Despite considerable evidence that juvenile shorebirds experience significantly higher annual mortality rates than adults, identification and quantification of the sources of mortality have received little attention. We found that the proportion of juvenile Dunlins (Calidris alpina) in the kills of a Merlin (Falco columbarius) one winter at Bolinas Lagoon, California was greater than the proportion of juveniles in the lagoon's winter population. This is evidence that raptor predation may be one of the factors contributing to the age differences in annual mortality rates of shorebirds. We suggest that the greater vulnerability of juveniles to predation by the Merlin may be caused by age-related differences in Dunlin flocking behavior.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Kus, B., Ashman, P., Page, G., and Stenzel, L., 1984, Age-related mortality in a wintering population of dunlin: The Auk, v. 101, p. 69-73.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"73","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129855,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341260,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4086224 "}],"volume":"101","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689232","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kus, B.E.","contributorId":99492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kus","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ashman, P.","contributorId":44867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashman","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Page, G.","contributorId":34463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stenzel, L.","contributorId":91053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stenzel","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1007786,"text":"1007786 - 1984 - How much is an evening grosbeak worth?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-23T15:21:58.461492","indexId":"1007786","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2297,"text":"Journal of Forestry","onlineIssn":"1938-3746","printIssn":"0022-1201","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How much is an evening grosbeak worth?","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/jof/82.7.426","usgsCitation":"Takekawa, J.Y., and Garton, E., 1984, How much is an evening grosbeak worth?: Journal of Forestry, v. 82, no. 7, p. 426-427, https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/82.7.426.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"426","endPage":"427","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129889,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bd6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":316029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garton, E.O.","contributorId":17945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garton","given":"E.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007790,"text":"1007790 - 1984 - Reproduction and survival of the desert tortoise (Scaptochelys agassizii) in Ivanpah Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-05T12:26:01.118674","indexId":"1007790","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproduction and survival of the desert tortoise (Scaptochelys agassizii) in Ivanpah Valley, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH)","doi":"10.2307/1445322","usgsCitation":"Turner, F., Medica, P., and Lyons, C., 1984, Reproduction and survival of the desert tortoise (Scaptochelys agassizii) in Ivanpah Valley, California: Copeia, v. 1984, no. 4, p. 811-820, https://doi.org/10.2307/1445322.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"811","endPage":"820","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129998,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Ivanpah Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.80397467683164,\n 35.99865882818406\n ],\n [\n -115.80397467683164,\n 35.27568788526861\n ],\n [\n -115.15486224928199,\n 35.27568788526861\n ],\n [\n -115.15486224928199,\n 35.99865882818406\n ],\n [\n -115.80397467683164,\n 35.99865882818406\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1984","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a56e4b07f02db62dd57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, F.B.","contributorId":95414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"F.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medica, P.A.","contributorId":77079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medica","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyons, C.L.","contributorId":15951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1007791,"text":"1007791 - 1984 - Predation on Sonoran whiptails, Cnemidophorus sonorae (Teiidae), by the great-tailed grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus (Icteridae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:18","indexId":"1007791","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predation on Sonoran whiptails, Cnemidophorus sonorae (Teiidae), by the great-tailed grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus (Icteridae)","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Jennings, M., 1984, Predation on Sonoran whiptails, Cnemidophorus sonorae (Teiidae), by the great-tailed grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus (Icteridae): Southwestern Naturalist, v. 29, no. 4.","productDescription":"p. 514","startPage":"514","numberOfPages":"514","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130141,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680822","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, M.R.","contributorId":18296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221939,"text":"5221939 - 1984 - Molybdenum and copper levels in white-tailed deer near uranium mines in Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-06T15:19:10.764751","indexId":"5221939","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molybdenum and copper levels in white-tailed deer near uranium mines in Texas","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808486","usgsCitation":"King, K.A., LeLeux, J., and Mulhern, B.M., 1984, Molybdenum and copper levels in white-tailed deer near uranium mines in Texas: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 1, p. 267-270, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808486.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"270","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193500,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Atascosa County, Karnes County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-98.4083,29.1104],[-98.2809,28.9878],[-98.1879,28.8807],[-97.7292,29.224],[-97.6145,29.1096],[-97.755,29.0056],[-97.5693,28.8157],[-97.7706,28.6717],[-97.7743,28.669],[-97.7812,28.6646],[-97.7847,28.6688],[-97.7882,28.6716],[-97.7929,28.6721],[-97.8267,28.6715],[-97.8276,28.6742],[-97.8291,28.6761],[-97.8353,28.679],[-97.8461,28.6824],[-97.8538,28.6839],[-97.859,28.6845],[-97.8637,28.6841],[-97.8641,28.6874],[-97.8682,28.6902],[-97.8795,28.6932],[-97.8913,28.6998],[-97.8954,28.7013],[-97.8975,28.7032],[-97.8995,28.7055],[-97.8989,28.7073],[-97.8999,28.7092],[-97.9035,28.7116],[-97.9127,28.7168],[-97.9189,28.7187],[-98.0037,28.6896],[-98.099,28.7882],[-98.3363,28.6117],[-98.3372,28.6443],[-98.8035,28.645],[-98.8039,29.0884],[-98.8042,29.2513],[-98.4083,29.1104]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Atascosa\",\"state\":\"TX\"}}]}","volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae157","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Kirk A.","contributorId":9203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Kirk","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeLeux, John","contributorId":60731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeLeux","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mulhern, Bernard M.","contributorId":105177,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mulhern","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013740,"text":"70013740 - 1984 - Geochemistry of a naturally occurring massive marine gas hydrate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-17T16:37:03.533","indexId":"70013740","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of a naturally occurring massive marine gas hydrate","docAbstract":"During Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Leg 84 a core 1 m long and 6 cm in diameter of massive gas hydrate was unexpectedly recovered at Site 570 in upper slope sediment of the Middle America Trench offshore of Guatemala. This core contained only 5–7% sediment, the remainder being the solid hydrate composed of gas and water. Samples of the gas hydrate were decomposed under controlled conditions in a closed container maintained at 4°C. Gas pressure increased and asymptotically approached the equilibrium decomposition pressure for an ideal methane hydrate, CH4.5-3/4H2O, of 3930 kPa and approached to this pressure after each time gas was released, until the gas hydrate was completely decomposed.
The gas evolved during hydrate decomposition was 99.4% methane, ∼0.2% ethane, and ∼0.4% CO2. Hydrocarbons from propane to heptane were also present, but in concentrations of less than 100 p.p.m. The carbon-isotopic composition of methane was −41 to −44 permil((
Formation of this massive gas hydrate probably involved the following processes: (i) upward migration of gas and its accumulation in a zone where conditions favored the growth of gas hydrates, (ii) continued, unusually rapid biological generation of methane, and (iii) release of gas from water solution as pressure decreased due to sea level lowering and tectonic uplift.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(84)90091-3","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., Claypool, G., Threlkeld, C.N., and Dendy, S.E., 1984, Geochemistry of a naturally occurring massive marine gas hydrate: Organic Geochemistry, v. 6, p. 703-713, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(84)90091-3.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"703","endPage":"713","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220390,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Middle America Trench","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-97.14001,25.87],[-97.52807,24.99214],[-97.70295,24.27234],[-97.77604,22.93258],[-97.87237,22.44421],[-97.69904,21.89869],[-97.38896,21.41102],[-97.18933,20.63543],[-96.52558,19.89093],[-96.29213,19.32037],[-95.90088,18.82802],[-94.83906,18.56272],[-94.42573,18.14437],[-93.54865,18.42384],[-92.78611,18.52484],[-92.03735,18.70457],[-91.4079,18.87608],[-90.77187,19.28412],[-90.53359,19.86742],[-90.45148,20.70752],[-90.27862,20.99986],[-89.60132,21.26173],[-88.54387,21.49368],[-87.65842,21.45885],[-87.05189,21.54354],[-86.81198,21.33151],[-86.84591,20.84986],[-87.38329,20.2554],[-87.62105,19.64655],[-87.43675,19.4724],[-87.58656,19.04013],[-87.83719,18.25982],[-88.09066,18.51665],[-88.30003,18.49998],[-88.49012,18.48683],[-88.84834,17.8832],[-89.02986,18.00151],[-89.15091,17.95547],[-89.14308,17.80832],[-89.15081,17.01558],[-89.22912,15.88694],[-88.93061,15.88727],[-88.60459,15.70638],[-88.51836,15.85539],[-88.22502,15.72772],[-88.68068,15.34625],[-89.15481,15.06642],[-89.22522,14.87429],[-89.14554,14.67802],[-89.35333,14.42413],[-89.58734,14.36259],[-89.53422,14.24482],[-89.72193,14.13423],[-90.06468,13.88197],[-90.09555,13.73534],[-90.60862,13.90977],[-91.23241,13.92783],[-91.68975,14.12622],[-92.22775,14.53883],[-93.35946,15.61543],[-93.87517,15.94016],[-94.69166,16.20098],[-95.25023,16.12832],[-96.05338,15.75209],[-96.55743,15.65352],[-97.26359,15.91706],[-98.01303,16.10731],[-98.94768,16.56604],[-99.6974,16.70616],[-100.8295,17.17107],[-101.66609,17.64903],[-101.91853,17.91609],[-102.47813,17.97575],[-103.50099,18.29229],[-103.91753,18.74857],[-104.99201,19.31613],[-105.49304,19.94677],[-105.7314,20.4341],[-105.39777,20.53172],[-105.50066,20.8169],[-105.27075,21.07628],[-105.26582,21.4221],[-105.60316,21.87115],[-105.69341,22.26908],[-106.02872,22.77375],[-106.90998,23.76777],[-107.91545,24.54892],[-108.4019,25.17231],[-109.2602,25.58061],[-109.44409,25.82488],[-109.29164,26.44293],[-109.80146,26.67618],[-110.39173,27.16211],[-110.64102,27.85988],[-111.17892,27.94124],[-111.75961,28.46795],[-112.22823,28.95441],[-112.27182,29.26684],[-112.80959,30.02111],[-113.16381,30.78688],[-113.14867,31.17097],[-113.87188,31.56761],[-114.20574,31.52405],[-114.77645,31.79953],[-114.9367,31.39348],[-114.77123,30.91362],[-114.6739,30.16268],[-114.33097,29.75043],[-113.58888,29.06161],[-113.42405,28.82617],[-113.27197,28.75478],[-113.14004,28.41129],[-112.9623,28.42519],[-112.76159,27.78022],[-112.45791,27.52581],[-112.24495,27.17173],[-111.61649,26.66282],[-111.28467,25.73259],[-110.98782,25.29461],[-110.71001,24.826],[-110.65505,24.29859],[-110.17286,24.26555],[-109.77185,23.81118],[-109.4091,23.36467],[-109.43339,23.18559],[-109.85422,22.81827],[-110.03139,22.82308],[-110.29507,23.43097],[-110.9495,24.00096],[-111.67057,24.48442],[-112.18204,24.73841],[-112.14899,25.47013],[-112.30071,26.012],[-112.7773,26.32196],[-113.46467,26.76819],[-113.59673,26.63946],[-113.84894,26.90006],[-114.46575,27.14209],[-115.05514,27.72273],[-114.98225,27.7982],[-114.57037,27.74149],[-114.19933,28.115],[-114.16202,28.56611],[-114.93184,29.27948],[-115.51865,29.55636],[-115.88737,30.18079],[-116.25835,30.83646],[-116.72153,31.63574],[-117.12776,32.53534],[-115.99135,32.61239],[-114.72139,32.72083],[-114.815,32.52528],[-113.30498,32.03914],[-111.02361,31.33472],[-109.035,31.34194],[-108.24194,31.34222],[-108.24,31.75485],[-106.50759,31.75452],[-106.1429,31.39995],[-105.63159,31.08383],[-105.03737,30.64402],[-104.70575,30.12173],[-104.45697,29.57196],[-103.94,29.27],[-103.11,28.97],[-102.48,29.76],[-101.6624,29.7793],[-100.9576,29.38071],[-100.45584,28.69612],[-100.11,28.11],[-99.52,27.54],[-99.3,26.84],[-99.02,26.37],[-98.24,26.06],[-97.53,25.84],[-97.14001,25.87]]],[[[-82.96578,8.22503],[-83.50844,8.44693],[-83.71147,8.65684],[-83.59631,8.83044],[-83.63264,9.05139],[-83.90989,9.2908],[-84.3034,9.48735],[-84.64764,9.61554],[-84.71335,9.90805],[-84.97566,10.08672],[-84.91137,9.79599],[-85.11092,9.55704],[-85.33949,9.83454],[-85.66079,9.93335],[-85.79744,10.13489],[-85.79171,10.43934],[-85.65931,10.75433],[-85.94173,10.89528],[-85.71254,11.08844],[-85.56185,11.21712],[-84.903,10.9523],[-84.67307,11.08266],[-84.35593,10.99923],[-84.19018,10.79345],[-83.89505,10.72684],[-83.65561,10.93876],[-83.40232,10.39544],[-83.01568,9.99298],[-82.5462,9.56613],[-82.93289,9.47681],[-82.92715,9.07433],[-82.71918,8.92571],[-82.86866,8.80727],[-82.82977,8.6263],[-82.91318,8.42352],[-82.96578,8.22503]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Mexico\"}}]}","volume":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16ebe4b0c8380cd552f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":366763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":8475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Threlkeld, Charles N.","contributorId":44158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Threlkeld","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dendy, Sloan E.","contributorId":90173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dendy","given":"Sloan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014008,"text":"70014008 - 1984 - Chemical determination of particulate nitrogen in San Francisco Bay. A comparison of two estimates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-12T16:16:06.945435","indexId":"70014008","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical determination of particulate nitrogen in San Francisco Bay. A comparison of two estimates","docAbstract":"Particulate nitrogen was measured by both the ultra-violet light-catalyzed peroxide method and the high temperature combustion method. The difference between values obtained with the two methods (combustion minus UV) was found to be linearly correlated with the concentration of total suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the sample. The slope of this correlation was taken to be the concentration of refractory nitrogen associated with the suspended matter, which may be ammonium ions fixed in lattices of clay minerals or organic nitrogen compounds did not vary significantly with SPM, location, water depth or salinity. Refractory nitrogen concentration were possibly related to concentrations of chlorophyll a and to cruise date, but in neither case was the evidence conclusive. Based on the indirect evidence presented, the UV method appears to provide a good measure of biologically reactive nitrogen in this system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0272-7714(84)90063-5","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Hager, S., and Harmon, D., 1984, Chemical determination of particulate nitrogen in San Francisco Bay. A comparison of two estimates: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 19, no. 2, p. 181-191, https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(84)90063-5.","productDescription":"11 p .","startPage":"181","endPage":"191","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225616,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.53797685279024,\n 37.84427609263325\n ],\n [\n -122.49500998189718,\n 37.76695031453306\n ],\n [\n -122.40668919172816,\n 37.783931201085664\n ],\n [\n -122.40191509496236,\n 37.668762181588136\n ],\n [\n -122.41623738526003,\n 37.612056005110276\n ],\n [\n -122.28017562743217,\n 37.51744956204762\n ],\n [\n -122.09875995032806,\n 37.41134777440679\n ],\n [\n -121.97463343441497,\n 37.403763314697756\n ],\n [\n -121.90302198292653,\n 37.45873324901157\n ],\n [\n -122.02476145045672,\n 37.5023013836084\n ],\n [\n -122.06772832134979,\n 37.58179501608495\n ],\n [\n -122.19901598241185,\n 37.74619060142156\n ],\n [\n -122.27301448228317,\n 37.82542361271908\n ],\n [\n -122.30165906287854,\n 37.91210512041958\n ],\n [\n -122.373270514367,\n 37.953525437200824\n ],\n [\n -122.33269069185684,\n 37.98927874454223\n ],\n [\n -122.29211086934697,\n 37.994922411719855\n ],\n [\n -122.22527351462432,\n 38.047575697411844\n ],\n [\n -122.24675695007099,\n 38.14525996186228\n ],\n [\n -122.26346628875157,\n 38.167783938211386\n ],\n [\n -122.25391809521969,\n 38.287794272783174\n ],\n [\n -122.28017562743217,\n 38.30840110366958\n ],\n [\n -122.3589482240693,\n 38.233439123636714\n ],\n [\n -122.44249491747252,\n 38.14525996186228\n ],\n [\n -122.53081570764152,\n 38.133995364984685\n ],\n [\n -122.5594602882369,\n 38.01749273814326\n ],\n [\n -122.53797685279024,\n 37.84427609263325\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f579e4b0c8380cd4c23a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hager, S.W.","contributorId":51746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harmon, D.D.","contributorId":78749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013416,"text":"70013416 - 1984 - Seismic reflection studies of sinkholes and limestone dissolution features on the northeastern Florida shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T10:42:44","indexId":"70013416","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Seismic reflection studies of sinkholes and limestone dissolution features on the northeastern Florida shelf","docAbstract":"High-resolution seismic-reflection profiles show that the shelf off northern Florida is underlain by solution deformed limestone of Oligocene, Eocene, Paleocene and late Cretaceous age. Dissolution and collapse features are widely scattered. They are expressed in three general forms: as sinkholes that presently breach the sea floor, such as Red Snapper Sink and the Crescent Beach submarine spring; as sinkholes that have breached the seafloor in the past but are now filled with shelf sands; and as dissolution collapse structures that originate deep within the section and have caused buckling and folding of overlying Eocene, Oligocene, and to a lesser extent, Neogene strata. Although deformation caused by solution and collapse can be shown to be a continuous process, the major episode of karstification occurred in the late Oligocene and early Miocene when the shelf was exposed to subaerial conditions.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sinkholes: Their geology, engineering, and environmental impact ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Sinkholes: Their Geology, Engineering and Environmental Impact, Proceedings of the First Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes.","conferenceDate":"October 15-17, 1984","conferenceLocation":"Orlando, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Balkema","isbn":"9061915708","usgsCitation":"Popenoe, P., Kohout, F.A., and Manheim, F., 1984, Seismic reflection studies of sinkholes and limestone dissolution features on the northeastern Florida shelf, in Sinkholes: Their geology, engineering, and environmental impact , Orlando, FL, USA, October 15-17, 1984, p. 43-57.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"57","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf29e4b0c8380cd87408","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Beck Barry F.","contributorId":128454,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Beck Barry F.","id":536270,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Popenoe, Peter","contributorId":62206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Popenoe","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":366025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kohout, F. A.","contributorId":11593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohout","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1003156,"text":"1003156 - 1984 - Observations on burrowing rates and comments on host specificity in the endangered mussel Lampsilis higginsi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-15T11:55:36.159303","indexId":"1003156","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations on burrowing rates and comments on host specificity in the endangered mussel Lampsilis higginsi","docAbstract":"In preliminary laboratory studies, the endangered mussel Lampsitis higginsi was unable to burrow into rocky substrates, but did burrow into substrates comprised of silt, clay, sand, and/or pebble-gravel. Burrowing times were shortest in silt and longest in pebble-gravel. As judged by longevity of glochidial infection, walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and largemouth bass (Micropterus satrnoides) may be suitable hosts for the parasitic stage. When glochidia were placed in water without host fish, half had died after 48 hours, and all had died after 72 hours.
Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd data for mare basalts combined with Rb-Sr and total REE data taken from the literature suggest that the mare basalts were derived by small (≤10%) degrees of partial melting of cumulate sources, but that the magma ocean from which these sources formed was light REE and Hf-enriched. Calculated source compositions range from lherzolite to olivine websterite. Nonmodal melting of small amounts of ilmenite (≤3%) in the sources seems to be required by the Lu/Hf data. A comparison of the Hf and Nd isotopic characteristics between the mare basalts and terrestrial oceanic basalts reveals that the εHf/εNd ratios in low-Ti mare basalts are much higher than in terrestrial oceanic basalts. The results are qualitatively consistent with the hypothesis that terrestrial basalt sources are partial melt residues whereas mare basalt sources are cumulates. Alternatively, the results may imply that the terrestrial mantle has evolved in two (or more) stages of evolution, and that the net effect was depletion of the mantle during the first ∼1–3 b.y. followed by enrichment during the last 1–2 b.y.; or simply that there is a difference in Lu-Hf crystal-liquid partitioning (relative to Sm-Nd between the lunar and terrestrial mantles.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iS02p0B459","issn":"00221406","isbn":"0875902332","usgsCitation":"Unruh, D., Stille, P., Patchett, P., and Tatsumoto, M., 1984, Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd evolution in lunar mare basalts: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 89, no. S02, p. B459-B477, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iS02p0B459.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"B459","endPage":"B477","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220464,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"S02","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a7fe4b0c8380cd68dfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Unruh, D.M.","contributorId":8498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stille, P.","contributorId":70113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stille","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Patchett, P. J.","contributorId":55152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patchett","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1001667,"text":"1001667 - 1984 - Observations on the nesting ecology of burrowing owls in central North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-29T13:27:50","indexId":"1001667","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3111,"text":"Prairie Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations on the nesting ecology of burrowing owls in central North Dakota","docAbstract":"Abstract has not been submitted","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prairie Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Konrad, P., and Gilmer, D., 1984, Observations on the nesting ecology of burrowing owls in central North Dakota: Prairie Naturalist, v. 16, no. 3, p. 129-130.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"130","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130347,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db6963f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konrad, P.M.","contributorId":28201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konrad","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilmer, D.S.","contributorId":22270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmer","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013157,"text":"70013157 - 1984 - Periodic jökulhlaups from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula-New evidence from varved sediment in northern Idaho and Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-05T13:41:51","indexId":"70013157","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Periodic jökulhlaups from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula-New evidence from varved sediment in northern Idaho and Washington","docAbstract":"Newly examined exposures in northern Idaho and Washington show that catastrophic floods from glacial Lake Missoula during late Wisconsin time were repeated, brief jökulhlaups separated by decades of quiet glaciolacustrine and subaerial conditions. Glacial Priest Lake, dammed in the Priest River valley by a tongue of the Purcell trench lobe of the Cordilleran ice sheet, generally accumulated varved mud; the varved mud is sharply interrupted by 14 sand beds deposited by upvalley-running currents. The sand beds are texturally and structurally similar to slackwater sediment in valleys in southern Washington that were backflooded by outbursts from glacial Lake Missoula. Beds of varved mud also accumulated in glacial Lake Spokane (or Columbia?) in Latah Creek valley and elsewhere in northeastern Washington; the mud beds were disrupted, in places violently, during emplacement of each of 16 or more thick flood-gravel beds. This history corroborates evidence from southern Washington that only one graded bed is deposited per flood, refuting a conventional idea that many beds accumulated per flood. The total number of such floodlaid beds in stratigraphic succession near Spokane is at least 28. The mud beds between most of the floodlaid beds in these valleys each consist of between 20 and 55 silt-to-clay varves. Lacustrine environments in northern Idaho and Washington therefore persisted for two to six decades between regularly recurring, colossal floods from glacial Lake Missoula.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(84)90005-X","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Waitt, R.B., 1984, Periodic jökulhlaups from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula-New evidence from varved sediment in northern Idaho and Washington: Quaternary Research, v. 22, no. 1, p. 46-58, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(84)90005-X.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"58","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219782,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266554,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(84)90005-X"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a769ae4b0c8380cd781f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waitt, Richard B. 0000-0002-6392-5604 waitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6392-5604","contributorId":2343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waitt","given":"Richard","email":"waitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013158,"text":"70013158 - 1984 - Magmatic inclusions in rhyolites, contaminated basalts, and compositional zonation beneath the Coso volcanic field, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T15:10:55","indexId":"70013158","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magmatic inclusions in rhyolites, contaminated basalts, and compositional zonation beneath the Coso volcanic field, California","docAbstract":"Basaltic lava flows and high-silica rhyolite domes form the Pleistocene part of the Coso volcanic field in southeastern California. The distribution of vents maps the areal zonation inferred for the upper parts of the Coso magmatic system. Subalkalic basalts (<50% SiO2) were erupted well away from the rhyolite field at any given time. Compositional variation among these basalts can be ascribed to crystal fractionation. Erupted volumes of these basalts decrease with increasing differentiation. Mafic lavas containing up to 58% SiO2, erupted adjacent to the rhyolite field, formed by mixing of basaltic and silicic magma. Basaltic magma interacted with crustal rocks to form other SiO2-rich mafic lavas erupted near the Sierra Nevada fault zone.
Several rhyolite domes in the Coso volcanic field contain sparse andesitic inclusions (55–61% SiO2). Pillow-like forms, intricate commingling and local diffusive mixing of andesite and rhyolite at contacts, concentric vesicle distribution, and crystal morphologies indicative of undercooling show that inclusions were incorporated in their rhyolitic hosts as blobs of magma. Inclusions were probably dispersed throughout small volumes of rhyolitic magma by convective (mechanical) mixing. Inclusion magma was formed by mixing (hybridization) at the interface between basaltic and rhyolitic magmas that coexisted in vertically zoned igneous systems. Relict phenocrysts and the bulk compositions of inclusions suggest that silicic endmembers were less differentiated than erupted high-silica rhyolite. Changes in inferred endmembers of magma mixtures with time suggest that the steepness of chemical gradients near the silicic/mafic interface in the zoned reservoir may have decreased as the system matured, although a high-silica rhyolitic cap persisted.
The Coso example is an extreme case of large thermal and compositional contrast between inclusion and host magmas; lesser differences between intermediate composition magmas and inclusions lead to undercooling phenomena that suggest smaller ΔT. Vertical compositional zonation in magma chambers has been documented through study of products of voluminous pyroclastic eruptions. Magmatic inclusions in volcanic rocks provide evidence for compositional zonation and mixing processes in igneous systems when only lava is erupted.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01150292","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., and Metz, J., 1984, Magmatic inclusions in rhyolites, contaminated basalts, and compositional zonation beneath the Coso volcanic field, California: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 85, no. 4, p. 346-365, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01150292.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"346","endPage":"365","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":205009,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01150292"},{"id":220127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"85","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b47e4b0c8380cd69411","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":365431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Metz, J.","contributorId":59942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012706,"text":"70012706 - 1984 - RESEARCH FOR THE USGS DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHY PROGRAM.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:02","indexId":"70012706","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"RESEARCH FOR THE USGS DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHY PROGRAM.","docAbstract":"The U. S. Geological Survey National Mapping Division (NMD) has been conducting research and development in digital cartography since the early seventies. Since 1977 there has been an acceleration of activities associated with establishing a National Digital Cartographic Data Base (NDCDB). The NMD Office of Research is primarily responsible for fundamental and applied research together with systems development and technical standards to support the digital cartographic program. Three phases of development have been defined - the current system, an optimum system that can be built with current technology, and a future system that could be defined after some basic research is completed. Some of the current projects related to automated data capture, editing, coding, and structuring are described together with a perspective on future directions. The overall rationale is to develop a very large integrated system that will support a NDCDB and lead toward operational geographic information systems.","conferenceTitle":"Technical Papers - 1984 ACSM-ASP Fall Convention.","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"American Soc of Photogrammetry and American Congress on Surveying & Mapping","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA, USA","isbn":"0937294594","usgsCitation":"McEwen, R.B., and Starr, L.E., 1984, RESEARCH FOR THE USGS DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHY PROGRAM., Technical Papers - 1984 ACSM-ASP Fall Convention., San Antonio, TX, USA, p. 325-333.","startPage":"325","endPage":"333","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a935de4b0c8380cd80d7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McEwen, Robert B.","contributorId":24335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Starr, Lowell E.","contributorId":15348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starr","given":"Lowell","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013983,"text":"70013983 - 1984 - Sources of nitrate in ground water in a sewered housing development, Central Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-21T11:13:12.792604","indexId":"70013983","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of nitrate in ground water in a sewered housing development, Central Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"Nitrate concentrations in ground water on Long Island, New York, have increased markedly in the last 30 years. A significant amount of this increase has been attributed to lawn and garden fertilizers in addition to cesspool and septic-tank discharges. The increase in nitrate concentration is of particular concern in the central and eastern part of the island, where ground water is the sole source of drinking water.
Ground-water samples were collected from 14 wells screened near the water table in the sewered Twelve Pines housing development constructed in Medford, Suffolk County, in 1970. Samples were collected during 1972–79 and analyzed for total ammonium, organic nitrogen, and nitrate.
Statistical analyses indicate that concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen in water from 10 of the wells increased significantly during 1972–79; those in water from the other four wells did not.
Nitrogen loads were estimated to be 2,300 kg/yr from fertilizers, less than 80 kg/yr from irrigation water, 200 kg/yr from animals, and less than 670 kg/yr from precipitation. Leakage from sewers was considered negligible.
Nitrate-nitrogen isotope ratios also suggest that the greatest source of nitrogen is from cultivation sources (either mineralized soil nitrogen or fertilizers) rather than human or animal wastes.
Simulated precipitation samples containing 16 metal ions were prepared at 4 pH values. Absorptive characteristics of polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyester/polyolefin sacks were evaluated at pH 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0. Simulated precipitation was in contact with the sacks for 17 days, and subsamples were removed for chemical analysis at 3, 7, 10, 14, and 17 days after initial contact. All three types of plastic sacks absorbed Fe throughout the entire pH range. Polypropylene and polyethylene absorbed Pb throughout the entire pH range; polyester/polyolefin sacks absorbed Pb at pH 4.0 or greater. All plastic sacks also absorbed Cu, Mo, and V at pH 4.5 and 5.0. Leaching the plastic sacks with 0.7 percent HNO3 did not result in 100 percent recovery of Cu, Fe, Pb, and V. These sacks would be suitable collection vessels for Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr and Zn in precipitation through the pH range of 3.5 to 5.0.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10934528409375182","issn":"03601226","usgsCitation":"Good, A., and Schroder, L., 1984, Evaluation of metal ion absorptive characteristics of three types of plastic sample bags used for pecipitation sampling: Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Environmental Science and Engineering, v. 19, no. 5, p. 631-640, https://doi.org/10.1080/10934528409375182.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"631","endPage":"640","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225931,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c96e4b0c8380cd52bef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Good, A.B.","contributorId":106654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Good","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schroder, L.J.","contributorId":31767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroder","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":367408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013980,"text":"70013980 - 1984 - Relationship between quantity and quality of storm runoff and various watershed characteristics in Minnesota, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T11:34:51","indexId":"70013980","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Relationship between quantity and quality of storm runoff and various watershed characteristics in Minnesota, USA","docAbstract":"Watersheds are rural areas undergoing urbanization with current urban land use comprising 4 to 58 percent of the watershed area. The quantity and quality of storm runoff in the watersheds was tested for correlations (significance level of 0. 05) with various land-surface features and landuse characteristics. Quantity of storm runoff is not related to any single characteristic but is likely influenced by several watershed characteristics although this could not be substantiated statistically. Quality of runoff was determined by calculating the flow-weighted mean annual concentrations of four constituents - total suspended solids, total phosphorus, dissolved NO//2 plus NO//3 nitrogen, and total ammonia plus organic nitrogen.
","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Urban Storm Drainage. Volume 4: Supplements","conferenceDate":"June 4-8, 1984","conferenceLocation":"Goteborg, Swed","language":"English","publisher":"Chalmers Univ of Technology","publisherLocation":"Goteborg, Swed","isbn":"9170321280","usgsCitation":"Brown, R.G., 1984, Relationship between quantity and quality of storm runoff and various watershed characteristics in Minnesota, USA, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Urban Storm Drainage. Volume 4: Supplements, Goteborg, Swed, June 4-8, 1984, p. 791-799.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"791","endPage":"799","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-92.204691,46.704041],[-92.205192,46.698341],[-92.183091,46.695241],[-92.176091,46.686341],[-92.204092,46.666941],[-92.201592,46.656641],[-92.207092,46.651941],[-92.242493,46.649241],[-92.256592,46.658741],[-92.270592,46.650741],[-92.274392,46.657441],[-92.286192,46.660342],[-92.287392,46.667342],[-92.291292,46.668142],[-92.292192,46.663308],[-92.294033,46.074377],[-92.332912,46.062697],[-92.35176,46.015685],[-92.372717,46.014198],[-92.410649,46.027259],[-92.428555,46.024241],[-92.442259,46.016177],[-92.453373,45.992913],[-92.464512,45.985038],[-92.461138,45.980216],[-92.469354,45.973811],[-92.527052,45.983245],[-92.548459,45.969056],[-92.551186,45.95224],[-92.60246,45.940815],[-92.614314,45.934529],[-92.638824,45.934166],[-92.638474,45.925971],[-92.659549,45.922937],[-92.676167,45.912072],[-92.675737,45.907478],[-92.707702,45.894901],[-92.734039,45.868108],[-92.739278,45.84758],[-92.765146,45.830183],[-92.757815,45.806574],[-92.776496,45.790014],[-92.784621,45.764196],[-92.809837,45.744172],[-92.869193,45.717568],[-92.870025,45.697272],[-92.875488,45.689014],[-92.887929,45.639006],[-92.882529,45.610216],[-92.886442,45.598679],[-92.883749,45.575483],[-92.871082,45.567581],[-92.823309,45.560934],[-92.770223,45.566939],[-92.726082,45.541112],[-92.726677,45.514462],[-92.702224,45.493046],[-92.680234,45.464344],[-92.653549,45.455346],[-92.646602,45.441635],[-92.650422,45.398507],[-92.664102,45.393309],[-92.676961,45.380137],[-92.678223,45.373604],[-92.70272,45.358472],[-92.698967,45.336374],[-92.709968,45.321302],[-92.737122,45.300459],[-92.761013,45.289028],[-92.760615,45.278827],[-92.751659,45.26591],[-92.760249,45.2496],[-92.751708,45.218666],[-92.763908,45.204866],[-92.767408,45.190166],[-92.764872,45.182812],[-92.752404,45.173916],[-92.757707,45.155466],[-92.739584,45.115598],[-92.744938,45.108309],[-92.791528,45.079647],[-92.803079,45.060978],[-92.793282,45.047178],[-92.770362,45.033803],[-92.76206,45.02432],[-92.771231,45.001378],[-92.769445,44.97215],[-92.754603,44.955767],[-92.750645,44.937299],[-92.758701,44.908979],[-92.774571,44.898084],[-92.773946,44.889997],[-92.764133,44.875905],[-92.769102,44.862167],[-92.765278,44.837186],[-92.78043,44.812589],[-92.785206,44.792303],[-92.805287,44.768361],[-92.807988,44.75147],[-92.787906,44.737432],[-92.737259,44.717155],[-92.700948,44.693751],[-92.660988,44.660884],[-92.632105,44.649027],[-92.619779,44.634195],[-92.621456,44.615017],[-92.601516,44.612052],[-92.586216,44.600088],[-92.569434,44.603539],[-92.549777,44.58113],[-92.549957,44.568988],[-92.540551,44.567258],[-92.518358,44.575183],[-92.493808,44.566063],[-92.481001,44.568276],[-92.455105,44.561886],[-92.433256,44.5655],[-92.399281,44.558292],[-92.361518,44.558935],[-92.336114,44.554004],[-92.314071,44.538014],[-92.302466,44.516487],[-92.302215,44.500298],[-92.291005,44.485464],[-92.232472,44.445434],[-92.195378,44.433792],[-92.124513,44.422115],[-92.111085,44.413948],[-92.078605,44.404869],[-92.056486,44.402729],[-92.038147,44.388731],[-91.970266,44.365842],[-91.941311,44.340978],[-91.92559,44.333548],[-91.918625,44.322671],[-91.913534,44.311392],[-91.924613,44.291815],[-91.896388,44.27469],[-91.896008,44.262871],[-91.88704,44.251772],[-91.892698,44.231105],[-91.877429,44.212921],[-91.872369,44.199167],[-91.829167,44.17835],[-91.808064,44.159262],[-91.751747,44.134786],[-91.721552,44.130342],[-91.710597,44.12048],[-91.708207,44.105186],[-91.69531,44.09857],[-91.68153,44.0974],[-91.667006,44.086964],[-91.647873,44.064109],[-91.638115,44.063285],[-91.610487,44.04931],[-91.59207,44.031372],[-91.507121,44.01898],[-91.48087,44.008145],[-91.463515,44.009041],[-91.432522,43.996827],[-91.407395,43.965148],[-91.385785,43.954239],[-91.366642,43.937463],[-91.357426,43.917231],[-91.347741,43.911964],[-91.338141,43.897664],[-91.320605,43.888491],[-91.310991,43.867381],[-91.284138,43.847065],[-91.262436,43.792166],[-91.244135,43.774667],[-91.255431,43.744876],[-91.255932,43.729849],[-91.268455,43.709824],[-91.273252,43.666623],[-91.271749,43.654929],[-91.262397,43.64176],[-91.268748,43.615348],[-91.232707,43.583533],[-91.232812,43.564842],[-91.243214,43.550722],[-91.243183,43.540309],[-91.232941,43.523967],[-91.218292,43.514434],[-91.217706,43.50055],[-96.453049,43.500415],[-96.453067,45.298115],[-96.489065,45.357071],[-96.521787,45.375645],[-96.562142,45.38609],[-96.617726,45.408092],[-96.680454,45.410499],[-96.692541,45.417338],[-96.731396,45.45702],[-96.76528,45.521414],[-96.857751,45.605962],[-96.844211,45.639583],[-96.835769,45.649648],[-96.760866,45.687518],[-96.745086,45.701576],[-96.662595,45.738682],[-96.641941,45.759871],[-96.627778,45.786239],[-96.583085,45.820024],[-96.574517,45.843098],[-96.561334,45.945655],[-96.57035,45.963595],[-96.57794,46.026874],[-96.559271,46.058272],[-96.554507,46.083978],[-96.557952,46.102442],[-96.56692,46.11475],[-96.563043,46.119512],[-96.571439,46.12572],[-96.56926,46.133686],[-96.579453,46.147601],[-96.577952,46.165843],[-96.587408,46.178164],[-96.584372,46.204155],[-96.59755,46.227733],[-96.598645,46.241626],[-96.590942,46.250183],[-96.59887,46.26069],[-96.595014,46.275135],[-96.60136,46.30413],[-96.599761,46.330386],[-96.619991,46.340135],[-96.618147,46.344295],[-96.629211,46.352654],[-96.644335,46.351908],[-96.646341,46.360982],[-96.655206,46.365964],[-96.658436,46.373391],[-96.666028,46.374566],[-96.669132,46.390037],[-96.680687,46.407383],[-96.688082,46.40788],[-96.701358,46.420584],[-96.703078,46.429467],[-96.718074,46.438255],[-96.715557,46.463232],[-96.73627,46.48138],[-96.737798,46.489785],[-96.733612,46.497224],[-96.737702,46.50077],[-96.738475,46.525793],[-96.744341,46.533006],[-96.743003,46.54294],[-96.74883,46.558127],[-96.744436,46.56596],[-96.746442,46.574078],[-96.772446,46.600129],[-96.774094,46.613288],[-96.78995,46.631531],[-96.790663,46.649112],[-96.798823,46.658071],[-96.792958,46.677427],[-96.784339,46.685054],[-96.790906,46.70297],[-96.779252,46.727429],[-96.784279,46.732993],[-96.781216,46.740944],[-96.787466,46.756753],[-96.784314,46.766973],[-96.796195,46.789881],[-96.795756,46.807795],[-96.801446,46.810401],[-96.80016,46.819664],[-96.787657,46.827817],[-96.789663,46.832306],[-96.779347,46.843672],[-96.781358,46.879363],[-96.768458,46.879563],[-96.767358,46.883663],[-96.773558,46.884763],[-96.776558,46.895663],[-96.759241,46.918223],[-96.761757,46.934663],[-96.78312,46.925482],[-96.79038,46.929398],[-96.791558,46.944464],[-96.797734,46.9464],[-96.798737,46.962399],[-96.821852,46.969372],[-96.82318,46.999965],[-96.834221,47.006671],[-96.829499,47.021537],[-96.818557,47.02778],[-96.821422,47.032842],[-96.819321,47.0529],[-96.824479,47.059682],[-96.818175,47.104193],[-96.827344,47.120144],[-96.824807,47.124968],[-96.831547,47.142017],[-96.822377,47.162744],[-96.829637,47.17497],[-96.826962,47.182802],[-96.838806,47.197894],[-96.832789,47.203911],[-96.838806,47.22502],[-96.832946,47.237588],[-96.83766,47.240876],[-96.835368,47.250428],[-96.841672,47.258164],[-96.838997,47.267716],[-96.842531,47.269531],[-96.844088,47.289981],[-96.832884,47.30449],[-96.841958,47.316907],[-96.835845,47.321014],[-96.835845,47.335914],[-96.852417,47.366241],[-96.848907,47.370565],[-96.852676,47.374973],[-96.846925,47.376891],[-96.840621,47.389881],[-96.845492,47.394179],[-96.844919,47.399815],[-96.863593,47.418775],[-96.85748,47.440457],[-96.859868,47.470926],[-96.85471,47.478281],[-96.85853,47.489934],[-96.851653,47.497098],[-96.851367,47.509037],[-96.866363,47.524893],[-96.85471,47.535973],[-96.859153,47.566355],[-96.853689,47.570381],[-96.856373,47.575749],[-96.851293,47.589264],[-96.856903,47.602329],[-96.855421,47.60875],[-96.873671,47.613654],[-96.871005,47.616832],[-96.879496,47.620576],[-96.882393,47.633489],[-96.888573,47.63845],[-96.882376,47.649025],[-96.88697,47.653049],[-96.887126,47.666369],[-96.895271,47.67357],[-96.899352,47.689473],[-96.908928,47.688722],[-96.907266,47.693976],[-96.920119,47.710383],[-96.923544,47.718201],[-96.919471,47.722515],[-96.932809,47.737139],[-96.928505,47.748037],[-96.934173,47.752412],[-96.939179,47.768397],[-96.9644,47.782995],[-96.957283,47.790147],[-96.966068,47.797297],[-96.975131,47.798326],[-96.980579,47.805614],[-96.979327,47.824533],[-96.986685,47.837639],[-96.998295,47.841724],[-96.998144,47.858882],[-97.005557,47.863977],[-97.002456,47.868677],[-97.023156,47.874978],[-97.019355,47.880278],[-97.024955,47.886878],[-97.019155,47.889778],[-97.024955,47.894978],[-97.020155,47.900478],[-97.024955,47.908178],[-97.017254,47.905678],[-97.015354,47.910278],[-97.023754,47.915878],[-97.018054,47.918078],[-97.035754,47.930179],[-97.036054,47.939379],[-97.054554,47.946279],[-97.052454,47.957179],[-97.061454,47.96358],[-97.053553,47.991612],[-97.064289,47.998508],[-97.066762,48.009558],[-97.063012,48.013179],[-97.072239,48.019107],[-97.068987,48.026267],[-97.072257,48.048068],[-97.097772,48.07108],[-97.103052,48.071669],[-97.099431,48.082106],[-97.105226,48.09044],[-97.104872,48.097851],[-97.109535,48.104723],[-97.123205,48.106648],[-97.120702,48.114987],[-97.131956,48.139563],[-97.141401,48.14359],[-97.138911,48.157793],[-97.146745,48.168556],[-97.141474,48.179099],[-97.146233,48.186054],[-97.134372,48.210434],[-97.136304,48.228984],[-97.141254,48.234668],[-97.135763,48.237596],[-97.138765,48.244991],[-97.127276,48.253323],[-97.131846,48.267589],[-97.11657,48.279661],[-97.12216,48.290056],[-97.128862,48.292882],[-97.122072,48.300865],[-97.132443,48.315489],[-97.127601,48.323319],[-97.134854,48.331314],[-97.131145,48.339722],[-97.147748,48.359905],[-97.140106,48.380479],[-97.145592,48.394195],[-97.135012,48.406735],[-97.142849,48.419471],[-97.1356,48.424369],[-97.139173,48.430528],[-97.134229,48.439797],[-97.137689,48.447583],[-97.132746,48.459942],[-97.144116,48.469212],[-97.141397,48.476256],[-97.144981,48.481571],[-97.140291,48.484722],[-97.138864,48.494362],[-97.148133,48.503384],[-97.153076,48.524148],[-97.150481,48.536877],[-97.163105,48.543855],[-97.160863,48.549236],[-97.152459,48.552326],[-97.158638,48.564067],[-97.149616,48.569876],[-97.14974,48.579516],[-97.142915,48.583733],[-97.143684,48.597066],[-97.137504,48.612268],[-97.132931,48.61338],[-97.130089,48.621166],[-97.125639,48.620919],[-97.125269,48.629694],[-97.108466,48.632658],[-97.111921,48.642918],[-97.100551,48.658614],[-97.102652,48.664793],[-97.097708,48.68395],[-97.118286,48.700573],[-97.116185,48.709348],[-97.136083,48.727763],[-97.139488,48.746611],[-97.151289,48.757428],[-97.147478,48.763698],[-97.154854,48.774515],[-97.157093,48.790024],[-97.163535,48.79507],[-97.165624,48.809627],[-97.180028,48.81845],[-97.177747,48.824815],[-97.181116,48.832741],[-97.173811,48.838309],[-97.175618,48.853105],[-97.187362,48.867598],[-97.185738,48.87222],[-97.197982,48.880341],[-97.197982,48.898332],[-97.210541,48.90439],[-97.211161,48.916649],[-97.217992,48.919735],[-97.218666,48.931781],[-97.224505,48.9341],[-97.232147,48.948955],[-97.230859,48.960891],[-97.239209,48.968684],[-97.237297,48.985696],[-97.230833,48.991303],[-97.229039,49.000687],[-95.153711,48.998903],[-95.15335,49.383079],[-95.126467,49.369439],[-95.058404,49.35317],[-95.014415,49.356405],[-94.988908,49.368897],[-94.957465,49.370186],[-94.854245,49.324154],[-94.816222,49.320987],[-94.824291,49.308834],[-94.82516,49.294283],[-94.797244,49.214284],[-94.797527,49.197791],[-94.773223,49.120733],[-94.750221,49.099763],[-94.750218,48.999992],[-94.718932,48.999991],[-94.683069,48.883929],[-94.684217,48.872399],[-94.692527,48.86895],[-94.693044,48.853392],[-94.685681,48.840119],[-94.701968,48.831778],[-94.704284,48.824284],[-94.694974,48.809206],[-94.694312,48.789352],[-94.690889,48.778066],[-94.651765,48.755913],[-94.645164,48.749975],[-94.645083,48.744143],[-94.61901,48.737374],[-94.58715,48.717599],[-94.549069,48.714653],[-94.533057,48.701262],[-94.452332,48.692444],[-94.438701,48.694889],[-94.416191,48.710948],[-94.384221,48.711806],[-94.342758,48.703382],[-94.308446,48.710239],[-94.290737,48.707747],[-94.260541,48.696381],[-94.251169,48.683514],[-94.254643,48.663888],[-94.250497,48.656654],[-94.224276,48.649527],[-94.091244,48.643669],[-94.065775,48.646104],[-94.035616,48.641018],[-94.006933,48.643193],[-93.944221,48.632294],[-93.91153,48.634673],[-93.840754,48.628548],[-93.824144,48.610724],[-93.806763,48.577616],[-93.811201,48.542385],[-93.818253,48.530046],[-93.794454,48.516021],[-93.656652,48.515731],[-93.643091,48.518294],[-93.628865,48.53121],[-93.612844,48.521876],[-93.60587,48.522472],[-93.594379,48.528793],[-93.547191,48.528684],[-93.467504,48.545664],[-93.460798,48.550552],[-93.456675,48.561834],[-93.465199,48.590659],[-93.438494,48.59338],[-93.405269,48.609344],[-93.395022,48.603303],[-93.371156,48.605085],[-93.362132,48.613832],[-93.35324,48.613378],[-93.349095,48.624935],[-93.254854,48.642784],[-93.207398,48.642474],[-93.178095,48.623339],[-93.088438,48.627597],[-92.984963,48.623731],[-92.954876,48.631493],[-92.95012,48.630419],[-92.949839,48.608269],[-92.929614,48.606874],[-92.909947,48.596313],[-92.894687,48.594915],[-92.728046,48.53929],[-92.657881,48.546263],[-92.634931,48.542873],[-92.625739,48.518189],[-92.631117,48.508252],[-92.627237,48.503383],[-92.636696,48.499428],[-92.654039,48.501635],[-92.661418,48.496557],[-92.698824,48.494892],[-92.712562,48.463013],[-92.687998,48.443889],[-92.656027,48.436709],[-92.507285,48.447875],[-92.475585,48.418793],[-92.456325,48.414204],[-92.456389,48.401134],[-92.47675,48.37176],[-92.469948,48.351836],[-92.437825,48.309839],[-92.416285,48.295463],[-92.369174,48.220268],[-92.336831,48.235383],[-92.269742,48.248241],[-92.273706,48.256747],[-92.294541,48.27156],[-92.292999,48.276404],[-92.301451,48.288608],[-92.294527,48.306454],[-92.306309,48.316442],[-92.304561,48.322977],[-92.295412,48.323957],[-92.288994,48.342991],[-92.26228,48.354933],[-92.222813,48.349203],[-92.216983,48.345114],[-92.206803,48.345596],[-92.203684,48.352063],[-92.178418,48.351881],[-92.177354,48.357228],[-92.145049,48.365651],[-92.143583,48.356121],[-92.083513,48.353865],[-92.077961,48.358253],[-92.055228,48.359213],[-92.045734,48.347901],[-92.046562,48.33474],[-92.037721,48.333183],[-92.030872,48.325824],[-92.000133,48.321355],[-92.01298,48.297391],[-92.006577,48.265421],[-91.989545,48.260214],[-91.976903,48.244626],[-91.971056,48.247667],[-91.971779,48.252977],[-91.954432,48.251678],[-91.952209,48.244394],[-91.957683,48.242683],[-91.957798,48.232989],[-91.941838,48.230602],[-91.915772,48.238871],[-91.89347,48.237699],[-91.884691,48.227321],[-91.867882,48.219095],[-91.864382,48.207031],[-91.815772,48.211748],[-91.809038,48.206013],[-91.79181,48.202492],[-91.789011,48.196549],[-91.756637,48.205022],[-91.749075,48.198844],[-91.741932,48.199122],[-91.742313,48.204491],[-91.714931,48.19913],[-91.711611,48.1891],[-91.721413,48.180255],[-91.724584,48.170657],[-91.705318,48.170775],[-91.70726,48.153661],[-91.698174,48.141643],[-91.699981,48.13184],[-91.712226,48.116883],[-91.703524,48.113548],[-91.682845,48.122118],[-91.687623,48.111698],[-91.676876,48.107264],[-91.665208,48.107011],[-91.653261,48.114137],[-91.653571,48.109567],[-91.640175,48.096926],[-91.559272,48.108268],[-91.552962,48.103012],[-91.569746,48.093348],[-91.575471,48.066294],[-91.575672,48.048791],[-91.567254,48.043719],[-91.488646,48.068065],[-91.45033,48.068806],[-91.437582,48.049248],[-91.429642,48.048608],[-91.391128,48.057075],[-91.370872,48.06941],[-91.365143,48.066968],[-91.340159,48.073236],[-91.332589,48.069331],[-91.26638,48.078713],[-91.214428,48.10294],[-91.190461,48.124891],[-91.183207,48.122235],[-91.176181,48.125811],[-91.137733,48.14915],[-91.139402,48.154738],[-91.092258,48.173101],[-91.082731,48.180756],[-91.024208,48.190072],[-90.976955,48.219452],[-90.914971,48.230603],[-90.88548,48.245784],[-90.875107,48.237784],[-90.847352,48.244443],[-90.839176,48.239511],[-90.836313,48.176963],[-90.832589,48.173765],[-90.821115,48.184709],[-90.817698,48.179569],[-90.804207,48.177833],[-90.796596,48.159373],[-90.777917,48.163801],[-90.778031,48.148723],[-90.79797,48.136894],[-90.787305,48.134196],[-90.789919,48.129902],[-90.76911,48.116585],[-90.761555,48.100133],[-90.751608,48.090968],[-90.641596,48.103515],[-90.626886,48.111846],[-90.59146,48.117546],[-90.582217,48.123784],[-90.55929,48.121683],[-90.555845,48.117069],[-90.569763,48.106951],[-90.567482,48.101178],[-90.556838,48.096008],[-90.487077,48.099082],[-90.467712,48.108818],[-90.438449,48.098747],[-90.403219,48.105114],[-90.374542,48.090942],[-90.367658,48.094577],[-90.344234,48.094447],[-90.330052,48.102399],[-90.312386,48.1053],[-90.289337,48.098993],[-90.224692,48.108148],[-90.188679,48.107947],[-90.176605,48.112445],[-90.136191,48.112136],[-90.116259,48.104303],[-90.073873,48.101138],[-90.023595,48.084708],[-90.015057,48.067188],[-90.008446,48.068396],[-89.997852,48.057567],[-89.99305,48.028404],[-89.97718,48.023501],[-89.968255,48.014482],[-89.954605,48.011516],[-89.95059,48.015901],[-89.934489,48.015628],[-89.915341,47.994866],[-89.897414,47.987599],[-89.873286,47.985419],[-89.868153,47.989898],[-89.847571,47.992442],[-89.842568,48.001368],[-89.830385,48.000284],[-89.820483,48.014665],[-89.797744,48.014505],[-89.763967,48.022969],[-89.724048,48.018996],[-89.721038,48.017965],[-89.724044,48.013675],[-89.716114,48.016441],[-89.716417,48.010251],[-89.702528,48.006325],[-89.673798,48.01151],[-89.667128,48.007421],[-89.657051,48.009954],[-89.649057,48.003853],[-89.617867,48.010947],[-89.611678,48.017529],[-89.607821,48.006566],[-89.594749,48.004332],[-89.582117,47.996314],[-89.564288,48.00293],[-89.489226,48.014528],[-89.495344,48.002356],[-89.541521,47.992841],[-89.551555,47.987305],[-89.555015,47.974849],[-89.572315,47.967238],[-89.58823,47.9662],[-89.611412,47.980731],[-89.624559,47.983153],[-89.631825,47.980039],[-89.640129,47.96793],[-89.638285,47.954275],[-89.697619,47.941288],[-89.793539,47.891358],[-89.85396,47.873997],[-89.87158,47.874194],[-89.923649,47.862062],[-89.930844,47.857723],[-89.92752,47.850825],[-89.933899,47.84676],[-89.974296,47.830514],[-90.072025,47.811105],[-90.075559,47.803303],[-90.1168,47.79538],[-90.16079,47.792807],[-90.178755,47.786414],[-90.187636,47.77813],[-90.248794,47.772763],[-90.323446,47.753771],[-90.332686,47.746387],[-90.437712,47.731612],[-90.441912,47.726404],[-90.458365,47.7214],[-90.537105,47.703055],[-90.551291,47.690266],[-90.735927,47.624343],[-90.86827,47.5569],[-90.907494,47.532873],[-90.914247,47.522639],[-90.939072,47.514532],[-91.032945,47.458236],[-91.045646,47.456525],[-91.097569,47.413888],[-91.128131,47.399619],[-91.146958,47.381464],[-91.156513,47.378816],[-91.188772,47.340082],[-91.238658,47.304976],[-91.262512,47.27929],[-91.288478,47.26596],[-91.326019,47.238993],[-91.357803,47.206743],[-91.418805,47.172152],[-91.477351,47.125667],[-91.497902,47.122579],[-91.518793,47.108121],[-91.573817,47.089917],[-91.591508,47.068684],[-91.626824,47.049953],[-91.644564,47.026491],[-91.666477,47.014297],[-91.704649,47.005246],[-91.780675,46.945881],[-91.806851,46.933727],[-91.841349,46.925215],[-91.883238,46.905728],[-91.914984,46.883836],[-91.952985,46.867037],[-92.094089,46.787839],[-92.088289,46.773639],[-92.06449,46.745439],[-92.025789,46.710839],[-92.01529,46.706469],[-92.020289,46.704039],[-92.03399,46.708939],[-92.08949,46.74924],[-92.10819,46.74914],[-92.13789,46.73954],[-92.14329,46.73464],[-92.141291,46.72524],[-92.146291,46.71594],[-92.167291,46.719941],[-92.189091,46.717541],[-92.204691,46.704041]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Minnesota\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9342e4b0c8380cd80cf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Rob G.","contributorId":68888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Rob","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013175,"text":"70013175 - 1984 - Bonded-phase extraction column isolation of organic compounds in groundwater at a hazardous waste site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-09T19:30:25","indexId":"70013175","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bonded-phase extraction column isolation of organic compounds in groundwater at a hazardous waste site","docAbstract":"A procedure for isolation of hazardous organic compounds from water for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis Is presented and applied to creosote- and pentachlorophenol-contaminated groundwater resulting from wood-treatment processes. This simple procedure involved passing a 50-100-mL sample through a bonded-phase extraction column, eluting the trapped organic compounds from the column with 2-4 mL of solvent, and evaporating the sample to 100 ??L with a stream of dry nitrogen, after which the sample was ready for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Representative compounds indicative of creosote contamination were used for recovery and precision studies from the cyclohexyl-bonded phase. Recovery of these compounds from n-octyl-, n-octadecyl-, cyclohexyl-, and phenyl-bonded phases was compared. The bonded phase that exhibited the best recovery and least bias toward acidic or basic cmpounds was the n-octadecyl phase. Detailed compound Identification Is given for compounds Isolated from creosote- and pentachlorophenol-contaminated groundwater using the cyclohexyl-bonded phase.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ac00278a052","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Rostad, C., Pereira, W.E., and Ratcliff, S., 1984, Bonded-phase extraction column isolation of organic compounds in groundwater at a hazardous waste site: Analytical Chemistry, v. 56, no. 14, p. 2856-2860, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00278a052.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"2856","endPage":"2860","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269216,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00278a052"}],"volume":"56","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1fbe4b0c8380cd4af38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rostad, C.E.","contributorId":50939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pereira, W. E.","contributorId":46981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pereira","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ratcliff, S.M.","contributorId":39244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliff","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013973,"text":"70013973 - 1984 - The isotope systematics of a juvenile intraplate volcano: Pb, Nd, and Sr isotope ratios of basalts from Loihi Seamount, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-10T21:47:13.566378","indexId":"70013973","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The isotope systematics of a juvenile intraplate volcano: Pb, Nd, and Sr isotope ratios of basalts from Loihi Seamount, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios for a representative suite of 15 basanites, alkali basalts, transitional basalts and tholeiites from Loihi Seamount, Hawaii, display unusually large variations for a single volcano, but lie within known ranges for Hawaiian basalts. Nd isotope ratios in alkali basalts show the largest relative variation (0.51291–0.51305), and include the nearly constant tholeiite value ( ∼ 0.51297). Pb isotope ratios show similarly large ranges for tholeiites and alkali basalts and continue Tatsumoto's [31] “Loa” trend towards higher 206Pb/204Pb ratios, resulting in a substantial overlap with the “Kea” trend. 206Pb/204Pb ratios for Loihi and other volcanoes along the Loa and Kea trends [31] are observed to correlate with the age of the underlying lithosphere suggesting lithosphere involvement in the formation of Hawaiian tholeiites. Loihi lavas display no correlation of Nd, Sr, or Pb isotope ratios with major element compositions or eruptive age, in contrast with observations of some other Hawaiian volcanoes [38]. Isotope data for Loihi, as well as average values for Hawaiian volcanoes, are not adequately explained by previously proposed two-end-member models; new models for the origin and the development of Hawaiian volcanoes must include mixing of at least three geochemically distinct source regions and allow for the involvement of heterogeneous oceanic lithosphere.
The McDermitt volcanic field covers an area of 20,000 km2 in southeastern Oregon and northwestern Nevada and consists of seven large-volume ash flow sheets that vented from 16.1 to 15 Ma ago. The volcanic field is characterized by peralkaline, high-silica rhyolite, and all but one of the sheets are comendites. The ash flow field overlies a 1.5-km-thick section of Miocene Steens volcanic series and Steens Basalt, indicating a minimum age of 16.1 Ma for the Steens Basalt. The Orevada rift, a 200-km-long NNW-striking structure, developed just prior to eruption of the mafic lavas. Each ash flow sheet resulted in the formation of a large collapse caldera along the Orevada rift. The center of the volcanic field is dominated by four overlapping and nested calderas; satellitic to these are three additional calderas. The areas adjacent to the incipient calderas subsided during ash flow eruption. Thickening of the ash flow sheets, monoclinal warping outside the caldera ring fault, and tilting in toward the caldera of blocks bounded by curvilinear faults all indicate regional subsidence prior to caldera collapse. The McDermitt caldera complex is highly mineralized; it contains ore deposits of Hg, Sb, Cs, Li, and U. The peralkaline tuffs have high contents of these elements and were the source rocks from which metals were leached by hydrothermal systems developed during the last stage of caldera-related volcanism.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB10p08616","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Rytuba, J.J., and McKee, E., 1984, Peralkaline ash flow tuffs and calderas of the McDermitt Volcanic Field, southeast Oregon and north central Nevada: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B10, p. 8616-8628, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB10p08616.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"8616","endPage":"8628","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226123,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7662e4b0c8380cd780a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rytuba, J. J.","contributorId":83082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, E.H.","contributorId":20736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013309,"text":"70013309 - 1984 - Ferromanganese crust resources in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T11:03:59","indexId":"70013309","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Ferromanganese crust resources in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans","docAbstract":"Ferromanganese crusts on raised areas of the ocean floor have joined abyssal manganese nodules and hydrothermal sulfides as potential marine resources. Significant volumes of cobalt-rich (about 1% Co) crusts have been identified to date within the US Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the Central Pacific: in the NW Hawaiian Ridge and Seamount region and in the seamounts in the Johnston Island and Palmyra Island regions. Large volumes of lower grade crusts, slabs, and nodules are also present in shallow ( greater than 1000 m) waters on the Blake plateau, off Florida-South Carolina in the Atlantic Ocean. Data on ferromanganese crusts have been increased by recent German and USGS cruises, but are still sparse, and other regions having crust potential are under current investigation. The authors discuss economic potentials for cobalt-rich crusts in the Central Pacific and Western North Atlantic oceans, with special reference to US EEZ areas. Additional research is needed before more quantitative resource estimates can be made.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oceans '84 : Conference record : Industry, government, education - Designs for the future","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Oceans '84 Conference & Exposition, Conference Record: Industry, Government, Education, Designs for the Future.","conferenceDate":"September 10-12, 1984","conferenceLocation":"Washington, DC","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1984.1152203","issn":"01977385","usgsCitation":"Commeau, R., Clark, A., Johnson, C., Manheim, F., Aruscavage, P.J., and Lane, C., 1984, Ferromanganese crust resources in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, in Oceans '84 : Conference record : Industry, government, education - Designs for the future, Washington, DC, September 10-12, 1984, p. 421-430, https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1984.1152203.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"430","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e73e4b0c8380cd5346a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Commeau, R.F.","contributorId":62194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Commeau","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, A.","contributorId":50476,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Chad","contributorId":88678,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Chad","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Aruscavage, P. J.","contributorId":41411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aruscavage","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lane, C.M.","contributorId":97488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70013965,"text":"70013965 - 1984 - Archaeological sedimentology of overbank silt deposits on the floodplain of the Ohio River near Louisville, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-15T16:59:11.604434","indexId":"70013965","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2182,"text":"Journal of Archaeological Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Archaeological sedimentology of overbank silt deposits on the floodplain of the Ohio River near Louisville, Kentucky","docAbstract":"The surface of the floodplain of the Ohio River about 20km southwest of Louisville, Kentucky, is a series of linear ridges and swales that are subparallel to the channel of the river, which here is relatively straight and flows southward. Numerous prehistoric occupational sites are located on these ridges. The sediments that underlie the ridges, which were examined in four archaeological excavations as deep as 8 m, are predominantly sandy silt and silty fine to very fine sand and appear to be mainly the product of overbank deposition from suspended load. Abundant cultural material and occupational sites dating as early as 10,000 years BP are found in the sediments at depths as great as 6·5 m. The fine sediments of the floodplain are underlain by sand and gravel.
The context of the cultural materials and the stratigraphy and morphology of the deposits indicate that the ridged deposits began as linear riverside sand and gravel bars. These were succeeded upward by fine-grained overbank deposits in which the ridged morphology was maintained because the overbank silt and fine sand were deposited as prograding elongate bars at high water. As the floodplain ridge built upward, the sedimentation rate decreased and the sand content of the sediments diminished, and as the river channel occasionally shifted, the ridged deposits were built in successive subparallel sequences.
Two archaeological consequences are implicit in this depositional model of orderly growth of the floodplain. First, available archaeological data from floodplain segments along other parts of the river should confirm the model; and second, the model should make it possible to search the floodplains of the Ohio River for stratified sites of any desired age.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0305-4403(84)90022-0","issn":"03054403","usgsCitation":"Gray, H., 1984, Archaeological sedimentology of overbank silt deposits on the floodplain of the Ohio River near Louisville, Kentucky: Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 11, no. 5, p. 421-432, https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(84)90022-0.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"432","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226056,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed2ee4b0c8380cd49697","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, H.H.","contributorId":35818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013317,"text":"70013317 - 1984 - Uplift and submarine formation of some Melanesian porphyry copper deposits: Stable isotope evidence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-10T21:59:19.772362","indexId":"70013317","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uplift and submarine formation of some Melanesian porphyry copper deposits: Stable isotope evidence","docAbstract":"Hydrogen and oxygen isotope analyses of sericites and kaolinites from four young porphyry copper deposits (Ok Tedi (1.2 Ma) and Yandera (6.5 Ma), Papua New Guinea; Koloula (1.5 Ma), Solomon Islands; and Waisoi (<5 Ma), Fiji) indicate that the fluids from which these minerals precipitated were of mixed magmatic and non-magmatic sources. The non-magmatic component of the fluid from the island arc deposits (Koloula, Waisoi) was ocean water.
For Ok Tedi, the non-magmatic component was a meteoric water with an isotopic composition different from that of the present meteoric water in the region. The isotopic signature of the former meteoric water is consistent with a surface elevation of 200 m a.s.l. or less at the time of mineralization. The deposit was later exposed and supergene kaolinitization commenced at approximately 1200 m a.s.l. Uplift and erosion has continued to the present at which time the elevation of the exposed deposit is 1800 m a.s.l. This rate of uplift is consistent with that known from other geological evidence. If the rate of uplift were approximately constant during the last 1.2 Ma, the age of supergene enrichment can be dated at approximately 0.4 Ma B.P.
Similarly, influx of meteoric water at Yandera occurred when the ground surface above the deposit was at an elevation of approximately 600 m a.s.l. The deposit's present elevation is 1600 m a.s.l. In this case a total uplift of approximately 2.2 km is indicated, with removal of 1.2 km of overburden by erosion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(84)90163-8","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Chivas, A., O’Neil, J.R., and Katchan, G., 1984, Uplift and submarine formation of some Melanesian porphyry copper deposits: Stable isotope evidence: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 68, no. 2, p. 326-334, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(84)90163-8.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"326","endPage":"334","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220476,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd26e4b08c986b328ee9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chivas, A.R.","contributorId":16573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chivas","given":"A.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Katchan, G.","contributorId":101009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katchan","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012831,"text":"70012831 - 1984 - Small-scale features in the Earth's magnetic field observed by Magsat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T16:08:48.526073","indexId":"70012831","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small-scale features in the Earth's magnetic field observed by Magsat","docAbstract":"A spherical harmonic expansion to degree and order 29 is derived using a selected magnetically quiet sample of Magsat data. Global maps representing the contribution due to terms of the expansion above n = 13 at 400 km altitude are compared with previously published residual anomaly maps and shown to be similar, even in polar regions. An expansion with such a high degree and order displays all but the sharpest features seen by the satellite and gives a more consistent picture of the high-order field structure at a constant altitude than do component maps derived independently.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB02p01070","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Cain, J., Schmitz, D., and Muth, L., 1984, Small-scale features in the Earth's magnetic field observed by Magsat: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B2, p. 1070-1076, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB02p01070.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1070","endPage":"1076","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9197e4b08c986b3199ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cain, J.C.","contributorId":68457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmitz, D.R.","contributorId":106641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitz","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muth, L.","contributorId":10035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muth","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}