We have developed a new technique for making thin sections and surface replicas of ice at temperatures well below 273 K. Cyanoacrylate glue forms a strong bond with ice and glass at 245 K, eliminating the need to fix the sample to the thin-section slide by melting and freezing. Surface replicas are made by melting away sample material once the glue has cured. Glue replicas are permanent and highly detailed, making them suitable for microstructural and textural studies at room temperature. Thin sections glued with cyanoacrylate glue are comparable in quality to melted-on sections. The ability to make thin sections without melting sample material is important in textural and microstructural studies of ice deformed at low temperatures because of annealing effects we have observed during conventional section making.
Analysis of sequences, associations, and relationships of facies in the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone in the Wasatch Plateau, Utah, leads to inferences regarding the paleogeographic controls affecting the accumulation of coals in delta–barrier-island complexes. Progradation, lateral shifting, and abandonment of these complexes created four major landward-thinning tongues of the upper sandstone bed of the Star Point Sandstone that extend into the lowermost Blackhawk Formation. Each tongue of the Star Point Sandstone trends northwest to southeast, subparallel to the general orientation of the Late Cretaceous paleoshoreline, and represents accretion-ridge, distributary-channel, and mouth-bar sandstones. The accretion-ridge or barrier-island sandstones grade landward into coastwise lagoonal and back-barrier swamp deposits, which, in turn, merge with bayhead deposits of short-headed streams. These deposits grade laterally into delta-plain deposits that consist of major distributary channels which crosscut the coastwise lagoons. Two coal populations were formed in this paleogeographic setting: delta-plain and back-barrier coals. Delta-plain coals formed as thin to thick, discontinuous bodies. Back-barrier coals are thicker and more laterally continuous. They parallel depositional strike and accumulated in swamps on surfaces of infilled lagoons. Here, the swamps were sites of accumulation of thick coals and were influenced by abandonment of associated deltaic barrier-island complexes. Successive offlap events resulted in accumulation of the Hiawatha coal, not as a single continuous bed, but as a series of discontinuous, related coal bodies.
The D/H ratios and water contents in fresh submarine basalts from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the East Pacific Rise, and Hawaii indicate that the primary D/H ratios of many submarine lavas have been altered by processes including (1) outgassing, (2) addition of seawater at magmatic temperature, and (3) low-temperature hydration of glass. Decreases in δD and H2O+ from exteriors to interiors of pillows are explained by outgassing of water whereas inverse relations between δD and H2O+ in basalts from the Galapagos Rise and the FAMOUS Area are attributed to outgassing of CH4 and H2. A good correlation between δD values and H2O is observed in a suite of submarine tholeiites dredged from the Kilauea East Rift Zone where seawater (added directly to the magma), affected only the isotopic compositions of hydrogen and argon. Analyses of some glassy rims indicate that the outer millimeter of the glass can undergo lowtemperature hydration by hydroxyl groups having δD values as low as −100.
δD values vary with H2O contents of subaerial transitional basalts from Molokai, Hawaii, and subaerial alkali basalts from the Society Islands, indicating that the primary δD values were similar to those of submarine lavas.
Extrapolations to possible unaltered δD values and H2O contents indicate that the primary δD values of most thoteiite and alkali basalts are near −80 ± 5: the weight percentages of water are variable, 0.15–0.35 for MOR tholeiites, about 0.25 for Hawaiian tholeiites, and up to 1.1 for alkali basalts. The primary δD values of −80 for most basalts are comparable to those measured for deep-seated phlogopites. These results indicate that hydrogen, in marked contrast to other elements such as Sr, Nd, Pb, and O, has a uniform isotopic composition in the mantle. This uniformity is best explained by the presence of a homogeneous reservoir of hydrogen that has existed in the mantle since the very early history of the Earth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(84)90392-2","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Kyser, T., and O’Neil, J.R., 1984, Hydrogen isotope systematics of submarine basalts: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, no. 10, p. 2123-2133, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90392-2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2123","endPage":"2133","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220112,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a334ee4b0c8380cd5eec7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kyser, T.K.","contributorId":25585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kyser","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013569,"text":"70013569 - 1984 - Flash flood in Tangue Verde Creek, Tucson, Arizona.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T07:54:17","indexId":"70013569","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flash flood in Tangue Verde Creek, Tucson, Arizona.","docAbstract":"The flood of July 26, 1981, in Tanque Verde Creek east of Tucson, Arizona, that killed eight people near Tanque Verde Falls was just a small one for this stream. Dangerous floods are not necessarily large ones; two much larger floods occurred there within a week. Floods can travel for miles at rates of rise and speeds too great for a person to escape from rough stream channels. -from ASCE Publications Information","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:12(1841)","usgsCitation":"Hjalmarson, H., 1984, Flash flood in Tangue Verde Creek, Tucson, Arizona.: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 110, no. 12, p. 1841-1852, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:12(1841).","startPage":"1841","endPage":"1852","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269430,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:12(1841)"},{"id":220320,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10d1e4b0c8380cd53e02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hjalmarson, H. W.","contributorId":95872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hjalmarson","given":"H. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013959,"text":"70013959 - 1984 - Oxidation state of marine manganese nodules","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T16:21:59.461318","indexId":"70013959","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxidation state of marine manganese nodules","docAbstract":"Analyses of the bulk oxidation state of marine manganese nodules indicates that more than 98% of the Mn in deep ocean nodules is present as Mn(IV). The samples were collected from three quite different areas: the hemipelagic environment of the Guatemala Basin, the pelagic area of the North Pacific, and seamounts in the central Pacific. Results of the study suggest that todorokite in marine nodules is fully oxidized and has the following stoichiometry: (K, Na, Ca, Ba).33(Mg, Cu, Ni).76Mn5O22(H2O)3.2.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(84)90230-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Piper, D., Basler, J., and Bischoff, J.L., 1984, Oxidation state of marine manganese nodules: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, no. 11, p. 2347-2355, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90230-8.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2347","endPage":"2355","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225927,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a726be4b0c8380cd76ab5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Basler, J.R.","contributorId":52732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basler","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013910,"text":"70013910 - 1984 - Seismicity at Old Faithful Geyser: an isolated source of geothermal noise and possible analogue of volcanic seismicity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:33","indexId":"70013910","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity at Old Faithful Geyser: an isolated source of geothermal noise and possible analogue of volcanic seismicity","docAbstract":"Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A., is a relatively isolated source of seismic noise and exhibits seismic behavior similar to that observed at many volcanoes, including \"bubblequakes\" that resemble B-type \"earthquakes\", harmonic tremor before and during eruptions, and periods of seismic quiet prior to eruptions. Although Old Faithful differs from volcanoes in that the conduit is continuously open, that rock-fracturing is not a process responsible for seismicity, and that the erupting fluid is inviscid H2O rather than viscous magma, there are also remarkable similarities in the problems of heat and mass recharge to the system, in the eruption dynamics, and in the seismicity. Water rises irregularly into the immediate reservoir of Old Faithful as recharge occurs, a fact that suggests that there are two enlarged storage regions: one between 18 and 22 m (the base of the immediate reservoir) and one between about 10 and 12 m depth. Transport of heat from hot water or steam entering at the base of the recharging water column into cooler overlying water occurs by migration of steam bubbles upward and their collapse in the cooler water, and by episodes of convective overturn. An eruption occurs when the temperature of the near-surface water exceeds the boiling point if the entire water column is sufficiently close to the boiling curve that the propagation of pressure-release waves (rarefactions) down the column can bring the liquid water onto the boiling curve. The process of conversion of the liquid water in the conduit at the onset of an eruption into a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture takes on the order of 30 s. The seismicity is directly related to the sequence of filling and heating during the recharge cycle, and to the fluid mechanics of the eruption. Short (0.2-0.3 s), monochromatic, high-frequency events (20-60 Hz) resembling unsustained harmonic tremor and, in some instances, B-type volcanic earthquakes, occur when exploding or imploding bubbles of steam cause transient vibrations of the fluid column. The frequency of the events is determined by the length of the water column and the speed of sound of the fluid in the conduit when these events occur; damping is controlled by the characteristic and hydraulic impedances, which depend on the above parameters, as well as on the recharge rate of the fluid. Two periods of reduced seismicity (of a few tens of seconds to nearly a minute in duration) occur during the recharge cycle, apparently when the water rises rapidly through the narrow regions of the conduit, causing a sudden pressure increase that temporarily suppresses steam bubble formation. A period of decreased seismicity also precedes preplay or an eruption; this appears to be the time when rising steam bubbles move into a zone of boiling that is acoustically decoupled from the wall of the conduit because of the acoustic impedance mismatch between boiling water (??c ??? 103 g cm-2 s-1) and rock (??c ??? 3 ?? 105 g cm2 s-1). Sustained harmonic tremor occurs during the first one to one-and-a-half minutes of an eruption of Old Faithful, but is not detectable in the succeeding minutes of the eruption. The eruption tremor is caused by hydraulic transients propagating within a sublayer of unvesiculated water that underlies the erupting two-phase liquid-vapor mixture. The resonant frequencies of the fluid column decrease to about 1 Hz when all of the water in the conduit has been converted to a water-steam mixture. Surges are observed in the flow at this frequency, but the resonance has not been detected seismically, possibly because the two-phase erupting fluid is seismically decoupled from the rock on which seismometers are placed. If Old Faithful is an analogue for volcanic seismicity, this study shows that because the frequency of tremor depends on the acoustic properties of the fluid and on conduit dimensions, both properties must be considered in analysis of tremor in volcanic regions. Because magma sound","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, S.W., 1984, Seismicity at Old Faithful Geyser: an isolated source of geothermal noise and possible analogue of volcanic seismicity: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 22, no. 1-2, p. 59-95.","startPage":"59","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b93e4b08c986b31793c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, S. W.","contributorId":19186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieffer","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014088,"text":"70014088 - 1984 - Middle Cambrian fossils from the Doonerak anticlinorium, central Brooks Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-01T22:28:45.805321","indexId":"70014088","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Middle Cambrian fossils from the Doonerak anticlinorium, central Brooks Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"Middle Cambrian fossils collected near Wolf Creek in the Wiseman quadrangle, northern Alaska, include trilobites and paraconodonts. Trilobites date the strata as early Middle Cambrian, correlative with the Amgan Stage of Siberia. The assemblage includes: Kootenia cf. K. anabarensis Lermontova, cf. 'Parehmania' lata Chernysheva and Pagetia sp. Specimens of the paracondont genus Westergaardodina, from the same sample as the megafossils, record the earliest known occurrence of this taxon. These fossils, the first to establish an age for part of the sedimentary sequence in the Doonerak Anticlinorium, are the oldest fossils yet taken from the central and western Brooks Range.
","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontology Society","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Dutro, J., Palmer, A.R., Repetski, J., and Brosge, W., 1984, Middle Cambrian fossils from the Doonerak anticlinorium, central Brooks Range, Alaska: Journal of Paleontology, v. 58, no. 6, p. 1364-1371.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1364","endPage":"1371","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225870,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56cce4b0c8380cd6d824","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dutro, J.T. Jr.","contributorId":8432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dutro","given":"J.T.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmer, A. R.","contributorId":41819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Repetski, J.E.","contributorId":38579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brosge, W. P.","contributorId":58248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brosge","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014026,"text":"70014026 - 1984 - Near-infrared reflectance of zunyite: Implications for field mapping and remote-sensing detection of hydrothermally altered high alumina rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-08T23:57:10.800283","indexId":"70014026","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Near-infrared reflectance of zunyite: Implications for field mapping and remote-sensing detection of hydrothermally altered high alumina rocks","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.79.3.553","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Crowley, J., 1984, Near-infrared reflectance of zunyite: Implications for field mapping and remote-sensing detection of hydrothermally altered high alumina rocks: Economic Geology, v. 79, no. 3, p. 553-557, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.79.3.553.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"557","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225930,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63fae4b0c8380cd727d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowley, J.K.","contributorId":103690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013904,"text":"70013904 - 1984 - Platinum concentrations in ferromanganese seamount crusts from the Central Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T06:44:50","indexId":"70013904","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1390,"text":"Die Naturwissenschaften","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Platinum concentrations in ferromanganese seamount crusts from the Central Pacific","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01189182","issn":"00281042","usgsCitation":"Halbach, P., Puteanus, D., and Manheim, F., 1984, Platinum concentrations in ferromanganese seamount crusts from the Central Pacific: Die Naturwissenschaften, v. 71, no. 11, p. 577-579, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01189182.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"577","endPage":"579","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c27e4b0c8380cd79813","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halbach, P.","contributorId":101396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halbach","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Puteanus, D.","contributorId":105063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puteanus","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013889,"text":"70013889 - 1984 - Modification of δ D values in eastern Nevada granitoid rocks spatially related to thrust faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-05T13:52:58","indexId":"70013889","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modification of δ D values in eastern Nevada granitoid rocks spatially related to thrust faults","docAbstract":"Stable isotope data have been determined for 13 Mesozoic and Tertiary plutons in eastern Nevada and nearby Utah. In the southern Snake Range of eastern Nevada, where relations are best exposed and have been most intensively studied, δD, δ 18O, and apparent K-Ar ages depend on proximity to the Snake Range decollement. Where stresses resulting from late movement on the decollement have caused cataclasis of Oligocene (37 Ma) granitoid rock, δ 18O, δD, and K-Ar age values as low as −2.5‰, −155‰, and 18 Ma, respectively, have been determined. Where there has been no cataclasis, δ 18O values of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Oligocene granitoid rocks are apparently unaffected, but both δD values and K-Ar ages have been modified for distances of tens of meters below the decollement.
\nResults similar to those in the southern Snake Range have been observed in other eastern Nevada granitoid rocks spatially related to regional thrust faults, as in the Kern Mountains, the Toana Range, and the northern Egan Range. In each of these areas cataclasis or deformation of granitoid rocks has resulted in lowered δ 18O, δD, and K-Ar age values. Where there has been no cataclasis or deformation, δ 18O values are unaffected, but both δD and K-Ar age values have been lowered by stresses resulting from postcrystallization movement along overlying thrust faults.
\nMany of the plutons discussed have not been deeply eroded, and spatially related thrust faults crop out. Where thrust faults are not in evidence and the granitoid rocks give δD values lower than about −130‰ along with spuriously low K-Ar age results, modification of the δD and K-Ar age values may have been caused by stresses related to late movement along an overlying (now eroded) thrust fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00380174","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Lee, D.E., Friedman, I., and Gleason, J., 1984, Modification of δ D values in eastern Nevada granitoid rocks spatially related to thrust faults: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 88, no. 3, p. 288-298, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00380174.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"288","endPage":"298","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205655,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380174"}],"volume":"88","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cace4b0c8380cd6fe7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, D. E.","contributorId":96705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Irving","contributorId":90664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Irving","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gleason, J.D.","contributorId":27072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014044,"text":"70014044 - 1984 - The fluids in salt.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70014044","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The fluids in salt.","docAbstract":"The characteristics of fluid inclusions in salt, the geological processes through which these fluids evolve, and the possible problems such inclusions pose for nuclear waste disposal in salt beds or domes are reviewed.-J.A.Z.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1984, The fluids in salt.: American Mineralogist, v. 69, no. 5-6, p. 413-439.","startPage":"413","endPage":"439","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac1be4b08c986b323292","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013955,"text":"70013955 - 1984 - Thermal conductivity determinations on solid rock - a comparison between a steady-state divided-bar apparatus and a commercial transient line-source device","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:35","indexId":"70013955","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal conductivity determinations on solid rock - a comparison between a steady-state divided-bar apparatus and a commercial transient line-source device","docAbstract":"Two apparatuses were used to measure thermal conductivities on pairs of contiguous samples from 17 specimens of solid rock: the USGS divided-bar apparatus, a steadystate comparative method, and the Shotherm \"Quick Thermal Meter\" (QTM), which employs a transient strip heat source. Both devices were calibrated relative to fused silica. Both devices have a reproducibility of ??5% or better depending, to some extent, on the physical nature of the specimen being tested. For solid rocks, specimen preparation for the divided bar is much more tedious and expensive than for the QTM, which seems insensitive to minor surface roughness. The QTM does, however, require quite large specimens (30 mm ?? 60 mm ?? 100 mm as a minimum for rocks) with even larger specimens (50 mm ?? 100 mm ?? 100 mm) required for higher conductivity material (3.5 W m-1 K-1 and greater). Experimental times are comparable; however, the QTM is a self-contained unit that can be transported easily and set up quickly and requires no more space than a standard desk top. From a formal statistical comparison, it appears that, over a large range of conductivities (1.4 to ???5 W m-1 K-1) and rock types, the two instruments will yield the same value of thermal conductivity for isotropic rocks. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Sass, J., Stone, C., and Munroe, R.J., 1984, Thermal conductivity determinations on solid rock - a comparison between a steady-state divided-bar apparatus and a commercial transient line-source device: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 20, no. 1-2, p. 145-153.","startPage":"145","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb215e4b08c986b3255b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sass, J.H.","contributorId":70749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":367241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, C.","contributorId":23698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Munroe, R. J.","contributorId":56215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munroe","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013957,"text":"70013957 - 1984 - Heat capacity and entropy of Ni2SiO4-olivine from 5 to 1000 K and heat capacity of Co2SiO4 from 360 to 1000 K.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70013957","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat capacity and entropy of Ni2SiO4-olivine from 5 to 1000 K and heat capacity of Co2SiO4 from 360 to 1000 K.","docAbstract":"The heat capacity of Ni2SiO4-olivine has been measured between 5 and 387 K by cryogenic adiabatic-shield calorimetry and between 360 and 1000 K by differential scanning calorimetry. The heat capacity of Co2SiO4-olivine was measured between 360 and 1000 K by differential scanning calorimetry.-J.A.Z.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Robie, R.A., Hemingway, B.S., Ito, J., and Krupka, K.M., 1984, Heat capacity and entropy of Ni2SiO4-olivine from 5 to 1000 K and heat capacity of Co2SiO4 from 360 to 1000 K.: American Mineralogist, v. 69, no. 11-12, p. 1096-1101.","startPage":"1096","endPage":"1101","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2feee4b0c8380cd5d20a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robie, R. A.","contributorId":71237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ito, J.","contributorId":31534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ito","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krupka, K. M.","contributorId":60772,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krupka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013896,"text":"70013896 - 1984 - Volatiles of Mount St. Helens and their origins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70013896","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatiles of Mount St. Helens and their origins","docAbstract":"Analyses have been made of gases in clouds apparently emanating from Mount St. Helens. Despite appearances, most of the water in these clouds does not issue from the volcano. Even directly above a large fumarole ??D and ?? 18O data indicate that only half the water can come from the volcano. Isotopic and chemical evidence also shows the steam in the volcano (-33.0 per mol ??D) from which a condensate of 0.2 N HCI was obtained is not a major cause of the explosions. The steam in the volcano is derived from a metamorphic brine in the underlying Tertiary meta andesite. The gas that caused the explosive eruptions is carbon dioxide. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Barnes, I., 1984, Volatiles of Mount St. Helens and their origins: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 22, no. 1-2, p. 133-146.","startPage":"133","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2cce4b08c986b32ad87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, I.","contributorId":23678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014049,"text":"70014049 - 1984 - Landslides caused by earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T01:02:46.346084","indexId":"70014049","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landslides caused by earthquakes","docAbstract":"Data from 40 historical world-wide earthquakes were studied to determine the characteristics, geologic environments, and hazards of landslides caused by seismic events. This sample of 40 events was supplemented with intensity data from several hundred United States earthquakes to study relations between landslide distribution and seismic parameters. Fourteen types of landslides were identified in the earthquakes studied. The most abundant of these were rock falls, disrupted soil slides, and rock slides. The greatest losses of human life were due to rock avalanches, rapid soil flows, and rock falls. Correlations between magnitude (M) and landslide distribution show that the maximum area likely to be affected by landslides in a seismic event increases from approximately 0 at M ≅ 4.0 to 500,000 km2 at M = 9.2.
Threshold magnitudes, minimum shaking intensities, and relations between M and distance from epicenter or fault rupture were used to define relative levels of shaking that trigger landslides in susceptible materials. Four types of internally disrupted landslides—rock falls, rock slides, soil falls, and disrupted soil slides—are initiated by the weakest shaking. More coherent, deeper-seated slides require stronger shaking; lateral spreads and flows require shaking that is stronger still; and the strongest shaking is probably required for very highly disrupted rock avalanches and soil avalanches.
Each type of earthquake-induced landslide occurs in a particular suite of geologic environments. These range from overhanging slopes of well-indurated rock to slopes of less than 1° underlain by soft, unconsolidated sediments. Materials most susceptible to earthquake-induced landslides include weakly cemented rocks, more-indurated rocks with prominent or pervasive discontinuities, residual and colluvial sand, volcanic soils containing sensitive clay, loess, cemented soils, granular alluvium, granular deltaic deposits, and granular man-made fill. Few earthquake-induced landslides reactivate older landslides; most are in materials that have not previously failed.
Analytical solutions are developed for the pressurization, expansion, and flow of one- and two-phase liquids during heating of fully saturated and hydraulically open Darcian half-spaces subjected to a step rise in temperature at its surface. For silicate materials, advective transfer is commonly unimportant in the liquid region; this is not always the case in the vapor region. Volume change is commonly more important than heat of vaporization in determining the position of the liquid-vapor interface, assuring that the temperatures cannot be determined independently of pressures. Pressure increases reach a maximum near the leading edge of the thermal front and penetrate well into the isothermal region of the body. Mass flux is insensitive to the hydraulic properties of the half-space.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0017-9310(84)90060-7","issn":"00179310","usgsCitation":"Delaney, P., 1984, Heating of a fully saturated Darcian half-space: Pressure generation, fluid expulsion, and phase change: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 27, no. 8, p. 1327-1335, https://doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(84)90060-7.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1327","endPage":"1335","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225615,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a300ae4b0c8380cd5d310","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delaney, P.","contributorId":107037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delaney","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013992,"text":"70013992 - 1984 - The role of bacterial exopolymer and suspended bacteria in the nutrition of the deposit-feeding clam, Macoma balthica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:37:28","indexId":"70013992","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2379,"text":"Journal of Marine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of bacterial exopolymer and suspended bacteria in the nutrition of the deposit-feeding clam, Macoma balthica","docAbstract":"Significant removal and assimilation of suspended bacteria by M. balthica was observed within two days, although the low clearance rates suggested planktonic bacteria may not be among its major food sources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ingenta","doi":"10.1357/002224084788520774","issn":"00222402","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R., and Luoma, S.N., 1984, The role of bacterial exopolymer and suspended bacteria in the nutrition of the deposit-feeding clam, Macoma balthica: Journal of Marine Research, v. 42, no. 4, p. 957-968, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224084788520774.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"957","endPage":"968","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf52e4b08c986b3246e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013960,"text":"70013960 - 1984 - Seismicity and eruptive activity at Fuego Volcano, Guatemala: February 1975 -January 1977","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70013960","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity and eruptive activity at Fuego Volcano, Guatemala: February 1975 -January 1977","docAbstract":"We examine seismic and eruptive activity at Fuego Volcano (14??29???N, 90?? 53???W), a 3800-m-high stratovolcano located in the active volcanic arc of Guatemala. Eruptions at Fuego are typically short-lived vulcanian eruptions producing ash falls and ash flows of high-alumina basalt. From February 1975 to December 1976, five weak ash eruptions occurred, accompanied by small earthquake swarms. Between 0 and 140 (average ??? 10) A-type or high-frequency seismic events per day with M > 0.5 were recorded during this period. Estimated thermal energies for each eruption are greater by a factor of 106 than cumulative seismic energies, a larger ratio than that reported for other volcanoes. Over 4000 A-type events were recorded January 3-7, 1977 (cumulative seismic energy ??? 109 joules), yet no eruption occurred. Five 2-hour-long pulses of intense seismicity separated by 6-hour intervals of quiescence accounted for the majority of events. Maximum likelihood estimates of b-values range from 0.7 ?? 0.2 to 2.1 ?? 0.4 with systematically lower values corresponding to the five intense pulses. The low values suggest higher stress conditions. During the 1977 swarm, a tiltmeter located 6 km southeast of Fuego recorded a 14 ?? 3 microradian tilt event (down to SW). This value is too large to represent a simple change in the elastic strain field due to the earthquake swarm. We speculate that the earthquake swarm and tilt are indicative of subsurface magma movement. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Yuan, A., McNutt, S., and Harlow, D., 1984, Seismicity and eruptive activity at Fuego Volcano, Guatemala: February 1975 -January 1977: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 21, no. 3-4, p. 277-296.","startPage":"277","endPage":"296","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b8be4b08c986b317900","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yuan, A.T.E.","contributorId":13756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yuan","given":"A.T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNutt, S.R.","contributorId":26722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNutt","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harlow, D.H.","contributorId":34533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harlow","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013914,"text":"70013914 - 1984 - Systematics of stretching of fluid inclusions; I. Fluorite and sphalerite at 1 atmosphere confining pressure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-11T16:28:15.740246","indexId":"70013914","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Systematics of stretching of fluid inclusions; I. Fluorite and sphalerite at 1 atmosphere confining pressure","docAbstract":"More than 1,300 measurements on fluid inclusions in fluorite and sphalerite indicate that stretching proceeds systematically and predictably. In order to generate internal pressures that are sufficiently high to cause stretching, most inclusions must be heated beyond their initial homogenization temperatures, i.e., overheated. The amount of overheating necessary to initiate stretching depends on the P-V-T-X properties of the inclusion fluid, the inclusion size and shape, physical properties of the host mineral, and the confining pressure. In the range of homogenization temperatures and salinities examined in this study, the amount of overheating necessary to initiate stretching of inclusions in fluorite is inversely related to inclusion volume. The results of this study show that the measured homogenization temperature of a fluid inclusion may be considerably higher than the true homogenization temperature if the internal pressure reached sufficiently high values during previous testing in the laboratory or, less likely, during postentrapment thermal events in nature. The systematic relationship between the internal pressure necessary to initiate stretching and the inclusion volume provides a means of recognizing previously stretched inclusions and estimating the magnitude of postentrapment thermal events. Furthermore, reproducibility of homogenization temperature measurements, lack of microscopically observable fractures in the inclusion walls, and the lack of a noticeable increase in the vapor bubble size after heating are insufficient to prove that an inclusion has not stretched.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.79.1.141","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Bodnar, R., and Bethke, P.M., 1984, Systematics of stretching of fluid inclusions; I. Fluorite and sphalerite at 1 atmosphere confining pressure: Economic Geology, v. 79, no. 1, p. 141-161, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.79.1.141.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"161","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226192,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba373e4b08c986b31fce2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodnar, R.J.","contributorId":57065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodnar","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bethke, P. M.","contributorId":32921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bethke","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012837,"text":"70012837 - 1984 - Proton and metal ion binding to natural organic polyelectrolytes—II. Preliminary investigation with a peat and a humic acid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-19T15:25:39.008455","indexId":"70012837","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proton and metal ion binding to natural organic polyelectrolytes—II. Preliminary investigation with a peat and a humic acid","docAbstract":"We summarize here experimental studies of proton and metal ion binding to a peat and a humic acid. Data analysis is based on a unified physico-chemical model for reaction of simple ions with polyelectrolytes employing a modified Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Peat exhibited an apparent intrinsic acid dissociation constant of 10−4.05, and an apparent intrinsic metal ion binding constant of: 400 for cadmium ion; 600 for zinc ion; 4000 for copper ion; 20000 for lead ion. A humic acid was found to have an apparent intrinsic proton binding constant of 10−2.6. Copper ion binding to this humic acid sample occurred at two types of sites. The first site exhibited reaction characteristics which were independent of solution pH and required the interaction of two ligands on the humic acid matrix to simultaneously complex with each copper ion. The second complex species is assumed to be a simple monodentate copper ion-carboxylate species with a stability constant of 18.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(84)90117-7","usgsCitation":"Marinsky, J., and Reddy, M., 1984, Proton and metal ion binding to natural organic polyelectrolytes—II. Preliminary investigation with a peat and a humic acid: Organic Geochemistry, v. 7, no. 3-4, p. 215-221, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(84)90117-7.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"221","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222104,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f95e4b0c8380cd7f84a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marinsky, J.A.","contributorId":42706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marinsky","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012841,"text":"70012841 - 1984 - Analysis of the cretaceous-tertiary boundary clay: Methodology questioned","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-11-25T15:17:01.317661","indexId":"70012841","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of the cretaceous-tertiary boundary clay: Methodology questioned","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.223.4632.190","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Bohor, B., 1984, Analysis of the cretaceous-tertiary boundary clay: Methodology questioned: Science, v. 223, no. 4632, p. 190-191, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.223.4632.190.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"191","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222168,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"223","issue":"4632","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb3be4b0c8380cd48cd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohor, B.F.","contributorId":96351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohor","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}