute in duration) occur during the recharge cycle, apparently when the water rises rapidly through the narrow regions of the conduit, causing a sudden pressure increase that temporarily suppresses steam bubble formation. A period of decreased seismicity also precedes preplay or an eruption; this appears to be the time when rising steam bubbles move into a zone of boiling that is acoustically decoupled from the wall of the conduit because of the acoustic impedance mismatch between boiling water (??c ??? 103 g cm-2 s-1) and rock (??c ??? 3 ?? 105 g cm2 s-1). Sustained harmonic tremor occurs during the first one to one-and-a-half minutes of an eruption of Old Faithful, but is not detectable in the succeeding minutes of the eruption. The eruption tremor is caused by hydraulic transients propagating within a sublayer of unvesiculated water that underlies the erupting two-phase liquid-vapor mixture. The resonant frequencies of the fluid column decrease to about 1 Hz when all of the water in the conduit has been converted to a water-steam mixture. Surges are observed in the flow at this frequency, but the resonance has not been detected seismically, possibly because the two-phase erupting fluid is seismically decoupled from the rock on which seismometers are placed. If Old Faithful is an analogue for volcanic seismicity, this study shows that because the frequency of tremor depends on the acoustic properties of the fluid and on conduit dimensions, both properties must be considered in analysis of tremor in volcanic regions. Because magma sound","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, S.W., 1984, Seismicity at Old Faithful Geyser: an isolated source of geothermal noise and possible analogue of volcanic seismicity: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 22, no. 1-2, p. 59-95.","startPage":"59","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b93e4b08c986b31793c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, S. W.","contributorId":19186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieffer","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221965,"text":"5221965 - 1984 - A method for sampling waste corn","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-04T17:16:13.243407","indexId":"5221965","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for sampling waste corn","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808493","usgsCitation":"Frederick, R.B., Klaas, E.E., Baldassarre, G., and Reinecke, K.J., 1984, A method for sampling waste corn: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 1, p. 298-303, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808493.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"298","endPage":"303","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197291,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae46c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frederick, Robert B.","contributorId":296422,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frederick","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klaas, Erwin E.","contributorId":101219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaas","given":"Erwin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baldassarre, G.A.","contributorId":47486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldassarre","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reinecke, Kenneth J.","contributorId":87275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reinecke","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":10136,"text":"ofr83930 - 1984 - Preliminary map showing the difference between the potentiometric surfaces of the Aquia aquifer of April 1979 and September 1982 in southern Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-05T21:47:19.916652","indexId":"ofr83930","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-930","title":"Preliminary map showing the difference between the potentiometric surfaces of the Aquia aquifer of April 1979 and September 1982 in southern Maryland","docAbstract":"A map was prepared that shows the net change in the potentiometric surface of the Aquia aquifer in southern Maryland between April 1979 and September 1983. During this period, the potentiometric surface declined (1) at least a few feet throughout the entire southern Maryland area, and (2) more than 10 feet in the eastern Charles County area and in a few scattered localized areas. The network of observation wells was part of the cooperative program between the U.S. Geological Survey, the Maryland Geological Survey, and the Maryland Energy Administration.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr83930","usgsCitation":"Mack, F.K., Wheeler, J.C., and Curtin, S.E., 1984, Preliminary map showing the difference between the potentiometric surfaces of the Aquia aquifer of April 1979 and September 1982 in southern Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-930, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83930.","productDescription":"1 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":37986,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0930/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143617,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0930/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":416791,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14281.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Aquia aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77,\n 39.2\n ],\n [\n -77,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 39.2\n ],\n [\n -77,\n 39.2\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, F. K.","contributorId":93471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wheeler, J. C.","contributorId":66225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Curtin, S. E.","contributorId":17235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtin","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2002196,"text":"2002196 - 1984 - Abundance and distribution of the Pacific walrus: results of the first Soviet/American joint aerial survey, autumn 1975","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:57","indexId":"2002196","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":91,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NMFS 12","title":"Abundance and distribution of the Pacific walrus: results of the first Soviet/American joint aerial survey, autumn 1975","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Soviet-American cooperative research on marine mammals.Vol.1 - Pinnipeds.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"NOAA","usgsCitation":"Estes, J.A., and Gol444tsev, V., 1984, Abundance and distribution of the Pacific walrus: results of the first Soviet/American joint aerial survey, autumn 1975: Technical Report NMFS 12, p. 67-76.","productDescription":"p. 67-76","startPage":"67","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3850","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gol444tsev, V.","contributorId":98843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gol444tsev","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012694,"text":"70012694 - 1984 - Analysis of trace metals in water by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry using sodium dibenzyldithiocarbamate for preconcentration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-24T15:17:00.115224","indexId":"70012694","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":762,"text":"Analytical Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of trace metals in water by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry using sodium dibenzyldithiocarbamate for preconcentration","docAbstract":"Since concentrations of trace elements in most natural waters seldom exceed the μg/L level, analysis of trace elements in natural waters by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP) requires a preconcentration procedure. The elements Ag, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, V, W, and Zn were separated and concentrated from 500 mL of water by coprecipitating them with sodium dibenzyldithiocarbamate (NaDBDTC) using nickel or silver as a carrier. The precipitated trace elements were collected on a membrance filter, redissolved from the filter with hot nitric and hydrochloric acids, and analyzed using ICP. Recoveries for all the trace elements except tungsten exceeded 80%. Coprecipitation of trace elements with NaDBDTC eliminated the use of difficult-to-inject organic solvents, and NaDBDTC coprecipitated a wider array of trace elements than ammoniumpyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC), another commonly used coprecipitate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00032718408065345","usgsCitation":"Smith, C.L., Motooka, J.M., and Willson, W.R., 1984, Analysis of trace metals in water by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry using sodium dibenzyldithiocarbamate for preconcentration: Analytical Letters, v. 17, no. 15, p. 1715-1730, https://doi.org/10.1080/00032718408065345.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1715","endPage":"1730","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222671,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb44e4b0c8380cd48d0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, C. L.","contributorId":100842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Motooka, Jerry M.","contributorId":36611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Motooka","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Willson, W. R.","contributorId":18358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013919,"text":"70013919 - 1984 - Spilled oil and infaunal activity - Modification of burrowing behavior and redistribution of oil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:29","indexId":"70013919","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2664,"text":"Marine Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spilled oil and infaunal activity - Modification of burrowing behavior and redistribution of oil","docAbstract":"A series of experiments in Willapa Bay, Washington, indicates the degree to which the presence of spilled oil modifies the burrowing behavior of infauna and the extent to which the animals redistribute oil into intertidal sediment. Small amounts of North Slope crude oil introduced at low tide directly into burrow openings (mostly made by the crustacean Callianassa) resulted in a limited and temporary reduction in the number of burrow openings. In contrast, a layer of oil-saturated sand 1 cm thick buried about 5 cm below the sediment surface sharply reduced the number of burrow openings. After a year, the few new burrows penetrated only the margins of the experimental plot, and bioturbation below the buried oil-saturated sand layer declined dramatically. The experiments suggest that small amounts of oil temporarily stranded by tides in themselves have no long-range effect on burrowing behavior. The fauna, however, are capable of introducing measurable amounts of oil into the subsurface, where it is retained long after the rest of the stranded oil had washed away. A buried layer of oil-saturated sand greatly reduces infaunal activity; the oil presents an effective barrier that can persist for years. The oil incorporated into the sediment from burrow openings showed evidence of degradation after 7 months. In contrast the layer of buried oil remained essentially undergraded after a period of two years, even though oil in lower concentrations above the layer was degraded after a period of one year. This variation in degree of degradation of the buried oil, as well as the heterogeneity of oil distribution wherever the oil has been incorporated from the surface, emphasises the importance of careful sampling in any attempt to locate or monitor the presence of spilled oil in the substrate.In a series of experiments in Willapa Bay, Washington, small amounts of North Slope crude oil introduced at low tide directly into burrow openings resulted in a limited and temporary reduction in the number of burrow openings. In contrast, a layer of oil-saturated sand 1 cm thick buried about 5 cm below the sediment surface sharply reduced the number of burrow openings. After a year, the few new burrows penetrated only the margins of the experimental plot, and bioturbation below the buried oil-saturated sand layer declined dramatically. The experiments suggest that small amounts of oil temporarily stranded by tides in themselves have no long-range effect on burrowing behavior. The oil incorporated into the sediment from burrow openings showed evidence of degradation after 17 months. In contrast, the layer of buried oil remained essentially undegraded after a period of two years. Refs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Environmental Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0141-1136(84)90026-6","issn":"01411136","usgsCitation":"Clifton, H., Kvenvolden, K., and Rapp, J.B., 1984, Spilled oil and infaunal activity - Modification of burrowing behavior and redistribution of oil: Marine Environmental Research, v. 11, no. 2, p. 111-136, https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(84)90026-6.","startPage":"111","endPage":"136","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205616,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(84)90026-6"},{"id":225284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b95c4e4b08c986b31b0f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clifton, H.E.","contributorId":44151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clifton","given":"H.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rapp, J. B.","contributorId":28987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012724,"text":"70012724 - 1984 - Long-term observations of bottom conditions and sediment movement on the Atlantic continental shelf; time-lapse photography from instrumented tripod","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T14:37:16","indexId":"70012724","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Long-term observations of bottom conditions and sediment movement on the Atlantic continental shelf; time-lapse photography from instrumented tripod","docAbstract":"An instrument system that measures bottom current, temperature, light transmission, and pressure, and that photographs the bottom at 2- to 6-hour intervals has been developed to study sediment transport on the Atlantic Continental Shelf. Instruments have been deployed extensively along the United States East Coast Continental Shelf for periods of from 2 to 6 months to study the frequency, direction, and rate of bottom sediment movement, and the processes causing movement. The time-lapse photographs are used to (1) characterize the bottom benthic community and surface microtopography; (2) monitor changes in the bottom topography and near-bottom water column caused by currents and storms (for example, ripple generation and migration, sediment resuspension); and (3) monitor seasonal changes in the bottom benthic community and qualitative effects of this community on the bottom sediments.","conferenceTitle":"Underwater Photography: Scientific and Engineering Applications.","conferenceLocation":"Woodshole, MA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Van Nostrand Reinhold Co","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0442279620","usgsCitation":"Butman, B., Bryden, C.G., Pfirman, S.L., Strahle, W.J., and Noble, M.A., 1984, Long-term observations of bottom conditions and sediment movement on the Atlantic continental shelf; time-lapse photography from instrumented tripod, Underwater Photography: Scientific and Engineering Applications., Woodshole, MA, USA, p. 414-415.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"414","endPage":"415","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40efe4b0c8380cd65170","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bryden, Cynthia G.","contributorId":45837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryden","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pfirman, Stephanie L.","contributorId":52723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfirman","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Strahle, William J.","contributorId":55962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strahle","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":364356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Noble, Marlene A. mnoble@usgs.gov","contributorId":1429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"Marlene","email":"mnoble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70012705,"text":"70012705 - 1984 - Spectral properties of ice‐particulate mixtures and implications for remote sensing: 1. Intimate mixtures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-13T17:48:15.796361","indexId":"70012705","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7167,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectral properties of ice‐particulate mixtures and implications for remote sensing: 1. Intimate mixtures","docAbstract":"The spectral properties of water ice-particulate mixtures are studied for the purpose of deriving the ice and particulate abundances from remotely obtained spectra (particulates referring to nonicy materials in the form of grains). Reflectance levels and ice absorption band depths are a complex function of the single scattering albedo of the particulates embedded in the ice. The ice absorption band depths are related to the mean optical path length of photons in ice through Beers law, Fresnel reflection from the ice-crystal faces on the surface, and ice absorption coefficient as a function of wavelength. Laboratory spectra of many ice-particulate mixtures are studied with high-, medium-, and low-albedo particulates. From the laboratory spectra the band depth, the continuum reflectance, and the ratio of band depth to continuum reflectance are derived for each particulate albedo as a function of the logarithm of the particulate weight fraction in the sample. Ice band depths are dependent on the particulate albedo and increase with smaller weight fractions of particulates until the bands saturate and their depths decrease. The continuum reflectance is a complex function of the particulate albedo and wavelength of light, while the band depth to continuum reflectance ratio appear independent of particulate albedo such that, for a given grain size of particulate, a calibration curve to abundance of ice and particulates is derived. The derived abundance calibrations are accurate if the source of scattering is dominated by particulates and not ice-vacuum (air) interfaces. If ice-vacuum interfaces are dominant, then the derived particulate abundance is an upper limit. Theoretically produced frost spectra show similar curves of growth of band depth, continuum reflectance, and corresponding ratio versus the photon mean optical path length similar to that for intimate mixtures of ice and high-albedo particulates. In all scattering cases the ice absorption coefficients determine the path length needed to produce a given band depth; thus different absorptions are sensitive to different amounts of particulates, with the 3-μm fundamental being the most sensitive to the presence of ice (very low ice abundance) and the 1.04-μm overtone being the most sensitive to the presence of particulates (very high ice abundance).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB07p06341","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Clark, R.N., and Lucey, P.G., 1984, Spectral properties of ice‐particulate mixtures and implications for remote sensing: 1. Intimate mixtures: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B7, p. 6341-6348, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB07p06341.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"6341","endPage":"6348","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221907,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9541e4b08c986b31ae28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lucey, Paul G.","contributorId":100218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucey","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012722,"text":"70012722 - 1984 - LASER MICROPROBE **4**0Ar/**3**9Ar DATING OF MINERAL GRAINS IN SITU.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:07","indexId":"70012722","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3335,"text":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"LASER MICROPROBE **4**0Ar/**3**9Ar DATING OF MINERAL GRAINS IN SITU.","docAbstract":"A laser-microprobe attached to a mass spectrometer for **4**0Ar/**3**9Ar age determination of single mineral grains in geological materials has been made operational at the US Geological Survey, Reston, VA. This microanalytical technique involves focusing a pulsed laser beam onto a sample contained in an ultra-high vacuum chamber attached to a rare-gas mass spectrometer. Argon in the neutron-irradiated sample is released by heating with the laser pulse and its isotopic composition is measured to yield an **4**0Ar/**3**9Ar age. Laser probe **4**0Ar/**3**9Ar ages of single mineral grains measured in situ can aid greatly in understanding the chronology of many geological situations where datable minerals are present but are not physically separable in quantities needed for conventional age dating.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"05865581","usgsCitation":"Sutter, J.F., and Hartung, J.B., 1984, LASER MICROPROBE **4**0Ar/**3**9Ar DATING OF MINERAL GRAINS IN SITU.: Scanning Electron Microscopy, no. pt 4, p. 1525-1529.","startPage":"1525","endPage":"1529","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40dde4b0c8380cd650df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sutter, J. F.","contributorId":59779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutter","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartung, Jack B.","contributorId":30365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartung","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012664,"text":"70012664 - 1984 - Evolution of the yardangs at Rogers Lake, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T01:17:21.050034","indexId":"70012664","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of the yardangs at Rogers Lake, California","docAbstract":"Yardangs are streamlined, wind-eroded hills common to most deserts. Yardangs at Rogers Lake, Mojave Desert, California, have streamlined forms characteristic of objects eroded by moving fluids, a teardrop shape that approaches an ideal 1:4 width-to-length ratio. In wind-tunnel simulations, miniature forms of various shapes changed sequentially by (1) erosion of the windward corners, (2) erosion of the windward slope, (3) erosion of the leeward corners and flanks, and (4) erosion of the leeward slope. Prominent mechanisms in yardang evolution apparently are abrasion at the windward end and deflation and reverse air flow near the middle and at the downstream end. Width-to-length ratios of yardangs are grossly similar to those of some fluvial and glacial streamlined landforms. The low kinetic energy of wind relative to ice and water, the erosional resistance to wind of most rocks, the rarity of long-term, unidirectional winds, and the presence of running water, topographic roughness, and vegetation all limit the abundance of yardangs.
Partial pressures of CO2, O2, N2, and Ar were monitored at two locations in the Ogallala aquifer system on the Southern High Plains of Texas. Samples were collected monthly during parts of 1980–1981 from nine depths ranging from 0.6 to 36 meters below land surface. PCO2 was observed to be greater at depth than in the active soil zone and thus appears to contradict the normal process in which CO2 is generated in the soil zone and diffuses upward to the atmosphere and downward to the water table. The δ13C of the CO2 gas was quite uniform and averaged −17.9 per mil. PO2 declined with depth, suggesting in situ generation of CO2 by the oxidation of carbon. Several hypotheses were considered to explain the origin of the CO2 at depth. It was concluded that the most probable hypothesis was that dissolved and particulate organic carbon introduced by recharging water was oxidized to CO2 by the aerobic microbial community that utilized oxygen diffusing in from the atmosphere. This hypothesis is consistent with the CO2 concentration profile, calculated production profile of CO2, δ13C values of CO2 gas, caliche, soil humic acid fraction, and dissolved carbonate in groundwater. The abundance of CO2, its concentration profile, and its probable origin provide information for evaluating the observed complex sequence of caliche dissolution and precipitation known to occur in the aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i009p01193","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., and Petraitis, M.J., 1984, Origin and distribution of carbon dioxide in the unsaturated zone of the southern High Plains of Texas: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 9, p. 1193-1208, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i009p01193.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1193","endPage":"1208","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Southern High 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