The magnitude and direction of groundwater flux in the bottom sediments of Lake Michigan were deduced from measurements made during three shipboard cruises between 1973 and 1975. These factors affect the geochemical environment of the sediments and therefore the distribution of trace elements reported to be present. The near-shore, sandy-bottom and fine-grained, soft, deep-lake sediments were investigated; areas of hard till or bedrock were not included in the study.
Thirty-three piezometers were placed in near-shore sands in waters 5-15 m deep. The piezometers were placed an average of 3 m into the bottom sediment. Water levels from the piezometers averaged 0.6 cm above the lake level, equivalent to an upward hydraulic gradient of about 0.002 cm/cm. Water samples taken from the piezometers have a distinctly different chemical composition from that of the lake water. The total dissolved mineral content and hardness of the groundwater are about twice those of the lake water.
Twenty-two hydraulic gradient measurements were made in the fine-grained soft deep-lake sediments in waters 48-140 m deep by using a differential-pressure transducer dropped into the sediments. These measurements show an upward gradient averaging 0.2 cm/cm. No chemical data were obtained for the groundwater in the deep-lake sediments.
The results of this study indicate that the groundwater flux is upward through the bottom sediments into Lake Michigan and that there is a chemical change in the water near the water-sediment contact.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(79)90165-3","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Cartwright, K., Hunt, C., Hughes, G., and Brower, R., 1979, Hydraulic potential in Lake Michigan bottom sediments: Journal of Hydrology, v. 43, no. 1-4, p. 67-78, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90165-3.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"78","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222022,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.84127084380928,\n 42.60478003613326\n ],\n [\n -87.84127084380928,\n 42.32699859495696\n ],\n [\n -87.68145821342434,\n 42.32699859495696\n ],\n [\n -87.68145821342434,\n 42.60478003613326\n ],\n [\n -87.84127084380928,\n 42.60478003613326\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a32f9e4b0c8380cd5ec11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cartwright, K.","contributorId":50292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, C.S.","contributorId":84904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hughes, G.M.","contributorId":87289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brower, R.D.","contributorId":75276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brower","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012577,"text":"70012577 - 1979 - Effects of karst and geologic structure on the circulation of water and permeability in carbonate aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T16:45:30.277357","indexId":"70012577","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of karst and geologic structure on the circulation of water and permeability in carbonate aquifers","docAbstract":"The results of the natural processes caused by solution and leaching of limestone, dolomite, gypsum, salt and other soluble rocks, is known as karst. Development of karst is commonly known as karstification, which may have a pronounced effect on the topography, hydrology and environment, especially where such karst features as sinkholes and vertical solution shafts extend below the land surface and intersect lateral solution passages, cavities, caverns and other karst features in carbonate rocks. Karst features may be divided into two groups: (1) surficial features that do not extend far below the surface; and (2) karst features such as sinkholes that extend below the surface and affect the circulation of water below.
The permeability of the most productive carbonate aquifers is due chiefly to enlargement of fractures and other openings by circulation of water. Important controlling factors responsible for the development of karst and permeability in carbonate aquifers include: (1) climate, topography, and presence of soluble rocks; (2) geologic structure; (3) nature of underground circulation; and (4) base level. Another important factor is the condition of the surface of the carbonate rocks at the time they are exposed to meteoric water. A carbonate rock surface, with soil or relatively permeable, less soluble cover, is more favorable for initiation of karstification and solution than bare rocks. Water percolates downward through the cover to the underlying carbonate rocks instead of running off on the surface. Also, the water becomes more corrosive as it percolates through the permeable cover to the underlying carbonate rocks. Where there is no cover or the cover has been removed, the carbonate rocks become case hardened and resistant to erosion. However, in regions underlain not only by carbonate rocks but also by beds of anhydrite, gypsum and salt, such as the Hueco Plateau in southeastern New Mexico, subsurface solution may occur where water without natural acids moves down from bare rock surfaces through cracks to the beds that are more soluble than carbonate rocks. For example, in the area of Carlsbad Caverns in southeastern New Mexico, much of the water responsible for solution that formed the caverns apparently entered the groundwater system through large open fractures and did not form sinkhole topography. East of the Carlsbad Caverns, however, in the Pecos River Valley where the carbonate rocks are overlain by the less soluble Ogallala Formation of Late Tertiary age, solution began along escarpments as the Pecos River and its tributaries cut through the less soluble cover. As these escarpments retreated, sinkholes and other karst features developed.
Joints or fractures are essential for initiation of downward percolation of water in compact carbonate rocks such as some Paleozoic limestone in which there is no intergranular permeability. Also joints or fractures and bedding planes may be essential in the initiation of lateral movement of water in the zone of saturation. Where conditions of recharge and discharge are favorable, groundwater may move parallel to the dip. However, the direction of movement of water in most carbonate rocks is not necessarily down dip or parallel to the dip. The general direction of movement of both surface and groundwater may be parallel to the strike in a breached anticline. Faults may restrict the lateral movement of water, especially if water-bearing beds are faulted against relatively impervious beds. Conversely, some fault may serve as avenues through which water may move as, for example, in the Cretaceous Edwards aquifer in the San Antonio area, Texas.
Karst aquifers, chiefly carbonate rocks, may be placed in three groups according to water-bearing capacity. Water in aquifers of group 1 occurs chiefly in joints, fractures, and other openings that have not been enlarged by solution. The yield of wells is small. Aquifers in group 2, with low to intermediate yields, are those in which water occurs in joints and fractures with some cavities and channels enlarged by solution. Aquifers in group 3 are those in which the yield of wells and springs range from intermediate to very large. This group includes five of the most productive aquifers in the U.S.A.
The water-bearing beds of all of these productive aquifers, except the Biscayne aquifer in southeastern Florida, contain buried paleokarst in which the permeability has been reactivated and enlarged by the present circulation system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(79)90178-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Stringfield, V.T., Rapp, J.R., and Anders, R., 1979, Effects of karst and geologic structure on the circulation of water and permeability in carbonate aquifers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 43, no. 1-4, p. 313-332, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90178-1.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"332","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222730,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0730e4b0c8380cd515d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stringfield, V. T.","contributorId":72369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfield","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rapp, J. R.","contributorId":29394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anders, R.B.","contributorId":106533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anders","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014350,"text":"1014350 - 1979 - The parasitic coelenterate, Polypodium hydriforme Ussov, from the eggs of the American acipenseriform Polyodon Spainthula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-30T16:40:59.48378","indexId":"1014350","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2414,"text":"Journal of Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The parasitic coelenterate, Polypodium hydriforme Ussov, from the eggs of the American acipenseriform Polyodon Spainthula","docAbstract":"No significant differences in macro- and micromorphology were found between the parasitic stolon and free-living polyps of Polypodium sp. obtained from infected eggs of the North American acipenseriform fish Polyodon spathula and corresponding developmental stages of Polypodium hydriforme Ussov, parasitic in the Volga sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). Therefore, both the American and the European
forms of Polypodium belong to the species P. hydriforme Ussov.
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) is generally believed to be a virus disease of very young salmonids. In recent years there have been increasing numbers of unpublished reports that this disease has been occurring uncharacteristically in fish as old as 7-14 months. Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) of this age the histological changes were not severe. Intestinal tract granular cells thought to be pathognomic in young fish were conspicuously absent. Kidney imprints showed necrobiotic bodies however, and subtle changes were observed in the spleen and kidney hematopoietic tissue.
","language":"English","publisher":"Japanese Society of Fish Pathology","doi":"10.3147/jsfp.14.59","usgsCitation":"Yasutake, W.T., 1979, Histopathology of yearling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) infected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN): Fish Pathology, v. 14, no. 2, p. 59-64, https://doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.14.59.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"64","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480602,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.14.59","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":335278,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a2d3c3e4b0c82512869a3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yasutake, William T.","contributorId":70444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yasutake","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":887051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70237065,"text":"70237065 - 1979 - Distributary channels, sand lobes, and mesotopography of Navy Submarine Fan, California Borderland, with applications to ancient fan sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-29T11:52:51.189043","indexId":"70237065","displayToPublicDate":"1979-09-29T06:44:27","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distributary channels, sand lobes, and mesotopography of Navy Submarine Fan, California Borderland, with applications to ancient fan sediments","docAbstract":"The deep-tow instrument package of Scripps Institution of Oceanography provides a unique opportunity to delineate small-scale features of a size comparable to those features usually described from ancient deep-sea fan deposits. On Navy Fan, the deep-tow side-scanning sonar readily detected steep channel walls and steps and terraces within channels. The most striking features observed in side-scan are large crescentic depressions commonly occurring in groups. These appear to be large scours or flutes carved by turbidity currents. Four distinct acoustic facies were mapped on the basis of qualitative assessment of reflectivity of 4 kHz reflection profiles. There is a distinct increase in depth of acoustic penetration, number of sub-bottom reflectors, and reflector continuity from the upper fan-valley to the lower fan. These changes are accompanied by a decrease in surface relief.
Navy Fan is made up of three active sectors. The active upper fan is dominated by a single channel with prominent levees that decrease in height downstream. The active mid-fan region or suprafan is where sand is deposited. Well defined distributary channels with steps, terraces, and other mesotopography terminate in depositional lobes. Interchannel areas are rough, containing giant scours as well as other relief. The active lower fan accumulates mud and silt and is without resolvable surface morphology.
The morphological features seen on Navy Fan other than levees, interchannel areas, and lobes are principally erosional. The distributary channels are up to 0.5 km wide and 5–15 m deep. Such features, because of their large size and low relief, are rarely completely exposed or easily detectable in ancient rock sequences. Some flute-shaped scours are larger than channels in cross section but many are 5-30 m across and 1-2 m deep. If observed in ancient rocks transverse to palaeo-current direction, they would perhaps be indistinguishable from channels. Surface sediment distribution combined with fan morphology can be used to relate modern sediments to facies models for ancient fan sediments. Gravel and sand occur in the upper valley, massive sand beds in the mid-fan distributary channels, classical complete Bouma sequences on depositional lobes, incomplete Bouma sequences (lacking division a) on the lower mid-fan, and Bouma sequence with lenticular shape or other limited extent on mid-fan interchannel areas and on levees.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1979.tb00971.x","usgsCitation":"Normark, W., Piper, D., and Hess, G.R., 1979, Distributary channels, sand lobes, and mesotopography of Navy Submarine Fan, California Borderland, with applications to ancient fan sediments: Sedimentology, v. 26, no. 6, p. 749-774, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1979.tb00971.x.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"749","endPage":"774","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407565,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.87207031250001,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -114.3017578125,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -114.3017578125,\n 34.161818161230386\n ],\n [\n -118.87207031250001,\n 34.161818161230386\n ],\n [\n -118.87207031250001,\n 32.24997445586331\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Normark, William","contributorId":33052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":853226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piper, D.J.W.","contributorId":17351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7219,"text":"Natural Resources Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":853230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hess, Gordon R.","contributorId":102119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":853231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012222,"text":"70012222 - 1979 - Earthquakes near Parkfield, California: Comparing the 1934 and 1966 sequences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-13T16:58:49.661941","indexId":"70012222","displayToPublicDate":"1979-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes near Parkfield, California: Comparing the 1934 and 1966 sequences","docAbstract":"Moderate-sized earthquakes (Richter magnitude ML 5 1/2) have occurred four times this century (1901, 1922, 1934, and 1966) on the San Andreas fault near Parkfield in central California. In many respects the June 1966 sequence was a remarkably detailed repetition of the June 1934 sequence, suggesting a recurring recognizable pattern of stress and fault zone behavior.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.205.4413.1375","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Bakun, W.H., and McEvilly, T., 1979, Earthquakes near Parkfield, California: Comparing the 1934 and 1966 sequences: Science, v. 205, no. 4413, p. 1375-1377, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.205.4413.1375.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1375","endPage":"1377","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222527,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.46018920313436,\n 35.91924841319678\n ],\n [\n -120.46018920313436,\n 35.886490437485804\n ],\n [\n -120.40915302292922,\n 35.886490437485804\n ],\n [\n -120.40915302292922,\n 35.91924841319678\n ],\n [\n -120.46018920313436,\n 35.91924841319678\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"205","issue":"4413","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0528e4b0c8380cd50c9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakun, W. H.","contributorId":67055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McEvilly, T.V.","contributorId":30631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEvilly","given":"T.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012459,"text":"70012459 - 1979 - Submarine seep of carbon dioxide in Norton Sound, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-14T16:11:46.612798","indexId":"70012459","displayToPublicDate":"1979-09-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Submarine seep of carbon dioxide in Norton Sound, Alaska","docAbstract":"Earlier workers have described a submarine gas seep in Norton Sound having an unusual mixture of petroleum-like, low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons. Actually, only about 0.04 percent of the seeping gas is hydrocarbons and 98 percent is carbon dioxide. The isotopic compositions of carbon dioxide (δ13CPDB = –2.7 per mil) and methane (δ13CPDB = –36 per mil) where PDB is the Peedee belemnite standard) indicate that geothermal processes are active here.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.205.4412.1264","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K., Weliky, K., Nelson, H., and Des Marais, D., 1979, Submarine seep of carbon dioxide in Norton Sound, Alaska: Science, v. 205, no. 4412, p. 1264-1266, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.205.4412.1264.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1264","endPage":"1266","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222596,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Norton Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.6423345377574,\n 64.83224768963393\n ],\n [\n -165.6423345377574,\n 63.025952674809105\n ],\n [\n -160.41867319197272,\n 63.025952674809105\n ],\n [\n -160.41867319197272,\n 64.83224768963393\n ],\n [\n -165.6423345377574,\n 64.83224768963393\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"205","issue":"4412","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d32e4b08c986b31d6cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weliky, K.","contributorId":15350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weliky","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, H.","contributorId":16568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Des Marais, D.J.","contributorId":84075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Des Marais","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70129660,"text":"70129660 - 1979 - Fresh-water cementation of a 1,000-year-old oolite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-24T14:47:59","indexId":"70129660","displayToPublicDate":"1979-09-01T14:38:32","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fresh-water cementation of a 1,000-year-old oolite","docAbstract":"Calcite cementation of aragonite ooid sand is producing oolite on Joulters Cays, Bahamas. During the last 1,000 years, calcite cement has formed at an average rate of between 27 and 55 cm3 /m3 /yr and is derived from dissolution of ooid aragonite in fresh water. The dissolution-reprecipitation of carbonate minerals in the aquifer results in ground waters of unusually high Sr content. Sea water and mixtures of fresh and sea water appear to inhibit cementation. A pronounced cement fabric change occurs across the water table and has produced an obvious petrographic record of fresh-water diagenesis. Above the water table, cement is typically near grain contact positions, where water is held by capillarity; below the water table, cement is more randomly distributed around grains. At the water table a transition zone, 1 meter thick, marks the boundary between cement textures. No porosity reduction is associated with cementation; calcite cement precipitation is apparently compensated by an equal or greater amount of aragonite dissolution in the interval undergoing cementation. Permeability is more variable above the water table than below it, reflecting early channelling of flow patterns in the vadose zone. Effective permeability below the water table is one to two orders of magnitude higher than above the water table because of entrained gas in the vadose zone. This permeability difference promotes preservation of unstable minerals above the water table and continued diagenetic alteration below the water table.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists","doi":"10.1306/212F7892-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Halley, R.B., and Harris, P.M., 1979, Fresh-water cementation of a 1,000-year-old oolite: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 49, no. 3, p. 969-987, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F7892-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"969","endPage":"987","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295739,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/212F7892-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D"},{"id":295740,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bahamas","otherGeospatial":"Joulters Cays","volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544b6a1fe4b03653c63fb1ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halley, R. B.","contributorId":9984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, P. M.","contributorId":27377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70120099,"text":"70120099 - 1979 - A parametric generalization of the Hayne estimator for line transect sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-12T11:06:40","indexId":"70120099","displayToPublicDate":"1979-09-01T11:03:23","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1039,"text":"Biometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A parametric generalization of the Hayne estimator for line transect sampling","docAbstract":"The Hayne model for line transect sampling is generalized by using an elliptical (rather than circular) flushing model for animal detection. By assuming the ration of major and minor axes lengths is constant for all animals, a model results which allows estimation of population density based directly upon sighting distances and sighting angles. 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Based upon this relationship, a nonparametric estimator for the plant density is developed and presented in terms of order statistics. Consistency and asymptotic normality of the estimator are discussed. An interval estimator for the density is obtained. The modifications of this estimator and its variance are given when the distribution is truncated. Simulation results are presented for regular, random and aggregated populations to illustrate the nonparametric estimator and its variance. A numerical example from field data is given. Merits and deficiencies of the estimator are discussed with regard to its robustness and variance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biometrics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Biometric Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2307/2530250","usgsCitation":"Patil, S., Burnham, K., and Kovner, J., 1979, Nonparametric estimation of plant density by the distance method: Biometrics, v. 35, no. 3, p. 597-604, https://doi.org/10.2307/2530250.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"597","endPage":"604","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292009,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2530250"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53eb2a83e4b0461e44764a89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patil, S.A.","contributorId":38479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patil","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnham, K.P.","contributorId":63760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kovner, J.L.","contributorId":65395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kovner","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175018,"text":"70175018 - 1979 - A microcomputer based system for current-meter data acquisition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-26T15:58:06","indexId":"70175018","displayToPublicDate":"1979-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A microcomputer based system for current-meter data acquisition","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting current measurements as part of an interdisciplinary study of the San Francisco Bay estuarine system. The current meters used in the study record current speed, direction, temperature, and conductivity in digital codes on magnetic tape cartridges. Upon recovery of the current meters, the data tapes are translated by a tape reader into computer codes for further analyses. Quite often the importance of the data processing phase of a current-measurement program is underestimated and downplayed. In this paper a data-processing system which performs the complete data processing and analyses is described. The system, which is configured around an LSI-11 microcomputer, has been assembled to provide the capabilities of data translation, reduction, and tabulation and graphical display immediately following recovery of current meters. The flexibility inherent in a microcomputer has made it available to perform many other research functions which would normally be done on an institutional computer.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of Oceans","conferenceTitle":"Oceans '79","conferenceDate":"17-19 Sept. 1979","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1979.1151234","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., and Gartner, J.W., 1979, A microcomputer based system for current-meter data acquisition, in Proceedings of Oceans, San Diego, CA, 17-19 Sept. 1979, p. 288-291, https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1979.1151234.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"288","endPage":"291","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325673,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579889aee4b0589fa1c6b9f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gartner, J. W.","contributorId":81903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gartner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007440,"text":"1007440 - 1979 - Undersea topography and distribution of dolphins of the genus Delphinus in the Southern California Bight","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-11T16:01:11.179643","indexId":"1007440","displayToPublicDate":"1979-08-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Undersea topography and distribution of dolphins of the genus Delphinus in the Southern California Bight","docAbstract":"Aerial surveys totalling 21,902 km were analyzed in the Southern California Bight. Although the genus Delphinus is easily recognizable from aircraft, the different species are not detectable in these flights. Delphinus occur more frequently in areas of high relief than in areas of low relief. The depth of the water does not appear to influence distribution of Delphinus. The availability of prey species over areas of different relief may be a major factor influencing these distribution patterns. Although the relative frequencies of occurrence of Delphinus within depth and relief classes do not change from one half of the year to the next, the aggregation sizes differ significantly. From May through October, when anchovies are the major component of the diet and are more available as indicated by the live catch fishery records, Delphinus aggregations have a median size of 250. From November to April the median aggregation size is 40.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1380092","usgsCitation":"Hui, C.A., 1979, Undersea topography and distribution of dolphins of the genus Delphinus in the Southern California Bight: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 60, no. 3, p. 521-527, https://doi.org/10.2307/1380092.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"521","endPage":"527","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130297,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Southern California Bight","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.76888341719972,\n 34.60168553100492\n ],\n [\n -120.59454016557058,\n 33.98466931773881\n ],\n [\n -118.93932237593755,\n 32.42585872678272\n ],\n [\n -117.08598158594107,\n 32.47894439805401\n ],\n [\n -117.30491127548615,\n 33.2023090855893\n ],\n [\n -117.97552515199041,\n 33.86933079117718\n ],\n [\n -119.21220412864281,\n 34.47553574245892\n ],\n [\n -120.76888341719972,\n 34.60168553100492\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f70a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hui, Clifford A.","contributorId":68252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hui","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185528,"text":"70185528 - 1979 - Irrigation in Michigan, 1977","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T10:43:26","indexId":"70185528","displayToPublicDate":"1979-08-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"title":"Irrigation in Michigan, 1977","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df19e4b05ec79911d207","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bedell, D.J.","contributorId":189733,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bedell","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Til, Ron L.","contributorId":42307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Til","given":"Ron","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012281,"text":"70012281 - 1979 - Oil and gas in offshore tracts: Estimates before and after drilling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-14T16:17:09.421088","indexId":"70012281","displayToPublicDate":"1979-08-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oil and gas in offshore tracts: Estimates before and after drilling","docAbstract":"Estimates of volumes of recoverable hydrocarbons underlying offshore tracts are made by the U.S. Geological Survey prior to the sale of leases and after drilling on those leases. Comparisons of these estimates show a moderate positive correlation and no evidence for relative bias, although the precision of the predictions is quite limited.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.205.4405.489","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Uman, M., James, W., and Tomlinson, H., 1979, Oil and gas in offshore tracts: Estimates before and after drilling: Science, v. 205, no. 4405, p. 489-491, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.205.4405.489.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"489","endPage":"491","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222404,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"205","issue":"4405","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ce2e4b0c8380cd74e5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uman, M.F.","contributorId":45459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uman","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"James, W.R.","contributorId":92425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tomlinson, H.R.","contributorId":28750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomlinson","given":"H.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199455,"text":"70199455 - 1979 - Risk preferences and flood insurance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-22T17:18:39.066589","indexId":"70199455","displayToPublicDate":"1979-08-01T15:06:11","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5747,"text":"American Journal of Agricultural Economics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Risk preferences and flood insurance","docAbstract":"A detailed theoretical model characterizing the individual's decision to purchase flood insurance is specified and the magnitude of the risk parameter is estimated using data based on transactions of flood insurance purchases. Empirical results for several samples of this subset of the general population indicated that consumers exhibited a relatively uniform degree of risk aversion across various localities where different hydrologic and economic conditions prevailed. While the estimates presented should not be directly extrapolated to the entire population located in a flood prone area, they provide evidence that parameters determining an individual's and/or community's willingness to pay for flood protection can be measured.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/1239435","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., and Karlinger, M.R., 1979, Risk preferences and flood insurance: American Journal of Agricultural Economics, v. 61, no. 3, p. 490-495, https://doi.org/10.2307/1239435.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"490","endPage":"495","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357449,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlinger, Michael R.","contributorId":10777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209701,"text":"70209701 - 1979 - Comparison of the TRM of the Yellowstone Group and the DRM of some Pearlette ash beds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-21T17:16:02.5031","indexId":"70209701","displayToPublicDate":"1979-08-01T12:11:21","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of the TRM of the Yellowstone Group and the DRM of some Pearlette ash beds","docAbstract":"Air fall ash beds (Pearlette) originating from rhyolitic eruptions in the Yellowstone‐Island Park region of Wyoming and Idaho are discontinuous but widespread throughout the western United States. Accumulation and deposition of ashes occurred in low‐energy fluvial and lacustrine environments. These ash beds have been correlated, according to their chemistry and remanent magnetism, with specific eruptions of tuffs of the Pleistocene Yellowstone Group. Type O Pearlette ash beds are normally magnetized and correlate with the Lava Creek Tuff (0.60 m.y.), whereas type S Pearlette ash beds are reversely magnetized and correlate with the Mesa Falls Tuff (1.22 m.y.). The mean direction of detrital remanent magnetization (DRM) of 11 type O Pearlette ash beds is identical to the mean direction of thermal remanent magnetization (TRM) of the Lava Creek Tuff after correcting for differences in site latitude and longitude. Considered separately, only 2 of the 13 Pearlette ash beds studied possess mean inclinations significantly shallower than, and only 4 have mean declinations significantly different from, those of their correlative tuffs. Identical directions of magnetization measured from evenly laminated and highly contorted type O ash suggest that a readjustment of magnetic grains in water‐saturated ash shortly after deposition may account for the close agreement of TRM and DRM.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB084iB09p04525","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, R.L., 1979, Comparison of the TRM of the Yellowstone Group and the DRM of some Pearlette ash beds: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 84, no. B9, p. 4525-4532, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB09p04525.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"4525","endPage":"4532","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374166,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone Group","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.12646484375,\n 42.819580715795915\n ],\n [\n -109.127197265625,\n 42.819580715795915\n ],\n [\n -109.127197265625,\n 45.69850658738846\n ],\n [\n -112.12646484375,\n 45.69850658738846\n ],\n [\n -112.12646484375,\n 42.819580715795915\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Richard L. 0000-0002-4572-2942 rreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":139068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199492,"text":"70199492 - 1979 - Nature of firm expectations in petroleum exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T15:26:19","indexId":"70199492","displayToPublicDate":"1979-08-01T11:43:54","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2598,"text":"Land Economics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nature of firm expectations in petroleum exploration","docAbstract":"Recent interest in the state of the United States domestic petroleum industry has resulted in an increased concern regarding the ability of current large- scale econometric models to provide useful predictions about supply price sensitivity and about the effects of differing policy options on future supply. The petroleum industry's exploration and reserve response functions appear to have eluded traditional modeling approaches. Properties of firm exploration behavior are obscured when highly aggregated data are used. Data pertaining to different geographical areas are frequently combined using dummy variables to denote characteristics peculiar to a region. In these models price tends to be more related to the quality of the crude oil than to incremental costs of exploration and development of individual deposits. The effect of price changes on expected supplies is clearly moderated by the level of resource depletion for a particular basin. A major obstacle to carrying out a less aggregated analysis has been the lack of data on specific basins, but another obstacle has been the belief that field behavior is too erratic to model successful.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Wisconsin Press","doi":"10.2307/3145904","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., 1979, Nature of firm expectations in petroleum exploration: Land Economics, v. 55, no. 3, p. 299-312, https://doi.org/10.2307/3145904.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"312","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357490,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012220,"text":"70012220 - 1979 - Samarium-neodymium systematics in kimberlites and in the minerals of garnet lherzolite inclusions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-14T16:39:55.26243","indexId":"70012220","displayToPublicDate":"1979-07-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Samarium-neodymium systematics in kimberlites and in the minerals of garnet lherzolite inclusions","docAbstract":"The initial ratios of neodymium-143 to neodymium-144 in kimberlites ranging in age between 90 × 106 to 1300 × 106 years from South Africa, India, and the United States are different from the corresponding ratios in the minerals of peridotite inclusions in the kimberlites but are identical to the ratios in the basaltic achondrite Juvinas at the times of emplacement of the respective kimberlite pipes. This correlation between the kimberlites and Juvinas, which represents the bulk chondritic earth in rare-earth elements, strongly indicates that the kimberlite's source in the mantle is chondritic in rare-earth elements and relatively primeval in composition.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.205.4404.398","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Basu, A.R., and Tatsumoto, M., 1979, Samarium-neodymium systematics in kimberlites and in the minerals of garnet lherzolite inclusions: Science, v. 205, no. 4404, p. 398-401, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.205.4404.398.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"398","endPage":"401","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222525,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"205","issue":"4404","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab049e4b0c8380cd87a22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Basu, A. R.","contributorId":99697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basu","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210896,"text":"70210896 - 1979 - Stratigraphy and depositional environments of Baltimore Canyon Trough","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-01T19:23:02.324543","indexId":"70210896","displayToPublicDate":"1979-07-01T14:16:05","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":605,"text":"AAPG Bulletin","printIssn":"0149-1423","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphy and depositional environments of Baltimore Canyon Trough","docAbstract":"The Baltimore Canyon Trough, lying offshore from the United States Middle Atlantic States, contains a thickness of at least 14 km of marine and nonmarine sedimentary rocks. One deep offshore stratigraphic test (COST B-2 well), several wells on the coastal plain, 18 shallow core holes (Deep Sea Drilling Project, Atlantic Slope Project, and Atlantic Margin Coring Project) on the continental shelf and slope, and scattered oceanographic cores and dredgings provide rich foraminiferal assemblages from which the geologic age and depositional environments have been determined. The oldest sedimentary rocks penetrated are Upper Jurassic terrigenous sandstone and shale, which are interspersed with shallow-marine limestone. Lower Cretaceous rocks, where penetrated, are also chiefly terrigenous sandstone and shale, but Upper Cretaceous rocks are progressively more marine. Paleogene strata reflect even deeper marine conditions (bathyal carbonate deposits in the B-2 well). In the Neogene, terrigenous clastic deposits replaced the Paieogene carbonate sequences throughout the trough. Deposition began with thick (>800 m) deltaic beds in the Miocene and Pliocene and culminated in sandy and, in many places, nonfofesiHferous strata of the Pleistocene shelf. Surprisingly thick (>300 m) silty and sandy clay composes the Pleistocene section on the continental slope. These stratigraphic and paleoecologic relations are graphically illustrated in eight geologic cross sections parallel with and perpendicular to the axis of the trough.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/2F9185BD-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Poag, C., 1979, Stratigraphy and depositional environments of Baltimore Canyon Trough: AAPG Bulletin, v. 63, no. 9, p. 1452-1466, https://doi.org/10.1306/2F9185BD-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1452","endPage":"1466","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376071,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mid-Atlantic United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.046875,\n 35.817813158696616\n ],\n [\n -75.673828125,\n 34.813803317113155\n ],\n [\n -70.751953125,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -76.2890625,\n 41.47566020027821\n ],\n [\n -78.046875,\n 35.817813158696616\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, Claude (Wylie) 0000-0002-6240-4065 wpoag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-4065","contributorId":195779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"Claude (Wylie)","email":"wpoag@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222067,"text":"5222067 - 1979 - Prairie dog distribution in areas inhabited by black-footed ferrets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-15T16:21:50.947591","indexId":"5222067","displayToPublicDate":"1979-07-01T12:19:14","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prairie dog distribution in areas inhabited by black-footed ferrets","docAbstract":"Feeding tests were conducted with captive raccoons (Procyon lotor) to permit more meaningful interpretation of food habit data obtained from fecal analysis. Ten diverse types of natural foods were offered in 20 tests. Digestibility coefficients were calculated that ranged from 3.6 for dry sunflowers, where considerable residue was recovered, to infinity for earthworms and boned meat where no residue was recovered. The influence of differences in both food and animal behavior on digestibility coefficients was significant (ANOVA, F<0.001). The use of digestibility coefficients to adjust quantitative estimates of fecal residue or to predict biomass consumed is of questionable value with raccoons due to variability in foods consumed and behavior of individual animals.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.2307/2425085","usgsCitation":"Greenwood, R.J., 1979, Relating residue in raccoon feces to food consumed: American Midland Naturalist, v. 102, no. 1, p. 191-193, https://doi.org/10.2307/2425085.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":134339,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db612adb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greenwood, Raymond J.","contributorId":174570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenwood","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221474,"text":"5221474 - 1979 - Uptake of methoxychlor from food and water by the American toad (Bufo americanus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-01T23:05:15.012581","indexId":"5221474","displayToPublicDate":"1979-06-16T12:19:14","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Uptake of methoxychlor from food and water by the American toad (Bufo americanus)","title":"Uptake of methoxychlor from food and water by the American toad (Bufo americanus)","docAbstract":"Various studies (Mulla et al. 1963; Ferguson and Gilbert 1967; Cooke 1973) have examined the effects of pesticides on anuran amphibians, but the routes of contaminant uptake by transformed amphibians have not been evaluated. The need of frogs and toads to imbibe water from natural surface water would seem to make them vulnerable to uptake from this source. Fish are known to accumulate pesticides from both food and water (Jarvinen et al. 1977). Toads are more terrestrial and tend to lose water less readily than most other amphibians (Thorson and Svihla 1943); hence they should he a conservative estimator of the potential for uptake of pesticides from water. Methoxychlor is an analogue of DDT and has been widely used to replace it. It is a good model of many pesticides in current use in its low persistence in animal tissues (Gardner and Bailey 1975), and its long half life in water (Wolfe et al. 1977). It is also suitable for study because of its relatively low toxicity to amphibians (Kaplan and Overpeck 1964) and its easily detected residues. In the present study we measured the accumulation of methoxychlor from food and water in a preliminary evaluation of the two routes of exposure.
Most of the 27 species and subspecies of surviving crocodilians have declining populations and 22 of them are considered to be severely endangered (IUCN 1971). The United States population of the American Crocodile is no exception; it probably numbers between I00 and 300 individuals (OGDEN 1976). Nests of the species have been regularly surveyed by the staff of Everglades National Park. Our sample consists of eggs that remained in nests after the hatching of broods and of one clutch laid in captivity by an unmated female. Analysis of these samples for organochlorine contaminants has permitted a detailed examination of their contaminant loads and has allowed comparisons with a small sample analyzed in 1972 (OGDEN et al. 1973).
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01769921","usgsCitation":"Hall, R., Kaiser, T., Robertson, W.B., and Patty, P., 1979, Organochlorine residues in eggs of the endangered American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus): Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 23, no. 1/2, p. 87-90, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01769921.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"90","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18126,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.springerlink.com/content/r77x671k1q7670ur/?p=667827d878244291bff0b54c7a1b66c1&pi=15","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.71630859375,\n 25.075648445630527\n ],\n [\n -80.52429199218749,\n 25.075648445630527\n ],\n [\n -80.52429199218749,\n 25.997549919572112\n ],\n [\n -81.71630859375,\n 25.997549919572112\n ],\n [\n -81.71630859375,\n 25.075648445630527\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"1/2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a745","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, R.J.","contributorId":32885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaiser, T. E.","contributorId":75486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"T. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robertson, W. B.","contributorId":84035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Patty, P.C.","contributorId":89255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patty","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5221458,"text":"5221458 - 1979 - Organochlorine poisoning of herons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T07:16:43","indexId":"5221458","displayToPublicDate":"1979-06-16T12:19:12","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Organochlorine poisoning of herons","docAbstract":"Over a period of years interested individuals have submitted many dead or moribund herons of various species to our laboratory to learn whether the birds had been affected by diseases or organochlorine poisoning. Residue concentrations in carcasses of birds and mammals are considered the best measure of sublethal exposure, whereas residues in brains are best to use for diagnosing death by most organochlorine chemicals (see Heinz et al. 1979 for review).
Residue concentrations in brains that are diagnostic of organochlorine poisoning for birds have been determined in the laboratory for DDT and its metabolites (L.F. Stickel et al. 1966; W.H. Stickel et al. 1970; Stickel and Stickel 1970; W.H. Stickel, pers. comm.); dieldrin (W.H. Stickel et al. 1969; W.H. Stickel, pers. comm.); heptachlor, chlordane, and oxychlordane (L.F. Stickel et al. 1979; W.H. Stickel, pers. comm.); endrin (W.H. Stickel et al. 1979); Aroclor 1254 (W.H. Stickel 1975; W.H. Stickel, pers. comm.); and mirex (W.H. Stickel et al. 1973). This subject is discussed in further detail by Heinz et al. (1979).
The purpose of the present paper is to document the occurrence and concentration of organochlorine residues in the brains of herons from various areas in the United States. By comparing these residue concentrations with laboratory-determined diagnostic lethal levels, we conclude that some herons were killed by organochlorine poisoning; others were at least seriously endangered by the residues they carried.
Complete results of carcass analyses for these and other herons, as well as further details on residues in brains, will be reported elsewhere (H.M. Ohlendorf, D.M. Swineford, and L.N. Locke, unpublished manuscript). Overall, we analyzed carcasses or brains of more than 70 herons found dead or moribund and 36 others taken in planned collections. Residue levels in carcasses of many herons were not high enough to warrant analysis of brains. In the present paper we compare carcass and brain residues of dieldrin in 23 herons of which both carcass and brain were analyzed.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 1979 conference of the Colonial Waterbird Group","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1979 conference of the colonial waterbird group","conferenceDate":"October 25-28, 1979","conferenceLocation":"Lafayette, LA","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","usgsCitation":"Ohlendorf, H.M., Swineford, D.M., and Locke, L.N., 1979, Organochlorine poisoning of herons, in Proceedings of the 1979 conference of the Colonial Waterbird Group, v. 3, Lafayette, LA, October 25-28, 1979, p. 176-185.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"176","endPage":"185","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352090,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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]\n}","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68abb7","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Southern, William E.","contributorId":68919,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Southern","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729756,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Ohlendorf, Harry M.","contributorId":60291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohlendorf","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swineford, Douglas M.","contributorId":176501,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swineford","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Locke, Louis N.","contributorId":71233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221481,"text":"5221481 - 1979 - Relation of environmental factors to breeding status of royal and sandwich terns in South Carolina, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-24T10:14:31","indexId":"5221481","displayToPublicDate":"1979-06-16T12:19:12","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relation of environmental factors to breeding status of royal and sandwich terns in South Carolina, USA","docAbstract":"The population ecology of the royal tern Sterna maxima and sandwich tern Sterna sandvicensis was investigated in South Carolina from 1970 through 1977. Royal and sandwich terns nested together in all of the colonies that we located.
The peak in egg laying usually occurred in early May; peak hatching occurred from late May to mid-June. Clutch size for both species was one egg. Tidal flooding was the major factor in egg loss.
The breeding population was 15,499 pairs in 1974 and 18,096 pairs in 1975; sandvicensis made up about 5% of the breeding population. The average number of young fledged per nest ranged from 0·36 to 0·44.
Residues of organochlorine pollutants in most eggs and tissues were low and posed no identifiable threat to the terns. There was a decline in DDE and dieldrin residues in eggs of maxima.
The future of royal and sandwich terns in South Carolina seems fairly secure as the population is apparently at or near carrying capacity and most of the major nesting sites are dedicated to protection of nesting birds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0006-3207(79)90056-9","usgsCitation":"Blus, L.J., Prouty, R.M., and Neely, B., 1979, Relation of environmental factors to breeding status of royal and sandwich terns in South Carolina, USA: Biological Conservation, v. 16, no. 4, p. 301-320, https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(79)90056-9.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"320","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Bird Bank, Bird Key, Cape Island, Deveaux Bank, Egg Bank, Joyner Bank, Marsh Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.771484375,\n 32.2313896627376\n ],\n [\n -80.67260742187499,\n 32.0732655510424\n ],\n [\n -79.090576171875,\n 33.14675022877648\n ],\n [\n -79.3487548828125,\n 33.261656767328006\n ],\n [\n -80.826416015625,\n 32.33355894864106\n ],\n [\n -80.771484375,\n 32.2313896627376\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685645","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blus, L. J.","contributorId":38116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blus","given":"L.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prouty, R. M.","contributorId":31349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prouty","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neely, B.S. Jr.","contributorId":45019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neely","given":"B.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}