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Hawaii region","indexId":"ofr77825","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Summary appraisals of the Nation's ground-water resources; Hawaii region"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39589,"text":"pp813M - 1978 - Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Hawaii region","indexId":"pp813M","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"chapter":"M","title":"Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Hawaii region"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T21:30:37.804571","indexId":"pp813M","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"813","chapter":"M","title":"Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Hawaii region","docAbstract":"

The water resources of the Hawaii Region, taken as a whole, are far greater than foreseeable future demands on them, but this is not so for the individual islands. Each and every island is independent with respect to water supply, and the occurrence and availability of water vary widely from island to island.

\n

The ground-water resources offer better prospects for supplying additional water needs in the future than the surface-water resources. Most of the surface supplies that are easy to develop have been fully utilized where needed, and conduits and reservoirs necessary to develop new or additional supplies would generally require large and perhaps prohibitive outlays of capital. In 1975, ground water supplied 46 percent, and surface water 54 percent of the water needs but, in the years ahead, these percentages will likely be reversed as more ground-water development takes place. Total water use, in 1975, averaged about 1,775 million gallons per day, ofwhich about 810 million gallons per day was ground water. The total water use is divided into public supply, 11 percent; self-supplied industrial use, 23 percent; and agricultural, 66 percent.

\n

Rainfall is the principal source of ground-water recharge. Local mean annual rainfall ranges from less than 20 inches to more than 300 inches, with the annual average rainfall on the large islands exposed to the trade winds being slightly more than 73 inches and that on the small islands situated in the rain shadow of the larger islands being less than 26 inches. Ground-water recharge has been estimated at about 2,400 billion gallons per year (6.5 billion gallons per day) or roughly 30 percent of the rainfall.

\n

Most fresh ground water in the region is stored below sea level in porous lava flows, much of it as basal-water lenses floating on saline ground water, as distinguished from dike-impounded water in the interior of the islands. The basal-water lens is maintained by recharge, which, if reduced, leads to thinning of the lens and subsequent encroachment of seawater. Seawater is the biggest pollutant of freshwater, and many of the ground-water problems are, in some way, associated with the encroachment of saline water induced by development.

\n

The major problem areas include the entire island of Oahu, south Kohala-Kona coast on the island of Hawaii, Lahaina District in Maui, and the Koloa and Kekaha-Mana areas in Kauai.

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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6996ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takasaki, K. J.","contributorId":44523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takasaki","given":"K. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39588,"text":"pp813J - 1978 - Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Great Lakes region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T21:28:12.000689","indexId":"pp813J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"813","chapter":"J","title":"Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – Great Lakes region","docAbstract":"

The Great Lakes Regions, as a whole, has abundant supplies of water. Nearly 805,000 billion cubic feet of water is contained in the Great Lakes. An additional 35,000 billion cubic feet of potable ground water is available from storage in the region. Estimated ground-water discharge to the streams and lakes of the region is 26 billion gallons per day.

\n

Despite this abundance of water, the United States part of the Great Lakes basin is faced with many water-related problems, most of which involve water quality and water supply. Other problems concern periods of low flow in streams, preservation of wetlands, detrimental effects of erosion, and flooding. The significance of ground water in these problems is often overlooked.

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Ground water can be an alternative to surface water as a source of supply, or it can be used conjunctively with surface water to provide flexibility in water-supply management. Ground water supplied approximately 1,800 million gallons per day of the 39,900 million gallons. per day used in the Great Lakes Region in 1970. The ground-water contribution was only 4.5 percent of the water used. Thus, ground water represents a potential source of supply for much of the region. It also can be used, where conditions permit, to maintain lake levels and flow in streams, to dilute poor quality surface water, and to maintain or create wetlands and ponds.

\n

In managing water resources, ground water and surface water should be considered parts of a single system. Management includes not only planning and controlling the development but also monitoring the effects of this development. Recent advances in ground-water hydrology have provided methods to resolve some of the development and management questions that formerly slowed the development of ground water.

\n

All of the States in the Great Lakes Region have some regulations to control the development or protect the quality of the ground water. These regulations, however, are not as comprehensive as those governing surface water. Future legislation could be designed to encourage the development of ground water and, at the same time, to protect the resource.

\n

Efficient development and management of ground-water resources requires a through knowledge of the system. Reports on ground water are available for about 80 percent of tbe Great Lakes Region. Most of these reports, however, are not sufficiently detailed to be useful in comprehensive planning. As ground-water development continues, quantitative groundwater studies, utilizing models as predictive tools, will enable this development to proceed in an efficient manner.

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IFIP No.4","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:39","indexId":"fwsobs78_07","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"78/07","title":"Probability of use criteria for the family Salmonidae. IFIP No.4","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Bovee, K.D., 1978, Probability of use criteria for the family Salmonidae. 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Wayne R.","contributorId":103343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wayne R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36861,"text":"fwsobs78_20 - 1978 - Atlas of western surface-mined lands: coal, uranium, and phosphate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:39","indexId":"fwsobs78_20","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"78/20","title":"Atlas of western surface-mined lands: coal, uranium, and phosphate","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Evans, A.K., Uhleman, E., and Eby, P., 1978, Atlas of western surface-mined lands: coal, uranium, and phosphate: FWS/OBS 78/20, 373 p. : maps; 27 cm.","productDescription":"373 p. : maps; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db6693fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, A. Kent","contributorId":43834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Uhleman, E.W.","contributorId":56288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uhleman","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eby, P.A.","contributorId":60295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eby","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":36793,"text":"fwsobs78_95 - 1978 - Mined land reclamation for fish and wildlife in the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:56","indexId":"fwsobs78_95","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"78/95","title":"Mined land reclamation for fish and wildlife in the eastern United States","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1978, Mined land reclamation for fish and wildlife in the eastern United States: FWS/OBS 78/95, 12 p. : col. ill.; 27 cm.","productDescription":"12 p. : col. ill.; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6356cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","contributorId":128143,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","id":529593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36856,"text":"fwsobs78_15 - 1978 - Colonial birds nesting on man-made and natural sites in the U.S. Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:46","indexId":"fwsobs78_15","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"78/15","title":"Colonial birds nesting on man-made and natural sites in the U.S. Great Lakes","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Scharf, W.C., 1978, Colonial birds nesting on man-made and natural sites in the U.S. Great Lakes: FWS/OBS 78/15, 136, [29] p. : ill.; 27 cm.","productDescription":"136, [29] p. : ill.; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae8c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scharf, William C.","contributorId":96327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scharf","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36800,"text":"fwsobs78_81 - 1978 - Surface mining and fish/wildlife needs in the eastern United States: proceedings of a symposium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:56","indexId":"fwsobs78_81","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"78/81","title":"Surface mining and fish/wildlife needs in the eastern United States: proceedings of a symposium","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Samuel, D.E., Stauffer, J.R., Hocutt, C.H., and Mason, W., 1978, Surface mining and fish/wildlife needs in the eastern United States: proceedings of a symposium: FWS/OBS 78/81, 386 p. : ill., maps; 27 cm. + addendum.","productDescription":"386 p. : ill., maps; 27 cm. + addendum","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698252","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Samuel, David E.","contributorId":100916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stauffer, Jay R.","contributorId":51816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hocutt, Charles H.","contributorId":41493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hocutt","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mason, William T.","contributorId":27516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"William T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":40087,"text":"ofr7852 - 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1978 - Ore deposits of the Gilman District, Eagle County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:36","indexId":"pp1017","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1017","title":"Ore deposits of the Gilman District, Eagle County, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Gilman mining district, known also in the past as the Red Cliff district, is in the mountains of southeastern Eagle County, west-central Colorado. The district is the leading source of zinc in Colorado and one of the major base-metal mining districts in the State. As valued at the time of production, total output of zinc, silver, copper, lead, and gold through 1972 was about $328 million. About 90 percent of this total was produced after 1930. \r\n\r\nThe productive part of the district is an area of about 3 square miles (7.8 square kilometers) on the northeast side of the deep canyon of the Eagle River between the small towns of Gilman and Red Cliff. The ore deposits are principally replacement deposits in dolomites of Mississippian and Devonian age and in quartzite of Cambrian age. A few productive veins occur in Precambrian rocks. The replacement deposits crop out in the cliffs of the canyon wall and extend northeastward downdip beneath Battle Mountain, which is composed of a thick sequence of Pennsylvanian clastic rocks. The deposits were originally worked through several separate mines along the canyon wall, but since 1918, all deposits in dolomite rocks, except some small ones near Red Cliff, have been worked through the Eagle mine of the New Jersey Zinc Company at Gilman. \r\n\r\nThe Gilman district lies on the eastern flank of the huge anticline of the Sawatch Range, near the steeply plunging north end of the anticline. Sedimentary rocks on the flank of this part of the anticline dip homoclinally northeastward to a synclinal axis about 8 mi (miles) (13 km (kilometers> northeast of Gilman and then rise more steeply to the Gore fault at the edge of the Gore Range. The homocline is broken by only a few faults most of which have displacements of less than 100 ft (feet) (30 m (meters>. In contrast, the underlying Precambrian rocks are broken by numerous faults and shear zones related to the Homestake shear zone, a northeast-trending master shear zone several miles wide. Fractures and shear zones along the northwest side of the master zone extend beneath the Gilman district. \r\n\r\nThe Gilman district is at the northwestern edge of the northeast-trending Colorado mineral belt as defined by mineralized areas and bodies of intrusive porphyries. Neighboring mining districts in the mineral belt to the southeast of Gilman are the Kokomo lead-zinc district, 13 mi (21 km) distant; the Climax molybdenum district, 16 mi (26 km) distant; and the Leadville district, 20 mi (32 km) distant. These districts, as well as others farther away, are characterized by abundant intrusive rocks of Laramide and middle Tertiary ages and by complex faults systems. The Gilman district, in contrast, contains only a single sill of porphyry and has very simple geologic structure. This probably reflects a position either at the side of or high above a batholith that is inferred from geologic and geophysical data to underlie the mineral belt at shallow depth. \r\n\r\nThe rock column preserved in the district consists, in succession downward, of (1) grit, conglomerate, sandstone, and shale of the Pennsylvanian Minturn Formation, as much as 6,300 ft (1,920 m) thick; (2) shale, limestone, and. sandstone of the Pennsylvanian Belden Formation, 200 ft (61 m) thick; (3) a sill of quartz latite porphyry of the Cretaceous Pando Porphyry about 80 ft (24 m) thick intruded in the basal shale of the Belden Formation; (4) dolomitized limestone of the Mississippian Leadville Dolomite, 110-140 ft (34-43 m) thick; (5) sandstone and sandy and cherty dolomite of the Mississippian or Devonian Gilman Sandstone, 15-50 ft (4.5-15 m) thick; (6) thin-bedded primary or diagenetic dolomite of the Mississippian(?) and Devonian Dyer Dolomite, 50-80 ft (15-24 m) thick; (7) quartzite, conglomerate, and green shale of the Devonian Parting Formation, 35-50 ft (11-15 m) thick; (8) sandstone and shale of the Ordovician Harding Sandstone, 14-80 ft (4.2-24 m) thick; (9) shaly and sandy dolomite and dolom","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1017","usgsCitation":"Lovering, T.S., Tweto, O., and Lovering, T., 1978, Ore deposits of the Gilman District, Eagle County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1017, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1017.","productDescription":"90 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120496,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1017/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65451,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1017/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65452,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1017/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdec4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovering, T. 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Four moderate earthquakes (M = 3.6 to 3.8) have occurred on the San Andreas fault in central California since October, 1977. These earthquakes are the first since 1974 to occur at this magnitude level within the array of tilt, strain, and magnetic instruments between Chalome (35.726N, 12.249 W) and San Francisco (37.79N, 122.23W) shown in Figure 1. They offer, therefore, one of the few opportunities to search for indications of precursive ground deformation. Furthermore, several other geophysical parameters such as resistivity, creek, radon, seismicity, geodetic strain, etc, are also monitored and allow comparisons for some of these events. This note reports comparative data and some possible implications in continuous strain, tilt, magnetic field and other measurements obtained from instruments within 10 km of the epicenters.

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These summaries of references are designed to aid in library research on metallic and nonmetallic (other than mineral fuels and construction materials) mineral occurrences in the Petersburg quadrangle, Alaska. All references to reports of the Geological Survey, to most reports of the U.S. Bureau of Mines, and to most reports of the State of Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys and its predecessor State and Territorial agencies released before May 1, 1978, are summarized. Certain, mainly statistical, reports such as the annual Minerals Yearbook of the U.S. Bureau of Mines and most biennial and annual reports of the State of Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys and its predecessor State and Territorial agencies are not included.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78870","usgsCitation":"Cobb, E.H., 1978, Summary of references to mineral occurrences (other than mineral fuels and construction materials) in the Petersburg Quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-870, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78870.","productDescription":"52 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425058,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0870/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":151577,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0870/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Petersburg Quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -134,\n 56\n ],\n [\n -132,\n 56\n ],\n [\n -132,\n 57\n ],\n [\n -134,\n 57\n ],\n [\n -134,\n 56\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698c70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cobb, Edward Huntington","contributorId":25916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobb","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"Huntington","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18298,"text":"ofr78963 - 1978 - Floods of July 19-20, 1977 in the Johnstown area, western Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-27T11:57:22","indexId":"ofr78963","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-963","title":"Floods of July 19-20, 1977 in the Johnstown area, western Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Intense rainfall on the evening of July 19 and early morning hours of July 20, 1977, resulted in moderate to record flooding throughout much of an eight-county area of southwest Pennsylvania. In a 400-square-mile area directly north and east of Johnstown, rainfall totals of 6 to 12 inches were measured in a six to eight-hour period. Flood peaks having recurrence intervals greater than 100 years were recorded at several sites, primarily in the Conemaugh River basin. Runoff rates were as high as 2,390 cubic feet per second per square mile, in a 5.86-square-mile drainage area in the Little Conemaugh River basin. The Conemaugh River at Seward, which drains 715 square miles, had a peak discharge of 161 cubic feet per second per square mile. The flood waters claimed at least 78 lives and caused total losses in excess of $300 million. Also, seven earthfill dams, used mainly for water supply in the Johnstown area, failed. This report describes the storm and the associated flooding. A tabulation of peak gage heights and discharges for the July 1977 flood and for the maximum flood previously known is included for 57 sites. Data pertaining to the dams that failed are included also. 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