Hydrologic investigations of urban watersheds in Texas were begun by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1954. Studies are now in progress in Austin, and Houston. Studies have been completed in the Dallas-Fort Worth and San Antonio areas.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of Houston, began studies in the Houston metropolitan area in 1964. The program was expanded in 1968 to include collection of water-quality data. The objectives of the Houston urban-hydrology study are as follows:
\nThis report, the nineteenth in a series of reports to be published annually, is primarily applicable to objective 2. The report presents hydrologic data collected in the Houston urban area for the 1982 water year (October 1, 1981 to September 30, 1982).
\nA report by Johnson and Sayre (1973) utilized records collected from 1965 to 1969 to study the effects of urbanization on floods in the Houston area. The report also summarizes various basin parameters. A report by Waddell, Massey, and Jennings (1979) presents data on runoff from the Houston area and computed concentrations and loads of selected water-quality constituents discharged to Galveston Bay. The study utilized a variation of the \"STORM\" model developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. A report prepared by Li scum and Massey (1980) presents a technique for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods in the Houston area from drainage areas, bank-full conveyance, and percentage of urban development.
\nA definition of terms related to streamflow, water quality, and other hydrologic data, as used in this report, are defined in \"U.S. Geological Survey, Water-resources data for Texas, water year 1982, volume 2.\"
\nTo facilitate the publication and distribution of this report some material has been included that does not conform to the formal publications standards of the U.S. Geological Survey.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr85407","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Houston","usgsCitation":"Liscum, F., Bruchmiller, J., Hutchinson, J., and Paul, E., 1985, Hydrologic data for urban studies in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area, 1982: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-407, viii, 252 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85407.","productDescription":"viii, 252 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":145011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0407/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40138,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0407/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.13 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Houston","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.36819458007811,\n 30.039377605001338\n ],\n [\n -95.42587280273438,\n 30.039377605001338\n ],\n [\n -95.49179077148438,\n 30.03462216002981\n ],\n [\n -95.56320190429686,\n 30.0262995822237\n ],\n [\n -95.62774658203125,\n 30.001327656702326\n ],\n [\n -95.73348999023438,\n 29.969211659636663\n ],\n [\n -95.83648681640624,\n 29.92756435779241\n ],\n [\n -95.87493896484374,\n 29.888280933159265\n ],\n [\n -95.86257934570312,\n 29.80251790576445\n ],\n [\n -95.86944580078125,\n 29.75364773335698\n ],\n [\n -95.8447265625,\n 29.69640358280457\n ],\n [\n -95.79940795898438,\n 29.672542219068987\n ],\n [\n -95.69641113281249,\n 29.630771207229\n ],\n [\n -95.63186645507812,\n 29.60092416008231\n ],\n [\n -95.51513671875,\n 29.57106827738255\n ],\n [\n -95.40252685546875,\n 29.511330027309146\n ],\n [\n -95.28030395507812,\n 29.485034019181064\n ],\n [\n -95.17730712890625,\n 29.482643134466617\n ],\n [\n -95.086669921875,\n 29.499378142743375\n ],\n [\n -94.99740600585938,\n 29.532839863453397\n ],\n [\n -94.95483398437499,\n 29.551955878093022\n ],\n [\n -94.9493408203125,\n 29.604506272365295\n ],\n [\n -94.96719360351562,\n 29.653449050468925\n ],\n [\n -94.9822998046875,\n 29.680894340704334\n ],\n [\n -95.01800537109374,\n 29.71787396585316\n ],\n [\n -95.0372314453125,\n 29.744109309616487\n ],\n [\n -95.06881713867188,\n 29.76556948666697\n ],\n [\n -95.06744384765625,\n 29.797751134173065\n ],\n [\n -95.07705688476562,\n 29.837070205715218\n ],\n [\n -95.10314941406249,\n 29.871610558533725\n ],\n [\n -95.1361083984375,\n 29.925183985247404\n ],\n [\n -95.15396118164062,\n 29.972780616663897\n ],\n [\n -95.14572143554688,\n 29.997759725578906\n ],\n [\n -95.185546875,\n 30.01916538794235\n ],\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 30.02511058549258\n ],\n [\n -95.2789306640625,\n 30.029866486852946\n ],\n [\n -95.33660888671875,\n 30.032244351965684\n ],\n [\n -95.36819458007811,\n 30.039377605001338\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c551","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liscum, Fred","contributorId":95463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liscum","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruchmiller, J.P.","contributorId":102490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruchmiller","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hutchinson, J.S.","contributorId":14827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paul, E.M.","contributorId":65089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paul","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1290,"text":"wsp2253 - 1985 - Geohydrology and model analysis of stream-aquifer system along the Arkansas River in Kearny and Finney Counties, southwestern Kansas","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8645,"text":"ofr83222 - 1983 - Geohydrology and model analysis of the stream-aquifer system along the Arkansas River in Kearny and Finney counties, southwestern Kansas","indexId":"ofr83222","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology and model analysis of the stream-aquifer system along the Arkansas River in Kearny and Finney counties, southwestern Kansas"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1290,"text":"wsp2253 - 1985 - Geohydrology and model analysis of stream-aquifer system along the Arkansas River in Kearny and Finney Counties, southwestern Kansas","indexId":"wsp2253","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology and model analysis of stream-aquifer system along the Arkansas River in Kearny and Finney Counties, southwestern Kansas"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-10T20:43:50.995415","indexId":"wsp2253","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2253","title":"Geohydrology and model analysis of stream-aquifer system along the Arkansas River in Kearny and Finney Counties, southwestern Kansas","docAbstract":"A study was made, in cooperation with the Division of Water Resources, Kansas State Board of Agriculture, to determine geohydrologic conditions in an area comprising nearly 850,000 acres along the Arkansas River valley in Kearny and Finney Counties, southwestern Kansas. The Arkansas River meanders atop and interacts hydraulically with the area's multilayered, unconsolidated aquifer system. Declines in static water levels in wells in the heavily pumped lower aquifer ranged from 20 to 80 feet during 1974-80. The river is dry in much of the area. \r\n\r\nA digital computer model was calibrated to simulate the trends of historic water levels. Simulated 1974-80 conditions depicted an average annual recharge to the unconsolidated aquifer system of 66,900 acre-feet from precipitation and 36,200 acre-feet from river and canal seepage and boundary inflow. Simulated average annual discharge consisted of 634,800 acre-feet from pumpage and boundary outflow. Simulated average annual recharge to the unconsolidated aquifer system was 531,700 acre-feet less than average annual discharge, indicating the ground-water resource is currently (1982) being mined in the study area. \r\n\r\nSimulation also indicated that there would be sufficient saturated thickness in 2005 for irrigation if 1980 hydrologic conditions continued. Seepage losses from the Arkansas River and irrigation canals are a major source of recharge to the unconsolidated aquifer system. Therefore, the amount of flow in the Arkansas River would be important in determining the rate of future water-level declines in the study area. Streamflow seepage losses could be decreased by (1) decreasing the number of wells pumping in the study area in order to reduce downward leakage from the valley aquifer, or (2) increasing streamflow discharge in order to recharge the valley aquifer. The rate and direction of flow between the river and the valley aquifer depend on the hydraulic conductivity of the streambed and the hydraulic gradient between the river stage and the water table. As long as river stage remains high, the water table in the valley aquifer continues to rise. Seepage from the river to the valley aquifer decreases as the altitude difference between the river stage and the valley aquifer decreases, becoming insignificant when the water level in the valley aquifer nearly equals river stage. However, a rise in the water table in the valley aquifer because of recharge from the river will correspond to increased downward leakage to the lower aquifer, impeding recharge to the valley aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2253","usgsCitation":"Dunlap, L.E., Lindgren, R.J., and Sauer, C.G., 1985, Geohydrology and model analysis of stream-aquifer system along the Arkansas River in Kearny and Finney Counties, southwestern Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2253, viii, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2253.","productDescription":"viii, 52 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137016,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2253/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":411665,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25532.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":26271,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2253/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","county":"Finney County, Kearny County","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.6667,\n 38.167\n ],\n [\n -101.5,\n 38.167\n ],\n [\n -101.5,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -100.6667,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -100.6667,\n 38.167\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8d08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunlap, L. E.","contributorId":45685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunlap","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindgren, Richard J. lindgren@usgs.gov","contributorId":1667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"Richard","email":"lindgren@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":143507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, C. G.","contributorId":52548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":16702,"text":"ofr83943 - 1985 - Ground-water data, Green River basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:05","indexId":"ofr83943","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-943","title":"Ground-water data, Green River basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and geologic data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of energy-related projects in the Green River basin of Wyoming are compiled from the files of the Geological Survey and the Wyoming State Engineer as of 1977. The data include well and spring location, well depth, casing diameter, type of lifts, type of power, use of water, rock type of producing zone, owner, and discharge for more than 1,600 sites. Analyses for common chemical constituents, trace elements, and radioactive chemicals are tabulated as well as water temperature and specific conductance measurement data. Lithologic logs of more than 300 wells, test holes, and measured sections constitute much of this report. County maps at a scale of 1:500 ,000 show the locations. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr83943","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, E.A., and Collier, K.R., 1985, Ground-water data, Green River basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-943, v, 511 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83943.","productDescription":"v, 511 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0943/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":45774,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0943/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cefe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Everett Alfred","contributorId":18729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Everett","email":"","middleInitial":"Alfred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collier, K. R.","contributorId":36152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collier","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":12116,"text":"ofr83761 - 1985 - Hydrology of Area 52, Rocky Mountain coal province, Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-24T21:35:23.69872","indexId":"ofr83761","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-761","title":"Hydrology of Area 52, Rocky Mountain coal province, Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, and Utah","docAbstract":"This report is one of a series designed to characterize the hydrology of drainage basins within coal provinces, nationwide. Area 52 (in the Rocky Mountain Coal Province) includes the Green River Basin upstream from the Yampa River, and the Bear River upstream from the Bear Lake - a total of 23,870 sq mi. Area 52 contains over 3 billion tons of strippable coal, most of which is located in the arid and semiarid plains. The report represents a summary of results of the water resources investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey, carried out in cooperation with State and other Federal agencies. More than 40 individual topics are discussed in a brief text that is accompanied by maps, graphs, photographs, and other illustrations. Primary topics in the report are: general features, resources and economy, surface-water quantity and quality, and groundwater. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr83761","usgsCitation":"Lowham, H., Peterson, D.A., Larson, L.R., Zimmerman, E.A., Ringen, B.H., and Mora, K.L., 1985, Hydrology of Area 52, Rocky Mountain coal province, Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-761, vi, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83761.","productDescription":"vi, 96 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144805,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0761/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95061,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0761/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":420139,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14212.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Area 52, Rocky Mountain Coal Province","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.454,\n 43.447\n ],\n [\n -111.454,\n 40.525\n ],\n [\n -107.091,\n 40.525\n ],\n [\n -107.091,\n 43.447\n ],\n [\n -111.454,\n 43.447\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601fd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowham, H. W.","contributorId":8111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowham","given":"H. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. A.","contributorId":6453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, L. R.","contributorId":41421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmerman, E. A.","contributorId":75533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ringen, B. H.","contributorId":13987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ringen","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mora, K. L.","contributorId":55008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mora","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":14246,"text":"ofr85641 - 1985 - Federal-State Cooperative Program in Kansas, seminar proceedings, July 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:38","indexId":"ofr85641","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-641","title":"Federal-State Cooperative Program in Kansas, seminar proceedings, July 1985","docAbstract":"During the past few years, water-resource management in Kansas has undergone reorientation with the creation of the Kansas Water Authority and the Kansas Water office. New thrusts toward long-term goals based on the Kansas State Water plan demand strong communication and coordination between all water-related agencies within the State. The seminar discussed in this report was an initial step by the Kansas Water Office to assure the continued presence of a technical-coordination process and to provide an opportunity for the U.S. Geological Survey to summarize their technical-informational activities in Kansas for the benefit of State and Federal water agencies with the State. The seminar was held on July 8 and 9, 1985, in Lawrence, Kansas. The agenda included a summary of the data-collection activities and short synopses of projects completed within the past year and those currently underway. The data program discussions described the information obtained at the surface water, groundwater, water quality, and sediment sites in Kansas. Interpretive projects summarized included studies in groundwater modeling, areal hydrologic analysis, regional analysis of floods , low-flow, high-flow, and flow-volume characteristics, water quality of groundwater and lakes, and traveltime and transit-loss analysis. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr85641","usgsCitation":"Huntzinger, T., 1985, Federal-State Cooperative Program in Kansas, seminar proceedings, July 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-641, vi, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85641.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0641/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42933,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0641/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49b8e4b07f02db5cd0e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntzinger, T.L.","contributorId":67503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntzinger","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1842,"text":"wsp2254 - 1985 - Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T08:26:03","indexId":"wsp2254","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2254","title":"Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water","docAbstract":"The chemical composition of natural water is derived from many different sources of solutes, including gases and aerosols from the atmosphere, weathering and erosion of rocks and soil, solution or precipitation reactions occurring below the land surface, and cultural effects resulting from human activities. Broad interrelationships among these processes and their effects can be discerned by application of principles of chemical thermodynamics. Some of the processes of solution or precipitation of minerals can be closely evaluated by means of principles of chemical equilibrium, including the law of mass action and the Nernst equation. Other processes are irreversible and require consideration of reaction mechanisms and rates. The chemical composition of the crustal rocks of the Earth and the composition of the ocean and the atmosphere are significant in evaluating sources of solutes in natural freshwater.
\nThe ways in which solutes are taken up or precipitated and the amounts present in solution are influenced by many environmental factors, especially climate, structure and position of rock strata, and biochemical effects associated with life cycles of plants and animals, both microscopic and macroscopic. Taken together and in application with the further influence of the general circulation of all water in the hydrologic cycle, the chemical principles and environmental factors form a basis for the developing science of natural-water chemistry.
\nFundamental data used in the determination of water quality are obtained by the chemical analysis of water samples in the laboratory or onsite sensing of chemical properties in the field. Sampling is complicated by changes in the composition of moving water and by the effects of particulate suspended material. Some constituents are unstable and require onsite determination or sample preservation. Most of the constituents determined are reported in gravimetric units, usually milligrams per liter or milliequivalents per liter.
\nMore than 60 constituents and properties are included in water analyses frequently enough to provide a basis for consideration of the sources from which each is generally derived, the most probable forms of elements and ions in solution, solubilitycontrols, expected concentration ranges, and other chemical factors. Mechanisms that control concentrations of elements commonly present in amounts less than a few tens of micrograms per liter cannot always be easily ascertained, but present information suggests that many are controlled by solubility of their hydroxides or carbonates or by sorption on solid particles. Many dissolved organic compounds can now be specifically determined.
\nChemical analyses may be grouped and statistically evaluated by means, medians, frequency distributions, or ion correlations to summarize large volumes of data. Graphing of analyses or of groups of analyses aids in showing chemical relationships among water, probable sources of solutes, areal water-quality regimen, temporal and spatial variation, and water-resources evaluation. Graphs may show water type based on chemical composition, relationships among ions, or groups of ions in individual waters or many waters considered simultaneously. The relationships of water quality to hydrogeologic characteristics, such as stream discharge rate or ground-water flow patterns, can be shown by mathematical equations, graphs, and maps.
\nAbout 80 water analyses selected from the literature are tabulated to illustrate the relationships described, and some of these, along with many others that are not tabulated, are also used in demonstrating graphing and mapping techniques.
\nRelationships of water composition to source rock type are illustrated by graphs of some of the tabulated analyses. Human activities may modify water composition extensively through direct effects of pollution and indirect results of water development, such as intrusion of seawater in groundwater aquifers.
\nWater-quality standards for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use have been published by various agencies. Irrigation project requirements for water quality are particularly intricate.
\nFundamental knowledge of processes that control natural-water composition is required for rational management of water quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wsp2254","usgsCitation":"Hem, J.D., 1985, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (3rd ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2254, Document: xii, 263 p.; 4 Plates: 17.4 x 18.5 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2254.","productDescription":"Document: xii, 263 p.; 4 Plates: 17.4 x 18.5 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138511,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wsp2254.JPG"},{"id":326296,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2254/plate-2a.pdf","text":"Plate 2-A","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":326295,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2254/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":326297,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2254/plate-2b.pdf","text":"Plate 2-B","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":326298,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2254/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":326299,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":20,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wsp2254","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"3rd ed.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699d0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hem, John David","contributorId":42577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12386,"text":"ofr85191 - 1985 - Ground-water data from the San Miguel River basin, southwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:40","indexId":"ofr85191","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-191","title":"Ground-water data from the San Miguel River basin, southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data were collected from 36 wells and 80 springs in the San Miguel River basin from 1977 to 1979. Depth to water was measured for 22 wells and discharges were measured for 53 springs. Chemical analyses for water samples collected from 23 wells and 25 springs indicated larger dissolved solids concentrations in bedrock water samples than in alluvial water samples. Drillers ' records obtained from the Colorado State Engineer 's Office for 86 wells indicate generally larger yields from wells completed in alluvium than in bedrock. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr85191","usgsCitation":"Ackerman, D.J., and Brooks, T., 1985, Ground-water data from the San Miguel River basin, southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-191, v, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85191.","productDescription":"v, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0191/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40621,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0191/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40622,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0191/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ackerman, D. 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Actual runoff from the subbasins and depletion caused by major reservoirs in the compact area are also given in tabular form. Monthly, maximum, minimum, and mean discharges are shown for the 14 streamflow stations used in computing annual yield.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr85179","usgsCitation":"Moore, M.A., and Lamb, T., 1985, Annual yield and selected hydrologic data for the Arkansas River Basin Compact, Arkansas-Oklahoma, 1984 water year: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-179, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85179.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410412,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16742.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":143928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0179/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38228,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0179/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.933,\n 36.452\n ],\n [\n -95.933,\n 34.702\n ],\n [\n -93.636,\n 34.702\n ],\n [\n -93.636,\n 36.452\n ],\n [\n -95.933,\n 36.452\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b724","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, M. A.","contributorId":84767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamb, T.E.","contributorId":58272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":12108,"text":"ofr85402 - 1985 - Hydrologic data in small watersheds, coal-mining region, west-central Indiana, October 1980 to June 1983, and instrumentation and methods of collecting the data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-27T22:15:06.27971","indexId":"ofr85402","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-402","title":"Hydrologic data in small watersheds, coal-mining region, west-central Indiana, October 1980 to June 1983, and instrumentation and methods of collecting the data","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data were collected in seven watersheds ranging in area from 0.11 to 4.87 square miles. Principal uses of land include farming in two of the watersheds, farming and forestry in one, farming and unreclaimed surface coal mines in one, reclaimed surface coal mines in two, and an unreclaimed surface coal mine in one.
\nMethods and instrumentation used in collecting samples and measuring concentrations and properties of the following types of data are described in the text: streamflow in seven watersheds; ground-water levels in 46 wells in unconsolidated material and 12 wells in bedrock in or near the watersheds; precipitation in seven watersheds; solar radiation, relative humidity, wind speed, and temperature of air and soil at one location; and pH, specific conductance, temperature of water, and concentrations of selected chemical constituents and suspended sediment in two watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr85402","usgsCitation":"Renn, D., Duwelius, R., Keeton, C., and Tyler, J., 1985, Hydrologic data in small watersheds, coal-mining region, west-central Indiana, October 1980 to June 1983, and instrumentation and methods of collecting the data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-402, v, 177 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85402.","productDescription":"v, 177 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388176,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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Surface-water field data included one or more measurements of pH, water temperature, and specific conductance at 45 sites in and adjacent to the mine area. At nine of these sites, daily data on discharge, specific conductance, and water temperature were collected during parts of 1981-82 by using electronic monitor-recorder systems. Ground-water field data included one or more of the water-quality measurements listed above at 71 piezometers in the mine area. Borehole geophysical data included neutron-moisture, neutron-porosity, gamma-gamma density, natural gamma, and temperature logs at three sites. Mineralogic and hydrologic data were obtained for cores taken from nine test holes. One or more surface-water samples from 26 sites were analyzed for major cations, major anions, and a wide range of minor inorganic constituents. Single ground-water samples from 36 piezometers were analyzed for the same array of major and minor constituents. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr85160","usgsCitation":"Hammermeister, D., and Walmsley, S., 1985, Hydrologic data for Leviathan Mine and vicinity, Alpine County, California, 1981-83: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-160, ix, 161 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85160.","productDescription":"ix, 161 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148015,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0160/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42622,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0160/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ed75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammermeister, D.P.","contributorId":27066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammermeister","given":"D.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walmsley, S.J.","contributorId":89909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walmsley","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27224,"text":"wri844097 - 1985 - Cost-effectiveness of the U.S. Geological Survey's stream-gaging programs in Massachusetts and Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri844097","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4097","title":"Cost-effectiveness of the U.S. Geological Survey's stream-gaging programs in Massachusetts and Rhode Island","docAbstract":"The report documents the results of a study of the cost-effectiveness of the U.S. Geological Survey 's continuous-record stream-gaging programs in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Data uses and funding sources were identified for 91 gaging stations being operated in Massachusetts are being operated to provide data for two special purpose hydrologic studies, and they are planned to be discontinued at the conclusion of the studies. Cost-effectiveness analyses were performed on 63 continuous-record gaging stations in Massachusetts and 15 stations in Rhode Island, at budgets of $353,000 and $60,500, respectively. Current operations policies result in average standard errors per station of 12.3% in Massachusetts and 9.7% in Rhode Island. Minimum possible budgets to maintain the present numbers of gaging stations in the two States are estimated to be $340,000 and $59,000, with average errors per station of 12.8% and 10.0%, respectively. If the present budget levels were doubled, average standards errors per station would decrease to 8.1% and 4.2%, respectively. Further budget increases would not improve the standard errors significantly. 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A.","contributorId":78331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fontaine","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":68496,"text":"ha683 - 1985 - Potentiometric surface, 1980, and water-level changes, 1969-80, in the unconfined valley-fill aquifers of the San Luis Basin, Colorado and New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-20T19:43:23.21748","indexId":"ha683","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"683","title":"Potentiometric surface, 1980, and water-level changes, 1969-80, in the unconfined valley-fill aquifers of the San Luis Basin, Colorado and New Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha683","usgsCitation":"Crouch, T.M., 1985, Potentiometric surface, 1980, and water-level changes, 1969-80, in the unconfined valley-fill aquifers of the San Luis Basin, Colorado and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 683, 2 Plates: 29.50 x 45.00 inches and 30.35 inches x 44.61 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha683.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 29.50 x 45.00 inches and 30.35 inches x 44.61 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":390697,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16081.htm"},{"id":90055,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/683/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":278762,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/683/plate-2.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"San Luis Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.5830,\n 36.162\n ],\n [\n -105.244,\n 36.162\n ],\n [\n -105.244,\n 38.422\n ],\n [\n -106.5830,\n 38.422\n ],\n [\n -106.5830,\n 36.162\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db683274","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crouch, Thomas M.","contributorId":17702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crouch","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68231,"text":"ha674 - 1985 - Hydrologic conditions at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho: 1979-1981 update","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19832,"text":"ofr84230 - 1984 - Hydrologic conditions at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho; 1979-1981 update","indexId":"ofr84230","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrologic conditions at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho; 1979-1981 update"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":68231,"text":"ha674 - 1985 - Hydrologic conditions at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho: 1979-1981 update","indexId":"ha674","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrologic conditions at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho: 1979-1981 update"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-17T22:30:39.742166","indexId":"ha674","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"674","title":"Hydrologic conditions at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho: 1979-1981 update","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha674","usgsCitation":"Lewis, B.D., and Jensen, R.G., 1985, Hydrologic conditions at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho: 1979-1981 update: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 674, 2 Plates: 57.86 × 35.00 inches and 42.93 × 35.00, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha674.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 57.86 × 35.00 inches and 42.93 × 35.00","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":188038,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":393067,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16073.htm"},{"id":89601,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/674/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89600,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/674/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Idaho National Engineering Laboratory","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.255,\n 43.333\n ],\n [\n -112.358,\n 43.333\n ],\n [\n -112.358,\n 44.05\n ],\n [\n -113.255,\n 44.05\n ],\n [\n -113.255,\n 43.333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db611601","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, Barney D.","contributorId":93873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jensen, Rodger G.","contributorId":27420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"Rodger","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":65235,"text":"i1423 - 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":229879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44511,"text":"wri834261 - 1985 - Hydrology of Lake Carroll, Hillsborough County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:14","indexId":"wri834261","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4261","title":"Hydrology of Lake Carroll, Hillsborough County, Florida","docAbstract":"Lakeshore property around Lake Carroll has undergone extensive residential development since 1960. This development increased the lake shoreline, altered surface water flow to and from the lake, and may have affected lake-stage characteristics. Some areas of the lake were dredged to provide fill material for lakefront property. Water-balance analyses for 1952-60, a predevelopment period, and 1961-80, a period of residential development, indicate that both net surface water flow to the lake and downward leakage from the lake to the Floridan aquifer were greater after 1960. These changes were due more to changes in the regional climate and related changes in ground-water levels than to changes associated with residential development. Results of water quality analyses in 1980-81 are within State limits for surface waters used for recreation and wildlife propagation. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri834261","usgsCitation":"Henderson, S., Hayes, R., and Stoker, Y., 1985, Hydrology of Lake Carroll, Hillsborough County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4261, 4 maps on 1 sheet : col. ; 41 x 37 cm. and smaller, on sheet 80 x 112 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834261.","productDescription":"4 maps on 1 sheet : col. ; 41 x 37 cm. and smaller, on sheet 80 x 112 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":81893,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4261/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6048ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henderson, S.E.","contributorId":70806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, R.D.","contributorId":19197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stoker, Y.E.","contributorId":13253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoker","given":"Y.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":50771,"text":"ofr85477 - 1985 - Hydrologic and micrometeorologic data from an unsaturated zone study at a low-level radioactive waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T14:16:22","indexId":"ofr85477","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-477","title":"Hydrologic and micrometeorologic data from an unsaturated zone study at a low-level radioactive waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr85477","usgsCitation":"Dennehy, K.F., and McMahon, P.B., 1985, Hydrologic and micrometeorologic data from an unsaturated zone study at a low-level radioactive waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-477, Magnetic tape (referred to on p. 1, 4, 8-10 of Open-file report 85-476), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85477.","productDescription":"Magnetic tape (referred to on p. 1, 4, 8-10 of Open-file report 85-476)","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178251,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"Barnwell","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-81.2198,33.4393],[-81.2148,33.3902],[-81.2215,33.2295],[-81.2176,33.2209],[-81.224,33.1581],[-81.2119,33.1476],[-81.2069,33.1344],[-81.1943,33.1231],[-81.2304,33.1176],[-81.2442,33.1189],[-81.2589,33.1134],[-81.2836,33.1083],[-81.3652,33.1081],[-81.4354,33.1297],[-81.4519,33.1346],[-81.5123,33.1503],[-81.5419,33.1579],[-81.5708,33.1332],[-81.6142,33.0953],[-81.6187,33.0952],[-81.6241,33.0946],[-81.6268,33.0941],[-81.6323,33.0928],[-81.6362,33.0924],[-81.6395,33.0923],[-81.6428,33.0928],[-81.6466,33.0937],[-81.6494,33.0949],[-81.6532,33.0973],[-81.6536,33.0977],[-81.6569,33.1009],[-81.6611,33.1041],[-81.6621,33.1046],[-81.667,33.1072],[-81.6752,33.1099],[-81.6851,33.1135],[-81.6961,33.1161],[-81.6993,33.1166],[-81.7016,33.117],[-81.7025,33.1172],[-81.7053,33.1183],[-81.7076,33.1188],[-81.7098,33.1207],[-81.7126,33.1224],[-81.7162,33.1243],[-81.7189,33.1252],[-81.7211,33.1257],[-81.7236,33.1278],[-81.7263,33.13],[-81.7297,33.1332],[-81.7352,33.1368],[-81.7407,33.1409],[-81.7428,33.1424],[-81.7479,33.1463],[-81.7545,33.1517],[-81.759,33.1557],[-81.7622,33.1599],[-81.7648,33.1649],[-81.767,33.1708],[-81.7673,33.1716],[-81.7691,33.1758],[-81.7701,33.1777],[-81.7701,33.1795],[-81.7689,33.1808],[-81.7674,33.1817],[-81.7669,33.183],[-81.7669,33.1839],[-81.7673,33.1864],[-81.7662,33.1877],[-81.7655,33.1881],[-81.7636,33.1894],[-81.762,33.1903],[-81.7615,33.1907],[-81.7609,33.1913],[-81.7588,33.1931],[-81.7577,33.1949],[-81.7573,33.1972],[-81.7575,33.1982],[-81.5165,33.3824],[-81.373,33.4907],[-81.3399,33.4831],[-81.3251,33.485],[-81.3047,33.48],[-81.2738,33.4637],[-81.2463,33.4442],[-81.2198,33.4393]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Barnwell\",\"state\":\"SC\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611809","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dennehy, Kevin F. kdennehy@usgs.gov","contributorId":1128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennehy","given":"Kevin","email":"kdennehy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29956,"text":"wri854020 - 1985 - Determination of diffusivities in the Rustler Formation from exploratory-shaft construction at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in southeastern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:56","indexId":"wri854020","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4020","title":"Determination of diffusivities in the Rustler Formation from exploratory-shaft construction at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in southeastern New Mexico","docAbstract":"The construction of an exploratory shaft 12 feet in diameter into the Salado Formation (repository horizon for transuranic waste material) at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant site in southeastern New Mexico affected water-levels in water-bearing zones above the repository horizon. By reading the construction history of the exploratory shaft, an approximation of construction-generated hydraulic stresses at the shaft was made. The magnitude of the construction-generated stresses was calibrated using the hydrographs from one hydrologic test pad. Whereas flow rates from the Magenta Dolomite and Culebra Dolomite Members in the Rustler Formation into the exploratory shaft were unknown, the ratio of transmissivity to storage (diffusivity) was determined by mathematically simulating the aquifers and the hydrologic stresses with flood-wave-response digital model. These results indicate that the Magenta Dolomite and Culebra Dolomite Members of the Rustler Formation can be modeled as homogeneous, isotropic, and confined water-bearing zones. One simple and consistent explanation, but by no means the only explanation, of the lack of a single diffusivity value in the Culebra aquifer is that the open-hole observation wells at the hydrologic test pads dampen the amplitude of water-level changes. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854020","usgsCitation":"Stevens, K., and Beyeler, W., 1985, Determination of diffusivities in the Rustler Formation from exploratory-shaft construction at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in southeastern New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4020, v, 32 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854020.","productDescription":"v, 32 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4020/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58775,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4020/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66789e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, Ken","contributorId":101264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beyeler, Walt","contributorId":92306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyeler","given":"Walt","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28038,"text":"wri854086 - 1985 - Estimation of natural streamflow characteristics in western Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri854086","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4086","title":"Estimation of natural streamflow characteristics in western Colorado","docAbstract":"Regression relations were determined for estimating mean annual discharge, mean monthly discharge, minimum and maximum 7-day discharge, flow duration series, and peak discharge for natural streams in western Colorado. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine the best predictive relations for each of the streamflow characteristic; separate relations were developed for each of four hydrologically distinct regions in the study area. The standard errors associated with the regression relations generally were less than 100 percent, except for the low-flow relations which had standard errors ranging from 62 to greater than 200 percent. Basin drainage area, mean annual precipitation , mean basin elevation, and mean basin slope are used in the regression relations to estimate the flow characteristics of streams in the study area. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nOpen-File Services Section, Western Distribution Branch, U.S. Geological Survey [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri854086","usgsCitation":"Kircher, J.E., Choquette, A., and Richter, B.D., 1985, Estimation of natural streamflow characteristics in western Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4086, v, 28 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854086.","productDescription":"v, 28 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4086/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56875,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4086/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56876,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4086/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb279","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kircher, J. E.","contributorId":11207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kircher","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Choquette, Anne F.","contributorId":98323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choquette","given":"Anne F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richter, B. D.","contributorId":48518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}