The sedimentary formations of the Roswell Resource Area have significant mineral and energy resources. Some of the pre-Pennsylvanian sequences in the Northwestern Shelf of the Permian Basin are oil and gas reservoirs, and Pennsylvanian rocks in Tucumcari basin are reservoirs of oil and gas as well as source rocks for oil and gas in Triassic rocks. Pre-Permian rocks also contain minor deposits of uranium and vanadium, limestone, and associated gases. Hydrocarbon reservoirs in Permian rocks include associated gases such as carbon dioxide, helium, and nitrogen. Permian rocks are mineralized adjacent to the Lincoln County porphyry belt, and include deposits of copper, uranium, manganese, iron, polymetallic veins, and Mississippi-valley-type (MVT) lead-zinc. Industrial minerals in Permian rocks include fluorite, barite, potash, halite, polyhalite, gypsum, anhydrite, sulfur, limestone, dolomite, brine deposits (iodine and bromine), aggregate (sand), and dimension stone. Doubly terminated quartz crystals, called \"Pecos diamonds\" and collected as mineral specimens, occur in Permian rocks along the Pecos River. Mesozoic sedimentary rocks are hosts for copper, uranium, and small quantities of gold-silver-tellurium veins, as well as significant deposits of oil and gas, COa, asphalt, coal, and dimension stone. Mesozoic rocks contain limited amounts of limestone, gypsum, petrified wood, dinosaur remains, and clays. Tertiary rocks host ore deposits commonly associated with intrusive rocks, including platinum group elements, iron skarns, manganese, uranium and vanadium, molybdenum, polymetallic vein deposits, gold-silver- tellurium veins, and thorium-rare earth veins. Museum-quality quartz crystals in Lincoln County were formed in association with intrusive rocks in the Lincoln County porphyry belt. Industrial minerals in Tertiary rocks include fluorite, vein- and bedded-barite, caliche, limestone, and aggregate. Tertiary and Quaternary sediments host important placer deposits of gold and titanium, and minor silver, uranium occurrences, as well as important industrial commodities, including caliche, limestone and dolomite, and aggregate (sand). Quaternary basalt contains sub-ore-grade uranium, scoria, and clay deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr92261","usgsCitation":"1992, Mineral and energy resources of the BLM Roswell Resource Area, east-central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-261, Report: 228 p.; 14 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92261.","productDescription":"Report: 228 p.; 14 plates","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":86197,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0261/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86200,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0261/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86201,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0261/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86196,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0261/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":176550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0261/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86189,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0261/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86192,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0261/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86193,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0261/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86194,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0261/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86195,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0261/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86198,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0261/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86202,"rank":413,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0261/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86203,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0261/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86199,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0261/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86190,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0261/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86191,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0261/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Roswell Resource Area","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db63581c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bartsch-Winkler, Susan B.","contributorId":97069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartsch-Winkler","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726071,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25134,"text":"cir930L - 1992 - International strategic minerals inventory summary report; zirconium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:12","indexId":"cir930L","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"930","chapter":"L","title":"International strategic minerals inventory summary report; zirconium","docAbstract":"Zircon, a zirconium silicate, is currently the most important commercial zirconium-bearing mineral. Baddeleyite, a natural form of zirconia, is less important but has some specific end uses. Both zircon and baddeleyite occur in hard-rock and placer deposits, but at present all zircon production is from placer deposits. Most baddeleyite production is from hard-rock deposits, principally as a byproduct of copper and phosphate-rock mining. \r\n\r\nWorld zirconium resources in identified, economically exploitable deposits are about 46 times current production rates. Of these resources, some 71 percent are in South Africa, Australia, and the United States. The principal end uses of zirconium minerals are in ceramic applications and as refractories, abrasives, and mold linings in foundries. A minor amount, mainly of zircon, is used for the production of hafnium-free zirconium metal, which is used principally for sheathing fuel elements in nuclear reactors and in the chemical-processing industry, aerospace engineering, and electronics. \r\n\r\nAustralia and South Africa are the largest zircon producers and account for more than 70 percent of world output; the United States and the Soviet Union account for another 20 percent. South Africa accounts for almost all the world's production of baddeleyite, which is about 2 percent of world production of contained zirconia. Australia and South Africa are the largest exporters of zircon. Unless major new deposits are developed in countries that have not traditionally produced zircon, the pattern of world production is unlikely to change by 2020. The proportions, however, of production that come from existing producing countries may change somewhat.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir930L","usgsCitation":"Towner, R., 1992, International strategic minerals inventory summary report; zirconium: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930, v. :ill. ;26 cm.; 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir930L.","productDescription":"v. :ill. ;26 cm.; 47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1992/0930l/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54114,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1992/0930l/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47b2e4b07f02db49e2f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Towner, R.R.","contributorId":106153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Towner","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19880,"text":"ofr922 - 1992 - Reserves and production data for selected ore deposits in the United States found in the files of the Anaconda Copper Company","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:42","indexId":"ofr922","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-2","title":"Reserves and production data for selected ore deposits in the United States found in the files of the Anaconda Copper Company","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr922","usgsCitation":"Long, K.R., 1992, Reserves and production data for selected ore deposits in the United States found in the files of the Anaconda Copper Company: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-2, 21 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr922.","productDescription":"21 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0002/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49390,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0002/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bbb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Keith R. 0000-0002-6457-2820 klong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6457-2820","contributorId":2279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Keith","email":"klong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":181679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19797,"text":"ofr93179 - 1992 - Analytical results and sample locality map of soil samples from the Tanama-Helecho porphyry copper district, municipios of Utuado and Adjuntas, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:36","indexId":"ofr93179","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-179","title":"Analytical results and sample locality map of soil samples from the Tanama-Helecho porphyry copper district, municipios of Utuado and Adjuntas, Puerto Rico","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93179","usgsCitation":"Learned, R.E., Pierce, H.A., and Perez, I., 1992, Analytical results and sample locality map of soil samples from the Tanama-Helecho porphyry copper district, municipios of Utuado and Adjuntas, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-179, 34 p. :1 folded map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93179.","productDescription":"34 p. :1 folded map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0179/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49277,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0179/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":49278,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0179/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67eadd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Learned, R. E.","contributorId":9638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Learned","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, H. A.","contributorId":99951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perez, Ileana","contributorId":39235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perez","given":"Ileana","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":19796,"text":"ofr93178 - 1992 - Analytical results and sample locality map of soil samples from the Rio Vivi porphyry copper district, municipios of Utuado and Adjuntas, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:35","indexId":"ofr93178","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-178","title":"Analytical results and sample locality map of soil samples from the Rio Vivi porphyry copper district, municipios of Utuado and Adjuntas, Puerto Rico","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93178","usgsCitation":"Learned, R.E., Pierce, H.A., and Perez, I., 1992, Analytical results and sample locality map of soil samples from the Rio Vivi porphyry copper district, municipios of Utuado and Adjuntas, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-178, 38 p. :1 folded map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93178.","productDescription":"38 p. :1 folded map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0178/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49275,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0178/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":49276,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0178/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e546","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Learned, R. E.","contributorId":9638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Learned","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, H. A.","contributorId":99951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perez, Ileana","contributorId":39235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perez","given":"Ileana","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":19188,"text":"ofr92267 - 1992 - Recommended standard electrochemical potentials and fugacities of oxygen for the solid buffers and thermodynamic data in the systems iron-silicon-oxygen, nickel-oxygen, and copper-oxygen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:36","indexId":"ofr92267","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-267","title":"Recommended standard electrochemical potentials and fugacities of oxygen for the solid buffers and thermodynamic data in the systems iron-silicon-oxygen, nickel-oxygen, and copper-oxygen","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr92267","usgsCitation":"Haas, J., and Hemingway, B.S., 1992, Recommended standard electrochemical potentials and fugacities of oxygen for the solid buffers and thermodynamic data in the systems iron-silicon-oxygen, nickel-oxygen, and copper-oxygen: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-267, 733 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92267.","productDescription":"733 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0267/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48653,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0267/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db644766","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haas, John L.","contributorId":30995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"John L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hemingway, Bruch S.","contributorId":19542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"Bruch","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19033,"text":"ofr92293 - 1992 - The Salt Chuck copper-palladium mine, Prince of Wales Island, southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:33","indexId":"ofr92293","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-293","title":"The Salt Chuck copper-palladium mine, Prince of Wales Island, southeastern Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr92293","usgsCitation":"Gault, H.R., Wahrhaftig, C., and Loney, R.A., 1992, The Salt Chuck copper-palladium mine, Prince of Wales Island, southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-293, iv, 10 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92293.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48464,"rank":419,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-20.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48465,"rank":420,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-21.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48466,"rank":421,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-22.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48467,"rank":422,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-23.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48468,"rank":423,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-24.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48469,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48445,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48446,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48447,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48448,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48449,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48450,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48451,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48452,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48453,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48454,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48455,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48456,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48457,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48458,"rank":413,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48459,"rank":414,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-15.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48460,"rank":415,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48461,"rank":416,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-17.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48462,"rank":417,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-18.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48463,"rank":418,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0293/plate-19.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gault, Hugh Richard","contributorId":57442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gault","given":"Hugh","email":"","middleInitial":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wahrhaftig, Clyde","contributorId":102473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahrhaftig","given":"Clyde","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loney, Robert Ahlberg","contributorId":72802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loney","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Ahlberg","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4263,"text":"cir1082 - 1992 - The Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program: Background information to accompany folio of geologic, geochemical, geophysical, and mineral resource maps of the Ajo and Lukeville 1° by 2° quadrangles, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-08T21:00:36.27301","indexId":"cir1082","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1082","title":"The Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program: Background information to accompany folio of geologic, geochemical, geophysical, and mineral resource maps of the Ajo and Lukeville 1° by 2° quadrangles, Arizona","docAbstract":"Encompassing about 21,000 km2 in southwestern Arizona, the Ajo and Lukeville 1° by 2° quadrangles have been the subject of mineral resource investigations utilizing field and laboratory studies in the disciplines of geology, geochemistry, geophysics, and Landsat imagery. The results of these studies are published as a folio of maps, figures, and tables, with accompanying discussions. Past mineral production has been limited to copper from the Ajo Mining District. In addition to copper, the quadrangles contain potentially significant resources of gold and silver; a few other commodities, including molybdenum and evaporites, may also exist in the area as appreciable resources. This circular provides background information on the mineral deposits and on the investigations and integrates the information presented in the folio. The bibliography cites references to the geology, geochemistry, geophysics, and mineral deposits of the two quadrangles.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1082","usgsCitation":"Gray, F., Tosdal, R., Peterson, J., Cox, D.P., Miller, R.J., Klein, D.P., Theobald, P., Haxel, G.B., Grubensky, M., Raines, G.L., Barton, H.N., Singer, D., and Eppinger, R., 1992, The Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program: Background information to accompany folio of geologic, geochemical, geophysical, and mineral resource maps of the Ajo and Lukeville 1° by 2° quadrangles, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1082, iv, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1082.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p.","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391483,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24151.htm"},{"id":31375,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1992/1082/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1992/1082/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Ajo and Lukeville 1° by 2° quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114,\n 31.625\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 31.625\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -114,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -114,\n 31.625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ec91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, Floyd 0000-0002-0223-8966 fgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0223-8966","contributorId":603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Floyd","email":"fgray@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":148613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tosdal, R. M.","contributorId":54982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterson, J.A.","contributorId":76308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cox, D. P.","contributorId":82689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, R. J.","contributorId":9225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Klein, D. P.","contributorId":36555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":148615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Theobald, P. K.","contributorId":45293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theobald","given":"P. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Haxel, G. B.","contributorId":71503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haxel","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Grubensky, M. J.","contributorId":77975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubensky","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Raines, G. L.","contributorId":90720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"G.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Barton, H. N.","contributorId":99546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Eppinger, R. G.","contributorId":100837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eppinger","given":"R. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":18657,"text":"ofr92614 - 1992 - Ion exchange capture of copper, lead, and zinc in acid-rock drainages of Colorado using natural clinoptilolite; preliminary field studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:28","indexId":"ofr92614","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-614","title":"Ion exchange capture of copper, lead, and zinc in acid-rock drainages of Colorado using natural clinoptilolite; preliminary field studies","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr92614","usgsCitation":"Desborough, G.A., 1992, Ion exchange capture of copper, lead, and zinc in acid-rock drainages of Colorado using natural clinoptilolite; preliminary field studies: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-614, ii, 16 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92614.","productDescription":"ii, 16 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0614/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47994,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0614/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66733d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Desborough, G. A.","contributorId":34527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desborough","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18567,"text":"ofr92578 - 1992 - Copper resources in secondary enrichment blankets at Tanama, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:31","indexId":"ofr92578","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-578","title":"Copper resources in secondary enrichment blankets at Tanama, Puerto Rico","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr92578","usgsCitation":"Cox, D.P., 1992, Copper resources in secondary enrichment blankets at Tanama, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-578, 5 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92578.","productDescription":"5 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0578/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47920,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0578/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":47921,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0578/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":47922,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0578/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685aa1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, D. P.","contributorId":82689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18449,"text":"ofr92283B - 1992 - Data for four drill holes, Kalamazoo porphyry copper deposit, Pinal County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-26T14:19:19","indexId":"ofr92283B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-283","chapter":"B","title":"Data for four drill holes, Kalamazoo porphyry copper deposit, Pinal County, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :Books and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr92283B","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Chaffee, M.A., 1992, Data for four drill holes, Kalamazoo porphyry copper deposit, Pinal County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-283, 1 computer disk ;5 1/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92283B.","productDescription":"1 computer disk ;5 1/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270171,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0283b/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c93c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaffee, Maurice A. mchaffee@usgs.gov","contributorId":4047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaffee","given":"Maurice","email":"mchaffee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":179149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18448,"text":"ofr92283A - 1992 - Data for four drill holes, Kalamazoo porphyry copper deposit, Pinal County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:35","indexId":"ofr92283A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-283","chapter":"A","title":"Data for four drill holes, Kalamazoo porphyry copper deposit, Pinal County, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr92283A","usgsCitation":"Chaffee, M.A., 1992, Data for four drill holes, Kalamazoo porphyry copper deposit, Pinal County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-283, 50 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92283A.","productDescription":"50 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0283a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47801,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0283a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e46d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaffee, Maurice A. mchaffee@usgs.gov","contributorId":4047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaffee","given":"Maurice","email":"mchaffee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":179148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017108,"text":"70017108 - 1992 - Metallogeny of the midcontinent rift system of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-25T15:58:12.406435","indexId":"70017108","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metallogeny of the midcontinent rift system of North America","docAbstract":"The experimental metal solubilities for rock-buffered hydrothermal systems, reported by Hemley et al. (1992), provide important insights into the acquisition, transport, and deposition of metals in real hydrothermal systems that produced base metal ore deposits. Water-rock reactions that determine pH, together with total chloride and changes in temperature and fluid pressure, play significant roles in controlling the solubility of metals and determining where metals are fixed to form ore deposits.Hydrothermal systems circulate fluids and heat, and the transport path of a hydrothermal fluid is likely to lie somewhere between an adiabatic (no heat loss to adjacent rocks) and a geothermal (complete thermal equilibrium with adjacent rock) path. The transport path of the hydrothermal fluids emanating from, or circulating near, deep-seated crystallizing plutons can be approximated by a quasi-adiabatic pressure-temperature path. In such a quasi-adiabatic setting, the pressure effect on rock-buffered metal solubilities is significant and allows metal transport over long distances because the trend of decreasing metal solubility with decreasing temperature is compensated by the trend of increasing metal solubility with decreasing pressure. The high-temperature portion of a quasi-adiabatic hydrothermal system will tend to leach metals from the rock and fix K and Na in feldspars. The source of the extracted metals may be late-stage magmatic melt, trace metals distributed in the lattice of silicate minerals destroyed during rock metasomatism, and/or small amounts of base metal sulfides disseminated throughout a given rock.Deposition of metals in hydrothermal systems occurs where changes such as cooling, pH increase due to rock alteration, boiling, or fluid mixing cause the aqueous metal concentration to exceed saturation. Relative metal transport concentrations, the availability of sulfur, the disposition of the saturation surfaces relative to each other, and the interplay of these variables through time are the major factors controlling the pattern of metal deposition (and nondeposition).Metal zoning results from deposition occurring at successive saturation surfaces. Zoning is not a reflection simply of relative solubility but of the manner of intersection of transport concentration paths with those surfaces. The experimental results are consistent with the typical outward zonation of Cu-Zn-Pb observed in porphyry coppers, Butte-type base metal vein deposits, skarns, and massive sulfides. Implications to mineralization patterns in Mississippi Valley-type, sedimentary Cu, and other low-temperature deposits are also of interest, with due recognition of the greater uncertainty regarding speciation and attainment of equilibrium in those environments. In such deposits, a probable outward zoning of Cu-Zn-Pb-Fe is suggested from the results.Saturation surfaces will tend to migrate outward and inward in prograde and retrograde time, respectively, controlled by either temperature or chemical variables. This, in turn, gives rise to zone migration and, where one zone encroaches on another, the appropriate apparent paragenetic relations. Such textural implications are incorrect, however, unless viewed within the context of the overall mineralization process. Additional controls bearing on metal precipitation sequence and coprecipitation, the presence or absence of zoning, reversals in zoning, sulfidation state, and timing relations between alteration and metallization are implicit in the results and are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.87.1.23","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Hemley, J., and Hunt, J., 1992, Hydrothermal ore-forming processes in the light of studies in rock- buffered systems: II. Some general geologic applications: Economic Geology, v. 87, no. 1, p. 23-43, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.1.23.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224793,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37a4e4b0c8380cd61041","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemley, J.J.","contributorId":59556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemley","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, J.P.","contributorId":9405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178138,"text":"70178138 - 1992 - Communications: Blood chemistry of laboratory-reared Golden trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-03T13:21:31","indexId":"70178138","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Communications: Blood chemistry of laboratory-reared Golden trout","docAbstract":"Golden trout Oncorhynchus aguabonita obtained from a wild stock as fertilized eggs were reared in the laboratory for 21 months. The laboratory-reared golden trout in our study reached sexual maturity earlier and grew more rapidly than wild golden trout do (according to the scientific literature). Male fish averaged 35.6 cm in total length and 426 g in weight, and females averaged 36.2 cm and 487 g. All golden trout were sexually mature when used for hematological analysis. The hematological profile (hematocrit, red blood cells, white blood cells, and thrombocytes) of golden trout was similar to that reported elsewhere for other trout species. Male and female golden trout did not have significantly different thrombocyte counts; however, the immobilization treatment used on the fish (anesthesia versus a blow to the head) resulted in significant treatment differences in thrombocyte numbers and interaction effect of sex in treatment for hematocrits. Gravid female golden trout had significantly higher plasma protein and calcium levels than did males. The ionic compositions of plasma (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, iron, and chloride) and gallbladder bile (calcium and chloride) were similar to those reported for other salmonids.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(1992)004<0218:CBCOLR>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hunn, J.B., Wiedmeyer, R., Greer, I.E., and Grady, A.W., 1992, Communications: Blood chemistry of laboratory-reared Golden trout: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 4, no. 3, p. 218-222, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1992)004<0218:CBCOLR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"218","endPage":"222","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330707,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581c4cc6e4b09688d6e91013","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunn, Joseph B.","contributorId":52109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunn","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiedmeyer, Ray H.","contributorId":20096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiedmeyer","given":"Ray H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greer, Ivan E.","contributorId":176641,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greer","given":"Ivan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grady, Andrew W.","contributorId":176642,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grady","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186535,"text":"70186535 - 1992 - Field guide: Gold-copper-silver deposits of the New World District Northwest Geology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T10:21:26","indexId":"70186535","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Field guide: Gold-copper-silver deposits of the New World District Northwest Geology","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Guidebook for the Red Lodge-Beartooth Mountains-Stillwater area","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Elliot, J.E., Kirk, A.R., and Johnson, T., 1992, Field guide: Gold-copper-silver deposits of the New World District Northwest Geology, chap. of Guidebook for the Red Lodge-Beartooth Mountains-Stillwater area, p. 1-20.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339197,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60285e4b09da6799ac6e7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Elliott, J. E.","contributorId":19914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688646,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Elliot, J. E.","contributorId":95029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliot","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirk, A. R.","contributorId":34911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, T.W.","contributorId":61169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017203,"text":"70017203 - 1992 - Hydrothermal ore-forming processes in the light of studies in rock- buffered systems: I. Iron-copper-zinc-lead sulfide solubility relations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T17:22:45.632022","indexId":"70017203","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrothermal ore-forming processes in the light of studies in rock- buffered systems: I. Iron-copper-zinc-lead sulfide solubility relations","docAbstract":"Experimental studies, using cold-seal and extraction vessel techniques, were conducted on Fe, Pb, Zn, and Cu sulfide solubilities in chloride solutions at temperatures from 300 degrees to 700 degrees C and pressures from 0.5 to 2 kbars. The solutions were buffered in pH by a quartz monzonite and the pure potassium feldspar-muscovite-quartz assemblage and in f (sub S 2 ) - f (sub O 2 ) largely by the assemblage pyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite. Solubilities increase with increasing temperature and total chloride, and decrease with increasing pressure. The rise in solubility is particularly steep between 300 degrees and 500 degrees C and between 1,000 and 500 bars. With increasing temperature at any given pressure, or with decreasing pressure at any given temperature, metal solubility eventually passes through a maximum due to increasing competition for chloride by the alkali, hydrogen, and base metal ions and because intersection with a two-fluid region eventually occurs. In that portion of the two-fluid region encountered in the study, metal solubilities in the brine were very high, but solubilities in the gas phase also were significant. In a system controlled by the potassium feldspar-muscovite-quartz buffer, 1-m total Cl (super -) , and the assemblage pyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite-sphalerite-galena-chalcopyrite, solubilities in ppm at 1 kbar and 300 degrees , 400 degrees , and 500 degrees C were 237, 1,216, and 5,636, for Fe; 51, 613, and 3,105 for Pb; 36, 423, and 2,649 for Zn; and 11, 40, and 113 for Cu, respectively. At 400 degrees C, 0.5 and 2 kbars, the values were 2,627 and 500 for Fe; 1,262 and 194 for Pb; 983 and 120 for Zn; and 60 and 29 for Cu, respectively. All of the above were in the single-fluid region. Single-metal solubilities also were investigated to assess the influence of iron on the solubility of the other metals and to corroborate preliminary dissociation constants for the metal chloride complexes involved. The effect of increasing chloride concentration on solubility reflects primarily a shift to lower pH via the silicate buffer reactions. The effect of decreasing pressure reflects primarily the relative change in the dissociation constants of the chloride complexes involved. Increasing sulfur fugacity lowers solubility, but in systems controlled at relatively low values by an f (sub S 2 ) buffer or wall-rock sulfidation reactions, solutions of high metal content relative to reduced sulfur will tend to develop at high chloride concentrations. Similarity in behavior with respect to the temperature and pressure of Fe, Zn, and Pb sulfide solubilities points to similarity in chloride speciation, and the neutral species appear to be dominant in the high-temperature region. At 500 degrees C and 1 kbar, the log K D values for FeCl degrees 2 , PbCl degrees 2 , ZnCl degrees 2 , and CuCl degrees are, respectively, -8.76, -9.14, -10.86, and -6.22.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.87.1.1","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Hemley, J., Cygan, G., Fein, J., Robinson, and d’Angelo, W.M., 1992, Hydrothermal ore-forming processes in the light of studies in rock- buffered systems: I. Iron-copper-zinc-lead sulfide solubility relations: Economic Geology, v. 87, no. 1, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.1.1.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224873,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1992-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37a4e4b0c8380cd6103b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemley, J.J.","contributorId":59556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemley","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cygan, G.L.","contributorId":56379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cygan","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fein, J.B.","contributorId":97257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fein","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, Jr. 0000-0002-9676-9564","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9676-9564","contributorId":8479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5068,"text":"Midwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":375706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"d’Angelo, W. M.","contributorId":55027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"d’Angelo","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017227,"text":"70017227 - 1992 - Geochemical exploration for copper-nickel deposits in the cool-humid climate of northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T10:52:18.884143","indexId":"70017227","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical exploration for copper-nickel deposits in the cool-humid climate of northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"Water was used as a medium for geochemical exploration to detect copper-nickel mineralization along the basal zone of the Duluth Complex. Ni2+ is the most important pathfinder for the detection of the mineralized rocks, followed by Cu2+ and SO42− and to a lesser extent Mg2+ and SiO2. A normalized sum plot using these species defines the mineralization more consistently than a single-element plot, mainly because the absence of one variable does not significantly influence the normalized sum value.
A hydrogeochemical survey was conducted in an area of known copper-nickel mineralization in the cool-humid climate of northeastern Minnesota. The area is covered with glacial drift, and wetlands are abundant. Modeling of the chemistry of waters indicates that the waters are oxidizing and have a pH of 7 or less. The most important pathfinder species in the waters, Cu2+, Ni2+, and SO42−, are derived from the simple weathering of sulfide minerals and are mobile in the waters in this environment.
Plots of Cu and Ni concentrations in soils show that Cu followed by Ni are the most useful indicator elements for delineating copper-nickel mineralization. The ability of soils and water to delineate the mineralization supports the use of both media for geochemical exploration in this cool-humid environment. In the wetlands, abundant water is available and soils are scarce or absent; where soils are abundant, waters are generally scarce or absent. The use of both media is recommended for geochemical exploration in this environment.
In one river, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn were analysed in insects and in fine bed sediments over a 381-km reach downstream of a large copper mining complex. In another river, As contamination from a gold mine was assessed in insects and bed sediments over a 40-km reach. All insect taxa collected in contaminated river reaches had elevated whole-body trace element concentrations, but few species were distributed throughout the study reaches. Comparisons of contamination at taxomic levels higher than species were complicated by element-specific differences in bioaccumulation among taxa. These differences appeared to be governed by biological and hydrogeochemical factors. Variation in element concentrations among species of the caddisfly Hydropsyche was slightly greater than within individual species. If this genus is representative of others, comparisons of contamination within genera may be a practical alternative for biomonitoring studies when single species are not available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing ","doi":"10.1139/f92-237","usgsCitation":"Cain, D., Luoma, S., Carter, J., and Fend, S., 1992, Aquatic insects as bioindicators of trace element contamination in cobble-bottom rivers and streams: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 49, no. 10, p. 2141-2154, https://doi.org/10.1139/f92-237.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2141","endPage":"2154","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223362,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269547,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-237"}],"volume":"49","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed0fe4b0c8380cd495d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cain, D.J.","contributorId":68329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carter, J.L.","contributorId":26030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fend, S.V. 0000-0002-4638-6602","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4638-6602","contributorId":99702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fend","given":"S.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016152,"text":"70016152 - 1992 - The study of the undiscovered mineral resources of the Tongass National Forest and adjacent lands, Southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:46","indexId":"70016152","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The study of the undiscovered mineral resources of the Tongass National Forest and adjacent lands, Southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"The quantitative probabilistic assessment of the undiscovered mineral resources of the 17.1-million-acre Tongass National Forest (the largest in the United States) and its adjacent lands is a nonaggregated, mineral-resource-tract-oriented assessment designed for land-planning purposes. As such, it includes the renewed use of gross-in-place values (GIPV's) in dollars of the estimated amounts of metal contained in the undiscovered resources as a measure for land-use planning. Southeastern Alaska is geologically complex and contains a wide variety of known mineral deposits, some of which have produced important amounts of metals during the past 100 years. Regional geological, economic geological, geochemical, geophysical, and mineral exploration history information for the region was integrated to define 124 tracts likely to contain undiscovered mineral resources. Some tracts were judged to contain more than one type of mineral deposit. Each type of deposit may contain one or more metallic elements of economic interest. For tracts where information was sufficient, the minimum number of as-yet-undiscovered deposits of each type was estimated at probability levels of 0.95, 0.90, 0.50, 0.10, and 0.05. The undiscovered mineral resources of the individual tracts were estimated using the U.S. Geological Survey's MARK3 mineral-resource endowment simulator; those estimates were used to calculate GIPV's for the individual tracts. Those GIPV's were aggregated to estimate the value of the undiscovered mineral resources of southeastern Alaska. The aggregated GIPV of the estimates is $40.9 billion. Analysis of this study indicates that (1) there is only a crude positive correlation between the size of individual tracts and their mean GIPV's: and (2) the number of mineral-deposit types in a tract does not dominate the GIPV's of the tracts, but the inferred presence of synorogenic-synvolcanic nickel-copper, porphyry copper skarn-related, iron skarn, and porphyry copper-molybdenum deposits does. The influence of this study on the U.S. Forest Service planning process is yet to be determined. ?? 1992 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01782695","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Brew, D.A., Drew, L., and Ludington, S.D., 1992, The study of the undiscovered mineral resources of the Tongass National Forest and adjacent lands, Southeastern Alaska: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 1, no. 4, p. 303-322, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01782695.","startPage":"303","endPage":"322","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205325,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01782695"},{"id":222993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0a1e4b08c986b324f9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brew, D. A.","contributorId":88344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ludington, S. D.","contributorId":80682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"S.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197193,"text":"70197193 - 1992 - Predicting sizes of undiscovered mineral deposits; an example using mercury deposits in California ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-21T16:24:15","indexId":"70197193","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting sizes of undiscovered mineral deposits; an example using mercury deposits in California ","docAbstract":"A critical part of the exploration for mineral deposits or of quantitative mineral resource assessments is the estimation of how large undiscoveredeposits might be. Typically, this problem is addressed using grade and tonnage models in which a major source of variation in possible sizes is accounted for by the differences in types of deposits (Cox and Singer, 1986; Mosier and Page, 1988; Bliss, 1992). It is clear from studies of petroleum exploration that larger oil fields tend to be found early in the process (Arps and Roberts, 1958). If the same behavior exists in mineral exploration, then tonnage models constructed from local data may be biased estimators of the tonnages of any remaining undiscoveredeposits in the area. Although Singer and Mosier (1981) showed that larger porphyry copper deposits should be found earlier than smaller deposits in a given geologic and exploration environment, there are no definitive studies that we could find which actually test the hypothesis that larger mineral deposits are discovered early in the exploration of a region.
In this paper the hypothesis that larger mineral deposits are discovered early in the exploration of a region is tested by examining the relationship between discovery order and size of known mercury deposits in the California Coast Ranges. We then present a new maximum likelihood approach to modeling the size distribution of undiscovered mineral deposits by examining the sizes of the mercury deposits discovered early in the exploration process.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.87.4.1174","usgsCitation":"Chung, C.F., Singer, D.A., and Menzie, W.D., 1992, Predicting sizes of undiscovered mineral deposits; an example using mercury deposits in California : Economic Geology, v. 87, no. 4, p. 1174-1179, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.4.1174.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1174","endPage":"1179","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354369,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1992-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15a55de4b092d9651e22cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chung, C. F.","contributorId":205051,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chung","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":735962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Menzie, W. David","contributorId":15645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menzie","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":735963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016729,"text":"70016729 - 1992 - Jurassic ash-flow sheets, calderas, and related intrusions of the Cordilleran volcanic arc in southeastern Arizona: Implications for regional tectonics and ore deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T22:51:57.177714","indexId":"70016729","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Jurassic ash-flow sheets, calderas, and related intrusions of the Cordilleran volcanic arc in southeastern Arizona: Implications for regional tectonics and ore deposits","docAbstract":"Volcanologic, petrologic, and paleomagnetic studies of widespread Jurassic ash-flow sheets in the Huachuca-southern Dragoon Mountains area have led to identification of four large source calderas and associated comagmatic intracaldera intrusions. Stratigraphic, facies, and contact features of the caldera-related tuffs also provide constraints on the locations, lateral displacements, and very existence for some major northwest-trending faults and inferred regional thrusts in south-eastern Arizona. For example, the intricate Cochise thrust system, as mapped by others in the southern Dragoon Mountains, consists instead of primary depositional contacts within caldera-fill megabreccia, and the inferred regional thrusts do not exist, at least as previously interpreted. Silicic alkalic compositions of the Jurassic caldera-related, ash-flow tuffs; bimodal associated mafic magmatism; and interstratified coarse sedimentary deposits provide evidence for synvolcanic extension and rifting within the Cordilleran magmatic arc. Gold-copper mineralization is associated with subvolcanic intrusions at several of the Jurassic calderas.
Acid sulfate wall-rock alteration, characterized by the assemblage alunite + kaolinite + quartz + or - pyrite, results from base leaching by fluids concentrated in H 2 SO 4 . Requisite amounts of H 2 SO 4 can be generated by different mechanisms in three principal geologic environments: (1) by atmospheric oxidation of sulfides in the supergene environment, (2) by atmospheric oxidation at the water table in the steam-heated environment of H 2 S released by deeper, boiling fluids, and (3) by the disproportionation of magmatic SO 2 to H 2 S and H 2 SO 4 during condensation of a magmatic vapor plume at intermediate depths in magmatic hydrothermal environments in silicic and andesitic volcanic terranes. In addition, coarse vein alunite may form in a magmatic steam environment from rapid release of an SO 2 -rich magmatic vapor phase at high temperature and low pressure or from the oxidation of a more reduced magmatic vapor by entrained atmospheric oxygen in the carapace of a volcanic edifice.Alunite [KAl 3 (SO 4 ) 2 (OH) 6 ] contains four stable isotope sites and complete analyses (delta D, delta 18 O (sub SO 4 ) , delta 18 O OH , and delta 34 S) are now possible. Except for delta 18 O OH in magmatic hydrothermal alunites, primary values are usually retained. In cooperation with many colleagues, over 500 measurements have been made on nearly 200 samples of alunite and associated minerals from 23 localities, and 55 additional analyses have been taken from the literature. This survey confirms that kinetic factors play an important role in the stable isotope systematics of alunite and acid sulfate alteration. To a very large extent they form the isotopic basis for distinguishing between environments of acid sulfate alteration, and they provide important insights into attendant processes. Stable isotope analyses of alunite, often in combination with those on associated sulfides and kaolinite, permit recognition of environments of formation and provide information on origins of components, processes (including rates), physical-chemical environments, and temperatures of formation.Supergene acid sulfate alteration may form over any sulfide zone when it is raised above the water table by tectonics or exposed by erosion. It may overprint earlier acid sulfate assemblages, particularly the magmatic hydrothermal assemblages which are pyrite rich such as at El Salvador, Chile; Rodalquilar, Spain; and Goldfield, Nevada. Supergene alunite normally has delta 34 S values virtually identical to precursor sulfides unless bacteriogenic reduction of aqueous sulfate takes place in standing pools of water. delta D values are close to that of local meteoric water unless extensive evaporation occurs. delta D and delta 18 O OH values of supergene alunites from a range of latitudes fall in a broad zone parallel to the meteoric water line much the way delta D and delta 18 O values of associated halloysite-kaolinite fall near the kaolinite line of Savin and Epstein (1970). delta 18 O (sub SO 4 ) values are kinetically controlled and will reflect the hydro-geochemistry of the environment. delta 18 O (sub SO 4 -OH) alues are grossly out of equilibrium and large negative values are definitive of a supergene origin.In steam-heated environments, such as those at the Tolfa district, Italy, and Marysvale, Utah, and numerous modern geothermal systems, acid sulfate alteration zones are characterized by pronounced vertical zoning. Such acid sulfate alteration may occur over adularia-sericite-type base and precious metal ore deposits such as the one at Buckskin, Nevada. Initial delta 18 O (sub SO 4 ) and delta 34 S values are kinetically controlled, but delta 18 O (sub SO 4 ) values usually reach equilibrium with fluids, and even delta 34 S values may reflect partial exchange with H 2 S where the residence time of aqueous sulfate is sufficient. Most alunites of steam-heated origin have delta 34 S values the same as those of precursor H 2 S (and as related sulfides, if present) and delta D values similar to that of local meteoric water. In the samples analyzed, most delta 18 O (sub SO 4 -OH) values give reasonable temperatures of 90 degrees to 160 degrees C, indicating that delta 18 O (sub SO 4 ) and delta 18 O OH values reflect a close approach to equilibrium with the fluid. The delta 18 O (sub SO 4 ) and delta 18 O OH values also reflect the degree of exchange of the meteoric fluids with wall rock. Coeval kaolinites typically have delta 18 O and delta D values to the left of the kaolinitc line.Magmatic hydrothermal, acid sulfate alteration zones in near-surface epithermal deposits such as Summitville, Colorado. Julcani, Peru, and Red Mountain and Lake City, Colorado, are characterized by vertical orientation and horizontal zoning, the presence of coeval pyrite, PO 4 analogues of alunite, zunyite, and later gold, pyrite and enargite, and often other Cu-As-Sb-S minerals. Acid sulfate alteration assemblages also occur as late stages in the porphyry-copper deposit at E1 Salvador, Chile. In the examples studied, magmatic hydrothermal alunites have delta D values close to those for magmatic water. delta 34 S values are 16 to 28 per mil larger than those for associated pyrite, reflecting equilibrium between aqueous H 2 S and SO 4 formed by the disproportionation of magmatically derived SO 2 . delta 18 O (sub SO 4 ) values are usually 8 to 18 per mil and vary systematically with delta 34 S values, reflecting variations in temperature and/or H 2 S/SO 4 fluid ratios. Further variation in delta 18 O (sub SO 4 ) values may result if SO 2 condenses in mixed magmatic meteoric water fluids. delta 18 O (sub SO (sub 4-) OH) values of magmatic hydrothermal alunites are generally unsuitable for temperature determinations because of retrograde exchange in the OH site, but delta 34 S (sub alunite-pyrite) values provide reliable temperature estimates.Magmatic steam environments appear to occur over a range of depths and are characterized by monomineralic veins of coarse alunite in variably alunitized and kaolinized wall rocks containing minor pyrite. Alunite formed in the magmatic steam environment can usually be recognized by delta 34 S near delta 34 S (sub Sigma S) values and delta D and delta 18 O (sub SO 4 ) values near magmatic values. Magmatic steam alunite differs from magmatic hydrothermal alunite by having delta 34 S close to delta 34 S (sub Sigma S) values of the system. delta 18 O (sub SO (sub 4-) OH) values of most magmatic steam alunite give temperatures ranging from 90 degrees to 210 degrees C but, for reasons which are not understood, some temperatures as well as calculated delta 18 O (sub H 2 O) values are too low for presumed precipitation from a magmatic vapor phase. Magmatic steam environments may occur over porphyry-type mineralization as at Red Mountain, Colorado, and Alunite Ridge, Utah, and over or adjacent to adularia-sericite-type deposits in volcanic domes as at Cactus, California.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.87.2.225","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Rye, R.O., Bethke, P.M., and Wasserman, M., 1992, The stable isotope geochemistry of acid sulfate alteration: Economic Geology, v. 87, no. 2, p. 225-262, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.2.225.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"262","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1992-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb064e4b08c986b324e2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bethke, P. M.","contributorId":32921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bethke","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wasserman, M.D.","contributorId":77949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasserman","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016911,"text":"70016911 - 1992 - Bioremediation of uranium contamination with enzymatic uranium reduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-11T11:27:24","indexId":"70016911","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bioremediation of uranium contamination with enzymatic uranium reduction","docAbstract":"Enzymatic uranium reduction by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans readily removed uranium from solution in a batch system or when D. desulfuricans was separated from the bulk of the uranium-containing water by a semipermeable membrane. Uranium reduction continued at concentrations as high as 24 mM. Of a variety of potentially inhibiting anions and metals evaluated, only high concentrations of copper inhibited uranium reduction. Freeze-dried cells, stored aerobically, reduced uranium as fast as fresh cells. D. desulfuricans reduced uranium in pH 4 and pH 7.4 mine drainage waters and in uraniumcontaining groundwaters from a contaminated Department of Energy site. Enzymatic uranium reduction has several potential advantages over other bioprocessing techniques for uranium removal, the most important of which are as follows: the ability to precipitate uranium that is in the form of a uranyl carbonate complex; high capacity for uranium removal per cell; the formation of a compact, relatively pure, uranium precipitate.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00035a023","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Lovley, D.R., and Phillips, E.J., 1992, Bioremediation of uranium contamination with enzymatic uranium reduction: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 26, no. 11, p. 2228-2234, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00035a023.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2228","endPage":"2234","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f194e4b0c8380cd4ad04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Elizabeth J.P.","contributorId":37475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Elizabeth","middleInitial":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}