Earthquake observations contributed by human observers provide an invaluable source of information to investigate both historical and modern earthquakes. Commonly, the observers whose eyewitness accounts are available to scientists are a self‐selected minority of those who experience a given earthquake. As such these may not be representative of the overall population that experienced shaking from the event. Eyewitness accounts can contribute to modern science only if they are recorded in the first place and archived in an accessible repository. In this study, we explore the extent to which geopolitics and socioeconomic disparities can limit the number of earthquake observers whose observations can contribute to science. We first revisit a late nineteenth‐century earthquake in the central United States in 1882 that provides an illustrative example of an event that has been poorly characterized due to a reliance on English‐language archival materials. For modern earthquakes, we analyze data collected for recent earthquakes in California and India via the online “Did You Feel It?” (DYFI) system. In California, online data‐collection systems appear to be effective in gathering eyewitness accounts from a broad range of socioeconomic groups. In India, however, responses to the DYFI system reveal a strong bias toward responses from urban areas as opposed to rural settlements, as well a bias with literacy rate. The dissimilarity of our results from modern earthquakes in the United States and India provides a caution that, in some parts of the world, contributed felt reports can still potentially provide an unrepresentative view of earthquake effects, especially if online data collection systems are not designed to be broadly accessible. This limitation can in turn potentially shape our understanding of an earthquake’s impact and the characterization of seismic hazard.
Aquatic insects link food web dynamics across freshwater-terrestrial boundaries and subsidize terrestrial consumer populations. Contaminants that accumulate in larval aquatic insects and are retained across metamorphosis can increase dietary exposure for riparian insectivores. To better understand potential exposure of terrestrial insectivores to aquatically-derived trace metals, metal concentrations in water and tissues were analyzed from different components of streams and riparian food webs across a large (2–3 orders of magnitude) metal gradient (e.g., Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) in the Rocky Mountains (USA). Our research indicates that the trace metal concentration gradient present among streams was lost during metamorphosis of aquatic larval insects into terrestrially flying adults, decoupling terrestrial exposures from aquatic concentrations. This pattern was caused by declines in 1) among-stream variation in trace metal concentrations, 2) relationships between metal concentrations in paired water and food web components, and 3) mean metal concentrations within aquatic food webs and across the aquatic-terrestrial boundary. Specifically, among-stream variation in trace metal concentrations was highest for water and aquatic vegetation, intermediate for aquatic insect larvae (~30% lower than water) and lowest for adult aquatic insects and riparian spiders (~65% lower). Metal concentrations in paired water and food web components ranged from highly related across the stream-metal gradient (slopes ~1) for water and aquatic vegetation, to less related (slopes closer to 0) for aquatic vegetation and aquatic insect larvae, to unrelated (slopes ~0) for aquatic larval and adult insects. Finally, mean metal concentrations were highest in aquatic vegetation and lowest in adult aquatic insects emerging from streams (~50% lower than aquatic vegetation). Our results indicate less efficient trophic transfer and higher metamorphic loss of trace metals from high metal streams (i.e., exposure-dependent transfer). For many trace metals, aquatic-terrestrial dietary transfer is unlikely to be an important source of exposure for terrestrial insectivores of adult aquatic insects.
Many questions relevant to conservation decision making are characterized by extreme uncertainty due to lack of empirical data and complexity of the underlying ecological processes, leading to a rapid increase in the use of structured protocols to elicit expert knowledge. Published ecological applications often employ a modified Delphi method, where experts provide judgments anonymously and mathematical aggregation techniques are used to combine judgments. The Sheffield Elicitation Framework (SHELF) differs in its behavioral approach to synthesizing individual judgments into a fully specified probability distribution for an unknown quantity. This study demonstrates the remote use of the SHELF protocol for an extinction risk assessment of three subterranean aquatic species petitioned for listing under the US Endangered Species Act. Experts were provided an empirical threat assessment for each known locality using video conferencing and asked for judgments on the probability of population persistence over four generations using online submission forms and R‐shiny apps available through the SHELF package. Despite large uncertainty for all populations, results reveal key differences between species’ risk of extirpation based on spatial variation in dominant threats, local land use and management practices, and microhabitat use. The resulting probability distributions provide decision makers with a full picture of uncertainty that is consistent with the probabilistic nature of risk assessments, and discussions during the behavioral aggregation stage clearly document dominant threats (e.g., development, timber harvest, animal agriculture, and cave visitation) and their interactions with local cave geology and species’ habitat preferences. Our virtual implementation of the SHELF protocol demonstrates the flexibility of this approach for conservation applications operating on budgets and timelines that can limit in‐person meetings of geographically dispersed experts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Conservation Biology","doi":"10.1111/cobi.13694","usgsCitation":"Fitzgerald, D.B., Smith, D.R., Culver, D.C., Feller, D., Fong, D.W., Hajenga, J., Niemiller, M.L., Nolfi, D.C., Orndorff, W.D., Douglas, B., Maloney, K.O., and Young, J.A., 2021, Using expert knowledge to support Endangered Species Act decision‐making for data‐deficient species: Conservation Biology, v. 35, no. 5, p. 1627-1638, https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13694.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1627","endPage":"1638","ipdsId":"IP-124137","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Using_expert_knowledge_to_support_Endangered_Species_Act_decision-making_for_data-deficient_species/23894598","text":"External Repository"},{"id":382655,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzgerald, Daniel Bruce 0000-0002-3254-7428","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3254-7428","contributorId":245718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"Bruce","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, David R. 0000-0001-6074-9257 drsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":168442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"drsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Culver, David C.","contributorId":172695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Culver","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":27084,"text":"Department of Environmental Science, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20016","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Feller, Daniel","contributorId":248443,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Feller","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[{"id":33964,"text":"Maryland Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fong, Daniel 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Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Maloney, Kelly O. 0000-0003-2304-0745 kmaloney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2304-0745","contributorId":4636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maloney","given":"Kelly","email":"kmaloney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Young, John A. 0000-0002-4500-3673 jyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-3673","contributorId":3777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"John","email":"jyoung@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70218789,"text":"70218789 - 2021 - Stoichiometric ecotoxicology for a multisubstance world","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-12T13:42:18.215754","indexId":"70218789","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-20T07:36:44","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stoichiometric ecotoxicology for a multisubstance world","docAbstract":"Nutritional and contaminant stressors influence organismal physiology, trophic interactions, community structure, and ecosystem-level processes; however, the interactions between toxicity and elemental imbalance in food resources have been examined in only a few ecotoxicity studies. Integrating well-developed ecological theories that cross all levels of biological organization can enhance our understanding of ecotoxicology. In the present article, we underline the opportunity to couple concepts and approaches used in the theory of ecological stoichiometry (ES) to ask ecotoxicological questions and introduce stoichiometric ecotoxicology, a subfield in ecology that examines how contaminant stress, nutrient supply, and elemental constraints interact throughout all levels of biological organization. This conceptual framework unifying ecotoxicology with ES offers potential for both empirical and theoretical studies to deepen our mechanistic understanding of the adverse outcomes of chemicals across ecological scales and improve the predictive powers of ecotoxicology.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Biological Sciences","doi":"10.1093/biosci/biaa160","usgsCitation":"Peace, A., Frost, P., Wagner, N.D., Danger, M., Accolla, C., Antczak, P., Brooks, B.W., Costello, D.M., Everett, R.A., Flores, K.B., Heggerud, C.M., Karimi, R., Kang, Y., Kuang, Y., Larson, J.H., Mathews, T., Mayer, G.D., Murdock, J.N., Murphy, C.A., Nisbet, R.M., Pecquerie, L., Pollesch, N., Rutter, E.M., Schultz, K.L., Scott, J.T., Stevenson, L., and Wang, H., 2021, Stoichiometric ecotoxicology for a multisubstance world: BioScience, v. 72, no. 2, p. 132-147, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa160.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"132","endPage":"147","ipdsId":"IP-118072","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453797,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa160","text":"Publisher Index 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Syracuse","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Scott, J. Thad","contributorId":91406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thad","affiliations":[{"id":6623,"text":"University of Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Stevenson, Louise 0000-0003-4967-9897","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4967-9897","contributorId":255159,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stevenson","given":"Louise","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13587,"text":"Bowling Green State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Wang, Hao","contributorId":255160,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Hao","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36696,"text":"University of Alberta","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27}]}} ,{"id":70218015,"text":"70218015 - 2021 - Trends in precipitation chemistry across the U.S. 1985–2017: Quantifying the benefits from 30 years of Clean Air Act amendment regulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-12T13:30:36.619989","indexId":"70218015","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-20T07:22:50","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends in precipitation chemistry across the U.S. 1985–2017: Quantifying the benefits from 30 years of Clean Air Act amendment regulation","docAbstract":"Acid rain was first recognized in the 1970s in North America and Europe as an atmospheric pollutant that was causing harm to ecosystems. In response, the U.S. Congress enacted Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAA) in 1990 to reduce sulfur and nitrogen emissions from fossil fuel burning power plants. This study reports trends in wet-precipitation chemistry in response to emissions reductions implemented as part of the CAA. Trends were calculated for sulfate (SO4), nitrate (NO3) and ammonium (NH4) from 1985 to 2017 at 168 stations operated by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP); stations were divided into 9 regions across the United States. Trend analyses were conducted for three time periods: Period 1 (1985–1999), Period 2 (2000–2017), and the entire study period (1985–2017). Seasonal and regional Kendall trend analyses reveal significant decreasing trends in mean wet-precipitation SO4 concentrations in all 9 regions during the entire study period. The largest decreasing trends in monthly mean SO4 precipitation-weighted concentrations were measured in the Mid-Atlantic (−1.29 μeq/l/yr), Midwest (−1.15 μeq/l/yr), and Northeast regions (−1.10 μeq/l/yr). The trends in monthly mean NO3 concentrations were not as strong as those for SO4, but all of the regions had significant decreasing trends in NO3 and again the Mid-Atlantic (−0.53 μeq/l/yr), Midwest (−0.44 μeq/l/yr), and Northeast regions (−0.50 μeq/l/yr) had the strongest trends. Trends were steepest during Period 2 for SO4 and NO3, in fact for NO3 86% of the stations had significant decreasing trends during Period 2 while only 8% of the stations had significant decreasing trends during Period 1. The stations with the highest concentrations of SO4 and NO3 at the beginning of the study had the strongest decreasing trends and the relations were stronger during Period 2 than Period 1. For NH4, 22% of the stations had statistically significant increasing trends in concentration during Period 1. The largest increasing trends in wet-precipitation NH4 concentration occurred in the North-Central region during Period 1, Period 2 and throughout the entire study. By comparison, NH4 trends in the Rocky-North and Rocky-South regions were about half as steep and trends in the South-Central and Midwest regions were about one-third as steep.
We compared trends in SO4 and NO3 concentrations from NADP stations to emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, respectively to determine whether there was a relation between emissions and wet-precipitation concentration trends within proximity to NADP stations. There was a statistically significant relation (r2 = 0.62–0.69, p < 0.01) between the trend in SO4 concentrations at individual NADP stations and total and mean sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from power plants within a range of 750 km and 1000 km from each station. There were also significant relations between NO3 concentration trends at NADP stations and power plant emissions of nitrogen oxides, but they were not nearly as strong (r2 = 0.18–0.36, p < 0.01) as those for SO4 and were strongest for emissions within a range of 1000 km and 1500 km from each NADP station. Decreases in wet-precipitation SO4 concentrations were more consistent across regions and through time than decreases in NO3 and SO4 trends were more closely linked to stationary emissions sources than NO3 trends. There were statistically significant increases in NH4 wet-precipitation concentrations, as have been reported in previous studies, but this study found that those increases were strongest during Period 1 and were not consistent across the United States. During the first 3 years of the study period, wet-precipitation acidity was dominated by SO4 in 8 of the 9 regions; by 2017 NO3 dominated the acidity of wet-precipitation in 7 of the 9 regions. There has also been a downward shift in the NO3:NH4 ratio of wet-precipitation as the emissions of nitrogen oxides have declined while ammonia emissions have remained essentially constant. This shift has resulted in an increase in wet-precipitation total nitrogen concentrations in 7 of the 9 regions and indicate that efforts to control NH3 emissions will become increasingly important as emissions of nitrogen oxides continue to decline.
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mmchale@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3780-1816","contributorId":177292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHale","given":"Michael","email":"mmchale@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludtke, Amy 0000-0002-5532-8391","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5532-8391","contributorId":250681,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ludtke","given":"Amy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":50221,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey - Retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":810227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wetherbee, Gregory A. 0000-0002-6720-2294","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6720-2294","contributorId":215100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetherbee","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":202943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas A.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nilles, Mark A. 0000-0001-7978-9451","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7978-9451","contributorId":250682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nilles","given":"Mark A.","affiliations":[{"id":50221,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey - Retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":810230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Finkelstein, Jason S. 0000-0002-7496-7236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7496-7236","contributorId":202452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelstein","given":"Jason S.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70236990,"text":"70236990 - 2021 - Zircon surface crystallization ages for the extremely reduced magmatic products of the Millennium Eruption, Changbaishan Volcano (China/North Korea)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-27T11:59:26.646696","indexId":"70236990","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-20T06:55:19","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1848,"text":"Gondwana Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zircon surface crystallization ages for the extremely reduced magmatic products of the Millennium Eruption, Changbaishan Volcano (China/North Korea)","docAbstract":"The Millennium Eruption (ME) of Changbaishan volcano (Baitoushan, Paektu) at 946 CE (Common Era) is one of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth during Holocene times. We date unpolished zircon crystal faces from diverse ME products collected from the southern side of Changbaishan volcano where the ME pumice and welded and non-welded pyroclastic flow deposits (PFD) are better exposed. All zircons from a pumice sample of the southern caldera rim and the youngest (Group 1) zircons from a welded pumiceous PFD sample yield an isochron crystallization age of 0.7 ± 1.8 ka (2σ). Zircons from the welded pumiceous PFD sample yield additional two age groups at ~10 ka and ~ 100 ka. Zircons from a non-welded charcoal-containing PFD have only one age population at 100 ka. Our work shows that different eruption products from ME have different zircon surface age distributions and may tap different levels of a zoned felsic magma chamber. In addition, the results indicate that ion microprobe U-Th dating of zircon crystal surfaces from ME pumices can effectively date the Millennium eruption age. Previously reported zircon U-series ages for Qixangzhan eruption (12.2 ± 1.1 ka, 2σ) and Yuanchi eruption (7.3 ± 1.8 ka, 2σ) at Changbaishan are also likely to date their respective eruption ages. The occurrence of 100 ka zircons in welded and non-welded PFDs reveals an important magmatic event for the Changbaishan volcano. Zircon and Fe-rich clinopyroxene crystallized at similar temperature at 770–750 °C, indicative of early zircon crystallization in peralkaline magmas. Another important result is the extremely low oxygen fugacity (fO2 = ΔFMQ-2) of the Changbaishan samples. Minerals in ME magmas were crystallized under some of the most reducing magmatic environments on Earth. Highly reducing conditions of magmas from Changbaishan supports a continental rift setting and argues against significant involvements of subduction-related oxidizing fluids during magma genesis.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in collaboration with university, Federal, Tribal, and independent partners, conducts fundamental research on the distribution, vulnerability, and importance of permafrost in arctic and boreal ecosystems. Scientists, land managers, and policy makers use USGS data to help make decisions for development, wildlife habitat, and other needs. Native villages and cities can forecast landscape change and where soils are vulnerable to thaw with more certainty. The scientific community can use USGS data to develop scenarios of future permafrost change.
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Regional Director
4210 University Drive
Anchorage, AK 99508
907–786–7091
Today’s Earth system challenges are far more complex and urgent than those that existed in 1879 when the USGS was established. Society’s greatest challenges are directly or indirectly linked to major areas of USGS science. Increased pressures on natural resources continue with consequences for national security, food and water availability, natural disasters, human health, and biodiversity loss. As we look forward 10, 20, and 30 years, our mission will be more important than ever before. A broad but coherent view is required for stewardship of the Nation’s land, water, mineral, energy, and ecosystem resources, which involves complex tradeoffs among multiple, often competing objectives. Increasingly, resource managers and decision makers need “the whole USGS”:
This Science Strategy defines a vision and mission for how we will continue to evolve USGS Science to address these Earth system challenges.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1476","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2021, U.S. Geological Survey 21st-Century Science Strategy 2020–2030: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1476, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1476.","productDescription":"v, 20 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-125591","costCenters":[{"id":5066,"text":"Office of the Director USGS","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382282,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1476/cir1476.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.46 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Circular 1476"},{"id":382281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1476/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Send email to ask@usgs.gov
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Individuals living in every region of the world are increasingly vulnerable to negative health outcomes due to extreme heat exposure. Children, in particular, may face long-term consequences associated with heat stress that affect their educational attainment and later life health and well-being. Retrospective individual-level analyses are useful for determining the effects of extreme heat exposure on health outcomes. Typically, future risk is inferred by extrapolating these effects using future warming scenarios that are applied uniformly over space and time without consideration of topographical or climatological gradients. We propose an alternative approach using a stochastic weather generator. This approach employs a 1 °C warming scenario to produce an ensemble of plausible future weather scenarios, and subsequently a distribution of future health risks. We focus on the effect of global warming on fetal development as measured by birth weight in Ethiopia. We demonstrate that predicted changes in birth weight are sensitive to the evolution of temperatures not quantified in a uniform warming scenario. Distributions of predicted changes in birth weight vary in magnitude and variability depending on geographic and socioeconomic region. We present these distributions alongside results from the uniform warming scenario and discuss the spatiotemporal variability of these predicted changes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10584-021-02974-9","usgsCitation":"Verdin, A., Grace, K., Davenport, F., Funk, C., and Husak, G., 2021, Can we advance individual-level heat-health research through the application of stochastic weather generators?: Climatic Change, v. 164, 7, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-02974-9.","productDescription":"7, 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-120288","costCenters":[{"id":80849,"text":"Climate Hazards Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420902,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"164","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verdin, Andrew","contributorId":145812,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Verdin","given":"Andrew","affiliations":[{"id":6713,"text":"University of Colorado, Boulder CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":883264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, Kathryn","contributorId":145815,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grace","given":"Kathryn","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7215,"text":"University of Utah Dept. of Geography","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":883265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davenport, Frank","contributorId":145816,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davenport","given":"Frank","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7168,"text":"UCSB","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":883266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Funk, Chris 0000-0002-9254-6718 cfunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":167070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funk","given":"Chris","email":"cfunk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":883267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Husak, Gregory","contributorId":145811,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Husak","given":"Gregory","affiliations":[{"id":16236,"text":"UCSB Climate Hazards Group","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":883268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70228723,"text":"70228723 - 2021 - Aural and visual detection of greater sage-grouse leks: Implications for population trend estimates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-17T15:36:42.580927","indexId":"70228723","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-19T09:28:17","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aural and visual detection of greater sage-grouse leks: Implications for population trend estimates","docAbstract":"Counts of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) at leks have been used in harvest management, Endangered Species Act listing decisions, and land management policies for over half a century. Lek count sampling methods focus on counting male sage-grouse at known leks, primarily those observed visually from roads or vantage points, but leks are likely missed that are unknown prior to the survey and are difficult to detect while driving between known lek sites. One way to ameliorate this shortfall may be to conduct short point-count surveys at multiple stops along lek-survey routes or while driving between lek counts, thereby detecting newly established or unknown leks. To evaluate the feasibility of this approach, we estimated aural and visual detection probability of active sage-grouse leks during 1-minute point-count surveys at known distances and examined the effects of environmental factors on aural lek detection in southern Idaho, USA, 2016–2017. Our results demonstrate that field observers can aurally detect sage-grouse leks at approximately 3 times greater distances compared to detecting leks visually. The probability of hearing an active lek was highest near the peak of male and female attendance (8 Apr), within an hour of sunrise, on relatively calm and cold days, when the observer was at a higher elevation relative to the lek, and during conditions with no background noise. Detection probability declined with distance and the probability of aural detection was 0.59 at 1 km from a lek when other variables were held at their means. Hence, conducting ≥3 1-minute surveys along a lek route would be expected to detect ≥93% of all leks within 1.5 km of each survey under the average environmental conditions in our study. Our results suggest that surveys could greatly improve detection of unknown or newly established leks and can facilitate a more accurate assessment of sage-grouse population trends through lek counts. Moreover, our results demonstrate how environmental factors influence the detection of leks during surveys, and therefore which variables should be considered for inclusion in any future revisions of lek count protocols or in analyses of lek count data.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.21991","usgsCitation":"Riley, I., Conway, C.J., Stevens, B., and Roberts, S., 2021, Aural and visual detection of greater sage-grouse leks: Implications for population trend estimates: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 85, no. 3, p. 508-519, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21991.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"508","endPage":"519","ipdsId":"IP-113780","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396102,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Bingham County, Blaine County, Butte County","otherGeospatial":"Big Desert area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.2855224609375,\n 43.04681263770761\n ],\n [\n -112.78839111328125,\n 43.04681263770761\n ],\n [\n -112.78839111328125,\n 43.42699324866588\n ],\n [\n -113.2855224609375,\n 43.42699324866588\n ],\n [\n -113.2855224609375,\n 43.04681263770761\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riley, Ian P.","contributorId":279604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riley","given":"Ian P.","affiliations":[{"id":39599,"text":"ui","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conway, Courtney J. 0000-0003-0492-2953 cconway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-2953","contributorId":2951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"Courtney","email":"cconway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stevens, Bryan S.","contributorId":275853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stevens","given":"Bryan S.","affiliations":[{"id":39599,"text":"ui","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roberts, Shane","contributorId":279606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberts","given":"Shane","affiliations":[{"id":56023,"text":"idfg","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70219430,"text":"70219430 - 2021 - Influence of pre-existing structure on pluton emplacement and geomorphology: The Merrimac plutons, northern Sierra Nevada, California (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-05T13:02:15.756133","indexId":"70219430","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-19T07:58:23","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of pre-existing structure on pluton emplacement and geomorphology: The Merrimac plutons, northern Sierra Nevada, California (USA)","docAbstract":"In much of the western Cordillera of North America, the geologic framework of crustal structure generated in the Mesozoic leaves an imprint on later plutonic emplacement, subsequent structural setting, and present landscape morphology. The Merrimac plutons in the northern Sierra Nevada (California, USA) are a good example of the influence of pre-existing structure at a larger scale. This paper updates and refines earlier studies of the Merrimac plutons, with the addition of analysis of gravity and magnetic data and new 206Pb/238U zircon dates. The gravity and magnetic data not only confirm the presence of two different neighboring plutons, but also (1) support the presence of a third pluton, (2) refine the nature of the contact between the Merrimac plutons as being structurally controlled, and (3) estimate the depth extent of the plutons to be ∼4–5 km. The zircon 206Pb/238U dates indicate that the two main plutons have statistically different crystallization ages nearly 4 m.y. apart. Geomorphic analyses, including estimates of relief, roughness and drainage density and generation of chi plots, indicate that the two main plutons are characterized by different elevations with large longitudinal channel knickpoints that we speculatively attribute to possible reactivation of pre-existing structure in addition to lithologic variations influencing relative erosion susceptibility in response to prior accelerated surface uplift.
Tropical montane forests are being lost at an alarming rate but harbor some of the globe’s most unique biodiversity. The Hawaiian archipelago is a prime example of the importance of high elevation forests to species conservation and persistence as they serve as the last refugia for Hawaiian birds. Yet these forests have been converted to invasive dominated pastures, and efforts to restore them have been met with limited success. Unsuccessful forest restoration may be due to freezing temperatures acting as a demographic bottleneck by killing seedlings recruiting into pastures. We determined freezing tolerances of eight common native woody plants at a high-elevation forest on Hawaiʻi Island and compared these freezing tolerances to two years of site-specific winter temperatures and 17 years of regional temperature records. Low temperature extremes were more severe and common in pastures than under nearby 30-year-old canopy trees. Freezing temperatures over two years were severe enough to damage leaf tissues of six of eight species tested. Those species that displayed the greatest freezing tolerance were also those found naturally recruiting into open pastures. Temperature trends over the past 17 years show monthly minimum temperatures are not increasing as predicted by climate change. Persistent severe freezing events may limit seedling recruitment in the pasture, slowing native woody plant expansion into these abandoned pastures. The species-level differences in freezing tolerance show that current management actions are using species that are at high risk to freezing damage outside of the forest canopy and that alternative species may warrant consideration.
Ash and surface water samples collected after wildfires in four different geographical locations (California, Colorado, Kansas and Alberta) were analyzed. The ash samples were leached with deionized water, and leachates were concentrated by solid phase extraction and analyzed by liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In addition, three surface water samples and a lysimeter water sample were collected from watersheds recently affected by fire in California and Colorado, and analyzed in similar fashion. A suite of benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCAs), with two and three carboxyl groups and their corresponding isomers were identified for the first time in both ash leachates and water samples. Also found was a pyridine carboxylic acid (PCA), 3,5-pyridine dicarboxylic acid. Furthermore, putative identifications were made for other carboxylated aromatic acids: quinolinic, naphthalenic, and benzofuranoic acid carboxylates. The wildfire ashes, a controlled wood ash, and post-fire surface water samples suggest that burned woody material, along with surface plant-material and heated o-horizon soil organic matter, contribute to both BPCAs and PCAs in runoff. This study is the first of its kind to identify this suite of aromatic acids in wildfire ash and surface water samples. These data make an important contribution to the nature of dissolved organic matter from wildfire and are useful to better understand the impact of wildfire on water quality and drinking water sources.
A significantly elevated groundwater salinity zone was identified in the southern part of the Mesilla Valley. This investigation characterized the occurrence, spatial extent, and source of the plume of elevated groundwater salinity using a wide range of geochemical and geophysical data and methods.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute Technical Reports","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute","collaboration":"New Mexico State University","usgsCitation":"Kubicki, C., Carroll, K.C., Witcher, J.C., and Robertson, A.J., 2021, An integrated geochemical approach for defining sources of groundwater salinity in the southern Rio Grande Valley of the Mesilla Basin, New Mexico and west Texas, USA, x, 69 p.","productDescription":"x, 69 p.","ipdsId":"IP-116521","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382290,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":382289,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nmwrri.nmsu.edu/tr-388/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.4737548828125,\n 31.774877618507386\n ],\n [\n -105.2435302734375,\n 31.774877618507386\n ],\n [\n -105.2435302734375,\n 33.6420625047537\n ],\n [\n -107.4737548828125,\n 33.6420625047537\n ],\n [\n -107.4737548828125,\n 31.774877618507386\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kubicki, Christopher","contributorId":247825,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kubicki","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12628,"text":"New Mexico State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carroll, Kenneth C. 0000-0003-2097-9589","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2097-9589","contributorId":247827,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carroll","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12628,"text":"New Mexico State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Witcher, James C.","contributorId":247828,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Witcher","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12628,"text":"New Mexico State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robertson, Andrew J. 0000-0003-2130-0347 ajrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2130-0347","contributorId":4129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Andrew","email":"ajrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70220272,"text":"70220272 - 2021 - The Coyote Mountains’ desert snail (Sonorelix harperi carrizoensis), a lazarus species With the first documentation of live individuals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-29T12:21:43.181512","indexId":"70220272","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-19T07:18:45","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1136,"text":"Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Coyote Mountains’ desert snail (Sonorelix harperi carrizoensis), a lazarus species With the first documentation of live individuals","docAbstract":"The Coyote Mountain desert snail (Sonorelix harperi carrizoensis) was described in 1937 from 30 dry shells collected the previous year. We reviewed the literature and museum records and found two additional shell collections for this subspecies from the type locality one from 1958, and one from an adjacent mountain range in 1938. There is no evidence previously of any live snails being collected from the Coyote Mountains, Imperial County, California. All shell collections of S. harperi carrizoensis have the same locality data as the type series, which is Painted Gorge, Coyote Mountains except for one recorded collection of shells from the Vallecito Mountains from 1938. Using geological maps and other data sources, a potential mesic habitat was identified in the Coyote Mountains. During recent field work for salamanders at this location we detected two live specimens of S. harperi carrizoensis approximately 2 km north of its type location. This new data confirms this subspecies is still extant and has occurred at least at two sites historically in these mountains. Despite the presence of mesic habitats (i.e., mosses, liverworts and ferns) at the type locality, we found no evidence of S. harperi carrizoensis or salamanders.
","language":"English","publisher":"Southern California Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.3160/0038-3872-119.2.49","usgsCitation":"Fisher, R.N., and Fisher, S.R., 2021, The Coyote Mountains’ desert snail (Sonorelix harperi carrizoensis), a lazarus species With the first documentation of live individuals: Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, v. 119, no. 2, p. 49-54, https://doi.org/10.3160/0038-3872-119.2.49.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"54","ipdsId":"IP-123899","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":385380,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Imperial 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Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240 rfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":1529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"rfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Samuel Rosen","contributorId":257750,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisher","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"Rosen","affiliations":[{"id":52102,"text":"La Sierra University, Riverside, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":814961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70240110,"text":"70240110 - 2021 - Extensive frost weathering across unglaciated North America during the Last Glacial Maximum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-27T12:43:57.894865","indexId":"70240110","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-19T06:39:06","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extensive frost weathering across unglaciated North America during the Last Glacial Maximum","docAbstract":"In unglaciated terrain, the imprint of past glacial periods is difficult to discern. The topographic signature of periglacial processes, such as solifluction lobes, may be erased or hidden by time and vegetation, and thus their import diminished. Belowground, periglacial weathering, particularly frost cracking, may have imparted a profound influence on weathering and erosion rates during past climate regimes. By combining a mechanical frost-weathering model with the full suite of Last Glacial Maximum climate simulations, we elucidate the meters-deep magnitude and continent-spanning expanse of frost weathering across unglaciated North America at ∼21 ka. The surprising extent of modeled frost weathering suggests, by proxy, the broad legacy of diverse periglacial processes. Complementing previous studies that championed the role of precipitation-driven changes in Critical Zone evolution, our results imply an additional strong temperature control on surficial process efficacy across much of modern North America, both during glacial periods and modern climes.
Insular species, particularly birds, experience high levels of speciation and endemism. Similarly, island birds experience extreme levels of extinction. Based on a 2012 taxonomic assessment, historically there were four reed-warbler species in the Mariana Islands, the Guam Reed-warbler Acrocephalus luscinia (Guam), the Nightingale Reed-warbler Acrocephalus hiwae (Saipan and Alamagan), the Aguijuan Reed-warbler A. nijoi (Aguiguan or Aguijuan), and the Pagan Reed-warbler A. yamashinae (Pagan). Between 2008 and 2010 we surveyed for three of these species on Alamagan, Aguiguan, and Pagan. Our results indicate that reed-warblers are extinct on Aguiguan, likely extinct on Pagan, and only the Nightingale Reed-warbler on Alamagan and Saipan remains. We estimated the global population at between 1,019 and 6,356 birds (95% CI; mean estimate 3,688), which has declined by more than 1,000 birds since the first quantitative surveys were conducted in 1982, i.e. a 24% decline in 28 years. Camp et al. (2009) describe the status of the Nightingale Reed-warbler on Saipan, which has also declined. We estimated the Alamagan population to be between 428 and 1,762 birds in 2010 (mean estimate 946). Thus, the Alamagan population is ~25 % of the global population, and it has declined slightly since 2000. This decline was not significant but is concerning, especially given a similar decline on Saipan. Restoration and protection of tall-stature native and secondary forest could benefit the Alamagan population, as would similar conservation on Saipan that includes wetland habitat. After suitable restoration of forest and wetland habitats on Aguiguan, Guam and Pagan, individuals from Alamagan and Saipan could serve as founder populations. Careful consideration of the extent and habitat preference of individuals translocated to Tinian, where an unknown reed-warbler species previously occurred, is warranted.
In the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California, about 10% of drinking water wells since 2010 had arsenic concentrations above the US maximum contaminant level of 10 μg/L. High concentrations of arsenic are often associated with high pH (greater than 7.8) or reduced geochemical conditions. Although most wells have low arsenic (<3 μg/L) and do not have changing arsenic concentrations, this study found that most wells with concentrations above 10 μg/L had arsenic trends. Overall, about 24% of wells had time-series trends since 2010 and 59% had paired-sample trends since 2000. Most wells had decreasing arsenic trends, even in wells with higher arsenic concentrations. These wells often had co-detections of increasing nitrate and sulfate trends that reflect oxic groundwater likely derived from agricultural recharge. Wells with increasing arsenic trends were deeper or located in the valley trough where aquifer materials are more fine-grained and where reducing conditions favor arsenic mobility. Wells with arsenic trends also tend to be clustered near areas of higher well density. Groundwater pumping in these areas has likely increased the contribution of younger, more oxic groundwater in wells with declining arsenic or, less frequently, increased the contribution of higher pH or reduced groundwater in wells with rising arsenic. Projections of arsenic trends indicate that 37 wells with high arsenic presently will be below 10 μg/L in ten years. Unfortunately, these improvements will be largely offset by 31 wells that are expected to increase above 10 μg/L in addition to expected rises in nitrate in wells where arsenic decreased. This study shows how human-altered flow systems can impact the natural geochemical character of water in both beneficial and deleterious ways.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145223","usgsCitation":"Haugen, E.A., Jurgens, B., Arroyo-Lopez, J.A., and Bennett, G.L., 2021, Groundwater development leads to decreasing arsenic concentrations in the San Joaquin Valley, California: Science of the Total Environment, v. 771, 145223, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145223.","productDescription":"145223, 14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-118584","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453817,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145223","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9OZ50BM","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Water Quality data compiled for Groundwater development leads to decreasing arsenic concentrations in the San Joaquin Valley, California"},{"id":383224,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ja/70218003/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.16870117187501,\n 35.092945313732635\n ],\n [\n -118.54248046874999,\n 35.71975793933433\n ],\n [\n -119.5751953125,\n 37.23907530202184\n ],\n [\n -121.387939453125,\n 39.07890809706475\n ],\n [\n -121.56372070312499,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n -122.574462890625,\n 39.223742741391305\n ],\n [\n -121.761474609375,\n 38.12591462924157\n ],\n [\n -121.14624023437499,\n 37.47485808497102\n ],\n [\n -120.465087890625,\n 36.518465989675875\n ],\n [\n -120.21240234375001,\n 35.88905007936091\n ],\n [\n -119.674072265625,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -119.16870117187501,\n 35.092945313732635\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"771","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haugen, Emily A. 0000-0002-0263-9911","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0263-9911","contributorId":211480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugen","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jurgens, Bryant C. 0000-0002-1572-113X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-113X","contributorId":203409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jurgens","given":"Bryant","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arroyo-Lopez, Jose Alfredo 0000-0002-7835-2730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-2730","contributorId":250663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arroyo-Lopez","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"Alfredo","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bennett, George L. V 0000-0002-6239-1604 georbenn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-1604","contributorId":1373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"George","suffix":"V","email":"georbenn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70223444,"text":"70223444 - 2021 - Migration of injected wastewater with high levels of ammonia in a saline aquifer in south Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-30T12:05:28.839956","indexId":"70223444","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-18T10:31:01","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migration of injected wastewater with high levels of ammonia in a saline aquifer in south Florida","docAbstract":"Treated wastewater with high levels of ammonia has been injected, since March 1983 into the deep saline units of the Lower Floridan aquifer (LFA) from a treatment plant near the east coast of Miami-Dade County in southeastern Florida. Monitoring wells in the plant recorded ammonia concentrations above ambient levels at hydrogeologic units located about 1000 ft (304.8 m) above injection depths between 2500 and 2800 ft (762 and 853 m) below sea level. A solute-transport model was developed to assess the horizontal and vertical extent of the injected ammonia, with ammonia moving from the injected zone into the overlying units: the upper semiconfining unit, the uppermost permeable zone of the LFA, and the middle semiconfining units of the Avon Park Formation. Ammonia is assumed to be transported under the effects of local heterogeneity in a porous limestone aquifer with high-salinity ambient groundwater and via upward migration through quasi-vertical pathways. A flow model of the migration of the injected ammonia was calibrated with PEST using head, salinity, and ammonia concentration data measured from 1983 to 2013. Borehole geophysical data support the high permeability of the uppermost permeable zone in the LFA. Average simulated head, normalized salinity, and ammonia concentration residuals over all monitoring wells were −1.37 ft, 0.01, and −0.67 mg/L, respectively. Model results are consistent with undetectable ammonia concentrations in the Upper Floridan aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13076","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, N., and Lohmann, M., 2021, Migration of injected wastewater with high levels of ammonia in a saline aquifer in south Florida: Groundwater, v. 59, no. 4, p. 597-613, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13076.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"597","endPage":"613","ipdsId":"IP-107330","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9EWI8N0","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data Sets for Simulation of Migration of Injected Wastewater with High Levels of Ammonia in a Saline Aquifer in South Florida, using SEAWAT v 4"},{"id":388589,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.9088134765625,\n 25.175116531621764\n ],\n [\n -79.42291259765625,\n 25.175116531621764\n ],\n [\n -79.42291259765625,\n 26.04444515079636\n ],\n [\n -80.9088134765625,\n 26.04444515079636\n ],\n [\n -80.9088134765625,\n 25.175116531621764\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"59","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, Nicasio 0000-0002-6333-1865 nsepul@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6333-1865","contributorId":1454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"Nicasio","email":"nsepul@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":822044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lohmann, Melinda A. 0000-0003-1472-159X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1472-159X","contributorId":216660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lohmann","given":"Melinda A.","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":822045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70217749,"text":"70217749 - 2021 - Poecivirus is present in individuals with beak deformities in seven species of North American birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-08T14:49:00.142143","indexId":"70217749","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-18T10:12:02","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Poecivirus is present in individuals with beak deformities in seven species of North American birds","docAbstract":"Avian keratin disorder (AKD), a disease of unknown etiology characterized by debilitating beak overgrowth, has increasingly affected wild bird populations since the 1990s. A novel picornavirus, poecivirus, is closely correlated with disease status in Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) in Alaska. However, our knowledge of the relationship between poecivirus and beak deformities in other species and other geographic areas remains limited. The growing geographic scope and number of species affected by AKD-like beak deformities require a better understanding of the causative agent to evaluate the population-level impacts of this epizootic. Here, we tested eight individuals from six avian species with AKD-consistent deformities for the presence of poecivirus: Mew Gull (Larus canus), Hairy Woodpecker (Picoides villosus), Black-billed Magpie (Pica hudsonia), American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis), and Blackpoll Warbler (Setophaga striata). The birds were sampled in Alaska and Maine (1999−2016). We used targeted PCR followed by Sanger sequencing to test for the presence of poecivirus in each specimen and to obtain viral genome sequence from virus-positive host individuals. We detected poecivirus in all individuals tested, but not in negative controls (water and tissue samples). Furthermore, we used unbiased metagenomic sequencing to test for the presence of other pathogens in six of these specimens (Hairy Woodpecker, two American Crows, two Red-breasted Nuthatches, Blackpoll Warbler). This analysis yielded additional viral sequences from several specimens, including the complete coding region of poecivirus from one Red-breasted Nuthatch, which we confirmed via targeted PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. This study demonstrates that poecivirus is present in individuals with AKD-consistent deformities from six avian species other than Black-capped Chickadee. While further investigation will be required to explore whether there exists a causal link between this virus and AKD, this study demonstrates that poecivirus is not geographically restricted to Alaska, but rather occurs elsewhere in North America.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-20-00017","usgsCitation":"Zylberberg, M., Van Hemert, C.R., Handel, C.M., Liu, R., and DeRisi, J.L., 2021, Poecivirus is present in individuals with beak deformities in seven species of North American birds: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 57, no. 2, p. 273-281, https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-20-00017.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"281","ipdsId":"IP-112325","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453821,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/jwd-d-20-00017","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9YQCHSR","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data Associated with Poecivirus Testing of Individual Birds with Beak Deformities"},{"id":382845,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.6201171875,\n 43.13306116240612\n ],\n [\n -69.43359375,\n 44.02442151965934\n ],\n [\n -67.32421875,\n 44.49650533109348\n ],\n [\n -66.9287109375,\n 45.089035564831036\n ],\n [\n -67.7197265625,\n 45.79816953017265\n ],\n [\n -67.763671875,\n 47.010225655683485\n ],\n [\n -68.73046875,\n 47.249406957888446\n ],\n [\n -69.0380859375,\n 47.517200697839414\n ],\n [\n -70.57617187499999,\n 45.644768217751924\n ],\n [\n -71.2353515625,\n 45.336701909968134\n ],\n [\n -70.7958984375,\n 43.389081939117496\n ],\n [\n -70.6201171875,\n 43.13306116240612\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -130.4736328125,\n 54.49556752187406\n ],\n [\n -129.9462890625,\n 56.07203547180089\n ],\n [\n -135.439453125,\n 59.82273188377389\n ],\n [\n -137.373046875,\n 58.88194208135912\n ],\n [\n -139.130859375,\n 60.34869562531862\n ],\n [\n -140.9326171875,\n 60.30518536282736\n ],\n [\n -141.0205078125,\n 69.65708627301174\n ],\n [\n -157.10449218749997,\n 71.46912418989677\n ],\n [\n -166.640625,\n 68.83180177092166\n ],\n [\n -168.3984375,\n 65.53117097417717\n ],\n [\n -166.5087890625,\n 61.58549218152362\n ],\n [\n -167.6953125,\n 60.13056361691419\n ],\n [\n -158.8623046875,\n 57.68066002977235\n ],\n [\n -165.10253906249997,\n 54.648412502316695\n ],\n [\n -174.7265625,\n 52.214338608258196\n ],\n [\n -174.1552734375,\n 51.56341232867588\n ],\n [\n -152.40234375,\n 56.92099675839107\n ],\n [\n -147.0849609375,\n 59.80063426102869\n ],\n [\n -140.4052734375,\n 59.60109549032134\n ],\n [\n -135.263671875,\n 55.52863052257191\n ],\n [\n -131.1767578125,\n 54.265224078605684\n ],\n [\n -130.4736328125,\n 54.49556752187406\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zylberberg, Maxine","contributorId":181767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zylberberg","given":"Maxine","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36629,"text":"University of California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Hemert, Caroline R. 0000-0002-6858-7165 cvanhemert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6858-7165","contributorId":3592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Hemert","given":"Caroline","email":"cvanhemert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Handel, Colleen M. 0000-0002-0267-7408 cmhandel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7408","contributorId":3067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handel","given":"Colleen","email":"cmhandel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, Rachel","contributorId":248590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"Rachel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":49956,"text":"University of California San Francisco","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeRisi, Joseph L.","contributorId":172863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeRisi","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":27105,"text":"University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70218672,"text":"70218672 - 2021 - Field trials to test new trap technologies for monitoring Culex populations and the efficacy of the biopesticide formulation VectoMax® FG for control of larval Culex quinquefasciatus in the Alaka'i Plateau, Kaua'i, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-04T14:19:00.460784","indexId":"70218672","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-18T08:15:54","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5948,"text":"Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit Technical Report Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"96","title":"Field trials to test new trap technologies for monitoring Culex populations and the efficacy of the biopesticide formulation VectoMax® FG for control of larval Culex quinquefasciatus in the Alaka'i Plateau, Kaua'i, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Mosquito-borne avian malaria Plasmodium relictum is a key limiting factor for endemic Hawaiian forest birds. In the past decade, populations of Kaua‘i’s endemic forest birds have been in a steep decline due to an increase in malaria transmission. To evaluate the use of available biopesticides for short-term mosquito control we tested the efficacy of the biopesticide VectoMax® FG against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae in naturally occurring perched stream pools, seeps, and ground pools in forest bird habitat in Kaua‘i’s remote Alaka‘i Plateau. We also tested the efficacy of conventional and newer traps and attractants for the capture of adult Culex quinquefasciatus in Hawaiian rain forests and monitored adult mosquito populations at the Kaua‘i field site. During field trials conducted on Hawai‘i Island we captured more Culex quinquefasciatus in gravid traps than in host-seeking traps. Among the host-seeking traps, Biogents BG-Sentinel 2 traps baited with CO2 and BG-Lure caught more Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes japonicus japonicus than CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) traps baited with compressed CO2, CDC traps baited with dry ice, or Biogents BG-Sentinel 2 traps baited with BG-Lure and octenol but not CO2. Both Biogents BG-Sentinel 2 and CDC miniature traps baited with compressed CO2 or dry ice captured significantly more Culex quinquefasciatus than Biogents BG-Sentinel 2 traps baited with octenol and BG-Lure but without CO2. We also found that gravid traps baited with timothy hay infusions caught significantly more Culex quinquefasciatus than traps baited with either a commercial gravid mosquito attractant or an infusion made with pelleted rabbit feed. Traps baited with an infusion of timothy hay and donkey dung were the most effective for Culex quinquefasciatus. On Kaua‘i, we operated Biogents BG-Sentinel 2 traps baited with CO2 and gravid traps and captured 29 mosquitoes in 182 trap-nights from October–November 2016 and 126 mosquitoes in 254 trap-nights from September–October 2017. Contrary to our findings on Hawai‘i Island, most mosquitoes (96%) were captured in Biogents BG-Sentinel 2 traps indicating considerable site-to-site variability in trap efficacy. Weekly adult trapping on Kaua‘i indicates Culex quinquefasciatus populations peaked in October but provided no reliable evidence that larval control had any significant effect on adult populations. Overall, VectoMax® FG was very effective at larval control reducing larval abundance by 95% at 48 hours and out to 1-week post-treatment. Treatment was most effective (100% at 1-week post-treatment) in perched pools when early instar larvae were present and least effective in seeps when pupae and fourth instar larvae were most common. Although post-treatment counts fluctuated dramatically, we observed no evidence of population level impacts to the two most common non-target invertebrates: the water strider Microvelia vagans and endemic damselfly naiads (Megalagrion sp.). VectoMax® FG appears to be an effective and safe biopesticide for the local control of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae in forest bird habitat in the Alaka‘i Plateau. Further studies will be necessary to determine if local larval control significantly reduces adult mosquito abundance and, ultimately, avian malaria transmission, and if there are long term, non-target effects associated with repeated use of VectoMax® FG in natural Hawaiian waterways.
Recurring slope lineae (RSL) are dark linear markings on Mars that regrow annually and likely originate from the flow of either liquid water or granular material. Following the great dust storm (or planet-encircling dust event, PEDE) of Mars year (MY) 34, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter/High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment has seen many more candidate RSL than in typical Mars years. They have been imaged at more than 285 unique locations from August 2018 (when the atmosphere was clearing as the PEDE decayed) to August 2019, about half (157) of which are locations where RSL have not been documented previously. In MY34, 150 active RSL sites were identified in the southern middle latitudes (SML, -60° to -30°), whereas an average of 36 active sites were observed in each previous year (MY28–33). Post-PEDE RSL are also present during southern summer over a wider range of latitude, slope aspect, and Ls (areocentric longitude of the sun) than in prior years. These RSL sites usually show evidence for recent dust deposition: obscuration of relatively dark areas, an overall brighter and redder surface than in prior years, and dust devil tracks, which indicate dust lifting by several mechanisms. We speculate that dust-lifting processes may initiate and sustain RSL activity. The RSL may form from flows of dust (perhaps clumped) and/or sand that is destabilized by dust movement or directly mobilized by dust devils. If this is the case, then the otherwise puzzling recurrence and year-to-year variability of RSL activity can be at least partly explained. The dust replenishment varies from year to year, which could explain interannual variations in RSL activity.
Collaborative monitoring over broad scales and levels of ecological organization can inform conservation efforts necessary to address the contemporary biodiversity crisis. An important challenge to collaborative monitoring is motivating local engagement with enough buy-in from stakeholders while providing adequate top-down direction for scientific rigor, quality control, and coordination. Collaborative monitoring must reconcile this inherent tension between top-down control and bottom-up engagement. Highly mobile and cryptic taxa, such as bats, present a particularly acute challenge. Given their scale of movement, complex life histories, and rapidly expanding threats, understanding population trends of bats requires coordinated broad-scale collaborative monitoring. The North American Bat Monitoring Program (NABat) reconciles top-down, bottom-up tension with a hierarchical master sample survey design, integrated data analysis, dynamic data curation, regional monitoring hubs, and knowledge delivery through web-based infrastructure. NABat supports collaborative monitoring across spatial and organizational scales and the full annual lifecycle of bats.