The chemical and isotopic compositions of hot springs in the San Marcos region of Guatemala are internally consistent with a hydrologic model in which a deep 240°C reservoir and one or more shallow 195–200°C reservoirs are present. Variations in hot-spring water compositions results from a combination of boiling, mixing with cold, dilute water, and chemical re-equilibration with decreasing temperature. The recharge water for the deep 240°C reservoir is isotopically heavier than the local meteoric water and probably comes from many kilometers to the west or southwest. The water in the shallow reservoir is a mixture of the 240°C water with about 20 ± 5% of cold, locally derived meteoric water. After mixing, the water in the shallow reservoir re-equilibrates with reservoir rock at 195–200°C. In some places additional mixing with cold water occurs after water leaves the shallow reservoir.
This investigation assesses geographic variations in atmospheric deposition in Washington, Oregon, and California using snow cores from the Cascade-Sierra Nevada Mountains, collected from late February to mid-March 1983. A statistical analysis of the analytical and sampling precision was made. The snowpack in the higher Cascades and Sierra Nevada is not strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities at present. The pH of snow samples ranges from 5.11 to 5.88. Sulfate and nitrate correlate with H+ in some segments of the sample traverse. The SO4 data show apparent influence from major source areas in Washington and California; nitrate does not. An apparent decrease in NH4 in snow in Washington and California suggests atmospheric interactions resulting in the removal of NH4. The NH4 reduction raises questions about nutrient supply to the mountain vegetation. Heavy-metal correlations included Cd, Cu, and Fe with Pb, and Mn with K and DOC, among others. No correlation was found between constituents and snow-water content.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es00145a009","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Laird, L., Taylor, H.E., and Kennedy, V.C., 1986, Snow chemistry of the Cascade-Sierra Nevada Mountains: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 275-290, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00145a009.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"290","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cascade-Sierra Nevada Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 33.211116472416855\n ],\n [\n -117.0703125,\n 33.211116472416855\n ],\n [\n -117.0703125,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 33.211116472416855\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91b3e4b08c986b319a41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laird, L.B.","contributorId":23522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laird","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":370281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy, V. C.","contributorId":46080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015203,"text":"70015203 - 1986 - Determination of selected azaarenes in water by bonded-phase extraction and liquid chromatography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T10:30:52","indexId":"70015203","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of selected azaarenes in water by bonded-phase extraction and liquid chromatography","docAbstract":"A method for the rapid and simple quantitative determination of quinoline, isoquinoline, and five selected three-ring azaarenes in water has been developed. The azaarene fraction is separated from its carbon analogues on n-octadecyl packing material by edition with acidified water/acetonitrile. Concentration as great as 1000-fold is achieved readily. Instrumental analysis involves high-speed liquid chromatography on flexible-walled, wide-bore columns with fluorescence and ultraviolet detection at several wavelengths employing filter photometers in series. Method-validation data is provided as azaarene recovery efficiency from fortified samples. Distilled water, river water, contaminated ground water, and secondary-treatment effluent have been tested. Recoveries at part-per-billion levels are nearly quantitative for the three-ring compounds, but they decrease for quinoline and isoquinoline.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/ac00121a052","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Steinheimer, T., and Ondrus, M., 1986, Determination of selected azaarenes in water by bonded-phase extraction and liquid chromatography: Analytical Chemistry, v. 58, no. 8, p. 1839-1844, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00121a052.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1839","endPage":"1844","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffc4e4b0c8380cd4f3a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steinheimer, T.R.","contributorId":106166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinheimer","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ondrus, M.G.","contributorId":66307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ondrus","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014665,"text":"70014665 - 1986 - URBAN STORMWATER-QUALITY INVESTIGATIONS BY THE USGS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:32","indexId":"70014665","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"URBAN STORMWATER-QUALITY INVESTIGATIONS BY THE USGS.","docAbstract":"U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) urban stormwater investigations, in cooperation with local and Federal agencies, have produced significant national data bases of information and enhanced understanding of urban hydrologic processes. Studies in progress include statistical regionalization of urban stormwater quality, the effects of stormwater detention on water quality, ways of improving instrumentation for urban hydrology studies, and an evaluation and update of urban gaging networks. Studies performed by USGS since 1968, including 12 studies that were in the Environmental Protection Agency Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, are being summarized in a USGS report.","conferenceTitle":"Urban Runoff Quality - Impact and Quality Enhancement Technology, Proceedings of an Engineering Foundation Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Henniker, NH, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"087262577X","usgsCitation":"Jennings, M.E., and Miller, T.L., 1986, URBAN STORMWATER-QUALITY INVESTIGATIONS BY THE USGS., Urban Runoff Quality - Impact and Quality Enhancement Technology, Proceedings of an Engineering Foundation Conference., Henniker, NH, USA, p. 29-33.","startPage":"29","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225907,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbb43e4b08c986b3285d8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Urbonas BenRoesner Larry A.","contributorId":128383,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Urbonas BenRoesner Larry A.","id":536292,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, Marshall E.","contributorId":55813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Marshall","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Timothy L.","contributorId":9263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":130,"text":"wsp2285 - 1986 - Movement and fate of creosote waste in ground water, Pensacola, Florida; U.S. Geological Survey toxic waste-ground-water contamination program","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":30809,"text":"ofr84466 - 1984 - Movement and fate of creosote waste in ground water, Pensacola, Florida; U.S. Geological Survey toxic waste--ground-water contamination program","indexId":"ofr84466","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Movement and fate of creosote waste in ground water, Pensacola, Florida; U.S. Geological Survey toxic waste--ground-water contamination program"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":130,"text":"wsp2285 - 1986 - Movement and fate of creosote waste in ground water, Pensacola, Florida; U.S. Geological Survey toxic waste-ground-water contamination program","indexId":"wsp2285","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Movement and fate of creosote waste in ground water, Pensacola, Florida; U.S. Geological Survey toxic waste-ground-water contamination program"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T23:05:06.099729","indexId":"wsp2285","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2285","title":"Movement and fate of creosote waste in ground water, Pensacola, Florida; U.S. Geological Survey toxic waste-ground-water contamination program","docAbstract":"Ground- and surface-water contamination by pesticides used in the wood-preserving industry is widespread in the United States. Pine poles were treated with wood preservatives from 1902 to 1981 at a creosote works near Pensacola, Florida. Diesel fuel, creosote, and pentachlorophenol were discharged to two unlined impoundments that had a direct hydraulic connection to the sand-and-gravel aquifer. Evidence of wood-preserving waste contamination appears to be confined to the upper 30 meters of the aquifer. The waste plume extends downgradient approximately 300 meters south toward Pensacola Bay. \r\n\r\nIn 1983, the creosote works site was selected by the U.S. Geological Survey's Office of Hazardous Waste Hydrology as a national research demonstration area to apply the latest techniques for characterizing hazardous waste problems. The multidisciplinary research effort is aimed at studying processes that affect the occurrence, transport, transformations, and fate of the toxic contaminants associated with wood preservatives in the environment. Clusters of two to five wells were constructed at different depths at nine sites to define the depth of contamination. Research studies are investigating sorption, dispersion, dilution, chemical reactions, bacterially mediated transformations, quality assurance, plume hydrodynamics, and the ultimate fate of these complex organic wastes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2285","usgsCitation":"Franks, B.J., 1986, Movement and fate of creosote waste in ground water, Pensacola, Florida; U.S. Geological Survey toxic waste-ground-water contamination program: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2285, x, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2285.","productDescription":"x, 63 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422755,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25213.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":136121,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2285/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24741,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2285/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Pensacola","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.27504451547034,\n 30.441506571364272\n ],\n [\n -87.27504451547034,\n 30.395236613856426\n ],\n [\n -87.17712308867992,\n 30.395236613856426\n ],\n [\n -87.17712308867992,\n 30.441506571364272\n ],\n [\n -87.27504451547034,\n 30.441506571364272\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b47f7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Mattraw, H.C. Jr.","contributorId":81957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattraw","given":"H.C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749252,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Franks, Bernard J.","contributorId":106088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franks","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015638,"text":"70015638 - 1986 - Use of detrended correspondence analysis in evaluating factors controlling species composition of periphyton","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-01T10:44:49","indexId":"70015638","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Use of detrended correspondence analysis in evaluating factors controlling species composition of periphyton","docAbstract":"Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was evaluated for its usefulness in elucidating relationships among samples and among species of periphyton in an oligotrophic stream, and for its effectiveness in displaying major gradients where an experimental gradient (copper) affecting species composition was imposed. It was highly sensitive to differences among samples and consistently provided ecologically meaningful species ordinations. Gradients related to seasonality of taxa and year-to-year differences in population densities were evident in DCA ordinations if data for all sampling dates were included, and these gradients complicated interpretation of the copper gradient. Stage of succession was a secondary gradient during exposure and complicated interpretation of the copper gradient after a major disturbance event (flooding).","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rationale for sampling and interpretation of biological data in the assessment of freshwater ecosystems ","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","issn":"00660558","isbn":"0803104553","usgsCitation":"Leland, H.V., and Carter, J.L., 1986, Use of detrended correspondence analysis in evaluating factors controlling species composition of periphyton, chap. of Rationale for sampling and interpretation of biological data in the assessment of freshwater ecosystems , p. 101-117.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"117","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbb7ee4b08c986b328665","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Isom Billy G.","contributorId":128338,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Isom Billy G.","id":536301,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Leland, Harry V.","contributorId":51158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leland","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, James L. 0000-0002-0104-9776 jlcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0104-9776","contributorId":3278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"James","email":"jlcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68692,"text":"ha663 - 1986 - Description and generalized distribution of aquifer materials in the alluvial basins of Arizona and adjacent parts of California and New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-22T20:04:50.724328","indexId":"ha663","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"663","title":"Description and generalized distribution of aquifer materials in the alluvial basins of Arizona and adjacent parts of California and New Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha663","usgsCitation":"Freethey, G.W., 1986, Description and generalized distribution of aquifer materials in the alluvial basins of Arizona and adjacent parts of California and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 663, 4 Plates: 43.80 x 32.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha663.","productDescription":"4 Plates: 43.80 x 32.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":188612,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":414571,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16064.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":90414,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/663/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90413,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/663/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90412,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/663/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90411,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/663/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.8,\n 36.158\n ],\n [\n -115.117,\n 36.158\n ],\n [\n -115.117,\n 31.329\n ],\n [\n -107.8,\n 31.329\n ],\n [\n -107.8,\n 36.158\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dd2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freethey, Geoffrey W.","contributorId":25570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freethey","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28149,"text":"wri854068 - 1986 - Effects of urbanization on streamflow, sediment loads, and channel morphology in Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T21:11:33.502893","indexId":"wri854068","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4068","title":"Effects of urbanization on streamflow, sediment loads, and channel morphology in Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"A 5-year, data-collection and modeling study was conducted on Pheasant Branch basin in and near Middleton, Wisconsin. The objectives of the study were to: (1) describe the streamflow characteristics, sediment transport, and stream-channel morphology in the Pheasant Branch basin; and (2) relate the above factors to changes caused by urbanization and project the effect of urbanization on the hydrology and channel morphology of the study area.
\n\n
Streamflow data were collected at five sites for 4 years in the basin to defme present streamflow conditions. Suspended-sediment data also were collected at these sites. In addition, periodic surveys of monumented channel cross sections were made and compared with a survey from an earlier study to document changes in the channel over a period of 10 years.
\nThe suspended-sediment data show a decrease in suspended-sediment load through the fully urbanized reach of the stream in 3 of the 4 years studied. This corresponds with the slight net decrease in cross-section area in this reach for the same period. Possible explanations for the decrease in suspended-sediment loads through this reach include (1) sediment being trapped at the five drop structures and the Park Street erosion-control structure and (2) sediment being deposited in overbank areas throughout the reach. Farther downstream, the suspended-sediment load decreased through the Pheasant Branch marsh during a year of high flow but increased through the marsh in 2 of the 3 years for which complete data are available. The marsh is not acting as a net sediment trap in some years.
\nA rainfall-runoff model was calibrated and verified for the basin upstream from U.S. Highway 12. This model was used to simulate 68 years of summer flood hydrographs for three conditions: Current land use, projected urban development, and complete urban development of all lands in the basin. Analysis of simulated flood flows indicates that projected urban development would double the mean annual flood peaks at U.S. Highway 12. Complete development of the basin would increase the mean annual flood peak by a factor of 2.4.
\nFrom 1971 to 1977, the mean streambed elevation lowered by almost 2 feet, and the mean channel width increased by more than 35 percent in the reach downstream from the fully urbanized part of the basin. In other reaches, the mean streambed elevation lowered by more than a foot. Changes in channel cross sections after 1977 were smaller.
\nIncreases in flood flow would tend to enlarge the channel. An increase in the mean annual flood by a factor of 2. 0 to 2.4 will cause a 40 to 50 percent increase in channel width and a 30 to 40 percent increase in channel depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854068","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin-Extension, Geological and Natural History Survey and the City of Middleton","usgsCitation":"Krug, W., and Goddard, G.L., 1986, Effects of urbanization on streamflow, sediment loads, and channel morphology in Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4068, vi, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854068.","productDescription":"vi, 82 p.","numberOfPages":"94","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415474,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36247.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123391,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4068/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56979,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4068/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","city":"Middleton","otherGeospatial":"Pheasant Branch","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.589,\n 43.049\n ],\n [\n -89.589,\n 43.16\n ],\n [\n -89.469,\n 43.16\n ],\n [\n -89.469,\n 43.049\n ],\n [\n -89.589,\n 43.049\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fd46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krug, W.R.","contributorId":23147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krug","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goddard, G. L.","contributorId":10442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goddard","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186156,"text":"70186156 - 1986 - Influence of irrigation on salinity and nitrate in a stream-aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-10T00:23:04.002979","indexId":"70186156","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Influence of irrigation on salinity and nitrate in a stream-aquifer system","docAbstract":"Changes in salinity and nitrate concentration in groundwater and surface water in the semiarid Arkansas River valley of southeastern Colorado, USA were related primarily to irrigation practices. Water is applied to fields by flood irrigation through ditches and furrows. Irrigation water is derived in nearly equal amounts from surface water and groundwater pumped from the shallow alluvial aquifer.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conjunctive water use: understanding and managing surfacewater-groundwater interactions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2nd Scientific Assembly of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","conferenceDate":"July 1986","conferenceLocation":"Budapest, Hungary","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., and Person, M., 1986, Influence of irrigation on salinity and nitrate in a stream-aquifer system, in Conjunctive water use: understanding and managing surfacewater-groundwater interactions, v. 156, Budapest, Hungary, July 1986, p. 217-229.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"229","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338782,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"156","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1954e4b02ff32c699cd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Person, M.A.","contributorId":91108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185551,"text":"70185551 - 1986 - Transport of chloride ion in a water-unsaturated soil exhibiting anion exclusion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T12:11:34","indexId":"70185551","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of chloride ion in a water-unsaturated soil exhibiting anion exclusion","docAbstract":"Miscible displacement techniques were used to create Cl- concentration profiles in unsaturated laboratory columns of Delhi sand (Typic Xeropsamments), each having a nearly uniform water content. The three steady flow rates used resulted in three different, average water contents. Chloride concentrations near the top of the column were smaller and penetration of Cl- in the column was deeper than expected assuming that Cl- is a noninteracting solute. Such observations indicate the presence of anion exclusion. This interpretation is further substantiated by chloride and tritium breakthrough curves obtained from a saturated column of the same soil. The saturated experiments show that tritium occupies the entire measured pore volume of the column, but that Cl- is restricted to a smaller pore volume. The formulation of the conventional convection-dispersion theory for solute transport in soil which includes anion exclusion resulted in model calculations that fitted the unsaturated Cl- concentration profiles quite well. The dispersion coefficients obtained for the unsaturated profiles increase with water velocity and are lower than those previously reported for comparable water velocities in the same but saturated soil. The dispersivity of the unsaturated soil is also smaller than that reported for the saturated soil. For the experimental conditions used, the effective Cl- exclusion volume was found to be independent of water content and velocity and occupied about ten percent of the unsaturated water content.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050010x","usgsCitation":"James, R.V., and Rubin, J., 1986, Transport of chloride ion in a water-unsaturated soil exhibiting anion exclusion: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 50, no. 5, p. 1142-1149, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050010x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1142","endPage":"1149","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338201,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df18e4b05ec79911d203","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, Ronald V.","contributorId":189753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"James","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, Jacob","contributorId":23918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"Jacob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186152,"text":"70186152 - 1986 - Application of the Flory-Huggins theory to the solubility of solids in glyceryl trioleate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T11:13:37","indexId":"70186152","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5353,"text":"Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions I","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of the Flory-Huggins theory to the solubility of solids in glyceryl trioleate","docAbstract":"The conventional thermodynamic deviation for ideal solid–liquid solubilities is modified by substituting the Flory–Huggins model for Raoult's law. A comparison of published data for eleven solides in glyceryl trioleate with the predictions of the conventional and modified equations shows that the significantly higher athermal solubilities from the modified equation are in much better agreement with the experimental data. This suggests that discrepancies between the data and the predictions of the conventional model for ideal systems result from the inappropriate use of Raoult's law for systems with significant solute–solvent size disparity rather than from specific interactions.
Water budget and isotopic analyses of water in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer system confirm that most, if not all, of the water is local meteoric in origin. Solute mass-balance arguments suggest that ∼5 × 109 moles of calcite and 2.6 × 109 moles of silica are precipitated annually in the aquifer. Isotopic evaluations of calcite and petrographic observation of silica support the low-temperature origin of these deposits. Approximately 2.8 × 109 moles of chloride, 4.5 × 109 moles of sodium, 1.4 × 109 moles of sulfate, and 2 × 109 moles of magnesium are removed annually from the aquifer framework by solution. Proposed weathering reactions are shown to be consistent with mass balance, carbon isotopes, observed mineralogy, and chemical thermodynamics. Large quantities of sodium, chloride, and sulfate are being removed from the system relative to their abundances in the rock. Sedimentary interbeds, which are estimated to compose <10% of the aquifer volume, may yield as much as 20% of the solutes generated within the aquifer. Weathering rate of the aquifer framework of the eastern Snake River Plain is 14 (Mg/km2)/yr or less than half the average of the North American continent. This contrasts with the rate for the eastern Snake River basin, 34 (Mg/km2)/yr, which is almost identical to the average for the North American continent. Identification and quantification of reactions controlling solute concentrations in ground water in the eastern plain indicate that the aquifer is not an “inert bathtub” that simply stores and transmits water and solutes but is undergoing active diagenesis and is both a source and sink for solutes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<1456:AGADIT>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., and Low, W.H., 1986, Aqueous geochemistry and diagenesis in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer system, Idaho: Bulletin, v. 97, no. 12, p. 1456-1466, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<1456:AGADIT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"1456","endPage":"1466","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338806,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.45507812500001,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -110.830078125,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -110.830078125,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -116.45507812500001,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -116.45507812500001,\n 41.96765920367816\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"97","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1953e4b02ff32c699ccf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":47770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren W.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":687700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Low, Walton H.","contributorId":92672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Low","given":"Walton","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186159,"text":"70186159 - 1986 - Digital image measurement of the area and anatomical structure of tree rings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T10:29:26","indexId":"70186159","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1167,"text":"Canadian Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Digital image measurement of the area and anatomical structure of tree rings","docAbstract":"A microcomputer coupled to a video digitizer was used to develop methods for measuring areas of tree rings and for delineating and measuring microscopic anatomical features. Digitally imaged areas of individual rings of a loblolly pine cross section were within 2.6% of areas measured with a planimeter and were more accurate than areas calculated from radius widths. Various anatomical features were \"mapped\" within digitized images of consecutive rings, individual rings, and highly magnified parts of the rings of green ash. Fibers within various ring zones, including those known to have formed when trees were flooded, were readily differentiated on the basis of image brightness. The image-determined ratio of lumen to wall material within different groups of fibers was considered a measure of structural comparability. These techniques thus provide a rapid, accurate method to study relationships between tree rings and factors affecting their development. Methods could be improved by increasing both spatial and brightness resolution.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/b86-382","usgsCitation":"Yanosky, T.M., and Robinove, C.J., 1986, Digital image measurement of the area and anatomical structure of tree rings: Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 64, no. 12, p. 2896-2902, https://doi.org/10.1139/b86-382.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"2896","endPage":"2902","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338808,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1953e4b02ff32c699ccd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yanosky, Thomas M.","contributorId":40589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yanosky","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinove, Charles J.","contributorId":16983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinove","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186161,"text":"70186161 - 1986 - Chemistry of illite/smectite and end-member illite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T11:54:11","indexId":"70186161","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemistry of illite/smectite and end-member illite","docAbstract":"Chemical data from three different series of diagenetic illite/smectites (I/S), analyzed statistically by two regresion techniques, indicate that the content of fixed-K per illite layer is not constant, but ranges from ∼0.55 per O10(OH)2 for illite layers in randomly interstratified I/S (R=0; > 50% smectite layers) to ∼1.0 per O10(OH)2 for illite layers formed in ordered I/S (R>0; <50% smectite layers). By extrapolation of the experimental data, the following chemical characteristics were obtained for end-member illite derived from the alteration of smectite in bentonite: average fixed-K per illite layer = 0.75 per O10(OH)2; total charge = about −0.8; cation-exchange capacity = 15 meq/100 g; surface area (EGME) = 150 m2/g.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340403","usgsCitation":"Srodon, J., Morgan, D., Eslinger, E., Eberl, D.D., and Karlinger, M., 1986, Chemistry of illite/smectite and end-member illite: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 34, no. 4, p. 368-378, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340403.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"368","endPage":"378","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338820,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1954e4b02ff32c699cd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Srodon, J.","contributorId":67583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Srodon","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, D.J.","contributorId":190184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morgan","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eslinger, E.V.","contributorId":190185,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eslinger","given":"E.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Karlinger, M.R.","contributorId":95039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"M.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70176042,"text":"70176042 - 1986 - Compilation of hydrologic data for the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio area, Texas, 1983-84, with 1934-84 summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T10:37:44","indexId":"70176042","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5177,"text":"Edwards Underground Water District Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"43-44","title":"Compilation of hydrologic data for the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio area, Texas, 1983-84, with 1934-84 summary","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Edwards Underground Water District","usgsCitation":"Reeves, R., and Ozuna, G., 1986, Compilation of hydrologic data for the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio area, Texas, 1983-84, with 1934-84 summary: Edwards Underground Water District Bulletin 43-44, 235 p.","productDescription":"235 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327775,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6aef2e4b0f2f0cebe462c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeves, R.D.","contributorId":95043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ozuna, G. B.","contributorId":25205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ozuna","given":"G. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175190,"text":"70175190 - 1986 - Measurement of nitrous oxide reductase activity in aquatic sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-26T17:46:53.515593","indexId":"70175190","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measurement of nitrous oxide reductase activity in aquatic sediments","docAbstract":"Denitrification in aquatic sediments was measured by an N2O reductase assay. Sediments consumed small added quantities of N2O over short periods (a few hours). In experiments with sediment slurries, N2O reductase activity was inhibited by O2, C2H2, heat treatment, and by high levels of nitrate (1 mM) or sulfide (10 mM). However, ambient levels of nitrate (<100 μM) did not influence activity, and moderate levels (about 150 μM) induced only a short lag before reductase activity began. Moderate levels of sulfide (<1 mM) had no effect on N2O reductase activity. Nitrous oxide reductase displayed Michaelis-Menten kinetics in sediments from freshwater (Km = 2.17 μM), estuarine (Km = 14.5 μM), and alkaline-saline (Km = 501 μM) environments. An in situ assay was devised in which a solution of N2O was injected into sealed glass cores containing intact sediment. Two estimates of net rates of denitrification in San Francisco Bay under approximated in situ conditions were 0.009 and 0.041 mmol of N2O per m2 per h. Addition of chlorate to inhibit denitrification in these intact-core experiments (to estimate gross rates of N2O consumption) resulted in approximately a 14% upward revision of estimates of net rates. These results were comparable to an in situ estimate of 0.022 mmol of N2O per m2 per h made with the acetylene block assay.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.51.1.18-24.1986","usgsCitation":"Miller, L., Oremland, R.S., and Paulsen, S., 1986, Measurement of nitrous oxide reductase activity in aquatic sediments: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 51, no. 1, p. 18-24, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.51.1.18-24.1986.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"24","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480136,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.51.1.18-24.1986","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325923,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.52342578770758,\n 37.83294260679118\n ],\n [\n -122.48465172091554,\n 37.769480194178556\n ],\n [\n -122.418181730426,\n 37.773858672015024\n ],\n [\n -122.39602506692916,\n 37.725681157594636\n ],\n [\n -122.4098729723843,\n 37.64458461108522\n ],\n [\n -122.39602505769894,\n 37.58315534079128\n ],\n [\n -122.28524174021571,\n 37.550225933083865\n ],\n [\n -122.21323258385195,\n 37.47553206422586\n ],\n [\n -122.15784084001359,\n 37.46673951428738\n ],\n [\n -122.10244918127214,\n 37.41176341244686\n ],\n [\n -121.96950920029272,\n 37.40076334610896\n ],\n [\n -121.89750004392863,\n 37.44915155604687\n ],\n [\n -122.04151835665647,\n 37.51508506702466\n ],\n [\n -122.07198376896446,\n 37.602905875405\n ],\n [\n -122.12737542770591,\n 37.61168226231733\n ],\n [\n -122.12460584476865,\n 37.6401983672704\n ],\n [\n -122.19661500113274,\n 37.74758378126542\n ],\n [\n -122.29355040393028,\n 37.80668885573594\n ],\n [\n -122.26862415749649,\n 37.83294260679118\n ],\n [\n -122.31570706742679,\n 37.92694184207737\n ],\n [\n -122.37109872616826,\n 37.92694184207737\n ],\n [\n -122.37109872616826,\n 37.95533659334576\n ],\n [\n -122.29355040393028,\n 37.9946342881893\n ],\n [\n -122.2270804134404,\n 38.046998480058875\n ],\n [\n -122.26308499162263,\n 38.19298371458089\n ],\n [\n -122.32401581623793,\n 38.22997830731856\n ],\n [\n -122.38217705791668,\n 38.22345121624895\n ],\n [\n -122.40156413847625,\n 38.16685856401381\n ],\n [\n -122.5206562047703,\n 38.13201046056821\n ],\n [\n -122.54558245120408,\n 38.0797070953887\n ],\n [\n -122.51511703889608,\n 37.981537394315225\n ],\n [\n -122.5677391147006,\n 37.913832872302464\n ],\n [\n -122.52342578770758,\n 37.83294260679118\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a1c430e4b006cb45552c29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, L.G.","contributorId":32522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oremland, Ronald S. 0000-0001-7382-0147 roremlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-0147","contributorId":931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ronald","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paulsen, S.","contributorId":173321,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paulsen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70156373,"text":"70156373 - 1986 - Effect of seasonally changing tissue weight on trace metal concentrations in the bivalve Macoma balthica in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T11:16:17","indexId":"70156373","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of seasonally changing tissue weight on trace metal concentrations in the bivalve Macoma balthica in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"The influence of seasonal changes in the weight of soft tissues on temporal fluctuations in tissue concentrations of Cu and Zn was examined in 4 populations of the clam Macoma balthica sampled in San Francisco Bay for a period of 2 to 5 yr. Fluctuations in metal concentration expected from changes in tissue weight between sampling dates were estimated by assuming that whole body metal burden was constant during the sampling interval. Comparison of estimated and actual metal concentrations showed that the degree to which fluctuations in trace metal concentrations were driven by weight changes differed considerably among stations, among years at a single station, and between metals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","usgsCitation":"Cain, D.J., and Luoma, S.N., 1986, Effect of seasonally changing tissue weight on trace metal concentrations in the bivalve Macoma balthica in San Francisco Bay: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 28, p. 209-217.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"217","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1977-01-01","temporalEnd":"1981-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307018,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307015,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v28/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.39044189453124,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n -122.39044189453124,\n 38.06322991452765\n ],\n [\n -122.11303710937499,\n 38.06322991452765\n ],\n [\n -122.11303710937499,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n -122.39044189453124,\n 37.996162679728116\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.14736938476562,\n 37.41598184194613\n ],\n [\n -122.14736938476562,\n 37.53368798315969\n ],\n [\n -122.01553344726561,\n 37.53368798315969\n ],\n [\n -122.01553344726561,\n 37.41598184194613\n ],\n [\n -122.14736938476562,\n 37.41598184194613\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d6fa31e4b0518e3546bc33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cain, Daniel J. 0000-0002-3443-0493 djcain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-0493","contributorId":1784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"Daniel","email":"djcain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015530,"text":"70015530 - 1986 - A comparison of two methods for determining copper partitioning in oxidized sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T10:23:30","indexId":"70015530","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of two methods for determining copper partitioning in oxidized sediments","docAbstract":"Model estimations of the proportion of Cu in oxidized sediments associated with extractable organic materials show some agreement with the proportion of Cu extracted from those sediments with ammonium hydroxide. Data were from 17 estuaries of widely differing sediment chemistry. The modelling and extraction methods agreed best where concentrations of organic materials were either in very high concentrations, relative to other sediment components, or in very low concentrations. In the range of component concentrations where the model predicted Cu should be distributed among a variety of components, agreement between the methods was poor. Both approaches indicated that Cu was predominantly partitioned to organic materials in some sediments, and predominantly partitioned to other components (most probably iron oxides and manganese oxides) in other sediments, and that these differences were related to the relative abundances of the specific components in the sediment. Although the results of the two methods of estimating Cu partitioning to organics correlated significantly among 24 stations from the 17 estuaries, the variability in the relationship suggested refinement of parameter values and verification of some important assumptions were essential to the further development of a reasonable model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-4203(86)90065-4","issn":"03044203","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S.N., 1986, A comparison of two methods for determining copper partitioning in oxidized sediments: Marine Chemistry, v. 20, no. 1, p. 45-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(86)90065-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e37ae4b0c8380cd4605f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015094,"text":"70015094 - 1986 - Simulation of fluid flow and energy transport processes associated with high-level radioactive waste disposal in unsaturated alluvium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T11:30:11","indexId":"70015094","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of fluid flow and energy transport processes associated with high-level radioactive waste disposal in unsaturated alluvium","docAbstract":"Many parts of the Great Basin have thick zones of unsaturated alluvium which might be suitable for disposing of high-level radioactive wastes. A mathematical model accounting for the coupled transport of energy, water (vapor and liquid), and dry air was used to analyze one-dimensional, vertical transport above and below an areally extensive repository. Numerical simulations were conducted for a hypothetical repository containing spent nuclear fuel and located 100 m below land surface. Initial steady state downward water fluxes of zero (hydrostatic) and 0.0003 m yr−1were considered in an attempt to bracket the likely range in natural water flux. Predicted temperatures within the repository peaked after approximately 50 years and declined slowly thereafter in response to the decreasing intensity of the radioactive heat source. The alluvium near the repository experienced a cycle of drying and rewetting in both cases. The extent of the dry zone was strongly controlled by the mobility of liquid water near the repository under natural conditions. In the case of initial hydrostatic conditions, the dry zone extended approximately 10 m above and 15 m below the repository. For the case of a natural flux of 0.0003 m yr−1 the relative permeability of water near the repository was initially more than 30 times the value under hydrostatic conditions, consequently the dry zone extended only about 2 m above and 5 m below the repository. In both cases a significant perturbation in liquid saturation levels persisted for several hundred years. This analysis illustrates the extreme sensitivity of model predictions to initial conditions and parameters, such as relative permeability and moisture characteristic curves, that are often poorly known.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i005p00765","usgsCitation":"Pollock, D.W., 1986, Simulation of fluid flow and energy transport processes associated with high-level radioactive waste disposal in unsaturated alluvium: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 5, p. 765-775, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i005p00765.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"765","endPage":"775","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf58e4b0c8380cd8753a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollock, David W. dwpolloc@usgs.gov","contributorId":4248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollock","given":"David","email":"dwpolloc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":370049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015054,"text":"70015054 - 1986 - Ground-water flow in low permeability environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T11:08:29","indexId":"70015054","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-water flow in low permeability environments","docAbstract":"Certain geologic media are known to have small permeability; subsurface environments composed of these media and lacking well developed secondary permeability have groundwater flow sytems with many distinctive characteristics. Moreover, groundwater flow in these environments appears to influence the evolution of certain hydrologic, geologic, and geochemical systems, may affect the accumulation of pertroleum and ores, and probably has a role in the structural evolution of parts of the crust. Such environments are also important in the context of waste disposal. This review attempts to synthesize the diverse contributions of various disciplines to the problem of flow in low-permeability environments. Problems hindering analysis are enumerated together with suggested approaches to overcoming them. A common thread running through the discussion is the significance of size- and time-scale limitations of the ability to directly observe flow behavior and make measurements of parameters. These limitations have resulted in rather distinct small- and large-scale approaches to the problem. The first part of the review considers experimental investigations of low-permeability flow, including in situ testing; these are generally conducted on temporal and spatial scales which are relatively small compared with those of interest. Results from this work have provided increasingly detailed information about many aspects of the flow but leave certain questions unanswered. Recent advances in laboratory and in situ testing techniques have permitted measurements of permeability and storage properties in progressively “tighter” media and investigation of transient flow under these conditions. However, very large hydraulic gradients are still required for the tests; an observational gap exists for typical in situ gradients. The applicability of Darcy's law in this range is therefore untested, although claims of observed non-Darcian behavior appear flawed. Two important nonhydraulic flow phenomena, osmosis and ultrafiltration, are experimentally well established in prepared clays but have been incompletely investigated, particularly in undisturbed geologic media. Small-scale experimental results form much of the basis for analyses of flow in low-permeability environments which occurs on scales of time and size too large to permit direct observation. Such large-scale flow behavior is the focus of the second part of the review. Extrapolation of small-scale experimental experience becomes an important and sometimes controversial problem in this context. In large flow systems under steady state conditions the regional permeability can sometimes be determined, but systems with transient flow are more difficult to analyze. The complexity of the problem is enhanced by the sensitivity of large-scale flow to the effects of slow geologic processes. One-dimensional studies have begun to elucidate how simple burial or exhumation can generate transient flow conditions by changing the state of stress and temperature and by burial metamorphism. Investigation of the more complex problem of the interaction of geologic processes and flow in two and three dimensions is just beginning. Because these transient flow analyses have largely been based on flow in experimental scale systems or in relatively permeable systems, deformation in response to effective stress changes is generally treated as linearly elastic; however, this treatment creates difficulties for the long periods of interest because viscoelastic deformation is probably significant. Also, large-scale flow simulations in argillaceous environments generally have neglected osmosis and ultrafiltration, in part because extrapolation of laboratory experience with coupled flow to large scales under in situ conditions is controversial. Nevertheless, the effects are potentially quite important because the coupled flow might cause ultra long lived transient conditions. The difficulties associated with analysis are matched by those of characterizing hydrologic conditions in tight environments; measurements of hydraulic head and sampling of pore fluids have been done only rarely because of the practical difficulties involved. These problems are also discussed in the second part of this paper.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i008p01163","usgsCitation":"Neuzil, C.E., 1986, Ground-water flow in low permeability environments: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 8, p. 1163-1195, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i008p01163.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"1163","endPage":"1195","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1484e4b0c8380cd54a86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuzil, Christopher E. 0000-0003-2022-4055 ceneuzil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-4055","contributorId":2322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"Christopher","email":"ceneuzil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015055,"text":"70015055 - 1986 - Geochemical investigations of selected Eastern United States watersheds affected by acid deposition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T06:42:20","indexId":"70015055","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2545,"text":"Journal of the Geological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical investigations of selected Eastern United States watersheds affected by acid deposition","docAbstract":"The effects of acid deposition on surface waters in eastern United States watersheds having similar size, physiography, climate and land use are related to the composition of the underlying bedrock. Watersheds developed on greenstone, calcareous shale, sandstone, granite, and schist differ in their ability to neutralize acid deposition. Surface waters in watersheds developed on greenstone and calcareous shale are not discernably affected by acidification. Wastersheds developed on sand-stone have little capacity to neutralize acid rain; consequently, stream acidity is similar to that of precipitation. Watersheds developed on granite and schist are intermediate in their capacity to neutralize acid deposition. Bedrock composition appears to be the major property controlling surface-water chemistry in these systems; hydrologic flow paths and the nature of surficial materials and vegetation also influence chemical responses to acid deposition in watersheds.
A 1978–81 survey of submersed aquatic macrophytes in the tidal Potomac River showed that there were virtually no plants in the freshwater tidal river between Chain Bridge and Quantico, Virginia, decades after the disappearance of plants in the late 1930’s. Plant populations were monitored in subsequent years (1983–85) using qualitative shoreline surveys and quantitative resampling of the original 1978–81 transects. In 1983, 12 species of submersed aquatic macrophytes were found in the tidal river. Population increases were dramatic; by fall 1985, plants had colonized all shallow areas between Alexandria and Gunston Cove, Virginia.Hydrilla verticillata dominated in Dyke Marsh-Hunting Creek and Swan Creek. Most other areas contained a variable mixture ofHeteranthera dubia, Myriophyllum spicatum, Ceratophyllum demersum, Vallisneria americana, Najas guadalupensis andHydrilla verticillata. No plants were found along the main river or in tidal embayments in the reach between Gunston Cove and Quantico, Virginia. Total dry weight collected in the upper tidal river in fall 1985 was 14.5 times that of spring 1985, and four times that of fall 1984.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1351417","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Carter, V., and Rybicki, N., 1986, Resurgence of submersed aquatic macrophytes in the tidal Potomac River, Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia: Estuaries, v. 9, no. 4, p. 368-375, https://doi.org/10.2307/1351417.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"368","endPage":"375","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225963,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia, District of Columbia","otherGeospatial":"Potomac River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.40966796875,\n 37.483576550426996\n ],\n [\n -76.35498046875,\n 37.483576550426996\n ],\n [\n -76.35498046875,\n 38.93377552819722\n ],\n [\n -77.40966796875,\n 38.93377552819722\n ],\n [\n -77.40966796875,\n 37.483576550426996\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aabfee4b0c8380cd86acd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, V.","contributorId":61115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rybicki, N.","contributorId":96022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rybicki","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}