Displacement of the land surface by faulting is widespread in the Houston-Galveston region, an area which has undergone moderate to severe land subsidence associated with fluid withdrawal (principally water, and to a lesser extent, oil and gas). A causative link between subsidence and fluid extraction has been convincingly reported in the published literature. However, the degree to which fluid withdrawal affects fault movement in the Texas Gulf Coast, and the mechanism(s) by which this occurs are as yet unclear.
Faults that offset the ground surface are not confined to the large (>6000-km2) subsidence “bowl” centered on Houston, but rather are common and characteristic features of Gulf Coast geology. Current observations and conclusions concerning surface faults mapped in a 35,000-km2 area between Victoria and Beaumont, Texas (which area includes the Houston subsidence bowl) may be summarized as follows:
(1) Hundreds of faults cutting the Pleistocene and Holocene sediments exposed in the coastal plain have been mapped. Many faults lie well outside the Houston-Galveston region; of these, more than 10% are active, as shown by such features as displaced, fractured, and patched road surfaces, structural failure of buildings astride faults, and deformed railroad tracks.
(2) Complex patterns of surface faults are common above salt domes. Both radial patterns (for example, in High Island, Blue Ridge, Clam Lake, and Clinton domes) and crestal grabens (for example, in the South Houston and Friendswood-Webster domes) have been recognized. Elongate grabens connecting several known and suspected salt domes, such as the fault zone connecting Mykawa, Friendswood-Webster, and Clear Lake domes, suggest fault development above rising salt ridges.
(3) Surface faults associated with salt domes tend to be short (<5 km in length), numerous, curved in map view, and of diverse trend. Intersecting faults are common. In contrast, surface faults in areas unaffected by salt diapirism are frequently mappable for appreciable distances (>10 km), occur singly or in simple grabens, have gently sinuous traces, and tend to lie roughly parallel to the ENE-NE “coastwise” trend common to regional growth faults identified in subsurface Tertiary sediments.
(4) Evidence to support the thesis that surface scarps are the shallow expression of faults extending downward into the Tertiary section is mostly indirect, but nonetheless reasonably convincing. Certainly the patterns of crestal grabens and radiating faults mapped on the surface above salt domes are more than happenstance; analogous fault patterns have been documented around these structures at depth. Similarly, some of the long surface faults not associated with salt domes seem to have subsurface counterparts among known regional growth faults documented through well logs and seismic data. Correlations between surface scarps and faults offsetting subsurface data are not conclusive because of the large vertical distances (1900- 3800 m) involved in making the most of the inferred connections. Nevertheless, the large number of successful correlations - in trend, movement sense, and position - suggests that many surface scarps represent merely the most recent displacements on faults formed during the Tertiary.
(5) Upstream-facing fault scarps in this region of low relief can be significant impediments to streams. Locally, both abandoned, mud-filled Pleistocene distributary channels and, more commonly, Holocene drainage lines still occupied by perennial streams reflect the influence of faulting on their development. Some bend sharply near faults and have tended to flow along or pond against the base of scarps; others meander within topographically expressed grabens. Such evidence for Quaternary displacement of the ground surface is widespread in the Texas Gulf coast. In the general, however, streams in areas now offset by faulting show no disruption of their courses where they cross fault scarps. Such scarps are probably very young, and where they can be demonstrated to partly or wholly predate fluid withdrawal, very recent natural fault activity is indicated.
(6) Early aerial photographs (1930) of the entire region and topographic maps (1915-16 surveys) of Harris County (Houston and vicinity) show that many faults had already displaced the land surface at a time when appreciable pressure declines in subjacent strata were localized to relatively few areas of large-scale pumping. Prehistoric faulting of the land surface, as noted above, appears to have affected much of the Texas Gulf Coast.
(7) A relation between groundwater extraction and current motion on active faults is suspected because of the increased incidence of ground failure in the Houston-Galveston subsidence bowl. This argument is weakened somewhat by recognition of numerous surface faults, some of them active today, far beyond the periphery of the strongly subsiding area. Moreover, tilt beam records from two monitored faults in northwest Houston and accounts of fault damage from local residents demonstrate a complex, episodic nature of fault creep which can only partially be correlated with groundwater production. Nevertheless, although specific mechanisms are in doubt, the extraction of groundwater from shallow (<800-m) sands is probably a major factor in contributing to current displacement of the ground surface in the Houston-Galveston region. Within this large area, the number of faults recognizable from aerial photographs has increased at least tenfold between 1930 and 1970. Elsewhere in the Texas Gulf Coast only a moderate increase has been noted, some of which is possibly attributable to oil and gas production. Surface fault density in the Houston-Galveston region is far greater than in any other area of the Texas Gulf Coast investigated to date. A plausible explanation for these differences is that large overdrafts of groundwater over an extended period of time in the Houston-Galveston region have stimulated fault activity there. Throughout the Texas Gulf Coast, however, a natural contribution to fault motion remains a distinct possibility.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(79)90248-8","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Verbeek, E.R., 1979, Surface faults in the gulf coastal plain between Victoria and Beaumont, Texas: Tectonophysics, v. 52, no. 1-4, p. 373-375, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90248-8.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"373","endPage":"375","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.30639648437499,\n 32.045332838858506\n ],\n [\n -98.646240234375,\n 30.90222470517144\n ],\n [\n -96.56982421875,\n 28.168875180063345\n ],\n [\n -93.61450195312499,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n -95.30639648437499,\n 32.045332838858506\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9face4b08c986b31e785","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verbeek, Earl R.","contributorId":64222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verbeek","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012409,"text":"70012409 - 1979 - The genus Platychara from the Western Hemisphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T15:54:34","indexId":"70012409","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The genus Platychara from the Western Hemisphere","docAbstract":"The systematics of four species belonging to the genus Platychara (Charophyta) from the Western Hemisphere is discussed. Three of the species, as defined herein, occur in Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks from Mexico through South America. The type species, P. compressa (Peck and Reker) Grambast, also of Cretaceous and Paleocene age, is herein restricted to deposits north of Mexico. These latter restrictions geographically separate P. compressa and P. perlata as presently defined but the relationship between these two species is still uncertain. A new species, P. grambastii, is proposed for specimens from Maestrichtian sediments in Jamaica. ?? 1979.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0034-6667(79)90011-3","issn":"00346667","usgsCitation":"Peck, R., and Forester, R.M., 1979, The genus Platychara from the Western Hemisphere: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 28, no. 2, p. 223-236, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(79)90011-3.","startPage":"223","endPage":"236","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269801,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(79)90011-3"},{"id":222720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac45e4b08c986b3233a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, R.E.","contributorId":74802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forester, R. M.","contributorId":76332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012636,"text":"70012636 - 1979 - Amino-acid racemizarion in Quaternary shell deposits at Willapa Bay, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T15:44:48.349138","indexId":"70012636","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Amino-acid racemizarion in Quaternary shell deposits at Willapa Bay, Washington","docAbstract":"Extents of racemization (
The first broad program of scientific shallow drilling on the U.S. Atlantic continental shelf has delineated rocks of Pleistocene to Late Cretaceous age, including phosphoritic Miocene strata, widespread Eocene carbonate deposits that serve as reflective seismic markers, and several regional unconformities. Two sites, off Maryland and New Jersey, showed light hydrocarbon gases having affinity to mature petroleum. Pore fluid studies showed that relatively fresh to brackish water occurs beneath much of the Atlantic continental shelf, whereas increases in salinity off Georgia and beneath the Florida-Hatteras slope suggest buried evaporitic strata. The sediment cores showed engineering properties that range from good foundation strength to a potential for severe loss of strength through interaction between sediments and man-made structures.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.206.4418.515","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Hathaway, J., Poag, C.W., Valentine, P.C., Miller, R., Schultz, D., Manheim, F., Kohout, F.A., Bothner, M., and Sangrey, D., 1979, U.S. Geological Survey core drilling on the Atlantic shelf: Science, v. 206, no. 4418, p. 515-527, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.206.4418.515.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"515","endPage":"527","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"206","issue":"4418","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbb2ee4b08c986b32854d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hathaway, J.C.","contributorId":94280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hathaway","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poag, C. W.","contributorId":16402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Valentine, P. C.","contributorId":46505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, R.E.","contributorId":86754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schultz, D.M.","contributorId":98310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kohout, F. A.","contributorId":11593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohout","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":363223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sangrey, D.A.","contributorId":47364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sangrey","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70012302,"text":"70012302 - 1979 - Sewage contamination in the New York Bight. Coprostanol as an indicator","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-26T11:07:22.943107","indexId":"70012302","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sewage contamination in the New York Bight. Coprostanol as an indicator","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es60158a015","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Hatcher, P.G., and McGillivary, P., 1979, Sewage contamination in the New York Bight. Coprostanol as an indicator: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 13, no. 10, p. 1225-1229, https://doi.org/10.1021/es60158a015.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1225","endPage":"1229","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221813,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, New York","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean, New York Bight","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.98953867776852,\n 40.479154290846765\n ],\n [\n -73.9828424599921,\n 40.3261776698871\n ],\n [\n -74.08998194440429,\n 39.90626952445277\n ],\n [\n -74.11007059773112,\n 39.75199722650191\n ],\n [\n -74.38461552653675,\n 39.39585741122909\n ],\n [\n -74.58550205980906,\n 39.27673782483697\n ],\n [\n -74.71942641532367,\n 39.12625441579095\n ],\n [\n -74.84665455306265,\n 38.949415317198344\n ],\n [\n -74.94040160192361,\n 38.92858162837143\n ],\n [\n -73.72838618451411,\n 38.363761630948005\n ],\n [\n -72.7641308248078,\n 39.18856250892671\n ],\n [\n -72.42262371824526,\n 39.401031918890965\n ],\n [\n -72.4494085893477,\n 39.64895663207915\n ],\n [\n -72.23512962052416,\n 39.62317244873506\n ],\n [\n -71.75300194067061,\n 39.957616614883506\n ],\n [\n -71.08338016309675,\n 40.12166835544437\n ],\n [\n -71.86014142508277,\n 41.05729117375262\n ],\n [\n -72.42262371824526,\n 40.8752651262173\n ],\n [\n -72.69047242927446,\n 40.819545931401365\n ],\n [\n -73.18599254467927,\n 40.7384162116696\n ],\n [\n -73.57437317567185,\n 40.636864755880225\n ],\n [\n -73.92257650001082,\n 40.565686681230034\n ],\n [\n -73.98953867776852,\n 40.479154290846765\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d86e4b08c986b318472","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGillivary, P.A.","contributorId":81638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGillivary","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012295,"text":"70012295 - 1979 - Random crustal magnetization and its effect on coherence of short-wavelength marine magnetic anomalies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T00:42:08.405048","indexId":"70012295","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Random crustal magnetization and its effect on coherence of short-wavelength marine magnetic anomalies","docAbstract":"Recent studies of DSDP samples from layer 2A of oceanic basement have found complex magnetic stratigraphies that seem incompatible with the frequent existence of linear short-wavelength anomalies caused by palaeomagnetic field behavior. Statistical models are developed for the lateral variation of the average magnetization of layer 2A: a Poisson series for reversals of the earth's field and a stairstep random series for discrete magnetic units. It is shown with the power-density spectra of these statistical models that lateral inhomogeneities must average out over distances of less than a few hundred meters. Specifically, individual magnetic units of the type seen at DSDP Site 332 cannot extend uniformly for distances greater than a few hundred meters.
Rosascoet al. (1975), reported the first successful application of laser-excited Raman spectroscopy for the identification and nondestructive partial analysis of individual solid, liquid, and gaseous phases in selected fluid inclusions. We report here the results of the application of a new instrument, based on back-scattering, that eliminates many of the previous stringent sample limitations and hence greatly expands the range of applicability of Raman spectroscopy to fluid inclusions.
Fluid inclusions in many porphyry copper deposits contain 5–10 μm ‘daughter’ crystals thought to be anhydrite but too small for identification by the previous Raman technique. Using the new instrument, we have verified that such daughter crystals in quartz from Bingham, Utah, are anhydrite. They may form by leakage of hydrogen causing internal autooxidation of sulfide ion. Daughter crystals were also examined in apatite (Durango, Mexico) and emerald (Muzo, Colombia).
Valid analyses of sulfur species in solution in small fluid inclusions from ore deposits would be valuable, but are generally impossible by conventional methods. We present a calibration procedure for analyses for SO42− in such inclusions from Bingham, Utah (12,000 ± 4000 ppm) and Creede, Colo. (probably < 500 ppm). A fetid Brazilian quartz, originally thought to contain liquid H2S, is shown to contain only HS− in major amounts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(79)90004-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Rosasco, G., and Roedder, E., 1979, Application of a new Raman microprobe spectrometer to nondestructive analysis of sulfate and other ions in individual phases in fluid inclusions in minerals: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 43, no. 12, p. 1907-1915, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(79)90004-8.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1907","endPage":"1915","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221810,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec8fe4b0c8380cd49340","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosasco, G.J.","contributorId":7003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosasco","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012620,"text":"70012620 - 1979 - Seismic gaps and source zones of recent large earthquakes in coastal Peru","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:07","indexId":"70012620","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic gaps and source zones of recent large earthquakes in coastal Peru","docAbstract":"The earthquakes of central coastal Peru occur principally in two distinct zones of shallow earthquake activity that are inland of and parallel to the axis of the Peru Trench. The interface-thrust (IT) zone includes the great thrust-fault earthquakes of 17 October 1966 and 3 October 1974. The coastal-plate interior (CPI) zone includes the great earthquake of 31 May 1970, and is located about 50 km inland of and 30 km deeper than the interface thrust zone. The occurrence of a large earthquake in one zone may not relieve elastic strain in the adjoining zone, thus complicating the application of the seismic gap concept to central coastal Peru. However, recognition of two seismic zones may facilitate detection of seismicity precursory to a large earthquake in a given zone; removal of probable CPI-zone earthquakes from plots of seismicity prior to the 1974 main shock dramatically emphasizes the high seismic activity near the rupture zone of that earthquake in the five years preceding the main shock. Other conclusions on the seismicity of coastal Peru that affect the application of the seismic gap concept to this region are: (1) Aftershocks of the great earthquakes of 1966, 1970, and 1974 occurred in spatially separated clusters. Some clusters may represent distinct small source regions triggered by the main shock rather than delimiting the total extent of main-shock rupture. The uncertainty in the interpretation of aftershock clusters results in corresponding uncertainties in estimates of stress drop and estimates of the dimensions of the seismic gap that has been filled by a major earthquake. (2) Aftershocks of the great thrust-fault earthquakes of 1966 and 1974 generally did not extend seaward as far as the Peru Trench. (3) None of the three great earthquakes produced significant teleseismic activity in the following month in the source regions of the other two earthquakes. The earthquake hypocenters that form the basis of this study were relocated using station adjustments computed by the method of joint hypocenter determination. ?? 1979 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00876212","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Dewey, J.W., and Spence, W., 1979, Seismic gaps and source zones of recent large earthquakes in coastal Peru: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 117, no. 6, p. 1148-1171, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876212.","startPage":"1148","endPage":"1171","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205248,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876212"}],"volume":"117","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b15e4b08c986b317597","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dewey, J. W.","contributorId":31008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spence, W.","contributorId":7721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012561,"text":"70012561 - 1979 - Massive deep-sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:03","indexId":"70012561","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Massive deep-sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise","docAbstract":"Massive ore-grade zinc, copper and iron sulphide deposits have been found at the axis of the East Pacific Rise. Although their presence on the deep ocean-floor had been predicted there was no supporting observational evidence. The East Pacific Rise deposits represent a modern analogue of Cyprus-type sulphide ores associated with ophiolitic rocks on land. They contain at least 29% zinc metal and 6% metallic copper. Their discovery will provide a new focus for deep-sea exploration, leading to new assessments of the concentration of metals in the upper layers of the oceanic crust. ?? 1979 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/277523a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Francheteau, J., Needham, H., Choukroune, P., Juteau, T., Seguret, M., Ballard, R.D., Fox, P., Normark, W., Carranza, A., Cordoba, D., Guerrero, J., Rangin, C., Bougault, H., Cambon, P., and Hekinian, R., 1979, Massive deep-sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise: Nature, v. 277, no. 5697, p. 523-528, https://doi.org/10.1038/277523a0.","startPage":"523","endPage":"528","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480607,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/5278/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":205217,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/277523a0"},{"id":222263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"277","issue":"5697","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1979-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5262e4b0c8380cd6c391","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Francheteau, Jean","contributorId":34262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Francheteau","given":"Jean","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Needham, H.D.","contributorId":53947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Needham","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Choukroune, P.","contributorId":68458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choukroune","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Juteau, Tierre","contributorId":43496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Juteau","given":"Tierre","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seguret, M.","contributorId":74514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seguret","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ballard, Richard D.","contributorId":40729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballard","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fox, P.J.","contributorId":79233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Normark, William","contributorId":33052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Carranza, A.","contributorId":84076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carranza","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Cordoba, D.","contributorId":47522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordoba","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Guerrero, J.","contributorId":81248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guerrero","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Rangin, C.","contributorId":105853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rangin","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Bougault, H.","contributorId":65605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bougault","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Cambon, P.","contributorId":91244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cambon","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Hekinian, R.","contributorId":44273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hekinian","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}} ,{"id":70012560,"text":"70012560 - 1979 - Black shale - Its deposition and diagenesis.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-25T15:12:32","indexId":"70012560","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Black shale - Its deposition and diagenesis.","docAbstract":"Black shale is a dark-colored mudrock containing organic matter that may have generated hydrocarbons in the subsurface or that may yield hydrocarbons by pyrolysis. Many black shale units are enriched in metals severalfold above expected amounts in ordinary shale. Some black shale units have served as host rocks for syngenetic metal deposits.
Black shales have formed throughout the Earth's history and in all parts of the world. This suggests that geologic processes and not geologic settings are the controlling factors in the accumulation of black shale. Geologic processes are those of deposition by which the raw materials of black shale are accumulated and those of diagenesis in response to increasing depth of burial.
Depositional processes involve a range of relationships among such factors as organic productivity, clastic sedimentation rate, and the intensity of oxidation by which organic matter is destroyed. If enough organic material is present to exhaust the oxygen in the environment, black shale results.
Diagenetic processes involve chemical reactions controlled by the nature of the components and by the pressure and temperature regimens that continuing burial imposes. For a thickness of a few meters beneath the surface, sulfate is reduced and sulfide minerals may be deposited. Fermentation reactions in the next several hundred meters result in biogenic methane, followed successively at greater depths by decarboxylation reactions and thermal maturation that form additional hydrocarbons. Suites of newly formed minerals are characteristic for each of the zones of diagenesis.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1979.0270501","usgsCitation":"Tourtelot, H.A., 1979, Black shale - Its deposition and diagenesis.: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 27, no. 5, p. 313-321, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1979.0270501.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"321","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1dae4b0c8380cd4ae6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tourtelot, H. A.","contributorId":79140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tourtelot","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012619,"text":"70012619 - 1979 - On Chinese earthquake history - An attempt to model an incomplete data set by point process analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-19T09:04:35","indexId":"70012619","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On Chinese earthquake history - An attempt to model an incomplete data set by point process analysis","docAbstract":"Since the 1950s, the Academia Sinica in Peking, People's Republic of China, has carried out extensive research on the Chinese earthquake history. With a historical record dating back some 3000 years, a wealth of information on Chinese earthquakes exists. Despite this monumental undertaking by the Academia Sinica, much work is still necessary to correct the existing earthquake data for historical changes in population, customs, modes of communication, and dynasties. In this paper we report on the status of our investigation of Chinese earthquake history and present some preliminary results. By applying point process analysis of earthquakes in 'Central China', we found suggestions of (1) lower earthquake activity at intervals of about 175 years and 375 years, and (2) higher earthquake activity at an interval of about 300 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00876217","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Lee, W., and Brillinger, D., 1979, On Chinese earthquake history - An attempt to model an incomplete data set by point process analysis: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 117, no. 6, p. 1229-1257, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876217.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1229","endPage":"1257","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[110.33919,18.6784],[109.47521,18.1977],[108.65521,18.50768],[108.62622,19.36789],[109.11906,19.82104],[110.2116,20.10125],[110.78655,20.07753],[111.01005,19.69593],[110.57065,19.25588],[110.33919,18.6784]]],[[[127.65741,49.76027],[129.39782,49.4406],[130.58229,48.72969],[130.98728,47.79013],[132.50667,47.78897],[133.3736,48.18344],[135.02631,48.47823],[134.50081,47.57844],[134.11236,47.21247],[133.76964,46.11693],[133.09713,45.14407],[131.88345,45.32116],[131.02521,44.96795],[131.28856,44.11152],[131.14469,42.92999],[130.63387,42.90301],[130.64002,42.39501],[129.99427,42.98539],[129.59667,42.42498],[128.05222,41.99428],[128.20843,41.46677],[127.34378,41.50315],[126.86908,41.81657],[126.18205,41.10734],[125.07994,40.56982],[124.26562,39.92849],[122.86757,39.63779],[122.13139,39.17045],[121.05455,38.89747],[121.58599,39.36085],[121.37676,39.75026],[122.1686,40.42244],[121.64036,40.94639],[120.76863,40.59339],[119.6396,39.89806],[119.02346,39.25233],[118.04275,39.20427],[117.5327,38.73764],[118.0597,38.06148],[118.87815,37.89733],[118.91164,37.44846],[119.7028,37.15639],[120.82346,37.87043],[121.71126,37.48112],[122.35794,37.45448],[122.51999,36.93061],[121.10416,36.65133],[120.63701,36.11144],[119.66456,35.60979],[119.15121,34.90986],[120.22752,34.36033],[120.62037,33.37672],[121.22901,32.46032],[121.90815,31.69217],[121.89192,30.94935],[121.26426,30.67627],[121.50352,30.14291],[122.09211,29.83252],[121.93843,29.01802],[121.68444,28.22551],[121.12566,28.13567],[120.39547,27.05321],[119.5855,25.74078],[118.65687,24.54739],[117.28161,23.6245],[115.89074,22.78287],[114.76383,22.66807],[114.15255,22.22376],[113.80678,22.54834],[113.24108,22.05137],[111.84359,21.55049],[110.78547,21.39714],[110.44404,20.34103],[109.88986,20.28246],[109.62766,21.00823],[109.86449,21.39505],[108.52281,21.71521],[108.05018,21.55238],[107.04342,21.8119],[106.56727,22.2182],[106.7254,22.79427],[105.81125,22.97689],[105.32921,23.35206],[104.47686,22.81915],[103.50451,22.70376],[102.70699,22.7088],[102.17044,22.46475],[101.65202,22.3182],[101.80312,21.17437],[101.27003,21.20165],[101.18001,21.43657],[101.15003,21.84998],[100.41654,21.55884],[99.98349,21.74294],[99.2409,22.11831],[99.53199,22.94904],[98.89875,23.14272],[98.66026,24.06329],[97.60472,23.8974],[97.72461,25.08364],[98.67184,25.9187],[98.71209,26.74354],[98.68269,27.50881],[98.24623,27.74722],[97.91199,28.33595],[97.32711,28.26158],[96.24883,28.41103],[96.58659,28.83098],[96.11768,29.4528],[95.4048,29.03172],[94.56599,29.27744],[93.41335,28.64063],[92.50312,27.89688],[91.69666,27.77174],[91.25885,28.04061],[90.73051,28.06495],[90.01583,28.29644],[89.47581,28.04276],[88.81425,27.29932],[88.73033,28.08686],[88.12044,27.87654],[86.95452,27.97426],[85.82332,28.20358],[85.01164,28.64277],[84.23458,28.83989],[83.89899,29.32023],[83.33712,29.46373],[82.32751,30.11527],[81.5258,30.42272],[81.11126,30.18348],[79.72137,30.88271],[78.73889,31.51591],[78.45845,32.61816],[79.17613,32.48378],[79.20889,32.99439],[78.81109,33.5062],[78.91227,34.32194],[77.83745,35.49401],[76.19285,35.8984],[75.8969,36.66681],[75.15803,37.13303],[74.98,37.41999],[74.82999,37.99001],[74.86482,38.37885],[74.25751,38.60651],[73.92885,38.50582],[73.67538,39.43124],[73.96001,39.66001],[73.82224,39.89397],[74.77686,40.36643],[75.46783,40.56207],[76.52637,40.42795],[76.90448,41.06649],[78.1872,41.18532],[78.54366,41.58224],[80.11943,42.12394],[80.25999,42.35],[80.18015,42.92007],[80.86621,43.18036],[79.96611,44.91752],[81.94707,45.31703],[82.45893,45.53965],[83.18048,47.33003],[85.16429,47.00096],[85.72048,47.45297],[85.76823,48.45575],[86.59878,48.54918],[87.35997,49.21498],[87.75126,49.2972],[88.01383,48.59946],[88.8543,48.06908],[90.28083,47.69355],[90.97081,46.88815],[90.58577,45.71972],[90.94554,45.28607],[92.13389,45.11508],[93.48073,44.97547],[94.68893,44.35233],[95.30688,44.24133],[95.76245,43.31945],[96.3494,42.72564],[97.45176,42.74889],[99.51582,42.52469],[100.84587,42.6638],[101.83304,42.51487],[103.31228,41.90747],[104.52228,41.90835],[104.96499,41.59741],[106.12932,42.13433],[107.74477,42.48152],[109.2436,42.51945],[110.4121,42.87123],[111.12968,43.40683],[111.82959,43.74312],[111.66774,44.07318],[111.34838,44.45744],[111.87331,45.10208],[112.43606,45.01165],[113.46391,44.80889],[114.46033,45.33982],[115.9851,45.72724],[116.71787,46.3882],[117.4217,46.67273],[118.87433,46.80541],[119.66327,46.69268],[119.77282,47.04806],[118.86657,47.74706],[118.06414,48.06673],[117.29551,47.69771],[116.30895,47.85341],[115.74284,47.72654],[115.48528,48.13538],[116.1918,49.1346],[116.6788,49.88853],[117.87924,49.51098],[119.28846,50.14288],[119.27937,50.58291],[120.18205,51.64357],[120.73819,51.96412],[120.72579,52.51623],[120.17709,52.75389],[121.00308,53.2514],[122.24575,53.43173],[123.57151,53.4588],[125.06821,53.16104],[125.94635,52.7928],[126.5644,51.78426],[126.93916,51.35389],[127.28746,50.7398],[127.65741,49.76027]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"China\"}}]}","volume":"117","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6d6fe4b0c8380cd75136","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, W.H.K.","contributorId":35303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"W.H.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brillinger, D.R.","contributorId":94039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brillinger","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012552,"text":"70012552 - 1979 - Trace element and strontium isotope characteristics of volcanic rocks from Isla Tortuga: A young seamount in the Gulf of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T00:33:33.981241","indexId":"70012552","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace element and strontium isotope characteristics of volcanic rocks from Isla Tortuga: A young seamount in the Gulf of California","docAbstract":"Isla Tortuga is a small isolated central volcano which is located near an actively spreading trough in the Gulf of California. The basalt lavas from Tortuga which have the highest Mg/Fe and Ni contents have trace element abundances and ratios and87Sr/86Sr which are similar to those of mid-ocean ridge tholeiite. The major element, rare earth element and Sr abundances of fractionated tholeiite (low Mg/Fe) and tholeiitic andesite of Tortuga are consistent with an origin by closed-system fractional crystallization. This hypothesis is not supported by K, Na, Rb and Ba abundances in the lavas nor by their variable87Sr/86Sr (0.7024–0.7035). It is proposed that the apparent decoupling of light rare earth elements, other incompatible trace elements and87Sr/86Sr is due to contamination of some Tortuga magmas while they are fractionated in a high-level crustal magma chamber. The mantle source of least-contaminated, high Mg/Fe basalt lavas of Tortuga is similar, although not identical to the source of normal mid-ocean ridge tholeiite; significant differences exist. The reasons for these differences are not yet known.
Water levels in wells screened only below the water table in unconfined aquifers fluctuate in response to atmospheric pressure changes. These fluctuations occur because the materials composing the unsaturated zone resist air movement and have capacity to store air with a change in pressure. Consequently, the translation of any pressure change at land surface is slowed as it moves through the unsaturated zone to the water table, but it reaches the water surface in the well instantaneously. Thus a pressure imbalance is created that results in a water level fluctuation. Barometric effects on water levels in unconfined aquifers can be computed by solution of the differential equation governing the flow of gas in the unsaturated zone subject to the appropriate boundary conditions. Solutions to this equation for two sets of boundary conditions were applied to compute water level response in a well tapping the Ogallala Formation near Lubbock, Texas from simultaneous microbarograph records. One set of computations, based on the step function unit response solution and convolution, resulted in a very good match between computed and measured water levels. A second set of computations, based on analysis of the amplitude ratios of simultaneous cyclic microbarograph and water level fluctuations, gave inconsistent results in terms of the unsaturated zone pneumatic properties but provided useful insights on the nature of unconfined-aquifer water level fluctuations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR015i005p01167","usgsCitation":"Weeks, E.P., 1979, Barometric fluctuations in wells tapping deep unconfined aquifers: Water Resources Research, v. 15, no. 5, p. 1167-1176, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR015i005p01167.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1167","endPage":"1176","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Lubbock","otherGeospatial":"Ogallala Formation","volume":"15","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efbce4b0c8380cd4a40f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weeks, Edwin P. epweeks@usgs.gov","contributorId":2576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"Edwin","email":"epweeks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":364077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012547,"text":"70012547 - 1979 - A new instrument system to investigate sediment dynamics on continental shelves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T15:12:41.304915","indexId":"70012547","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new instrument system to investigate sediment dynamics on continental shelves","docAbstract":"A new instrumented tripod, the GEOPROBE system, has been constructed and used to collect time-series data on physical and geological parameters that are important in bottom sediment dynamics on continental shelves. Simultaneous in situ digital recording of pressure, temperature, light scattering, and light transmission, in combination with current velocity profiles measured with a near-bottom vertical array of electromagnetic current meters, is used to correlate bottom shear generated by a variety of oceanic processes (waves, tides, mean flow, etc.) with incipient movement and resuspension of bottom sediment. A bottom camera system that is activated when current speeds exceed preset threshold values provides a unique method to identify initial sediment motion and bed form development.
Data from a twenty day deployment of the GEOPROBE system in Norton Sound, Alaska, during the period September 24 - October 14, 1976 show that threshold conditions for sediment movement are commonly exceeded, even in calm weather periods, due to the additive effects of tidal currents, mean circulation, and surface waves.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(79)90021-5","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Cacchione, D., and Drake, D., 1979, A new instrument system to investigate sediment dynamics on continental shelves: Marine Geology, v. 30, no. 3-4, p. 299-312, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90021-5.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"312","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222083,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4a4e4b0c8380cd467c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":363868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012483,"text":"70012483 - 1979 - Geochemical and hydrologic considerations and the use of enthalpy-chloride diagrams in the prediction of underground conditions in hot-spring systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:05","indexId":"70012483","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical and hydrologic considerations and the use of enthalpy-chloride diagrams in the prediction of underground conditions in hot-spring systems","docAbstract":"Thermal water ascending in a hot-spring system may cool by conduction of heat to the surrounding rock, by boiling, by mixing with cooler water, or by a combination of these processes. Complete or partial chemical reequilibration may occur as a result of this cooling. In spite of these complexities, in many places chemical compositions of hot-spring waters may be used to estimate underground conditions. A plot of enthalpy versus chloride is particularly useful for determining underground temperatures, salinities, and boiling and mixing relations. The utility of this approach is illustrated using hot-spring composition data from Cerro Prieto, Mexico, Orakeikorako, New Zealand, and Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. ?? 1979.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Fournier, R., 1979, Geochemical and hydrologic considerations and the use of enthalpy-chloride diagrams in the prediction of underground conditions in hot-spring systems: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 5, no. 1-2, p. 1-16.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15d4e4b0c8380cd54f63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, R.O.","contributorId":73584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012478,"text":"70012478 - 1979 - Chemical composition of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T15:49:02.625004","indexId":"70012478","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical composition of Mars","docAbstract":"The composition of Mars has been calculated from the cosmochemical model of Ganapathy and Anders (1974) which assumes that planets and chondrites underwent the same 4 fractionation processes in the solar nebula. Because elements of similar volatility stay together in these processes, only 4 index elements (U, Fe, K and Tl or Ar36) are needed to calculate the abundances of all 83 elements in the planet. The values chosen are U = 28 ppb, K = 62 ppm (based on
The mantle of Mars is an iron-rich [Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.77] garnet wehrlite (ρ = 3.52−3.54 g/cm3), similar to McGetchin and Smyth's (1978) estimate but containing more Ca and Al. It is nearly identical to the bulk Moon composition of Morgan et al. (1978b). The core makes up 0.19 of the planet and contains 3.5% S—much less than estimated by other models. Volatiles have nearly Moon-like abundances, being depleted relative to the Earth by factors of 0.36 (K-group, Tcond = 600–1300 K) or 0.029 (Tl group, Tcond < 600 K). The water abundance corresponds to a 9 m layer, but could be higher by as much as a factor of 11.
Comparison of model compositions for 5 differentiated planets (Earth, Venus, Mars, Moon, and eucrite parent body) suggests that volatile depletion correlates mainly with size rather than with radial distance from the Sun. However, the relatively high volatile content of shergottites and some chondrites shows that the correlation is not simple; other factors must also be involved.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(79)90180-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Morgan, J.W., and Anders, E., 1979, Chemical composition of Mars: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 43, no. 10, p. 1601-1610, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(79)90180-7.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1601","endPage":"1610","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222019,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"43","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f562e4b0c8380cd4c1d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anders, E.","contributorId":64803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anders","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012477,"text":"70012477 - 1979 - Concentrations of metals in very small volumes of soil solution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:08","indexId":"70012477","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentrations of metals in very small volumes of soil solution","docAbstract":"A new method of sampling very small amounts of soil solution (0.3 g) shows that soil solutions contain high concentrations and unusual proportions of metals. In the soils studied, the solution is close in both metal proportions and total metal mass to what may be taken up annually by the growth of plants at the sites sampled. Composition of soil solution varies seasonally and with depth in soil. ?? 1979 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/277444a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Hinkley, T., 1979, Concentrations of metals in very small volumes of soil solution: Nature, v. 277, no. 5696, p. 444-446, https://doi.org/10.1038/277444a0.","startPage":"444","endPage":"446","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205183,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/277444a0"}],"volume":"277","issue":"5696","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f996e4b0c8380cd4d6ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkley, T. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":46690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012251,"text":"70012251 - 1979 - Volcanic eruption plumes on Io","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:05","indexId":"70012251","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic eruption plumes on Io","docAbstract":"An umbrella-shaped plume detected above Io confirms that Io is volcanically active. Preliminary analyses of eight such eruptive plumes are presented. ?? 1979 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/280733a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Strom, R., Terrile, R., Masursky, H., and Hansen, C., 1979, Volcanic eruption plumes on Io: Nature, v. 280, no. 5725, p. 733-736, https://doi.org/10.1038/280733a0.","startPage":"733","endPage":"736","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205178,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/280733a0"},{"id":221999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"280","issue":"5725","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2e5e4b08c986b32ae2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strom, R.G.","contributorId":45744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strom","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Terrile, R.J.","contributorId":27194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terrile","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Masursky, H.","contributorId":33823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hansen, C.","contributorId":12622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012470,"text":"70012470 - 1979 - The thermal expansion of anhydrite to 1000° C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-15T09:50:26","indexId":"70012470","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3066,"text":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The thermal expansion of anhydrite to 1000° C","docAbstract":"The thermal expansion of anhydrite, CaSO4, has been measured from 22° to 1,000° C by X-ray diffraction, using the Guinier-Lenné heating powder camera. The heating patterns were calibrated with Guinier-Hägg patterns at 25° C, using quartz as internal standard. Heating experiments were run on natural anhydrite (Bancroft, Ontario), which at room temperature has lattice constants in close agreement with those of synthetic material. The orthorhombic unit cell at 22° C (space groupAmma) has a=7.003 (1) Å, b=6.996 (2) Å and c=6.242 (1) Å, V=305.9 (2) Å3. At room temperature, the thermal expansion coefficients α and β (α in °C−1×104, β in °C−2×108) are for a, 0.10, −0.69; forb, 0.08, 0.19; for c, 0.18, 1.60; for V, 0.37, 1.14. Second-order coefficients provide an excellent fit over the whole range to 1,000° C.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00308361","issn":"03421791","usgsCitation":"Evans, H.T., 1979, The thermal expansion of anhydrite to 1000° C: Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, v. 4, no. 1, p. 77-82, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00308361.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"82","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205145,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308361"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0f5e4b08c986b325163","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, Howard T. Jr.","contributorId":70852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Howard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}