Surface waters play a potentially important role in the global carbon balance. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes are a major transfer of terrestrial carbon to river systems, and the fate of DOC in aquatic systems is poorly constrained. We used a unique combination of spatially distributed sampling of three DOC fractions throughout a river network and modeling to quantify the net removal of terrestrial DOC during a summer base flow period. We found that aquatic reactivity of terrestrial DOC leading to net loss is low, closer to conservative chloride than to reactive nitrogen. Net removal occurred mainly from the hydrophobic organic acid fraction, while hydrophilic and transphilic acids showed no net change, indicating that partitioning of bulk DOC into different fractions is critical for understanding terrestrial DOC removal. These findings suggest that river systems may have only a modest ability to alter the amounts of terrestrial DOC delivered to coastal zones.
Studies from North Carolina (NC) indicate that increasing concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and other constituents are correlated to adverse effects on stream ecosystems as evidenced by differences in benthic macroinvertebrate populations in streams across the state. As a result, stringent in-stream criteria based on the Water Quality Assessed by Benthic macroinvertebrate health ratings (WQABI) have been proposed for regulating TP concentrations in stormwater discharges and for selecting stormwater best management practices (BMPs). The WQABI criteria concentrations may not be suitable for evaluating stormwater discharges because they are based on baseflow concentration statistics, the criteria do not include a clearly defined allowable exceedance frequency, and there are substantial uncertainties in estimating the quality of runoff, BMP discharge, and receiving waters for sites without monitoring data.
\nThe Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM), which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, was used to simulate the quality of runoff, BMP discharge, and receiving waters to evaluate risks for water-quality exceedances with different criteria concentrations, allowable exceedance frequencies, and selected water-quality statistics. Water-quality data from two neighboring basins in the Piedmont ecoregion in NC were used to simulate in-stream stormwater quality. Data collected at 15 sites in NC were used to simulate runoff quality. Statistics for stochastic modeling of volume reduction, hydrograph extension, and water-quality treatment by BMPs, were used to simulate potential effect of these treatments on discharge quality and downstream stormwater quality. Results of these long-term 30-year simulations were used to evaluate criteria concentrations, the potential frequency of water-quality exceedances, and the effect of data selection on risks for water-quality exceedances.
\nThe simulations indicate that the potential frequency for exceeding instream and stormwater discharge criteria depend on the detailed definition of the criteria and the data that are selected for simulating water quality. Data and simulation results indicate that the baseflow concentrations do not represent stormwater concentrations, even in predominantly forested basins. There is substantial uncertainty in applying stormwater statistics to unmonitored sites, even if these statistics are applied to neighboring basins such as in this example. Over a period of several years (or more) it would be impossible to meet many of the proposed instream and stormwater discharge quality criteria unless these criteria include an allowable exceedance frequency because stormwater concentrations commonly vary by orders of magnitude. Selection of BMPs by using concentration reduction as the sole criteria may underestimate potential benefits of BMPs that also provide volume reduction, which reduces discharge loads, and hydrograph extension, which increases the dilution of runoff into a larger proportion of the upstream stormflow.
\nResults of this study indicate the potential benefits of the multi-decade simulations that SELDM provides because these simulations quantify risks and uncertainties that affect decisions made with available data and statistics. Results of the SELDM simulations indicate that the WQABI criteria concentrations may be too stringent for evaluating the stormwater quality in receiving streams, highway runoff, and BMP discharges; especially with the substantial uncertainties inherent in selecting representative data.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation (ICOET 2015)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2015 International conference on ecology and transportation","conferenceDate":"September 20, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Raleigh, NC","language":"English","publisher":"Center for Transportation and the Environment","usgsCitation":"Granato, G.E., and Jones, S.C., 2015, Estimating the risks for adverse effects of total phosphorus in receiving streams with the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM), in Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation (ICOET 2015), Raleigh, NC, September 20, 2015, p. 1-19.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065909","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566175cae4b06a3ea36c56a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Granato, Gregory E. 0000-0002-2561-9913 ggranato@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2561-9913","contributorId":147346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granato","given":"Gregory","email":"ggranato@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":579637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Susan C. 0000-0002-5891-5209","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5891-5209","contributorId":64716,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":34302,"text":"Federal Highway Administration (United States)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160692,"text":"70160692 - 2015 - PCB concentrations of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) vary by sex","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-05T10:00:34","indexId":"70160692","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"PCB concentrations of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) vary by sex","docAbstract":"We determined whole-fish polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in 26 female lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and 34 male lake whitefish from northern Lake Huron. In 5 of the 26 female lake whitefish, we also determined PCB concentrations in the somatic tissue and ovaries. In addition, bioenergetics modeling was used to determine the contribution of the growth dilution effect to the observed difference in PCB concentrations between the sexes. Whole-fish PCB concentrations for females and males averaged 60 ng/g and 80 ng/g, respectively; thus males were 34% higher in PCB concentration compared with females. Based on the PCB determinations in the somatic tissue and ovaries, we predicted that PCB concentration of females would increase by 2.5%, on average, immediately after spawning due to release of eggs. Thus, the change in PCB concentration due to release of eggs did not explain, to any degree, the higher PCB concentrations observed in males compared with females. Bioenergetics modeling results indicated that the growth dilution effect could account for males being only 0.7% higher in PCB concentration compared with females. Thus, the growth dilution effect contributed very little to the observed difference in PCB concentrations between the sexes. We conclude that males were higher than females in PCB concentration most likely due to a higher rate of energy expenditure, stemming from greater activity and a greater resting metabolic rate. A higher rate of energy expenditure leads to a higher rate of food consumption, which, in turn, leads to a higher PCB accumulation rate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2015.09.010","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., Ebener, M.P., and Sepulveda, M.S., 2015, PCB concentrations of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) vary by sex: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 41, no. 4, p. 1185-1190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2015.09.010.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1185","endPage":"1190","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062003","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2015.09.010","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":313145,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.5240020751953,\n 45.96785634304352\n ],\n [\n -84.44091796875,\n 45.832626782661556\n ],\n [\n -84.144287109375,\n 45.85080395917834\n ],\n [\n -84.22050476074219,\n 45.97549199391509\n ],\n [\n -84.43130493164062,\n 46.00411630923806\n ],\n [\n -84.46701049804688,\n 46.00411630923806\n ],\n [\n -84.46083068847656,\n 45.97549199391509\n ],\n [\n -84.4683837890625,\n 45.97071983548312\n ],\n [\n -84.5068359375,\n 45.97262874820093\n ],\n [\n -84.5240020751953,\n 45.96785634304352\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56865fc8e4b0e7594ee74cd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ebener, Mark P.","contributorId":25099,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ebener","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":12957,"text":"Chippewa Ottawa Resource Authority","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sepulveda, Maria S.","contributorId":60960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"Maria","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70177798,"text":"70177798 - 2015 - Evaluation of three aging techniques and back-calculated growth for introduced Blue Catfish from Lake Oconee, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-21T15:08:42","indexId":"70177798","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3444,"text":"Southeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of three aging techniques and back-calculated growth for introduced Blue Catfish from Lake Oconee, Georgia","docAbstract":"Back-calculation of length-at-age from otoliths and spines is a common technique employed in fisheries biology, but few studies have compared the precision of data collected with this method for catfish populations. We compared precision of back-calculated lengths-at-age for an introducedIctalurus furcatus (Blue Catfish) population among 3 commonly used cross-sectioning techniques. We used gillnets to collect Blue Catfish (n = 153) from Lake Oconee, GA. We estimated ages from a basal recess, articulating process, and otolith cross-section from each fish. We employed the Frasier-Lee method to back-calculate length-at-age for each fish, and compared the precision of back-calculated lengths among techniques using hierarchical linear models. Precision in age assignments was highest for otoliths (83.5%) and lowest for basal recesses (71.4%). Back-calculated lengths were variable among fish ages 1–3 for the techniques compared; otoliths and basal recesses yielded variable lengths at age 8. We concluded that otoliths and articulating processes are adequate for age estimation of Blue Catfish.
","language":"English","publisher":"Eagle Hill Institute","doi":"10.1656/058.014.0417","usgsCitation":"Homer, M.D., Peterson, J., and Jennings, C.A., 2015, Evaluation of three aging techniques and back-calculated growth for introduced Blue Catfish from Lake Oconee, Georgia: Southeastern Naturalist, v. 14, no. 4, p. 740-756, https://doi.org/10.1656/058.014.0417.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"740","endPage":"756","ipdsId":"IP-036204","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330326,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Lake Oconee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.37867736816406,\n 33.338559712732525\n ],\n [\n -83.37867736816406,\n 33.714630486382156\n ],\n [\n -83.14178466796875,\n 33.714630486382156\n ],\n [\n -83.14178466796875,\n 33.338559712732525\n ],\n [\n -83.37867736816406,\n 33.338559712732525\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5810c6d6e4b0f497e79733f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Homer, Michael D. Jr.","contributorId":176188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Homer","given":"Michael","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, James T. 0000-0002-7709-8590 james_peterson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7709-8590","contributorId":2111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"James","email":"james_peterson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jennings, Cecil A. 0000-0002-6159-6026 jennings@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6159-6026","contributorId":874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Cecil","email":"jennings@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162509,"text":"70162509 - 2015 - Validation of simulated earthquake ground motions based on evolution of intensity and frequency content","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-28T09:10:09","indexId":"70162509","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Validation of simulated earthquake ground motions based on evolution of intensity and frequency content","docAbstract":"Simulated earthquake ground motions can be used in many recent engineering applications that require time series as input excitations. However, applicability and validation of simulations are subjects of debate in the seismological and engineering communities. We propose a validation methodology at the waveform level and directly based on characteristics that are expected to influence most structural and geotechnical response parameters. In particular, three time-dependent validation metrics are used to evaluate the evolving intensity, frequency, and bandwidth of a waveform. These validation metrics capture nonstationarities in intensity and frequency content of waveforms, making them ideal to address nonlinear response of structural systems. A two-component error vector is proposed to quantify the average and shape differences between these validation metrics for a simulated and recorded ground-motion pair. Because these metrics are directly related to the waveform characteristics, they provide easily interpretable feedback to seismologists for modifying their ground-motion simulation models. To further simplify the use and interpretation of these metrics for engineers, it is shown how six scalar key parameters, including duration, intensity, and predominant frequency, can be extracted from the validation metrics. The proposed validation methodology is a step forward in paving the road for utilization of simulated ground motions in engineering practice and is demonstrated using examples of recorded and simulated ground motions from the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120140210","usgsCitation":"Rezaeian, S., Zhong, P., Hartzell, S.H., and Zareian, F., 2015, Validation of simulated earthquake ground motions based on evolution of intensity and frequency content: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 105, no. 6, p. 3036-3049, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120140210.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"3036","endPage":"3049","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068675","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314936,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Los Angeles","otherGeospatial":"Northridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.55552673339842,\n 34.20044475954112\n ],\n [\n -118.55552673339842,\n 34.27651009584797\n ],\n [\n -118.47278594970702,\n 34.27651009584797\n ],\n [\n -118.47278594970702,\n 34.20044475954112\n ],\n [\n -118.55552673339842,\n 34.20044475954112\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ab49d8e4b07ca61bfea61a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rezaeian, Sanaz 0000-0001-7589-7893 srezaeian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7589-7893","contributorId":4395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rezaeian","given":"Sanaz","email":"srezaeian@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhong, Peng","contributorId":152543,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhong","given":"Peng","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6641,"text":"University of California at Merced","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hartzell, Stephen H. 0000-0003-0858-9043 shartzell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-9043","contributorId":2594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"Stephen","email":"shartzell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zareian, Farzin","contributorId":152544,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zareian","given":"Farzin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6641,"text":"University of California at Merced","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70160609,"text":"70160609 - 2015 - Foraging mechanisms of siscowet lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush siscowet) on pelagic prey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-05T10:05:44","indexId":"70160609","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foraging mechanisms of siscowet lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush siscowet) on pelagic prey","docAbstract":"The reaction distance, angle of attack, and foraging success were determined for siscowet lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush siscowet) during laboratory trials under lighting conditions that approximated downwelling spectral irradiance and intensity (9.00 × 108–1.06 × 1014 photons m− 2 s− 1) at daytime depths. Siscowet reaction distance in response to golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) was directly correlated with increasing light intensity until saturation at 1.86 × 1011 photons m− 2 s− 1, above which reaction distance was constant within the range of tested light intensities. At the lowest tested light intensity, sensory detection was sufficient to locate prey at 25 ± 2 cm, while increasing light intensities increased reaction distance up to 59 ± 2 cm at 1.06 × 1014 photons m− 2 s− 1. Larger prey elicited higher reaction distances than smaller prey at all light intensities while moving prey elicited higher reaction distances than stationary prey at the higher light intensities (6.00 × 109 to 1.06 × 1014 photons m− 2 s− 1). The capture and consumption of prey similarly increased with increasing light intensity while time to capture decreased with increasing light intensity. The majority of orientations toward prey occurred within 120° of the longitudinal axis of the siscowet's eyes, although reaction distances among 30° increments along the entire axis were not significantly different. The developed predictive model will help determine reaction distances for siscowet in various photic environments and will help identify the mechanisms and behavior that allow for low light intensity foraging within freshwater systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Great Lakes Research","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2015.09.016","usgsCitation":"Keyler, T.D., Hrabik, T.R., Austin, C.L., Gorman, O.T., and Mensinger, A.F., 2015, Foraging mechanisms of siscowet lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush siscowet) on pelagic prey: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 41, no. 4, p. 1162-1171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2015.09.016.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1162","endPage":"1171","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071047","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2015.09.016","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":313127,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Superior, Apostle Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.48133850097656,\n 46.989855008117836\n ],\n [\n -90.29182434082031,\n 46.99289939154502\n ],\n [\n -90.29285430908202,\n 46.9036035979079\n ],\n [\n -90.50193786621094,\n 46.9036035979079\n ],\n [\n -90.48133850097656,\n 46.989855008117836\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56865fc6e4b0e7594ee74cc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keyler, Trevor D.","contributorId":150850,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keyler","given":"Trevor","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6915,"text":"University of Minnesota - Duluth","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hrabik, Thomas R.","contributorId":35614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hrabik","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6915,"text":"University of Minnesota - Duluth","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Austin, C. Lee","contributorId":150851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Austin","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[{"id":6915,"text":"University of Minnesota - Duluth","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gorman, Owen T. 0000-0003-0451-110X otgorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0451-110X","contributorId":2888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorman","given":"Owen","email":"otgorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mensinger, Allen F.","contributorId":150852,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mensinger","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6915,"text":"University of Minnesota - Duluth","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70191099,"text":"70191099 - 2015 - Combining NLCD and MODIS to create a land cover-albedo database for the continental United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-26T14:06:20","indexId":"70191099","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combining NLCD and MODIS to create a land cover-albedo database for the continental United States","docAbstract":"Land surface albedo is an essential climate variable that is tightly linked to land cover, such that specific land cover classes (e.g., deciduous broadleaf forest, cropland) have characteristic albedos. Despite the normative of land-cover class specific albedos, there is considerable variability in albedo within a land cover class. The National Land Cover Database (NLCD) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) albedo product were combined to produce a long-term (14 years) integrated land cover-albedo database for the continental United States that can be used to examine the temporal behavior of albedo as a function of land cover. The integration identifies areas of homogeneous land cover at the nominal spatial resolution of the MODIS (MCD43A) albedo product (500 m × 500 m) from the NLCD product (30 m × 30 m), and provides an albedo data record per 500 m × 500 m pixel for 14 of the 16 NLCD land cover classes. Individual homogeneous land cover pixels have up to 605 albedo observations, and 75% of the pixels have at least 319 MODIS albedo observations (≥ 50% of the maximum possible number of observations) for the study period (2000–2013). We demonstrated the utility of the database by conducting a multivariate analysis of variance of albedo for each NLCD land cover class, showing that locational (pixel-to-pixel) and inter-annual variability were significant factors in addition to expected seasonal (intra-annual) and geographic (latitudinal) effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2015.09.012","usgsCitation":"Wickham, J., Barnes, C., Nash, M., and Wade, T., 2015, Combining NLCD and MODIS to create a land cover-albedo database for the continental United States: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 170, p. 143-152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.09.012.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"152","ipdsId":"IP-069951","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":346099,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"170","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59cb6734e4b017cf3141c6a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wickham, J.","contributorId":102230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wickham","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Christopher A. 0000-0002-4608-4364 christopher.barnes.ctr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4608-4364","contributorId":178108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Christopher A.","email":"christopher.barnes.ctr@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nash, M.S.","contributorId":43946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wade, T.G.","contributorId":74113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wade","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70174114,"text":"70174114 - 2015 - Why are freshwater fish so threatened?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-28T16:20:39","indexId":"70174114","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Why are freshwater fish so threatened?","docAbstract":"The huge diversity of freshwater fishes is concentrated into an area of habitat that covers only about 1% of the Earth's surface, and much of this limited area has already been extensively impacted and intensively managed to meet human needs (Dudgeon et al., 2006). As outlined in Chapter 1, the number and proportions of threatened species tend to rise wherever fish diversity coincides with dense human populations, intensive resource use and development pressure. Of particular concern is the substantial proportion of the global diversity of freshwater fishes concentrated within the Mekong and Amazon Basins and west-central Africa (Berra, 2001; Abell et al., 2008; Dudgeon, 2011; Chapter 1) with extensive exploitation of water resources planned to accelerate in future years (Dudgeon, 2011; Chapter 1). If current trends continue, and the social, political and economic models that have been used to develop industrialised regions of the world over the past two centuries prevail, then the future of a significant proportion of global diversity of freshwater fish species is clearly uncertain.
\nUnderstanding why so many freshwater fish species are threatened requires some understanding of their biology, diversity, distribution, biogeography and ecology, but also some appreciation of the social, economic and political forces that are causing humans to destroy the natural ecosystems upon which we all ultimately depend. To begin to understand the diversity of freshwater fishes, we first need to consider the processes that generated and continue to sustain the diversity of species we see today. Based on an understanding of how freshwater fish diversity is generated and sustained, we consider how vulnerable or resilient various freshwater fishes are to the range of anthropogenic impacts that impinge on freshwater ecosystems. Finally, we discuss how social, political and economic drivers influence human impacts on natural systems, and the changes needed to current models of development that can lead to a sustainable future for humans and the diverse range of freshwater fish species with which we share our planet. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the key issues and threats driving the declines in freshwater fish diversity identified in Chapter 1; subsequent chapters provide more detail on the key issues and address our options for developing a sustainable future for freshwater fishes.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation of Freshwater Fishes","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781139627085","usgsCitation":"Closs, G.P., Angermeier, P.L., Darwall, W.R., and Balcombe, S.R., 2015, Why are freshwater fish so threatened?, chap. of Conservation of Freshwater Fishes, p. 37-75, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139627085.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"75","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059105","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324566,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57739fb9e4b07657d1a90daa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Closs, Gerard P.","contributorId":172538,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Closs","given":"Gerard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Angermeier, Paul L. 0000-0003-2864-170X biota@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-170X","contributorId":166679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"Paul","email":"biota@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Darwall, William R.T.","contributorId":94981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darwall","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Balcombe, Stephen R.","contributorId":172539,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Balcombe","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70174146,"text":"70174146 - 2015 - Management and the conservation of freshwater ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-28T15:41:28","indexId":"70174146","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Management and the conservation of freshwater ecosystems","docAbstract":"Riparian areas are the terrestrial environment adjacent to water that both influences and is influenced by the aquatic feature (Gregory et al., 1991; Naiman et al., 2010). Riparian areas along streams provide shade, sources of wood and organic matter, contribute to bank stability, filter sediments, take up excess nutrients from groundwater inputs, and other key processes that protect freshwaters (e.g. Naiman et al., 2010; Richardson & Danehy, 2007; Figure 9.1). Riparian areas also increase biodiversity through habitat complexity and close juxtaposition of aquatic and terrestrial environments (Quinn et al., 2004; Naiman et al., 2010). Alterations to riparian areas, despite their small area relative to the landscape, have disproportionate effects on habitats and fish communities (Naiman et al., 2010; Wipfli & Baxter, 2010). Key habitat losses and alterations are derived from modification of riparian areas by reducing instream habitat complexity (Bilby & Ward, 1989; Fausch & Northcote, 1992; Naiman et al., 2010), diminishing the productive basis of freshwater food webs (Belsky et al., 1999; Quinn et al., 2004), increasing nutrient, contaminant and sediment intrusion (Muscutt et al., 1993; Daniels & Gilliam, 1996; Nguyen et al., 1998; Waters, 1999).
\nRiparian and freshwater ecosystems are typically tightly coupled, especially in their natural states, and the linkages that couple them frequently exert strong influence on their associated invertebrate and fish fauna (e.g. Gregory et al., 1991; Naiman et al., 2010). Riparian habitats, and the condition of these habitats, further plays a key role in the ecology of these fresh waters, influencing critical processes such as water, nutrient and sediment delivery and dynamics; prey resources for fish and other consumers, and other organic materials exchanged between aquatic and terrestrial habitats (Nakano et al., 1999; Naiman et al., 2010); light and water temperature dynamics that in turn affect food web processes and fish metabolism and growth; aquatic physical habitat (wood); and terrestrial consumers that prey upon fishes (Bisson & Bilby, 1998; Naiman et al., 2010; Wipfli & Baxter, 2010). These processes in turn directly or indirectly influence fishes in freshwater systems (Wang et al., 2001; Pusey & Arthington, 2003; Allan, 2004; Richardson et al., 2010a).
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781139627085.010","usgsCitation":"Wipfli, M.S., and Richardson, J.S., 2015, Management and the conservation of freshwater ecosystems, p. 270-291, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139627085.010.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"270","endPage":"291","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055418","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324546,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57739fb1e4b07657d1a90cde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wipfli, Mark S. 0000-0002-4856-6068 mwipfli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-6068","contributorId":1425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wipfli","given":"Mark","email":"mwipfli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richardson, John S.","contributorId":172517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Richardson","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70192950,"text":"70192950 - 2015 - Developing a conservation strategy to maximize persistence of an endangered freshwater mussel species while considering management effectiveness and cost","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-29T13:52:49","indexId":"70192950","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1699,"text":"Freshwater Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developing a conservation strategy to maximize persistence of an endangered freshwater mussel species while considering management effectiveness and cost","docAbstract":"We used a structured decision-making process to develop conservation strategies to increase persistence of Dwarf Wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon) in North Carolina, USA, while accounting for uncertainty in management effectiveness and considering costs. Alternative conservation strategies were portfolios of management actions that differed by location of management actions on the landscape. Objectives of the conservation strategy were to maximize species persistence, maintain genetic diversity, maximize public support, and minimize management costs. We compared 4 conservation strategies: 1) the ‘status quo’ strategy represented current management, 2) the ‘protect the best’ strategy focused on protecting the best populations in the Tar River basin, 3) the ‘expand the distribution’ strategy focused on management of extant populations and establishment of new populations in the Neuse River basin, and 4) the ‘hybrid’ strategy combined elements of each strategy to balance conservation in the Tar and Neuse River basins. A population model informed requirements for population management, and experts projected performance of alternative strategies over a 20-y period. The optimal strategy depended on the relative value placed on competing objectives, which can vary among stakeholders. The protect the best and hybrid strategies were optimal across a wide range of relative values with 2 exceptions: 1) if minimizing management cost was of overriding concern, then status quo was optimal, or 2) if maximizing population persistence in the Neuse River basin was emphasized, then expand the distribution strategy was optimal. The optimal strategy was robust to uncertainty in management effectiveness. Overall, the structured decision process can help identify the most promising strategies for endangered species conservation that maximize conservation benefit given the constraint of limited funding.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/683121","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.R., McRae, S.E., Augspurger, T., Ratcliffe, J.A., Nichols, R.B., Eads, C.B., Savidge, T., and Bogan, A.E., 2015, Developing a conservation strategy to maximize persistence of an endangered freshwater mussel species while considering management effectiveness and cost: Freshwater Science, v. 34, no. 4, p. 1324-1339, https://doi.org/10.1086/683121.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1324","endPage":"1339","ipdsId":"IP-057103","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348665,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North 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,{"id":70176400,"text":"70176400 - 2015 - Quantifying the residence time and flushing characteristics of a shallow, back-barrier estuary: Application of hydrodynamic and particle tracking models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-13T09:39:55","indexId":"70176400","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying the residence time and flushing characteristics of a shallow, back-barrier estuary: Application of hydrodynamic and particle tracking models","docAbstract":"Estuarine residence time is a major driver of eutrophication and water quality. Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor (BB-LEH), New Jersey, is a lagoonal back-barrier estuary that is subject to anthropogenic pressures including nutrient loading, eutrophication, and subsequent declines in water quality. A combination of hydrodynamic and particle tracking modeling was used to identify the mechanisms controlling flushing, residence time, and spatial variability of particle retention. The models demonstrated a pronounced northward subtidal flow from Little Egg Inlet in the south to Pt. Pleasant Canal in the north due to frictional effects in the inlets, leading to better flushing of the southern half of the estuary and particle retention in the northern estuary. Mean residence time for BB-LEH was 13 days but spatial variability was between ∼0 and 30 days depending on the initial particle location. Mean residence time with tidal forcing alone was 24 days (spatial variability between ∼0 and 50 days); the tides were relatively inefficient in flushing the northern end of the Bay. Scenarios with successive exclusion of physical processes from the models revealed that meteorological and remote offshore forcing were stronger drivers of exchange than riverine inflow. Investigations of water quality and eutrophication should take into account spatial variability in hydrodynamics and residence time in order to better quantify the roles of nutrient loading, production, and flushing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s12237-014-9885-3","usgsCitation":"Defne, Z., and Ganju, N., 2015, Quantifying the residence time and flushing characteristics of a shallow, back-barrier estuary: Application of hydrodynamic and particle tracking models: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 38, no. 5, p. 1719-1734, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-014-9885-3.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1719","endPage":"1734","ipdsId":"IP-057196","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/7506","text":"External Repository"},{"id":328587,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57d92340e4b090824ffa1b23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Defne, Zafer 0000-0003-4544-4310 zdefne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4544-4310","contributorId":5520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Defne","given":"Zafer","email":"zdefne@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":648603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ganju, Neil K. 0000-0002-1096-0465 nganju@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1096-0465","contributorId":149613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ganju","given":"Neil K.","email":"nganju@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":648604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70176704,"text":"70176704 - 2015 - Seismic hazard in the Intermountain West","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-03T16:29:05","indexId":"70176704","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic hazard in the Intermountain West","docAbstract":"The 2014 national seismic-hazard model for the conterminous United States incorporates new scientific results and important model adjustments. The current model includes updates to the historical catalog, which is spatially smoothed using both fixed-length and adaptive-length smoothing kernels. Fault-source characterization improved by adding faults, revising rates of activity, and incorporating new results from combined inversions of geologic and geodetic data. The update also includes a new suite of published ground motion models. Changes in probabilistic ground motion are generally less than 10% in most of the Intermountain West compared to the prior assessment, and ground-motion hazard in four Intermountain West cities illustrates the range and magnitude of change in the region. Seismic hazard at reference sites in Boise and Reno increased as much as 10%, whereas hazard in Salt Lake City decreased 5–6%. The largest change was in Las Vegas, where hazard increased 32–35%.","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Institute","doi":"10.1193/103114EQS173M","usgsCitation":"Haller, K., Moschetti, M.P., Mueller, C., Rezaeian, S., Petersen, M.D., and Zeng, Y., 2015, Seismic hazard in the Intermountain West: Earthquake Spectra, v. 31, no. S1, p. S149-S176, https://doi.org/10.1193/103114EQS173M.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"S149","endPage":"S176","ipdsId":"IP-069065","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329245,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"S1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7ee24e4b0bc0bec09e8ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haller, Kathleen 0000-0001-8847-7302 haller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8847-7302","contributorId":172556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haller","given":"Kathleen","email":"haller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moschetti, Morgan P. 0000-0001-7261-0295 mmoschetti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7261-0295","contributorId":1662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moschetti","given":"Morgan","email":"mmoschetti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mueller, Charles 0000-0002-1868-9710 cmueller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1868-9710","contributorId":140380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Charles","email":"cmueller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rezaeian, Sanaz 0000-0001-7589-7893 srezaeian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7589-7893","contributorId":4395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rezaeian","given":"Sanaz","email":"srezaeian@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Petersen, Mark D. 0000-0001-8542-3990 mpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-3990","contributorId":1163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Mark","email":"mpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zeng, Yuehua 0000-0003-1161-1264 zeng@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1161-1264","contributorId":145693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeng","given":"Yuehua","email":"zeng@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70187762,"text":"70187762 - 2015 - Evaluation of the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) air temperature data products","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-17T11:19:03","indexId":"70187762","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) air temperature data products","docAbstract":"There is a high demand for agrohydrologic models to use gridded near-surface air temperature data as the model input for estimating regional and global water budgets and cycles. The Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) developed by combining simulation models with observations provides a long-term gridded meteorological dataset at the global scale. However, the GLDAS air temperature products have not been comprehensively evaluated, although the accuracy of the products was assessed in limited areas. In this study, the daily 0.25° resolution GLDAS air temperature data are compared with two reference datasets: 1) 1-km-resolution gridded Daymet data (2002 and 2010) for the conterminous United States and 2) global meteorological observations (2000–11) archived from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN). The comparison of the GLDAS datasets with the GHCN datasets, including 13 511 weather stations, indicates a fairly high accuracy of the GLDAS data for daily temperature. The quality of the GLDAS air temperature data, however, is not always consistent in different regions of the world; for example, some areas in Africa and South America show relatively low accuracy. Spatial and temporal analyses reveal a high agreement between GLDAS and Daymet daily air temperature datasets, although spatial details in high mountainous areas are not sufficiently estimated by the GLDAS data. The evaluation of the GLDAS data demonstrates that the air temperature estimates are generally accurate, but caution should be taken when the data are used in mountainous areas or places with sparse weather stations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/JHM-D-14-0230.1","usgsCitation":"Ji, L., Senay, G.B., and Verdin, J.P., 2015, Evaluation of the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) air temperature data products: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 16, p. 2463-2480, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-14-0230.1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"2463","endPage":"2480","ipdsId":"IP-060871","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0230.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":341434,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"593e26a5e4b0764e6c61b754","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ji, Lei 0000-0002-6133-1036 lji@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6133-1036","contributorId":139587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ji","given":"Lei","email":"lji@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":3114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Verdin, James P. 0000-0003-0238-9657 verdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-9657","contributorId":720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"James","email":"verdin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":695524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189524,"text":"70189524 - 2015 - Long-term anoxia and release of ancient, labile carbon upon thaw of Pleistocene permafrost","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-14T12:19:21","indexId":"70189524","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term anoxia and release of ancient, labile carbon upon thaw of Pleistocene permafrost","docAbstract":"The fate of permafrost carbon upon thaw will drive feedbacks to climate warming. Here we consider the character and context of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in yedoma permafrost cores from up to 20 m depth in central Alaska. We observed high DOC concentrations (4 to 129 mM) and consistent low molecular weight organic acid concentrations in three cores. We estimate a DOC production rate of 12 µmol DOC m−2 yr−1 based on model ages of up to ~200 kyr derived from uranium isotopes. Acetate C accounted for 24 ± 1% of DOC in all samples. This proportion suggests long-term anaerobiosis and is likely to influence thaw outcomes due to biolability of acetate upon release in many environments. The combination of uranium isotopes, ammonium concentrations, and calcium concentrations explained 86% of the variation in thaw water DOC concentrations, suggesting that DOC production may be related to both reducing conditions and mineral dissolution over time.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1002/2015GL066296","usgsCitation":"Ewing, S.A., O’Donnell, J.A., Aiken, G.R., Butler, K.D., Butman, D., Windham-Myers, L., and Kanevskiy, M., 2015, Long-term anoxia and release of ancient, labile carbon upon thaw of Pleistocene permafrost: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 42, no. 24, p. 10730-10738, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066296.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"10730","endPage":"10738","ipdsId":"IP-066085","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471606,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl066296","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":343868,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5969d82ce4b0d1f9f060a195","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ewing, Stephanie A.","contributorId":50065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewing","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Donnell, Jonathan A.","contributorId":84138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Donnell","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Butler, Kenna D. 0000-0001-9604-4603 kebutler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9604-4603","contributorId":178885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"Kenna","email":"kebutler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Butman, David 0000-0003-3520-7426 dbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3520-7426","contributorId":174187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"David","email":"dbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Windham-Myers, Lisamarie lwindham-myers@usgs.gov","contributorId":167489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windham-Myers","given":"Lisamarie","email":"lwindham-myers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":705033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kanevskiy, Mikhail","contributorId":60511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanevskiy","given":"Mikhail","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70161742,"text":"70161742 - 2015 - Predicting spatial distribution of postfire debris flows and potential consequences for native trout in headwater streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-05T16:39:19","indexId":"70161742","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1699,"text":"Freshwater Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting spatial distribution of postfire debris flows and potential consequences for native trout in headwater streams","docAbstract":"Habitat fragmentation and degradation and invasion of nonnative species have restricted the distribution of native trout. Many trout populations are limited to headwater streams where negative effects of predicted climate change, including reduced stream flow and increased risk of catastrophic fires, may further jeopardize their persistence. Headwater streams in steep terrain are especially susceptible to disturbance associated with postfire debris flows, which have led to local extirpation of trout populations in some systems. We conducted a reach-scale spatial analysis of debris-flow risk among 11 high-elevation watersheds of the Colorado Rocky Mountains occupied by isolated populations of Colorado River Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus). Stream reaches at high risk of disturbance by postfire debris flow were identified with the aid of a qualitative model based on 4 primary initiating and transport factors (hillslope gradient, flow accumulation pathways, channel gradient, and valley confinement). This model was coupled with a spatially continuous survey of trout distributions in these stream networks to assess the predicted extent of trout population disturbances related to debris flows. In the study systems, debris-flow potential was highest in the lower and middle reaches of most watersheds. Colorado River Cutthroat Trout occurred in areas of high postfire debris-flow risk, but they were never restricted to those areas. Postfire debris flows could extirpate trout from local reaches in these watersheds, but trout populations occupy refugia that should allow recolonization of interconnected, downstream reaches. Specific results of our study may not be universally applicable, but our risk assessment approach can be applied to assess postfire debris-flow risk for stream reaches in other watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"JSTOR","doi":"10.1086/684094","usgsCitation":"Sedell, E.R., Gresswell, R.E., and McMahon, T., 2015, Predicting spatial distribution of postfire debris flows and potential consequences for native trout in headwater streams: Freshwater Science, v. 34, no. 4, p. 1558-1570, https://doi.org/10.1086/684094.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1558","endPage":"1570","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060323","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/684094","text":"External Repository"},{"id":313872,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":313823,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org.proxybz.lib.montana.edu/stable/10.1086/684094?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Upper Colorado River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.89971923828124,\n 39.82752244475985\n ],\n [\n -107.7978515625,\n 39.768436410838426\n ],\n [\n -107.9681396484375,\n 39.57605638518604\n ],\n [\n -108.11370849609375,\n 39.189690821096804\n ],\n [\n -107.9296875,\n 39.10022600175344\n ],\n [\n -107.435302734375,\n 38.98076276501633\n ],\n [\n -106.95465087890625,\n 39.191819549771694\n ],\n [\n -106.74041748046875,\n 39.459523110465156\n ],\n [\n -106.76239013671875,\n 39.812755695478124\n ],\n [\n -106.89971923828124,\n 39.82752244475985\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568cf748e4b0e7a44bc0f17f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sedell, Edwin R","contributorId":152039,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedell","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"R","affiliations":[{"id":18862,"text":"Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, La Grand Fish Research, La Grand, OR, USA 97850","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":587622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gresswell, Robert E. 0000-0003-0063-855X bgresswell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0063-855X","contributorId":152031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gresswell","given":"Robert","email":"bgresswell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":587621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McMahon, Thomas E.","contributorId":93548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Thomas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70168393,"text":"70168393 - 2015 - Quantifying the adaptive cycle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-11T09:40:31","indexId":"70168393","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying the adaptive cycle","docAbstract":"The adaptive cycle was proposed as a conceptual model to portray patterns of change in complex systems. Despite the model having potential for elucidating change across systems, it has been used mainly as a metaphor, describing system dynamics qualitatively. We use a quantitative approach for testing premises (reorganisation, conservatism, adaptation) in the adaptive cycle, using Baltic Sea phytoplankton communities as an example of such complex system dynamics. Phytoplankton organizes in recurring spring and summer blooms, a well-established paradigm in planktology and succession theory, with characteristic temporal trajectories during blooms that may be consistent with adaptive cycle phases. We used long-term (1994–2011) data and multivariate analysis of community structure to assess key components of the adaptive cycle. Specifically, we tested predictions about: reorganisation: spring and summer blooms comprise distinct community states; conservatism: community trajectories during individual adaptive cycles are conservative; and adaptation: phytoplankton species during blooms change in the long term. All predictions were supported by our analyses. Results suggest that traditional ecological paradigms such as phytoplankton successional models have potential for moving the adaptive cycle from a metaphor to a framework that can improve our understanding how complex systems organize and reorganize following collapse. Quantifying reorganization, conservatism and adaptation provides opportunities to cope with the intricacies and uncertainties associated with fast ecological change, driven by shifting system controls. Ultimately, combining traditional ecological paradigms with heuristics of complex system dynamics using quantitative approaches may help refine ecological theory and improve our understanding of the resilience of ecosystems.
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","language":"English","publisher":"EERI","doi":"10.1193/042015EQS058M","usgsCitation":"Luco, N., Bachman, R., Crouse, C., Harris, J.R., Hooper, J.D., Kircher, C.A., Caldwell, P., and Rukstales, K.S., 2015, Updates to building-code maps for the 2015 NEHRP recommended seismic provisions: Earthquake Spectra, v. 31, no. S1, p. 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Construction of the seismic source models employs the methodology that was developed for the 1996 NSHM but includes new and updated data, data types, source models, and source parameters that reflect the current state of knowledge of earthquake occurrence and state of practice for seismic hazard analyses. We review the SSC parameterization and describe the methods used to estimate earthquake rates, magnitudes, locations, and geometries for all seismic source models, with an emphasis on new source model components. We highlight the effects that two new model components—incorporation of slip rates from combined geodetic-geologic inversions and the incorporation of adaptively smoothed seismicity models—have on probabilistic ground motions, because these sources span multiple regions of the conterminous United States and provide important additional epistemic uncertainty for the 2014 NSHM.
","language":"English","publisher":"EERI","doi":"10.1193/110514EQS183M","usgsCitation":"Moschetti, M.P., Powers, P.M., Petersen, M.D., Boyd, O.S., Chen, R., Field, E.H., Frankel, A.D., Haller, K., Harmsen, S., Mueller, C.S., Wheeler, R., and Zeng, Y., 2015, Seismic source characterization for the 2014 update of the U.S. National Seismic Hazard Model: Earthquake Spectra, v. 31, no. S1, p. S31-S57, https://doi.org/10.1193/110514EQS183M.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"S31","endPage":"S57","ipdsId":"IP-066842","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1193/110514eqs183m","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336861,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"S1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833de4b014cc3a3a99f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moschetti, Morgan P. 0000-0001-7261-0295 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of seismic design regulations in the United States. This paper compares hazard using the new suite of ground motion models (GMMs) relative to hazard using the suite of GMMs applied in the previous version of the maps. The new source characterization models are used for both cases. A previous paper (Rezaeian et al. 2014) discussed the five NGA-West2 GMMs used for shallow crustal earthquakes in the Western United States (WUS), which are also summarized here. Our focus in this paper is on GMMs for earthquakes in stable continental regions in the Central and Eastern United States (CEUS), as well as subduction interface and deep intraslab earthquakes. We consider building code hazard levels for peak ground acceleration (PGA), 0.2-s, and 1.0-s spectral accelerations (SAs) on uniform firm-rock site conditions. The GMM modifications in the updated version of the maps created changes in hazard within 5% to 20% in WUS; decreases within 5% to 20% in CEUS; changes within 5% to 15% for subduction interface earthquakes; and changes involving decreases of up to 50% and increases of up to 30% for deep intraslab earthquakes for most U.S. sites. These modifications were combined with changes resulting from modifications in the source characterization models to obtain the new hazard maps.
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States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-13T12:52:54","indexId":"70184995","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5316,"text":"Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of grazing and land use on stream-channel characteristics among small dairy farms in the Eastern United States","docAbstract":"Rotational grazing (RG) is a livestock management practice that rotates grazing cattle on a scale of hours to days among small pastures termed paddocks. It may beneficially affect stream channels, relative to other livestock management practices. Such effects and other beneficial effects on hydrology are important to RG's potential to provide a highly multifunctional mode of livestock farming. Previous comparisons of effects of RG and confinement dairy (CD) on adjoining streams have been restricted in scale and scope. We examined 11 stream-channel characteristics on a representative sample of 37 small dairy farms that used either RG or CD production methods. Our objectives were: (1) to compare channel characteristics on RG and CD farms, as these production methods are implemented in practice, in New York, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, USA; and (2) to examine land use on these farms that may affect stream-channel characteristics. To help interpret channel characteristic findings, we examined on-farm land use in riparian areas 50 m in width along both sides of stream reaches and whole-farm land use. In all states, stream-channel characteristics on RG and CD farms did not differ. Whole-farm land use differed significantly between farm types; CD farms allocated more land to annual row crops, whereas RG farms allocated more land to pasture and grassland. However, land cover in 50 m riparian areas was not different between farm types within states; in particular, many RG and CD farms had continuously grazed pastures in riparian areas, typically occupied by juvenile and non-lactating cows, which may have contributed sediment and nutrients to streams. This similarity in riparian management practices may explain the observed similarity of farm types with respect to stream-channel characteristics. To realize the potential benefits of RG on streams, best management practices that affect stream-channel characteristics, such as protection of riparian areas, may improve aggregate effects of RG on stream quality and also enhance other environment, economic and social benefits of RG.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S1742170514000362","usgsCitation":"Brand, G., Vondracek, B.C., and Jordan, N.R., 2015, Influence of grazing and land use on stream-channel characteristics among small dairy farms in the Eastern United States: Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, v. 30, no. 6, p. 524-536, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170514000362.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"524","endPage":"536","ipdsId":"IP-040573","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337427,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c7afa4e4b0849ce9795eb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brand, Genevieve","contributorId":189126,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brand","given":"Genevieve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":683905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vondracek, Bruce C. bcv@usgs.gov","contributorId":904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vondracek","given":"Bruce","email":"bcv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":683868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jordan, Nicholas R.","contributorId":39629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":683906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178476,"text":"70178476 - 2015 - SPARROW modeling of nitrogen sources and transport in rivers and streams of California and adjacent states, U.S.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-21T13:09:04","indexId":"70178476","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SPARROW modeling of nitrogen sources and transport in rivers and streams of California and adjacent states, U.S.","docAbstract":"The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes) model was used to evaluate the spatial distribution of total nitrogen (TN) sources, loads, watershed yields, and factors affecting transport and decay in the stream network of California and portions of adjacent states for the year 2002. The two major TN sources to local catchments on a mass basis were fertilizers and manure (51.7%) and wastewater discharge (15.9%). Other sources contributed < 12%. Fertilizer use is widespread in the Central Valley region of California, and also important in several other regions because of the diversity of California agriculture. Precipitation, sand content of surficial soils, wetlands, and tile drains were important for TN movement to stream reaches. Median streamflow in the study area is about 0.04 m3/s. Aquatic losses of nitrogen were found to be most important in intermittent and small to medium sized streams (0.2-14 m3/s), while larger streams showed less loss, and therefore are important for TN transport. Nitrogen loss in reservoirs was found to be insignificant, possibly because most of the larger ones are located upstream of nitrogen sources. The model was used to show loadings, sources, and tributary inputs to several major rivers. The information provided by the SPARROW model is useful for determining both the major sources contributing nitrogen to streams and the specific tributaries that transport the load.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.12325","usgsCitation":"Saleh, D., and Domagalski, J.L., 2015, SPARROW modeling of nitrogen sources and transport in rivers and streams of California and adjacent states, U.S.: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 51, no. 6, p. 1487-1507, https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12325.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1487","endPage":"1507","ipdsId":"IP-044910","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331159,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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selection for population monitoring: an example assessing Sage-grouse trends","docAbstract":"Human impacts on wildlife populations are widespread and prolific and understanding wildlife responses to human impacts is a fundamental component of wildlife management. The first step to understanding wildlife responses is the documentation of changes in wildlife population parameters, such as population size. Meaningful assessment of population changes in potentially impacted sites requires the establishment of monitoring at similar, nonimpacted, control sites. However, it is often difficult to identify appropriate control sites in wildlife populations. We demonstrated use of Geographic Information System (GIS) data across large spatial scales to select biologically relevant control sites for population monitoring. Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hearafter, sage-grouse) are negatively affected by energy development, and monitoring of sage-grouse population within energy development areas is necessary to detect population-level responses. Weused population data (1995–2012) from an energy development area in Wyoming, USA, the Atlantic Rim Project Area (ARPA), and GIS data to identify control sites that were not impacted by energy development for population monitoring. Control sites were surrounded by similar habitat and were within similar climate areas to the ARPA. We developed nonlinear trend models for both the ARPA and control sites and compared long-term trends from the 2 areas. We found little difference between the ARPA and control sites trends over time. This research demonstrated an approach for control site selection across large landscapes and can be used as a template for similar impact-monitoring studies. It is important to note that identification of changes in population parameters between control and treatment sites is only the first step in understanding the mechanisms that underlie those changes. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/wsb.601","usgsCitation":"Fedy, B.C., O’Donnell, M.S., and Bowen, Z.H., 2015, Large-scale control site selection for population monitoring: an example assessing Sage-grouse trends: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 39, no. 4, p. 700-712, https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.601.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"700","endPage":"712","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053414","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/1512b0d458ea4c8ab77bd670ee6a3220","text":"External Repository"},{"id":313148,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"South-Central","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.226806640625,\n 42.99259451971113\n ],\n [\n -109.21508789062499,\n 42.97250158602597\n ],\n [\n -109.97863769531249,\n 43.11702412135048\n ],\n [\n -110.841064453125,\n 43.56845179881218\n ],\n [\n -110.841064453125,\n 43.28920196020127\n ],\n [\n -110.9124755859375,\n 42.601619944327965\n ],\n [\n -111.05529785156249,\n 42.589488572714245\n ],\n [\n -111.03881835937499,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -108.2208251953125,\n 41.01721057822846\n ],\n [\n -108.1109619140625,\n 41.27367811566259\n ],\n [\n -107.0562744140625,\n 41.611335399441735\n ],\n [\n -106.3421630859375,\n 41.693424216151314\n ],\n [\n -106.226806640625,\n 42.99259451971113\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56865fc8e4b0e7594ee74ccf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fedy, Bradley C.","contributorId":64080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedy","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Donnell, Michael S. 0000-0002-3488-003X odonnellm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3488-003X","contributorId":140876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Donnell","given":"Michael","email":"odonnellm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowen, Zachary H. 0000-0002-8656-1831 bowenz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-1831","contributorId":821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Zachary","email":"bowenz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70169076,"text":"70169076 - 2015 - The importance of considering shifts in seasonal changes in discharges when predicting future phosphorus loads in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-29T12:37:34","indexId":"70169076","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The importance of considering shifts in seasonal changes in discharges when predicting future phosphorus loads in streams","docAbstract":"In this work, we hypothesize that phosphorus (P) concentrations in streams vary seasonally and with streamflow and that it is important to incorporate this variation when predicting changes in P loading associated with climate change. Our study area includes 14 watersheds with a range of land uses throughout the U.S. Great Lakes Basin. We develop annual seasonal load-discharge regression models for each watershed and apply these models with simulated discharges generated for future climate scenarios to simulate future P loading patterns for two periods: 2046–2065 and 2081–2100. We utilize output from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 downscaled climate change projections that are input into the Large Basin Runoff Model to generate future discharge scenarios, which are in turn used as inputs to the seasonal P load regression models. In almost all cases, the seasonal load-discharge models match observed loads better than the annual models. Results using the seasonal models show that the concurrence of nonlinearity in the load-discharge model and changes in high discharges in the spring months leads to the most significant changes in P loading for selected tributaries under future climate projections. These results emphasize the importance of using seasonal models to understand the effects of future climate change on nutrient loads.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10533-015-0149-5","usgsCitation":"LaBeau, M.B., Mayer, A.S., Griffis, V., Watkins, D., Robertson, D.M., and Gyawali, R., 2015, The importance of considering shifts in seasonal changes in discharges when predicting future phosphorus loads in streams: Biogeochemistry, v. 126, no. 1-2, p. 153-172, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-015-0149-5.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"172","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065192","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324616,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"126","issue":"1-2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5774f2ffe4b07dd077c6ad8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaBeau, Meredith B.","contributorId":52897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBeau","given":"Meredith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayer, Alex S.","contributorId":81028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"Alex","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griffis, Veronica","contributorId":167586,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Griffis","given":"Veronica","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16203,"text":"Michigan Technological university","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watkins, David Jr.","contributorId":167587,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watkins","given":"David Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":16203,"text":"Michigan Technological university","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gyawali, Rabi","contributorId":167588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gyawali","given":"Rabi","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16203,"text":"Michigan Technological university","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70187255,"text":"70187255 - 2015 - Annual survival rate estimate of satellite transmitter–marked eastern population greater sandhill cranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-28T11:42:48","indexId":"70187255","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2287,"text":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual survival rate estimate of satellite transmitter–marked eastern population greater sandhill cranes","docAbstract":"Several surveys have documented the increasing population size and geographic distribution of Eastern Population greater sandhill cranes Grus canadensis tabida since the 1960s. Sport hunting of this population of sandhill cranes started in 2012 following the provisions of the Eastern Population Sandhill Crane Management Plan. However, there are currently no published estimates of Eastern Population sandhill crane survival rate that can be used to inform harvest management. As part of two studies of Eastern Population sandhill crane migration, we deployed solar-powered global positioning system platform transmitting terminals on Eastern Population sandhill cranes (n = 42) at key concentration areas from 2009 to 2012. We estimated an annual survival rate for Eastern Population sandhill cranes from data resulting from monitoring these cranes by using the known-fates model in the MARK program. Estimated annual survival rate for adult Eastern Population sandhill cranes was 0.950 (95% confidence interval = 0.885–0.979) during December 2009–August 2014. All fatalities (n = 5) occurred after spring migration in late spring and early summer. We were unable to determine cause of death for crane fatalities in our study. Our survival rate estimate will be useful when combined with other population parameters such as the population index derived from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service fall survey, harvest, and recruitment rates to assess the effects of harvest on population size and trend and evaluate the effectiveness of management strategies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Scientific Journals","doi":"10.3996/042015-JFWM-035","usgsCitation":"Fronczak, D.L., Andersen, D., Hanna, E.E., and Cooper, T.R., 2015, Annual survival rate estimate of satellite transmitter–marked eastern population greater sandhill cranes: Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, v. 6, no. 2, p. 464-471, https://doi.org/10.3996/042015-JFWM-035.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"464","endPage":"471","ipdsId":"IP-064500","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3996/042015-jfwm-035","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":340606,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"590454a6e4b022cee40dc248","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fronczak, David L.","contributorId":191560,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fronczak","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andersen, David E. 0000-0001-9535-3404 dea@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9535-3404","contributorId":2168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"David E.","email":"dea@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":34539,"text":"Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":693113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanna, Everett E.","contributorId":191561,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanna","given":"Everett","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cooper, Thomas R.","contributorId":191468,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooper","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70169234,"text":"70169234 - 2015 - Assessment of model estimates of land-atmosphere CO2 exchange across northern Eurasia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-24T13:40:28","indexId":"70169234","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1011,"text":"Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of model estimates of land-atmosphere CO2 exchange across northern Eurasia","docAbstract":"A warming climate is altering land-atmosphere exchanges of carbon, with a potential for increased vegetation productivity as well as the mobilization of permafrost soil carbon stores. Here we investigate land-atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO2) cycling through analysis of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and its component fluxes of gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) and soil carbon residence time, simulated by a set of land surface models (LSMs) over a region spanning the drainage basin of Northern Eurasia. The retrospective simulations cover the period 1960–2009 at 0.5° resolution, which is a scale common among many global carbon and climate model simulations. Model performance benchmarks were drawn from comparisons against both observed CO2 fluxes derived from site-based eddy covariance measurements as well as regional-scale GPP estimates based on satellite remote-sensing data. The site-based comparisons depict a tendency for overestimates in GPP and ER for several of the models, particularly at the two sites to the south. For several models the spatial pattern in GPP explains less than half the variance in the MODIS MOD17 GPP product. Across the models NEP increases by as little as 0.01 to as much as 0.79 g C m−2 yr−2, equivalent to 3 to 340 % of the respective model means, over the analysis period. For the multimodel average the increase is 135 % of the mean from the first to last 10 years of record (1960–1969 vs. 2000–2009), with a weakening CO2 sink over the latter decades. Vegetation net primary productivity increased by 8 to 30 % from the first to last 10 years, contributing to soil carbon storage gains. The range in regional mean NEP among the group is twice the multimodel mean, indicative of the uncertainty in CO2 sink strength. The models simulate that inputs to the soil carbon pool exceeded losses, resulting in a net soil carbon gain amid a decrease in residence time. Our analysis points to improvements in model elements controlling vegetation productivity and soil respiration as being needed for reducing uncertainty in land-atmosphere CO2 exchange. These advances will require collection of new field data on vegetation and soil dynamics, the development of benchmarking data sets from measurements and remote-sensing observations, and investments in future model development and intercomparison studies.
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