{"pageNumber":"52","pageRowStart":"1275","pageSize":"25","recordCount":1869,"records":[{"id":7000070,"text":"7000070 - 1998 - Landsat 7 science data users handbook","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:07","indexId":"7000070","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Landsat 7 science data users handbook","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/7000070","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998, Landsat 7 science data users handbook (Revised edition): General Interest Publication, 207 p. in various pagings : ill., maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000070.","productDescription":"207 p. in various pagings : ill., maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":198032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18617,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/IAS/handbook/handbook_toc.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Revised edition","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70020389,"text":"70020389 - 1998 - Regional land cover characterization using Landsat thematic mapper data and ancillary data sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T15:09:19","indexId":"70020389","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional land cover characterization using Landsat thematic mapper data and ancillary data sources","docAbstract":"<p class=\"Para\">As part of the activities of the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Interagency Consortium, an intermediate-scale land cover data set is being generated for the conterminous United States. This effort is being conducted on a region-by-region basis using U.S. Standard Federal Regions. To date, land cover data sets have been generated for Federal Regions 3 (Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware) and 2 (New York and New Jersey). Classification work is currently under way in Federal Region 4 (the southeastern United States), and land cover mapping activities have been started in Federal Regions 5 (the Great Lakes region) and 1 (New England). It is anticipated that a land cover data set for the conterminous United States will be completed by the end of 1999. A standard land cover classification legend is used, which is analogous to and compatible with other classification schemes. The primary MRLC regional classification scheme contains 23 land cover classes.</p><p class=\"Para\">The primary source of data for the project is the Landsat thematic mapper (TM) sensor. For each region, TM scenes representing both leaf-on and leaf-off conditions are acquired, preprocessed, and georeferenced to MRLC specifications. Mosaicked data are clustered using unsupervised classification, and individual clusters are labeled using aerial photographs. Individual clusters that represent more than one land cover unit are split using spatial modeling with multiple ancillary spatial data layers (most notably, digital elevation model, population, land use and land cover, and wetlands information). This approach yields regional land cover information suitable for a wide array of applications, including landscape metric analyses, land management, land cover change studies, and nutrient and pesticide runoff modeling.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1005996900217","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Vogelmann, J., Sohl, T.L., Campbell, P., and Shaw, D., 1998, Regional land cover characterization using Landsat thematic mapper data and ancillary data sources: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 51, no. 1-2, p. 415-428, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005996900217.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"428","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206893,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005996900217"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a535e4b0e8fec6cdbd83","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Veith G.","contributorId":128423,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Veith G.","id":536464,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Vogelmann, James E. 0000-0002-0804-5823","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":16604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sohl, Terry L. 0000-0002-9771-4231","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9771-4231","contributorId":76419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, P.V.","contributorId":29985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"P.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shaw, D.M.","contributorId":46716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020814,"text":"70020814 - 1998 - Technical note assessing the accuracy of Landsat Thematic Mapper classification using double sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-14T17:15:54.643897","indexId":"70020814","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Technical note assessing the accuracy of Landsat Thematic Mapper classification using double sampling","docAbstract":"<p><span>Double sampling was used to provide a cost efficient estimate of the accuracy of a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) classification map of a scene located in the Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. In the first phase, 200 sample points were randomly selected to assess the accuracy between Landsat TM data and aerial photography. The overall accuracy and Kappa statistic were 49.5 per cent and 32.5 per cent, respectively. In the second phase, 25 sample points identified in the first phase were selected using stratified random sampling and located in the field. This information was used to correct for misclassification errors associated with the first phase samples. The overall accuracy and Kappa statistic increased to 59.6 per cent and 45.6 per cent, respectively.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1080/014311698214857","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Kalkhan, M.A., Reich, R., and Stohlgren, T., 1998, Technical note assessing the accuracy of Landsat Thematic Mapper classification using double sampling: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 19, no. 11, p. 2049-2060, https://doi.org/10.1080/014311698214857.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2049","endPage":"2060","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230115,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ede6e4b0c8380cd49ab0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkhan, M. A.","contributorId":82655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kalkhan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reich, R.M.","contributorId":68258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reich","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020528,"text":"70020528 - 1998 - Analysis of coastal change in Marie Byrd Land and Ellsworth Land, West Antarctica, using Landsat imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-01T14:22:04","indexId":"70020528","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of coastal change in Marie Byrd Land and Ellsworth Land, West Antarctica, using Landsat imagery","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is using Landsat imagery from the early 1970s and mid- to late 1980s/early 1990s to analyze glaciological features, compile a glacier inventory, measure surface velocities of outlet glaciers, ice streams and ice shelves, determine coastline change and calculate the area and volume of iceberg calving in Antarctica. Ice-surface velocities in Marie Byrd and Ellsworth Lands, West Antarctica, range from the fast-moving Thwaites, Pine Island, Land and DeVicq Glaciers to the slower-moving ice shelves. The average ice-front velocity during the time interval of Landsat imagery, for the faster-moving outlet glaciers, was 2.9 km a-1 for Thwaites Glacier, 2.4 km a-1 for Pine Island Glacier, 2.0 km a-1 for Land Glacier and 1.4 km a-1 for DeVicq Glacier. Evaluation of coastal change from the early 1970s to the early 1990s shows advance of the floating ice front in some coastal areas and recession in others, with an overall small average advance in the entire coastal study area, but no major trend towards advance or retreat. Comparison of average ice-surface velocities with changes in the ice front has yielded estimates of iceberg calving. The total iceberg calving from the Marie Byrd Land and Ellsworth Land coasts during the study period was greater than 8500 km2 (estimated volume of about 2400 km3) or an average of about 550 km2 a-1 (more than 150 km3 a-1). Almost 70% of this discharge is contributed by Thwaites and Pine Island Glaciers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annals of Glaciology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3189/1998AoG27-1-33-40","issn":"02603055","usgsCitation":"Ferrigno, J.G., Williams, R., Rosanova, C.E., Lucchitta, B.K., and Swithinbank, C., 1998, Analysis of coastal change in Marie Byrd Land and Ellsworth Land, West Antarctica, using Landsat imagery: Annals of Glaciology, v. 27, p. 33-40, https://doi.org/10.3189/1998AoG27-1-33-40.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487334,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/1998aog27-1-33-40","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb0de4b0c8380cd48ba6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":386561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Richard S.","contributorId":117608,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosanova, Christine E.","contributorId":77239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosanova","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lucchitta, Baerbel K. blucchitta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Baerbel","email":"blucchitta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":386557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swithinbank, Charles","contributorId":60145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swithinbank","given":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70020471,"text":"70020471 - 1998 - Velocities of Thwaites Glacier and smaller glaciers along the Marie Byrd Land coast, West Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-31T00:06:04.890361","indexId":"70020471","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Velocities of Thwaites Glacier and smaller glaciers along the Marie Byrd Land coast, West Antarctica","docAbstract":"<p>Average velocities for time intervals ranging from &lt;1 to 15 years were measured by tracking ice-surface patterns on sequential Landsat and European Remote-sensing Satellite synthetic aperture radar images. Velocities of Thwaites Glacier range from 2.2 km a-1 above the grounding line to 3.4 km a-1 at the limit of measurements on Thwaites Glacier ice tongue. The glacier increases in velocity by about 1 km a-1 where it crosses the grounding line. Over the period 1984-93, Thwaites Glacier ice tongue accelerated by about 0.6 km a<sup>-1</sup>. Velocities of the floating part of several minor glaciers and some ice shelves are also determined: Land Glacier, 1.7-1.9 km a<sup>-1</sup>; DeVicq Glacier, 0.7-1.1 km a<sup>-1</sup>; Dotson Ice Shelf, 0.2-0.5 km a<sup>-1</sup>; Getz Ice Shelf, 0.2-0.8 km a<sup>-1</sup>; and Sulzberger Ice Shelf, 0.01-0.02 km a-<sup>1</sup>. The high velocities along the Marie Byrd Land coast are consistent with the high precipitation rates over West Antarctica and, for some of the glaciers, the lack of buttressing ice shelves.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge  University Press","doi":"10.3189/1998AoG27-1-47-53","issn":"02603055","usgsCitation":"Rosanova, C., Lucchitta, B., and Ferrigno, J., 1998, Velocities of Thwaites Glacier and smaller glaciers along the Marie Byrd Land coast, West Antarctica: Annals of Glaciology, v. 27, p. 47-53, https://doi.org/10.3189/1998AoG27-1-47-53.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"53","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479721,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/1998aog27-1-47-53","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231182,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Marie Byrd Land, Thwaites Glacier","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.04820126847721,\n              -75.75247521923728\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.64636854280855,\n              -74.24926951119446\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.76879966633066,\n              -72.25690371722537\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.9482050647864,\n              -72.0337568161302\n            ],\n            [\n              -128.94679994999498,\n              -72.73397912494998\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.59780288237764,\n              -73.89256093467202\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.7014555662805,\n              -74.08644188622097\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.98496234308786,\n              -75.28023156297127\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.24586605672292,\n              -76.29783733193298\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.03458479959156,\n              -76.5660269143949\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.853715475366,\n              -77.9194879151742\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.524041903742,\n              -78.74994702440699\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.59784685215666,\n              -77.88236832728519\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.53511102403613,\n              -76.28221164787584\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.16187842485917,\n              -75.40224471626082\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.65036324372977,\n              -74.36141143148107\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.2239998065539,\n              -74.76074345506773\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.30294501647364,\n              -75.75814973125316\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.04820126847721,\n              -75.75247521923728\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1f2e4b08c986b32a839","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosanova, C.E.","contributorId":63548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosanova","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lucchitta, B.K.","contributorId":35288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferrigno, J.G.","contributorId":104559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70194823,"text":"70194823 - 1998 - Classifying coastal resources by integrating optical and radar imagery and color infrared photography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T14:45:22","indexId":"70194823","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2657,"text":"Mangroves and Salt Marshes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classifying coastal resources by integrating optical and radar imagery and color infrared photography","docAbstract":"<p><span>A progressive classification of a marsh and forest system using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), color infrared (CIR) photograph, and ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data improved classification accuracy when compared to classification using solely TM reflective band data. The classification resulted in a detailed identification of differences within a nearly monotypic black needlerush marsh. Accuracy percentages of these classes were surprisingly high given the complexities of classification. The detailed classification resulted in a more accurate portrayal of the marsh transgressive sequence than was obtainable with TM data alone. Individual sensor contribution to the improved classification was compared to that using only the six reflective TM bands. Individually, the green reflective CIR and SAR data identified broad categories of water, marsh, and forest. In combination with TM, SAR and the green CIR band each improved overall accuracy by about 3% and 15% respectively. The SAR data improved the TM classification accuracy mostly in the marsh classes. The green CIR data also improved the marsh classification accuracy and accuracies in some water classes. The final combination of all sensor data improved almost all class accuracies from 2% to 70% with an overall improvement of about 20% over TM data alone. Not only was the identification of vegetation types improved, but the spatial detail of the classification approached 10 m in some areas.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1009911224982","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, E.W., Nelson, G.A., and Sapkota, S., 1998, Classifying coastal resources by integrating optical and radar imagery and color infrared photography: Mangroves and Salt Marshes, v. 2, no. 2, p. 109-119, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009911224982.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"119","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350372,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a612734e4b06e28e9c25cd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, Elijah W. III 0000-0002-4518-5796 ramseye@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":2883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Elijah","suffix":"III","email":"ramseye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":725456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, Gene A.","contributorId":201461,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"Gene","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sapkota, Sijan sapkotas@usgs.gov","contributorId":2995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sapkota","given":"Sijan","email":"sapkotas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":6587,"text":"fs09096 - 1998 - Declassified intelligence satellite photographs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-21T15:48:08","indexId":"fs09096","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"090-96","title":"Declassified intelligence satellite photographs","docAbstract":"<p>Recently declassified photographs from spy satellites are an important addition to the record of the Earth?s land surface held by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). </p><p>More than 800,000 high-resolution photos taken between 1959 through 1972 were made available by Executive Order of the President. The collection is held at the USGS EROS Data Center, near Sioux Falls, S. Dak., and are offered for public sale. For some purposes in earth science studies, these photos extend the record of changes in the land surface another decade back in time from the advent of the Landsat earth-observing satellite program.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs09096","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998, Declassified intelligence satellite photographs: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 090-96, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09096.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34051,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0090/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":890,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0090/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":140797,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0090/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6726e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23800,"text":"ofr0051 - 1998 - Land cover mapping of the National Park Service northwest Alaska management area using Landsat multispectral and thematic mapper satellite data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T13:15:52","indexId":"ofr0051","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-51","title":"Land cover mapping of the National Park Service northwest Alaska management area using Landsat multispectral and thematic mapper satellite data","docAbstract":"<p>A land cover map of the National Park Service northwest Alaska management area was produced using digitally processed Landsat data. These and other environmental data were incorporated into a geographic information system to provide baseline information about the nature and extent of resources present in this northwest Alaskan environment.</p><p>This report details the methodology, depicts vegetation profiles of the surrounding landscape, and describes the different vegetation types mapped. Portions of nine Landsat satellite (multispectral scanner and thematic mapper) scenes were used to produce a land cover map of the Cape Krusenstern National Monument and Noatak National Preserve and to update an existing land cover map of Kobuk Valley National Park Valley National Park. A Bayesian multivariate classifier was applied to the multispectral data sets, followed by the application of ancillary data (elevation, slope, aspect, soils, watersheds, and geology) to enhance the spectral separation of classes into more meaningful vegetation types. The resulting land cover map contains six major land cover categories (forest, shrub, herbaceous, sparse/barren, water, other) and 19 subclasses encompassing 7 million hectares. General narratives of the distribution of the subclasses throughout the project area are given along with vegetation profiles showing common relationships between topographic gradients and vegetation communities. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0051","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Markon, C., and Wesser, S., 1998, Land cover mapping of the National Park Service northwest Alaska management area using Landsat multispectral and thematic mapper satellite data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-51, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0051.","productDescription":"45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0051/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53019,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0051/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b4187","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markon, C. J.","contributorId":66729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wesser, Sara","contributorId":20357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesser","given":"Sara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28612,"text":"wri974115 - 1997 - Agricultural land-use classification using landsat imagery data, and estimates of irrigation water use in Gooding, Jerome, Lincoln, and Minidoka counties, 1992 water year, Upper Snake River basin, Idaho and western Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-22T14:33:37","indexId":"wri974115","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4115","title":"Agricultural land-use classification using landsat imagery data, and estimates of irrigation water use in Gooding, Jerome, Lincoln, and Minidoka counties, 1992 water year, Upper Snake River basin, Idaho and western Wyoming","docAbstract":"As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's \nNational Water-Quality Assessment Program in \nthe upper Snake River Basin study unit, land- and \nwater-use data were used to describe activities that \nhave potential effects on water quality, including \nbiological conditions, in the basin. Land-use maps \nand estimates of water use by irrigated agriculture \nwere needed for Gooding, Jerome, Lincoln, and \nMinidoka Counties (south-central Idaho), four of \nthe most intensively irrigated counties in the study \nunit. Land use in the four counties was mapped \nfrom Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery data for \nthe 1992 water year using the SPECTRUM computer \nprogram. Land-use data were field verified in \n108 randomly selected sections (640 acres each); \nresults compared favorably with land-use maps \nfrom other sources. Water used for irrigation during \nthe 1992 water year was estimated using land-use \nand ancillary data. In 1992, a drought year, estimated \nirrigation withdrawals in the four counties \nwere about 2.9 million acre-feet of water. Of the \n2.9 million acre-feet, an estimated 2.12 million \nacre-feet of water was withdrawn from surface \nwater, mainly the Snake River, and nearly \n776,000 acre-feet was withdrawn from ground \nwater. One-half of the 2.9 million acre-feet of water \nwithdrawn for irrigation was considered to be lost \nduring conveyance or was returned to the Snake \nRiver; the remainder was consumptively used by \ncrops during the growing season.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Boise, ID","doi":"10.3133/wri974115","usgsCitation":"Maupin, M.A., 1997, Agricultural land-use classification using landsat imagery data, and estimates of irrigation water use in Gooding, Jerome, Lincoln, and Minidoka counties, 1992 water year, Upper Snake River basin, Idaho and western Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4115, vi, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974115.","productDescription":"vi, 29 p.","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4115/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57436,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4115/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area projection","country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Wyoming","city":"Gooding County;Jerome County;Lincoln County;Minidoka County","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.25,41.5003 ], [ -115.25,44.7623 ], [ -109.7496,44.7623 ], [ -109.7496,41.5003 ], [ -115.25,41.5003 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db68909a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maupin, Molly A. 0000-0002-2695-5505 mamaupin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-5505","contributorId":951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maupin","given":"Molly","email":"mamaupin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5456,"text":"fs10997 - 1997 - Satellite image maps of Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:50","indexId":"fs10997","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"109-97","title":"Satellite image maps of Pakistan","docAbstract":"Georeferenced Landsat satellite image maps of Pakistan are now being made available for purchase from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The first maps to be released are a series of Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) color image maps compiled from Landsat scenes taken before 1979. The Pakistan image maps were originally developed by USGS as an aid for geologic and general terrain mapping in support of the Coal Resource Exploration and Development Program in Pakistan (COALREAP). COALREAP, a cooperative program between the USGS, the United States Agency for International Development, and the Geological Survey of Pakistan, was in effect from 1985 through 1994. \r\n\r\nThe Pakistan MSS image maps (bands 1, 2, and 4) are available as a full-country mosaic of 72 Landsat scenes at a scale of 1:2,000,000, and in 7 regional sheets covering various portions of the entire country at a scale of 1:500,000. The scenes used to compile the maps were selected from imagery available at the Eros Data Center (EDC), Sioux Falls, S. Dak. Where possible, preference was given to cloud-free and snow-free scenes that displayed similar stages of seasonal vegetation development. \r\n\r\nThe data for the MSS scenes were resampled from the original 80-meter resolution to 50-meter picture elements (pixels) and digitally transformed to a geometrically corrected Lambert conformal conic projection. The cubic convolution algorithm was used during rotation and resampling. The 50-meter pixel size allows for such data to be imaged at a scale of 1:250,000 without degradation; for cost and convenience considerations, however, the maps were printed at 1:500,000 scale. The seven regional sheets have been named according to the main province or area covered. The 50-meter data were averaged to 150-meter pixels to generate the country image on a single sheet at 1:2,000,000 scale\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;USGS Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/fs10997","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, Satellite image maps of Pakistan: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 109-97, 1 sheet : col. ill., col. maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs10997.","productDescription":"1 sheet : col. ill., col. maps; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_109_97.jpg"},{"id":612,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs109-97/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb74a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23697,"text":"ofr97301 - 1997 - Neural network method for sharpening Landsat thermal data from higher resolution multispectral data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:10","indexId":"ofr97301","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-301","title":"Neural network method for sharpening Landsat thermal data from higher resolution multispectral data","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division,","doi":"10.3133/ofr97301","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lemeshewsky, G., 1997, Neural network method for sharpening Landsat thermal data from higher resolution multispectral data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-301, 18 p. :ill., col. map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97301.","productDescription":"18 p. :ill., col. map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0301/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52945,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0301/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697af2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemeshewsky, George","contributorId":97134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemeshewsky","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70205786,"text":"70205786 - 1997 - Comparison of Landsat Thematic Mapper and high resolution photography to Identify change in complex coastal wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-04T07:18:30","indexId":"70205786","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-31T11:03:43","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of Landsat Thematic Mapper and high resolution photography to Identify change in complex coastal wetlands","docAbstract":"<p><span>Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images were used to generate pre- and post- hurricane classifications of a complex wetland environment in southern Louisiana. Accuracies were estimated as 77% and 81.5% for the pre- and post- classifications that included water, emergent vegetation, floating vegetation, and mud flats. From the two classifications, areas of emergent vegetation loss were identified. The classifications and change map were compared to similar output generated from high resolution color infrared photography. The comparison showed spatial scale of the sensor was the most important factor in separation of classes in this type of wetland environment. Classifications derived by using the TM images provided good class separation when one class dominated more extensive areas (&gt;30 m), but not when mixtures of wetland types were on the same order as the TM sensor spatial resolution. Boundary pixel mixtures were problematic, however problems also occurred in areas of fairly continuous canopies containing small pockets of water and floating vegetation, and in areas of degrading marsh. Both areas were predominately misclassified as emergent vegetation. In the case of change detection, loss of emergent vegetation occurring as small pockets was not identified, whereas loss of degraded marsh was identified but the spatial continuity and extent overemphasized. In combination, these misclassifications resulted in the TM change analysis overpredicting emergent vegetation loss by about 40%.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Ramsey III, E., and Laine, S., 1997, Comparison of Landsat Thematic Mapper and high resolution photography to Identify change in complex coastal wetlands: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 13, no. 2, p. 281-292.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"292","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367958,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":367957,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4298625"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.5703125,\n              28.729130483430154\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.72558593749999,\n              28.729130483430154\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.72558593749999,\n              33.54139466898275\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.5703125,\n              33.54139466898275\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.5703125,\n              28.729130483430154\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey III, Elijah 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":212009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey III","given":"Elijah","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laine, S.C.","contributorId":91651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laine","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":67577,"text":"i2600F_ED1 - 1997 - Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Bakutis Coast, Antarctica","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":67577,"text":"i2600F_ED1 - 1997 - Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Bakutis Coast, Antarctica","indexId":"i2600F_ED1","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Bakutis Coast, Antarctica"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":69808,"text":"i2600F - 2003 - Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Bakutis Coast, Antarctica: 1972-2002","indexId":"i2600F","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Bakutis Coast, Antarctica: 1972-2002"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":69808,"text":"i2600F - 2003 - Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Bakutis Coast, Antarctica: 1972-2002","indexId":"i2600F","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Bakutis Coast, Antarctica: 1972-2002"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-25T08:59:53","indexId":"i2600F_ED1","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2600-F","title":"Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Bakutis Coast, Antarctica","docAbstract":"Changes in the area and volume of the polar ice sheets are intricately linked to changes in global climate, and the resulting changes in sea level may severely impact the densely populated coastal regions on Earth.  Loss of the West Antarctic part of the Antarctic ice sheet alone could cause a sea-level rise of approximately 6 m.  The potential sea-level rise after melting of the entire Antarctic ice sheet is estimated to be 65 m to 73 m.  In spite of its importance, the mass balance (the net volumetric gain or loss) of the Antarctic ice sheet is poorly known; it is not known whether the ice sheet is growing or shrinking.  As a result, measurement of changes in the Antarctic ice sheet was given a very high priority in recommendations by the Polar Research Board of the National Research Council (1986), by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) (1989), and by the National Science Foundation's (1990) Division of Polar Programs.  An archive of early 1970's Landsat 1, 2, and 3 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images of Antarctica and the fact that the repeat coverage with satellite images provided an excellent means of documenting changes in the coastline of Antarctica provided the impetus for carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the glaciological features of the coastal regions and changes in ice fronts of Antarctica.  The project was later modified to include Landsat 4 and 5 MSS and Thematic Mapper (TM) and RADARSAT images to compare changes over a 20- to 25- year time interval and to prepare a series of 24 1:1,000,000-scale and 1 1:5,000,000-scale U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series Maps ('I-Maps') (Williams and others, 1995; Williams and Ferrigno, 1998; and Ferrigno and others, 2002) in both paper and digital format.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal-change and glaciological maps of Antarctica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2600F_ED1","isbn":"0607879041","usgsCitation":"Swithinbank, C., Williams, R., Ferrigno, J.G., Seekins, B.A., Lucchita, B., and Rosanova, C.E., 1997, Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Bakutis Coast, Antarctica (1st Edition): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2600-F, 1 Plate: 41.97 x 30.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2600F_ED1.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 41.97 x 30.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186227,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":260914,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2600f/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"1000000","projection":"Polar stereographic, MSL","otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Bakutis Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -130,\n              -78\n            ],\n            [\n              -104,\n              -78\n            ],\n            [\n              -104,\n              -73.00\n            ],\n            [\n              -130,\n              -73.00\n            ],\n            [\n              -130,\n              -78\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"1st Edition","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d66d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swithinbank, Charles","contributorId":26368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swithinbank","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":90679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard S.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":276774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seekins, B. A.","contributorId":32130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seekins","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lucchita, B.K.","contributorId":104983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchita","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rosanova, Christine E.","contributorId":77239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosanova","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70073399,"text":"70073399 - 1997 - Multiresolution convariation among landsat and AVHRR vegetation indices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-16T15:50:27","indexId":"70073399","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T15:46:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Multiresolution convariation among landsat and AVHRR vegetation indices","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Scale in remote sensing and GIS","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","isbn":"156670104X","usgsCitation":"De Cola, L., 1997, Multiresolution convariation among landsat and AVHRR vegetation indices, chap. <i>of</i> Scale in remote sensing and GIS, p. 73-91.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281212,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd686ae4b0b29085102073","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Cola, Lee","contributorId":59821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Cola","given":"Lee","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70114013,"text":"70114013 - 1997 - Assessment of acreage and vegetation change in Florida's Big Bend tidal wetlands using satellite imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-23T10:05:11","indexId":"70114013","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T09:43:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Assessment of acreage and vegetation change in Florida's Big Bend tidal wetlands using satellite imagery","docAbstract":"Fluctuations in sea level and impending development on the west coast of Florida have aroused concern for the relatively pristine tidal marshes of the Big Bend. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images for 1986 and 1995 are processed and evaluated for signs of change. The images cover 250 km of Florida's Big Bend Gulf Coast, encompassing 160,000 acres of tidal marshes. Change is detected using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land cover classification. The imagery shows negligible net loss or gain in the marsh over the 9-year period. However, regional changes in biomass are apparent and are due to natural disturbances such as low winter temperatures, fire, storm surge, and the conversion of forest to march. Within the marsh, the most prominent changes in NDVI and in land cover result from the recovery of mangroves from freezes, a decline of transitional upland vegetation, and susceptibility of the marsh edge and interior to variations in tidal flooding.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the fourth international conference on remote sensing for marine and coastal environments: technology and applications","conferenceTitle":"Fourth international conference on remote sensing for marine and coastal environments: technology and applications","conferenceDate":"1997-03-17T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Orlando, FL","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Research Institute of Michigan","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI","usgsCitation":"Raabe, E.A., and Stumpf, R., 1997, Assessment of acreage and vegetation change in Florida's Big Bend tidal wetlands using satellite imagery, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"93","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288998,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Big Bend","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.4522,27.9773 ], [ -84.4522,30.3035 ], [ -82.1337,30.3035 ], [ -82.1337,27.9773 ], [ -84.4522,27.9773 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53a94c68e4b0f1f8e2fa865d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raabe, Ellen A. eraabe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raabe","given":"Ellen","email":"eraabe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stumpf, Richard P.","contributorId":7739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stumpf","given":"Richard P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019155,"text":"70019155 - 1997 - Martian drainage densities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T15:42:30.64281","indexId":"70019155","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Martian drainage densities","docAbstract":"<p><span>Drainage densities on Mars range from zero over large areas of volcanic plains to 0.3–0.5 km</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;locally on some volcanoes. These values refer to geologic units, not to drainage basins, as is normal for terrestrial drainage densities. The highest values are close to the lowest terrestrial values derived by similar techniques. Drainage densities were determined for every geologic unit portrayed on the 1:15,000,000 geologic map of Mars. Except for volcanoes the geologic unit with the highest drainage density is the dissected Noachian plains with a drainage density of 0.0074 km</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. The average drainage density for Noachian units is 0.0032 km</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, for Hesperian units is 0.00047 km</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, and for Amazonian units is 0.00007 km</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, excluding the volcanoes. These values are 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than typical terrestrial densities as determined by similar techniques from Landsat images. The low drainage densities, despite a cumulative record that spans billions of years, indicate that compared with the Earth, the channel-forming processes have been very inefficient or have operated only rarely or that the surface is extremely permeable. The high drainage density on volcanoes is attributed to a local cause, such as hydrothermal activity, rather than to a global cause such as climate change.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JE00113","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Carr, M.H., and Chuang, F.C., 1997, Martian drainage densities: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 102, no. E4, p. 9145-9152, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JE00113.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"9145","endPage":"9152","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226632,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"102","issue":"E4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5230e4b0c8380cd6c216","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":381831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chuang, F. C.","contributorId":105452,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chuang","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70187677,"text":"70187677 - 1997 - Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus radiometric calibration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T13:49:03","indexId":"70187677","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1175,"text":"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus radiometric calibration","docAbstract":"<p><span>Landsat-7 is currently being built and tested for launch in 1998. The Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensor for Landsat-7, a derivative of the highly successful Thematic Mapper (TM) sensors on Landsats 4 and 5, and the Landsat-7 ground system are being built to provide enhanced radiometric calibration performance. In addition, regular vicarious calibration campaigns are being planned to provide additional information for calibration of the ETM+ instrument. The primary upgrades to the instrument include the addition of two solar calibrators: the full aperture solar calibrator, a deployable diffuser, and the partial aperture solar calibrator, a passive device that allows the ETM+ to image the sun. The ground processing incorporates for the first time an off-line facility, the Image Assessment System (IAS), to perform calibration, evaluation and analysis. Within the IAS, processing capabilities include radiometric artifact characterization and correction, radiometric calibration from the multiple calibrator sources, inclusion of results from vicarious calibration and statistical trending of calibration data to improve calibration estimation. The Landsat Product Generation System, the portion of the ground system responsible for producing calibrated products, will incorporate the radiometric artifact correction algorithms and will use the calibration information generated by the IAS. This calibration information will also be supplied to ground processing systems throughout the world.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/07038992.1997.10855218","usgsCitation":"Markham, B.L., Boncyk, W.C., Helder, D., and Barker, J.L., 1997, Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus radiometric calibration: Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 23, p. 318-332, https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.1997.10855218.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"318","endPage":"332","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341232,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9bde4b044b359e486c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markham, B. L.","contributorId":88872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boncyk, Wayne C.","contributorId":46707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boncyk","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Helder, D. L. 0000-0002-7379-4679","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-4679","contributorId":51496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barker, J. L.","contributorId":83518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019146,"text":"70019146 - 1997 - Land cover mapping, fire regeneration, and scaling studies in the Canadian boreal forest with 1 km AVHRR and Landsat TM data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T14:59:54","indexId":"70019146","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Land cover mapping, fire regeneration, and scaling studies in the Canadian boreal forest with 1 km AVHRR and Landsat TM data","docAbstract":"A multitemporal 1 km advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) land cover analysis approach was used as the basis for regional land cover mapping, fire disturbance-regeneration, and multiresolution land cover scaling studies in the boreal forest ecosystem of central Canada. The land cover classification was developed by using regional field observations from ground and low-level aircraft transits to analyze spectral-temporal clusters that were derived from an unsupervised cluster analysis of monthly normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) image composites (April-September 1992). Quantitative areal proportions of the major boreal forest components were determined for a 821 km ?? 619 km region, ranging from the southern grasslands-boreal forest ecotone to the northern boreal transitional forest. The boreal wetlands (mostly lowland black spruce, tamarack, mosses, fens, and bogs) occupied approximately 33% of the region, while lakes accounted for another 13%. Upland mixed coniferous-deciduous forests represented 23% of the ecosystem. A SW-NE productivity gradient across the region is manifested by three levels of tree stand density for both the boreal wetland conifer and the mixed forest classes, which are generally aligned with isopleths of regional growing degree days. Approximately 30% of the region was directly affected by fire disturbance within the preceding 30-35 years, especially in the Canadian Shield Zone where large fire-regeneration patterns contribute to the heterogeneous boreal landscape. Intercomparisons with land cover classifications derived from 30-m Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data provided important insights into the relative accuracy of the 1 km AVHRR land cover classification. Primarily due to the multitemporal NDVI image compositing process, the 1 km AVHRR land cover classes have an effective spatial resolution in the 3-4 km range; therefore fens, bogs, small water bodies, and small patches of dry jack pine cannot be resolved within the wet conifer mosaic. Major differences in the 1-km AVHRR and 30-m Landsat TM-derived land cover classes are most likely due to differences in the spatial resolution of the data sets. In general, the 1 km AVHRR land cover classes are vegetation mosaics consisting of mixed combinations of the Landsat classes. Detailed mapping of the global boreal forest with this approach will benefit from algorithms for cloud screening and to atmospherically correct reflectance data for both aerosol and water vapor effects. We believe that this 1 km AVHRR land cover analysis provides new and useful information for regional water, energy, carbon, and trace gases studies in BOREAS, especially given the significant spatial variability in land cover type and associated biophysical land cover parameters (e.g., albedo, leaf area index, FPAR, and surface roughness). Multiresolution land cover comparisons (30 m, 1 km, and 100 km grid cells) also illustrated how heterogeneous landscape patterns are represented in land cover maps with differing spatial scales and provided insights on the requirements and challenges for parameterizing landscape heterogeneity as part of land surface process research.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/97JD01220","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Steyaert, L.T., Hall, F., and Loveland, T., 1997, Land cover mapping, fire regeneration, and scaling studies in the Canadian boreal forest with 1 km AVHRR and Landsat TM data: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 102, no. 24, p. 29581-29598, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01220.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"29581","endPage":"29598","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a41a8e4b0c8380cd656b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steyaert, L. T.","contributorId":71303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyaert","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, F.G.","contributorId":47099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"F.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":106125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":381801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1016518,"text":"1016518 - 1997 - Supervised classification of Landsat thematic mapper imagery in a semi-arid rangeland by nonparametric discriminant analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T20:24:27","indexId":"1016518","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Supervised classification of Landsat thematic mapper imagery in a semi-arid rangeland by nonparametric discriminant analysis","docAbstract":"<p>In this article the authors used a nonparametric discriminant function in a supervised classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite imagery of a ~240,000-ha semi-arid region in the Snake River Plains, southwestern Idaho. First, agriculture pixels were classified by distance from the soil baseline and water pixels by the thermal band value. Next, successive nonparametric discriminant functions were used to separate grassland and shrubland categories with subsequent classifications of vegetation within major classes. Accuracy in separating grasslands and shrublands was 80 percent and remained consistent relative to different thresholds in minimum percent ground cover defining shrublands. Within major grassland shrubland groups, researchers achieved 64 percent accuracy in separating dominant vegetation classes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Knick, S.T., Rotenberry, J., and Zarriello, T., 1997, Supervised classification of Landsat thematic mapper imagery in a semi-arid rangeland by nonparametric discriminant analysis: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 63, no. 1, p. 79-86.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"86","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":349038,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=470863"}],"volume":"63","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698604","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knick, Steven T. 0000-0003-4025-1704 steve_knick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-1704","contributorId":159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knick","given":"Steven","email":"steve_knick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rotenberry, J.T.","contributorId":57015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rotenberry","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zarriello, T.J.","contributorId":15153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zarriello","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019900,"text":"70019900 - 1997 - The use of multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR data in geologic studies of Bir Safsaf, Egypt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70019900","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR data in geologic studies of Bir Safsaf, Egypt","docAbstract":"Bir Safsaf, within the hyperarid 'core' of the Sahara in the Western Desert of Egypt, was recognized following the SIR-A and SIR-B missions in the 1980s as one of the key localities in northeast Africa, where penetration of dry sand by radar signals delineates previously unknown, sand-buried paleodrainage valleys ('radar-rivers') of middle Tertiary to Quaternary age. The Bir Safsaf area was targeted as a focal point for further research in sand penetration and geologic mapping using the multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR sensors. Analysis of the SIR-C/X-SAR data from Bir Safsaf provides important new information on the roles of multiple SAR frequency and polarimetry in portraying specific types of geologic units, materials, and structures mostly hidden from view on the ground and on Landsat TM images by a relatively thin, but extensive blanket of blow sand. Basement rock units (granitoids and gneisses) and the fractures associated with them at Bir Safsaf are shown here for the first time to be clearly delineated using C- and L-band SAR images. The detectability of most geologic features is dependent primarily on radar frequency, as shown for wind erosion patterns in bedrock at X-band (3 cm wavelength), and for geologic units and sand and clay-filled fractures in weathered crystal-line basement rocks at C-band (6 cm) and L-band (24 cm). By contrast, Quaternary paleodrainage channels are detectable at all three radar frequencies owing, among other things, to an usually thin cover of blow sand. The SIR-C/X-SAR data investigated to date enable us to make specific recommendations about the utility of certain radar sensor configurations for geologic and paleoenvironmental reconnaissance in desert regions.Analysis of the shuttle imaging radar-C/X-synthetic aperture radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) data from Bir Safsaf provides important new information on the roles of multiple SAR frequency and polarimetry in portraying specific types of geologic units, materials, and structures mostly hidden from view on the ground and on Landsat images by a relatively thin, but extensive blanket of blow sand. Basement rock units and associated fractures at the Bir Safsaf are clearly delineated using C- and L-band SAR images. The detectability of most geologic features depend primarily on radar frequency. The SIR-C/X-SAR data also provide recommendations about the utility of certain radar configurations for geologic and paleoenvironmental reconnaissance in deserts.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Inc","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00143-5","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Schaber, G.G., McCauley, J., and Breed, C.S., 1997, The use of multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR data in geologic studies of Bir Safsaf, Egypt: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 59, no. 2, p. 337-363, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00143-5.","startPage":"337","endPage":"363","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206025,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00143-5"},{"id":227942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb190e4b08c986b32533f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCauley, J.F.","contributorId":26310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCauley","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Breed, C. S.","contributorId":39809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breed","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019562,"text":"70019562 - 1997 - Comparison of satellite-derived with ground-based measurements of the fluctuations of the margins of Vatnajökull, Iceland, 1973–92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-08T09:56:27","indexId":"70019562","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of satellite-derived with ground-based measurements of the fluctuations of the margins of Vatnajökull, Iceland, 1973–92","docAbstract":"<p><span>Vatnajökull, Iceland, is the Earth’s most studied ice cap and represents a classical glaciological field site on the basis of S. Pálsson’s seminal glaciological field research in the late 18th century. Since the 19th century, Vatnajökull has been the focus of an array of glaciological studies by scientists from many nations, including many remote-sensing investigations since 1951. Landsat-derived positions of the termini of 11 outlet glaciers of Vatnajökull were compared with frontal positions of six of these 11 outlet glaciers determined by field observations during the period 1973–92. The largest changes during the 19 year period (1973–92) occurred in the large lobate, surge-type outlet glaciers along the southwestern, western, and northern margins of Vatnajökull. Tungnaárjökull receded −1413 ± 112 m (−1380 ± 1 m from ground observations), and Brúarjökull receded −1975 ± 191 m (−2096 ± 5 m from extrapolated ground observations) between 1973 and 1992. Satellite images can be used to delineate glacier margin changes on a time-lapse basis, if the glacier margin can be spectrally discriminated from terminal moraines and sandur deposits and if the advance/recession is larger than maximum image pixel size. “Local knowledge” of glaciers is critically important, however, in the accurate delineation of glacier margins on Landsat images.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.3189/S0260305500011964","usgsCitation":"Williams, R.S., Hall, D.K., Sigurdsson, O., and Chien, J.Y., 1997, Comparison of satellite-derived with ground-based measurements of the fluctuations of the margins of Vatnajökull, Iceland, 1973–92: Annals of Glaciology, v. 24, p. 72-80, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500011964.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"72","endPage":"80","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","otherGeospatial":"Vatnajökull ice cap","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -18.2208251953125,\n              63.90839622003119\n            ],\n            [\n              -15.2764892578125,\n              63.90839622003119\n            ],\n            [\n              -15.2764892578125,\n              64.8979198265598\n            ],\n            [\n              -18.2208251953125,\n              64.8979198265598\n            ],\n            [\n              -18.2208251953125,\n              63.90839622003119\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f889e4b0c8380cd4d187","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":19946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, Dorothy K.","contributorId":67436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sigurdsson, Oddur","contributorId":38666,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sigurdsson","given":"Oddur","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chien, Janet Y.L.","contributorId":38723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chien","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70187676,"text":"70187676 - 1997 - Landsat TM memory effect characterization and correction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T13:44:47","indexId":"70187676","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1175,"text":"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat TM memory effect characterization and correction","docAbstract":"<p><span>Before radiometric calibration of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data can be done accurately, it is necessary to minimize the effects of artifacts present in the data that originate in the instrument's signal processing path. These artifacts have been observed in downlinked image data since shortly after launch of Landsat 4 and 5. However, no comprehensive work has been done to characterize all the artifacts and develop methods for their correction. In this paper, the most problematic artifact is discussed: memory effect (ME). Characterization of this artifact is presented, including the parameters necessary for its correction. In addition, a correction algorithm is described that removes the artifact from TM imagery. It will be shown that this artifact causes significant radiometry errors, but the effect can be removed in a straightforward manner.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/07038992.1997.10855215","usgsCitation":"Helder, D., Boncyk, W., and Morfitt, R., 1997, Landsat TM memory effect characterization and correction: Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 23, no. 4, p. 299-308, https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.1997.10855215.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"308","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341231,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9bde4b044b359e486c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helder, D. 0000-0002-7379-4679","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-4679","contributorId":15490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boncyk, W.","contributorId":59190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boncyk","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morfitt, R. 0000-0002-4777-4877","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4777-4877","contributorId":103858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morfitt","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019297,"text":"70019297 - 1997 - Velocities of Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers, West Antarctica, from ERS-1 SAR images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:11","indexId":"70019297","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1596,"text":"European Space Agency, (Special Publication) ESA SP","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Velocities of Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers, West Antarctica, from ERS-1 SAR images","docAbstract":"Average velocities of Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers were measured for the time periods between 1992 and 1994 by tracking ice-surface patterns. Velocities of the central flow of the Pine Island Glacier range from 1.5 km/yr above the grounding line (separating the grounded from the floating parts of a glacier) to 2.8 km/yr near the terminus; velocities of the central Thwaites Glacier range from 2.2 km/yr above the grounding line to 3.4 km/yr at the limit of measurements on the tongue. Both glaciers show an increase in velocity of about 1 km/yr where they cross their grounding lines. The velocities derived from ERS-1 images are higher than those previously derived from Landsat images, perhaps reflecting acceleration of the glaciers. Both glaciers are exceptionally fast. The high velocities may be due to high precipitation rates over West Antarctica and the lack of a major buttressing ice shelf.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"European Space Agency, (Special Publication) ESA SP","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03796566","usgsCitation":"Lucchitta, B., and Rosanova, C., 1997, Velocities of Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers, West Antarctica, from ERS-1 SAR images: European Space Agency, (Special Publication) ESA SP, no. 414 PART 2, p. 819-824.","startPage":"819","endPage":"824","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"414 PART 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1f1e4b08c986b32a833","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucchitta, B.K.","contributorId":35288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosanova, C.E.","contributorId":63548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosanova","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019430,"text":"70019430 - 1997 - Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-06T19:38:05","indexId":"70019430","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":861,"text":"Aquatic Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska","docAbstract":"Spatial change in eelgrass meadows, Zostera marina L., was assessed between 1978 and 1987 and between 1987 and 1995 at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska. Change in total extent was evaluated through a map to map comparison of data interpreted from a 1978 Landsat multi-spectral scanner image and 1987 black and white aerial photographs. A ground survey in 1995 was used to assess spatial change from 1987. Eelgrass beds were the predominant vegetation type in the lagoon, comprising 44-47% (15000-16000 ha) of the total area in 1978 and 1987. Izembek Lagoon contains the largest bed of seagrass along the Pacific Coast of North America and largest known single stand of eelgrass in the world. There was a high degree of overlap in the spatial distribution of eelgrass among years of change detection. The overall net change was a 6% gain between, 1978 and 1987 and a <1% gain between 1987 and 1995. The lack of significant change in eelgrass cover suggests that eelgrass meadows in Izembek Lagoon have been stable during the 17-year period of our study.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00037-5","issn":"03043770","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.H., Markon, C.J., and Douglas, D.C., 1997, Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska: Aquatic Botany, v. 58, no. 3-4, p. 229-240, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00037-5.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"240","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205766,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00037-5"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Izembek Lagoon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -163.4710693359375,\n              54.939765758658936\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.344970703125,\n              54.939765758658936\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.344970703125,\n              55.33851784425634\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.4710693359375,\n              55.33851784425634\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.4710693359375,\n              54.939765758658936\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02a3e4b0c8380cd50141","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Markon, Carl J. markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019350,"text":"70019350 - 1997 - The availability of Landsat data: Past, present, and future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-08T12:38:52","indexId":"70019350","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The availability of Landsat data: Past, present, and future","docAbstract":"It has long been recognized that the success of the Landsat program would depend on an effective distribution of its data to a wide variety of users, worldwide, in a timely manner. Since 1972, nearly $250 million worth of data have been distributed by a network of ground stations around the world. The policies of the U.S. Government affecting the distribution, availability, and pricing of Landsat data have been controversial, and have been strongly affected by the attempts to commercialize the program. At the present time, data are being distributed in the U.S. by either government or commercial entities, depending on the date of acquisition of the data in question and whether or not the customer is affiliated with the Federal Government. Although the future distribution of Landsat data is currently under discussion, it seems likely that data distribution initially will be the responsibility of NOAA. In any case, the long-term archive and distribution of all Landsat data will be the responsibility of the Department of Interior's U.S. Geological Survey.","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Draeger, W., Holm, T.M., Lauer, D.T., and Thompson, R., 1997, The availability of Landsat data: Past, present, and future: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 63, no. 7, p. 869-875.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"869","endPage":"875","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9dce4b08c986b322571","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Draeger, W. C.","contributorId":67231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draeger","given":"W. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holm, T. M.","contributorId":66436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holm","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lauer, D. T.","contributorId":47907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lauer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thompson, R.J.","contributorId":93624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}