Chemical data from three different series of diagenetic illite/smectites (I/S), analyzed statistically by two regresion techniques, indicate that the content of fixed-K per illite layer is not constant, but ranges from ∼0.55 per O10(OH)2 for illite layers in randomly interstratified I/S (R=0; > 50% smectite layers) to ∼1.0 per O10(OH)2 for illite layers formed in ordered I/S (R>0; <50% smectite layers). By extrapolation of the experimental data, the following chemical characteristics were obtained for end-member illite derived from the alteration of smectite in bentonite: average fixed-K per illite layer = 0.75 per O10(OH)2; total charge = about −0.8; cation-exchange capacity = 15 meq/100 g; surface area (EGME) = 150 m2/g.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340403","usgsCitation":"Srodon, J., Morgan, D., Eslinger, E., Eberl, D.D., and Karlinger, M., 1986, Chemistry of illite/smectite and end-member illite: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 34, no. 4, p. 368-378, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340403.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"368","endPage":"378","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338820,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1954e4b02ff32c699cd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Srodon, J.","contributorId":67583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Srodon","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, D.J.","contributorId":190184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morgan","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eslinger, E.V.","contributorId":190185,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eslinger","given":"E.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Karlinger, M.R.","contributorId":95039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"M.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70186159,"text":"70186159 - 1986 - Digital image measurement of the area and anatomical structure of tree rings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T10:29:26","indexId":"70186159","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1167,"text":"Canadian Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Digital image measurement of the area and anatomical structure of tree rings","docAbstract":"A microcomputer coupled to a video digitizer was used to develop methods for measuring areas of tree rings and for delineating and measuring microscopic anatomical features. Digitally imaged areas of individual rings of a loblolly pine cross section were within 2.6% of areas measured with a planimeter and were more accurate than areas calculated from radius widths. Various anatomical features were \"mapped\" within digitized images of consecutive rings, individual rings, and highly magnified parts of the rings of green ash. Fibers within various ring zones, including those known to have formed when trees were flooded, were readily differentiated on the basis of image brightness. The image-determined ratio of lumen to wall material within different groups of fibers was considered a measure of structural comparability. These techniques thus provide a rapid, accurate method to study relationships between tree rings and factors affecting their development. Methods could be improved by increasing both spatial and brightness resolution.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/b86-382","usgsCitation":"Yanosky, T.M., and Robinove, C.J., 1986, Digital image measurement of the area and anatomical structure of tree rings: Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 64, no. 12, p. 2896-2902, https://doi.org/10.1139/b86-382.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"2896","endPage":"2902","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338808,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1953e4b02ff32c699ccd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yanosky, Thomas M.","contributorId":40589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yanosky","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinove, Charles J.","contributorId":16983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinove","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185551,"text":"70185551 - 1986 - Transport of chloride ion in a water-unsaturated soil exhibiting anion exclusion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T12:11:34","indexId":"70185551","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of chloride ion in a water-unsaturated soil exhibiting anion exclusion","docAbstract":"Miscible displacement techniques were used to create Cl- concentration profiles in unsaturated laboratory columns of Delhi sand (Typic Xeropsamments), each having a nearly uniform water content. The three steady flow rates used resulted in three different, average water contents. Chloride concentrations near the top of the column were smaller and penetration of Cl- in the column was deeper than expected assuming that Cl- is a noninteracting solute. Such observations indicate the presence of anion exclusion. This interpretation is further substantiated by chloride and tritium breakthrough curves obtained from a saturated column of the same soil. The saturated experiments show that tritium occupies the entire measured pore volume of the column, but that Cl- is restricted to a smaller pore volume. The formulation of the conventional convection-dispersion theory for solute transport in soil which includes anion exclusion resulted in model calculations that fitted the unsaturated Cl- concentration profiles quite well. The dispersion coefficients obtained for the unsaturated profiles increase with water velocity and are lower than those previously reported for comparable water velocities in the same but saturated soil. The dispersivity of the unsaturated soil is also smaller than that reported for the saturated soil. For the experimental conditions used, the effective Cl- exclusion volume was found to be independent of water content and velocity and occupied about ten percent of the unsaturated water content.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050010x","usgsCitation":"James, R.V., and Rubin, J., 1986, Transport of chloride ion in a water-unsaturated soil exhibiting anion exclusion: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 50, no. 5, p. 1142-1149, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050010x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1142","endPage":"1149","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338201,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df18e4b05ec79911d203","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, Ronald V.","contributorId":189753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"James","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, Jacob","contributorId":23918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"Jacob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186158,"text":"70186158 - 1986 - Aqueous geochemistry and diagenesis in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer system, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-19T10:34:09","indexId":"70186158","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5355,"text":"Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aqueous geochemistry and diagenesis in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer system, Idaho","docAbstract":"Water budget and isotopic analyses of water in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer system confirm that most, if not all, of the water is local meteoric in origin. Solute mass-balance arguments suggest that ∼5 × 109 moles of calcite and 2.6 × 109 moles of silica are precipitated annually in the aquifer. Isotopic evaluations of calcite and petrographic observation of silica support the low-temperature origin of these deposits. Approximately 2.8 × 109 moles of chloride, 4.5 × 109 moles of sodium, 1.4 × 109 moles of sulfate, and 2 × 109 moles of magnesium are removed annually from the aquifer framework by solution. Proposed weathering reactions are shown to be consistent with mass balance, carbon isotopes, observed mineralogy, and chemical thermodynamics. Large quantities of sodium, chloride, and sulfate are being removed from the system relative to their abundances in the rock. Sedimentary interbeds, which are estimated to compose <10% of the aquifer volume, may yield as much as 20% of the solutes generated within the aquifer. Weathering rate of the aquifer framework of the eastern Snake River Plain is 14 (Mg/km2)/yr or less than half the average of the North American continent. This contrasts with the rate for the eastern Snake River basin, 34 (Mg/km2)/yr, which is almost identical to the average for the North American continent. Identification and quantification of reactions controlling solute concentrations in ground water in the eastern plain indicate that the aquifer is not an “inert bathtub” that simply stores and transmits water and solutes but is undergoing active diagenesis and is both a source and sink for solutes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<1456:AGADIT>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., and Low, W.H., 1986, Aqueous geochemistry and diagenesis in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer system, Idaho: Bulletin, v. 97, no. 12, p. 1456-1466, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<1456:AGADIT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"1456","endPage":"1466","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338806,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.45507812500001,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -110.830078125,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -110.830078125,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -116.45507812500001,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -116.45507812500001,\n 41.96765920367816\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"97","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1953e4b02ff32c699ccf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":47770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren W.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":687700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Low, Walton H.","contributorId":92672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Low","given":"Walton","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186156,"text":"70186156 - 1986 - Influence of irrigation on salinity and nitrate in a stream-aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-10T00:23:04.002979","indexId":"70186156","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Influence of irrigation on salinity and nitrate in a stream-aquifer system","docAbstract":"Changes in salinity and nitrate concentration in groundwater and surface water in the semiarid Arkansas River valley of southeastern Colorado, USA were related primarily to irrigation practices. Water is applied to fields by flood irrigation through ditches and furrows. Irrigation water is derived in nearly equal amounts from surface water and groundwater pumped from the shallow alluvial aquifer.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conjunctive water use: understanding and managing surfacewater-groundwater interactions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2nd Scientific Assembly of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","conferenceDate":"July 1986","conferenceLocation":"Budapest, Hungary","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., and Person, M., 1986, Influence of irrigation on salinity and nitrate in a stream-aquifer system, in Conjunctive water use: understanding and managing surfacewater-groundwater interactions, v. 156, Budapest, Hungary, July 1986, p. 217-229.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"229","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338782,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"156","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1954e4b02ff32c699cd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Person, M.A.","contributorId":91108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186152,"text":"70186152 - 1986 - Application of the Flory-Huggins theory to the solubility of solids in glyceryl trioleate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T11:13:37","indexId":"70186152","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5353,"text":"Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions I","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of the Flory-Huggins theory to the solubility of solids in glyceryl trioleate","docAbstract":"The conventional thermodynamic deviation for ideal solid–liquid solubilities is modified by substituting the Flory–Huggins model for Raoult's law. A comparison of published data for eleven solides in glyceryl trioleate with the predictions of the conventional and modified equations shows that the significantly higher athermal solubilities from the modified equation are in much better agreement with the experimental data. This suggests that discrepancies between the data and the predictions of the conventional model for ideal systems result from the inappropriate use of Raoult's law for systems with significant solute–solvent size disparity rather than from specific interactions.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha663","usgsCitation":"Freethey, G.W., 1986, Description and generalized distribution of aquifer materials in the alluvial basins of Arizona and adjacent parts of California and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 663, 4 Plates: 43.80 x 32.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha663.","productDescription":"4 Plates: 43.80 x 32.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":188612,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":414571,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16064.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":90414,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/663/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90413,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/663/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90412,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/663/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90411,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/663/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.8,\n 36.158\n ],\n [\n -115.117,\n 36.158\n ],\n [\n -115.117,\n 31.329\n ],\n [\n -107.8,\n 31.329\n ],\n [\n -107.8,\n 36.158\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dd2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freethey, Geoffrey W.","contributorId":25570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freethey","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28149,"text":"wri854068 - 1986 - Effects of urbanization on streamflow, sediment loads, and channel morphology in Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T21:11:33.502893","indexId":"wri854068","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4068","title":"Effects of urbanization on streamflow, sediment loads, and channel morphology in Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"A 5-year, data-collection and modeling study was conducted on Pheasant Branch basin in and near Middleton, Wisconsin. The objectives of the study were to: (1) describe the streamflow characteristics, sediment transport, and stream-channel morphology in the Pheasant Branch basin; and (2) relate the above factors to changes caused by urbanization and project the effect of urbanization on the hydrology and channel morphology of the study area.
\n\n
Streamflow data were collected at five sites for 4 years in the basin to defme present streamflow conditions. Suspended-sediment data also were collected at these sites. In addition, periodic surveys of monumented channel cross sections were made and compared with a survey from an earlier study to document changes in the channel over a period of 10 years.
\nThe suspended-sediment data show a decrease in suspended-sediment load through the fully urbanized reach of the stream in 3 of the 4 years studied. This corresponds with the slight net decrease in cross-section area in this reach for the same period. Possible explanations for the decrease in suspended-sediment loads through this reach include (1) sediment being trapped at the five drop structures and the Park Street erosion-control structure and (2) sediment being deposited in overbank areas throughout the reach. Farther downstream, the suspended-sediment load decreased through the Pheasant Branch marsh during a year of high flow but increased through the marsh in 2 of the 3 years for which complete data are available. The marsh is not acting as a net sediment trap in some years.
\nA rainfall-runoff model was calibrated and verified for the basin upstream from U.S. Highway 12. This model was used to simulate 68 years of summer flood hydrographs for three conditions: Current land use, projected urban development, and complete urban development of all lands in the basin. Analysis of simulated flood flows indicates that projected urban development would double the mean annual flood peaks at U.S. Highway 12. Complete development of the basin would increase the mean annual flood peak by a factor of 2.4.
\nFrom 1971 to 1977, the mean streambed elevation lowered by almost 2 feet, and the mean channel width increased by more than 35 percent in the reach downstream from the fully urbanized part of the basin. In other reaches, the mean streambed elevation lowered by more than a foot. Changes in channel cross sections after 1977 were smaller.
\nIncreases in flood flow would tend to enlarge the channel. An increase in the mean annual flood by a factor of 2. 0 to 2.4 will cause a 40 to 50 percent increase in channel width and a 30 to 40 percent increase in channel depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854068","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin-Extension, Geological and Natural History Survey and the City of Middleton","usgsCitation":"Krug, W., and Goddard, G.L., 1986, Effects of urbanization on streamflow, sediment loads, and channel morphology in Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4068, vi, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854068.","productDescription":"vi, 82 p.","numberOfPages":"94","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415474,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36247.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123391,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4068/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56979,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4068/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","city":"Middleton","otherGeospatial":"Pheasant Branch","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.589,\n 43.049\n ],\n [\n -89.589,\n 43.16\n ],\n [\n -89.469,\n 43.16\n ],\n [\n -89.469,\n 43.049\n ],\n [\n -89.589,\n 43.049\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fd46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krug, W.R.","contributorId":23147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krug","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goddard, G. L.","contributorId":10442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goddard","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44430,"text":"wri864150 - 1986 - Louisiana hydrologic atlas map no. 2: Areal extent of freshwater in major aquifers of Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-17T19:13:21.862353","indexId":"wri864150","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4150","title":"Louisiana hydrologic atlas map no. 2: Areal extent of freshwater in major aquifers of Louisiana","docAbstract":"The areal availability of freshwater (cl content < 250 mg/L) in 14 major aquifers in Louisiana was investigated. The depth of occurrence of fresh groundwater in Louisiana is variable. The aquifers were mapped to show their areal extent from the outcrop or subcrop to the downdip limit of freshwater. Water in each aquifer becomes saline downdip; but in most areas an overlying (younger) aquifer contains freshwater. None of the major aquifer contains freshwater in northern Louisiana where the Vicksburg and Jackson groups crop out and the underlying Cockfield aquifer (Cockfield Formation) contains saline water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864150","usgsCitation":"Smoot, C.W., 1986, Louisiana hydrologic atlas map no. 2: Areal extent of freshwater in major aquifers of Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4150, 1 Plate: 27.00 x 24.97 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864150.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 27.00 x 24.97 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":81732,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4150/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":172362,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415860,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36577.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.046,\n 33.02\n ],\n [\n -94.046,\n 28.917\n ],\n [\n -88.809,\n 28.917\n ],\n [\n -88.809,\n 33.02\n ],\n [\n -94.046,\n 33.02\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63ec54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smoot, Charles W.","contributorId":88398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoot","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44429,"text":"wri864149 - 1986 - Louisiana hydrologic atlas map no. 1: Mean annual runoff in Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-17T19:06:49.566693","indexId":"wri864149","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4149","title":"Louisiana hydrologic atlas map no. 1: Mean annual runoff in Louisiana","docAbstract":"The map shows the mean annual runoff from drainage basins in Louisiana exclusive of those in the coastal zone and the alluvial valleys of the Mississippi, Ouachita, and Red Rivers. The mean annual runoff for the State of Louisiana varies from 0.7 (cu ft/s)/sq mi in the Sabine and Red River basins to >2.0 (cu ft/s)/sq mi in the upper reaches of the Mermentau River. Factors that account for the three-fold variation in runoff across Louisiana include regional differences in rainfall, varying physical characteristics of the land, and differing land use patterns. The mean annual runoff was determined on the basis of continuing measurements of stage and discharge of uncontrolled streams. The periods of record from the 88 stations shown on the map vary from 5 to 25 yr. The 88 stations were grouped into seven categories of runoff. The boundaries for each region generally correspond to drainage boundaries or physiographic boundaries.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864149","usgsCitation":"McWreath, H.C., and Lowe, A.S., 1986, Louisiana hydrologic atlas map no. 1: Mean annual runoff in Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4149, 1 Plate: 27.00 x 24.87 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864149.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 27.00 x 24.87 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172361,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415859,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36576.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":81731,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4149/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.046,\n 33.02\n ],\n [\n -94.0461,\n 30\n ],\n [\n -88.809,\n 30\n ],\n [\n -88.809,\n 33.02\n ],\n [\n -94.046,\n 33.02\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a73e4b07f02db643f04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McWreath, Harry C. III","contributorId":26191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McWreath","given":"Harry","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowe, Alfred S.","contributorId":74820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowe","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26539,"text":"wri864126 - 1986 - Geology of the surficial aquifer system, Dade County, Florida: Lithologic logs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-11T18:59:32.302668","indexId":"wri864126","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4126","title":"Geology of the surficial aquifer system, Dade County, Florida: Lithologic logs","docAbstract":"The geologic framework of the surficial aquifer system in Dade County, Florida, was investigated as part of a longterm study by the USGS in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District, to describe the geology, hydrologic characteristics, and groundwater quality of the surficial aquifer system. Thirty-three test wells were drilled completely through the surficial aquifer system and into the underlying, relatively impermeable units of the Tamiami and Hawthorn Formations. Detailed lithologic logs were made from microscopic examination of rock cuttings and cores obtained from these wells. The logs were used to prepare geologic sections that show the lithologic variations, thickness of the lithologic units, and different geologic formations that comprise the aquifers system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864126","usgsCitation":"Causaras, C., 1986, Geology of the surficial aquifer system, Dade County, Florida: Lithologic logs: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4126, Report: 240 p.; 3 Plates: 41.81 x 34.84 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864126.","productDescription":"Report: 240 p.; 3 Plates: 41.81 x 34.84 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415587,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36566.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55406,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4126/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55405,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4126/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55404,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4126/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55403,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4126/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121933,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4126/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Dade County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.87,\n 25.922\n ],\n [\n -80.87,\n 25.25\n ],\n [\n -80.1338,\n 25.25\n ],\n [\n -80.138,\n 25.922\n ],\n [\n -80.87,\n 25.922\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c769","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Causaras, C. R.","contributorId":66679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Causaras","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38487,"text":"pp1403B - 1986 - Hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and in parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T16:59:22.807123","indexId":"pp1403B","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1403","chapter":"B","title":"Hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and in parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina","docAbstract":"The Floridan aquifer system of the Southeastern United States is comprised of a thick sequence of carbonate rocks that are mostly of Paleocene to early Miocene age and that are hydraulically connected in varying degrees. The aquifer system consists of a single vertically continuous permeable unit updip and of two major permeable zones (the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers) separated by one of seven middle confining units downdip. Neither the boundaries of the aquifer system or of its component high- and low-permeability zones necessarily conform to either formation boundaries or time-stratigraphic breaks. The rocks that make up the Floridan aquifer system, its upper and lower confining units, and a surficial aquifer have been separated into several chronostratigraphic units. The external and internal geometry of these stratigraphic units is presented on a series of structure contour and isopach maps and by a series of geohydrologic cross sections and a fence diagram. Paleocene through middle Eocene units consist of an updip clastic facies and a downdip carbonate bank facies, that extends progressively farther north and east in progressively younger units. Upper Eocene and Oligocene strata are predominantly carbonate rocks throughout the study area. Miocene and younger strata are mostly clastic rocks. Subsurface data show that some modifications in current stratigraphic nomenclature are necessary. First, the middle Eocene Lake City Limestone cannot be distinguished lithologically or faunally from the overlying middle Eocene Avon Park 'Limestone.' Accordingly, it is proposed that the term Lake City be abandoned and the term Avon Park Formation be applied to the entire middle Eocene carbonate section of peninsular Florida and southeastern Georgia. A reference well section in Levy County, Fla., is proposed for the expanded Avon Park Formation. The Avon Park is called a 'formation' more properly than a 'limestone' because the unit contains rock types other than limestone. Second, like the Avon Park, the lower Eocene Oldsmar and Paleocene Cedar Keys 'Limestones' of peninsular Florida practically everywhere contain rock types other than limestone. It is therefore proposed that these units be referred to more accurately as Oldsmar Formation and Cedar Keys Formation. The uppermost hydrologic unit in the study area is a surficial aquifer that can be divided into (1) a fluvial sand-and-gravel aquifer in southwestern Alabama and westernmost panhandle Florida, (2) limestone and sandy limestone of the Biscayne aquifer in southeastern peninsular Florida, and (3) a thin blanket of terrace and fluvial sands elsewhere. The surficial aquifer is underlain by a thick sequence of fine clastic rocks and low-permeability carbonate rocks, most of which are part of the middle Miocene Hawthorn Formation and all of which form the upper confining unit of the Floridan aquifer system. In places, the upper confining unit has been removed by erosion or is breached by sinkholes. Water in the Floridan aquifer system thus occurs under unconfined, semiconfined, or fully confined conditions, depending upon the presence, thickness, and integrity of the upper confining unit. Within the Floridan aquifer system, seven low permeability zones of subregional extent split the aquifer system in most places into an Upper and Lower Floridan aquifer. The Upper Floridan aquifer, which consists of all or parts of rocks of Oligocene age, late Eocene age, and the upper half of rocks of middle Eocene age, is highly permeable. The middle confining units that underlie the Upper Floridan are mostly of middle Eocene age but may be as young as Oligocene or as old as early Eocene. Where no middle confining unit exists, the entire aquifer system is comprised of permeable rocks and for hydrologic discussions is treated as the Upper Floridan aquifer.
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U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
The Rocky Mountain Arsenal near Denver, Colorado, U.S.A., is used as a realistic setting for a hypothetical test of a procedure that plans the hydraulic stabilization and removal of a groundwater contaminant plume. A two-stage planning procedure successfully selects the best wells and their optimal pumping/recharge schedules to contain the plume while a well or system of wells within the plume removes the contaminated water. In stage I, a combined groundwater flow and solute transport model is used to simulate contaminant removal under an assumed velocity field. The result is the approximated plume boundary location as a function of time. In stage II, a linear program, which includes a groundwater flow model as part of the set of constraints, determines the optimal well selection and their optimal pumping/recharge schedules by minimizing total pumping and recharge. The simulation—management model eliminates wells far from the plume perimeter and activates wells near the perimeter as the plume decreases in size. This successfully stablizes the hydraulic gradient during aquifer cleanup.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(85)90091-5","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Fisher, A.D., and Gorelick, S., 1985, Hydraulic gradient control for groundwater contaminant removal: Journal of Hydrology, v. 76, no. 1-2, p. 85-106, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(85)90091-5.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"106","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220025,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Denver","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain Arsenal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.90901282368573,\n 39.87016129063471\n ],\n [\n -104.90901282368573,\n 39.7977960358524\n ],\n [\n -104.78973447071296,\n 39.7977960358524\n ],\n [\n -104.78973447071296,\n 39.87016129063471\n ],\n [\n -104.90901282368573,\n 39.87016129063471\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a32efe4b0c8380cd5ebb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, Atwood D.","contributorId":27605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Atwood","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorelick, S.M.","contributorId":21589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009947,"text":"70009947 - 1985 - Analysis and modeling of Palmer's drought index series-Comment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-15T16:22:56.235975","indexId":"70009947","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis and modeling of Palmer's drought index series-Comment","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(85)90080-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Alley, W., 1985, Analysis and modeling of Palmer's drought index series-Comment: Journal of Hydrology, v. 80, no. 1-2, p. 179-185, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(85)90080-0.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"185","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219196,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eaf7e4b0c8380cd48b20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, W.M.","contributorId":6853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013040,"text":"70013040 - 1985 - Salt-water-freshwater transient upconing - An implicit boundary-element solution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-15T16:18:42.936801","indexId":"70013040","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Salt-water-freshwater transient upconing - An implicit boundary-element solution","docAbstract":"The boundary-element method is used to solve the set of partial differential equations describing the flow of salt water and fresh water separated by a sharp interface in the vertical plane. In order to improve the accuracy and stability of the numerical solution, a new implicit scheme was developed for calculating the motion of the interface. The performance of this scheme was tested by means of numerical simulation. The numerical results are compared to experimental results for a salt-water upconing under a drain problem.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(85)90152-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Kemblowski, M., 1985, Salt-water-freshwater transient upconing - An implicit boundary-element solution: Journal of Hydrology, v. 78, no. 1-2, p. 35-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(85)90152-0.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220065,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab031e4b0c8380cd879a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kemblowski, M.","contributorId":54340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemblowski","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012926,"text":"70012926 - 1985 - Quantitative analysis of saltwater-freshwater relationships in groundwater systems-A historical perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-15T16:27:36.362116","indexId":"70012926","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative analysis of saltwater-freshwater relationships in groundwater systems-A historical perspective","docAbstract":"Although much progress has been made toward the mathematical description of saltwater-freshwater relationships in groundwater systems since the late 19th century, the advective and dispersive mechanisms involved are still incompletely understood. This article documents the major historical advances in this subject and summarizes the major direction of current studies.
From the time of Badon Ghyben and Herzberg, it has been recognized that density is important in mathematically describing saltwater-freshwater systems. Other mechanisms, such as hydrodynamic dispersion, were identified later and are still not fully understood. Quantitative analysis of a saltwater-freshwater system attempts to mathematically describe the physical system and the important mechanisms using reasonable simplifications and assumptions. This paper, in developing the history of quantitative analysis discusses many of these simplifications and assumptions and their effect on describing and understanding the phenomenon.
The amounts and time distribution of groundwater recharge from precipitation over an approximately 19-month period were investigated at two instrumented sites in south-central Kansas. Precipitation and evapotranspiration sequences, soil-moisture profiles and storage changes, water fluxes in the unsaturated zone and hydraulic gradients in the saturated zone at various depths, soil temperatures, water-table hydrographs, and water-level changes in nearby wells clearly depict the recharge process.
Antecedent moisture conditions and the thickness and nature of the unsaturated zone were found to be the major factors affecting recharge. Although the two instrumented sites are located in sand-dune environments in areas characterized by shallow water table and subhumid continental climate, a significant difference was observed in the estimated effective recharge. The estimates ranged from less than 2.5 to approximately 154 mm at the two sites from February to June 1983. The main reasons for this large difference in recharge estimates were the greater thickness of the unsaturated zone and the lower moisture content in that zone resulting from lower precipitation and higher potential evapotranspiration for one of the sites. Effective recharge took place only during late winter and spring. No summer or fall recharge was observed at either site during the observation period of this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(85)90036-8","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Sophocleous, M., and Perry, C.A., 1985, Experimental studies in natural groundwater-recharge dynamics: The analysis of observed recharge events: Journal of Hydrology, v. 81, no. 3-4, p. 297-332, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(85)90036-8.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"332","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222550,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"south-central Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.41785362175386,\n 38.35170885346173\n ],\n [\n -99.41785362175386,\n 36.99849330996328\n ],\n [\n -96.93625239807136,\n 36.99849330996328\n ],\n [\n -96.93625239807136,\n 38.35170885346173\n ],\n [\n -99.41785362175386,\n 38.35170885346173\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ddfe4b0c8380cd53229","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sophocleous, M.","contributorId":13373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, C. A.","contributorId":106149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012677,"text":"70012677 - 1985 - Evaluating the hydraulic effects of changes in aquifer elevation using curvilinear coordinates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-15T16:43:24.796604","indexId":"70012677","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating the hydraulic effects of changes in aquifer elevation using curvilinear coordinates","docAbstract":"The groundwater flow equation is written in curvilinear coordinates whose coordinate surfaces coincide with the top and bottom surfaces of folded layers of aquifers. The coordinates are general enough for these surfaces to coincide for almost all groundwater systems. The terms of the finite-difference approximation for the flow equation can be separated into two groups. One group corresponds to a similar system of horizontal aquifers and the other group corresponds to the folding. The latter group is zero if the vertical gradients of hydraulic head and hydraulic conductivity are zero. Furthermore, it is noted that vertical gradients in head must be modelled for the effects of folding to result. When these vertical gradients and dips are not too large, the effects of folding can be calculated using a perturbation method wherein the flow in folded aquifers is considered to be a perturbation of the flow in similar horizontal aquifers. With the method presented, three-dimensional finite-difference models can be modified to simulate folded aquifer systems. Perturbation solutions are obtained for a class of folded three-aquifer systems. For these systems, with vertical head gradients as great as 0.23, with aquifer hydraulic conductivities differing by two orders of magnitude, and with dips as great as 30??, only small hydraulic changes due to folding were simulated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(85)90034-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Weiss, E., 1985, Evaluating the hydraulic effects of changes in aquifer elevation using curvilinear coordinates: Journal of Hydrology, v. 81, no. 3-4, p. 253-275, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(85)90034-4.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"275","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222370,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bfae4b0c8380cd52995","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiss, E.","contributorId":31117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12119,"text":"ofr85479 - 1985 - Hydrology of area 58, northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain coal provinces, Colorado and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:30","indexId":"ofr85479","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-479","title":"Hydrology of area 58, northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain coal provinces, Colorado and Utah","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr85479","usgsCitation":"Chaney, T., Brooks, T., and Kuhn, G., 1985, Hydrology of area 58, northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain coal provinces, Colorado and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-479, vi, 235 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85479.","productDescription":"vi, 235 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95063,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0479/report.pdf","size":"42716","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0479/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601fba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaney, T.H.","contributorId":82314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaney","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooks, T.D.","contributorId":47373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuhn, Gerhard","contributorId":102080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuhn","given":"Gerhard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":234,"text":"wsp2270 - 1985 - Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10347,"text":"ofr84811 - 1984 - Preliminary modeling of an aquifer thermal-energy storage system","indexId":"ofr84811","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary modeling of an aquifer thermal-energy storage system"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":234,"text":"wsp2270 - 1985 - Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985","indexId":"wsp2270","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":20720,"text":"ofr8466 - 1984 - Low-level radioactive ground-water contamination from a cold scrap recovery operation, Wood River Junction, Rhode Island","indexId":"ofr8466","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Low-level radioactive ground-water contamination from a cold scrap recovery operation, Wood River Junction, Rhode Island"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":234,"text":"wsp2270 - 1985 - Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985","indexId":"wsp2270","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T19:16:56.430592","indexId":"wsp2270","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2270","title":"Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985","docAbstract":"The University of Minnesota, the Minnesota Geological Survey, and the U.S. Geological Survey are studying the feasibility of storing water at a temperature of 150 degrees Celsius in the Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer. The Aquifer Thermal-Energy Storage project has a doublet-well design with a well spacing of approximately 250 meters. One well will be used for cool-water supply, and, the other, for hot-water injection. The U.S. Geological Survey is constructing a model of ground-water flow and thermal-energy transport to aid in determining the efficiency of the Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage system. A preliminary model of radial flow and thermal-energy transport was constructed, based on hydraulic and thermal properties of the Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer determined in previous studies. \r\n\r\nThe model was used to investigate the sensitivity of model results to various hydraulic and thermal properties and to study the potential for buoyancy flow within the aquifer and the effect of various cyclic injection-withdrawal schemes on the relative thermal efficiency of the aquifer. \r\n\r\nSensitivity analysis was performed assuming 8 days of injection of 150-degree-Celsius water at 18.9 liters per second, 8 days of storage, and 8 days of withdrawal of hot water at 18.9 liters per second. The analysis indicates that, for practical ranges of hydraulic and thermal properties, rock-heat capacity is the least important property and thermal dispersivity is the most important property used to compute temperature and aquifer thermal efficiency. \r\n\r\nThe amount of buoyancy flow was examined for several values of hydraulic conductivity and ratios of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivities. For the assumed base values of hydraulic and thermal properties, buoyancy flow was negligible. The greatest simulated buoyancy flow resulted from simulations in which horizontal hydraulic conductivity was increased to 10 times the base value, and the vertical hydraulic conductivity was set equal to the horizontal hydraulic conductivity. \r\n\r\nThe effects of various injection-withdrawal rates and durations on computed values of aquifer relative thermal efficiency and final well-bore temperature were studied for five 1-year hypothetical test cycles of injection and withdrawal. The least efficient scheme was 8 months injection of 150-degree-Celsius water and 4 months of withdrawal of hot water at 18.9 liters per second. The most efficient scheme was obtained with 6 months of injection of 150-degree-Celsius water at 18.9 liters per second and 6 months of withdrawal of hot water at 37.8 liters per second. The hypothetical simulations indicate that the subsequent calibrated model of the doublet-well system will be a valuable tool in determining the most efficient system operation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2270","usgsCitation":"1985, Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2270, v, 119 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2270.","productDescription":"v, 119 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424719,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25565.htm","text":"Low-level radioactive ground-water contamination from a cold-scrap recovery operation, Wood River Junction, Rhode Island","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25565"},{"id":402884,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25453.htm","text":"Three-dimensional simulation of free-surface aquifers by finite-element method","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25453"},{"id":424718,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25517.htm","text":"An electromagnetic method for delineating ground-water contamination, Wood River Junction, Rhode Island","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25517"},{"id":24844,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2270/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":136507,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2270/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47e4e4b07f02db4bb4a5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Subitzky, Seymour","contributorId":99111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Subitzky","given":"Seymour","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":893052,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12108,"text":"ofr85402 - 1985 - Hydrologic data in small watersheds, coal-mining region, west-central Indiana, October 1980 to June 1983, and instrumentation and methods of collecting the data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-27T22:15:06.27971","indexId":"ofr85402","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-402","title":"Hydrologic data in small watersheds, coal-mining region, west-central Indiana, October 1980 to June 1983, and instrumentation and methods of collecting the data","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data were collected in seven watersheds ranging in area from 0.11 to 4.87 square miles. Principal uses of land include farming in two of the watersheds, farming and forestry in one, farming and unreclaimed surface coal mines in one, reclaimed surface coal mines in two, and an unreclaimed surface coal mine in one.
\nMethods and instrumentation used in collecting samples and measuring concentrations and properties of the following types of data are described in the text: streamflow in seven watersheds; ground-water levels in 46 wells in unconsolidated material and 12 wells in bedrock in or near the watersheds; precipitation in seven watersheds; solar radiation, relative humidity, wind speed, and temperature of air and soil at one location; and pH, specific conductance, temperature of water, and concentrations of selected chemical constituents and suspended sediment in two watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr85402","usgsCitation":"Renn, D., Duwelius, R., Keeton, C., and Tyler, J., 1985, Hydrologic data in small watersheds, coal-mining region, west-central Indiana, October 1980 to June 1983, and instrumentation and methods of collecting the data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-402, v, 177 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85402.","productDescription":"v, 177 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388176,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75802.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":145028,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0402/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40140,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0402/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Clay County, Owen County, Sullivan County, Vigo 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