A 2-year study was made in the Redwood Creek and Mill Creek drainage basins of Redwood National Park to determine existing chemical water-quality conditions and to identify the effects of logging on water quality in the main stems and tributaries of the two basins.
Overall, the chemical water quality of the main stems and the tributaries is excellent, suitable for most beneficial uses. Dissolved-solids concentrations range from 25 milligrams per liter in the Redwood Creek basin and 21 milligrams per liter in the Mill Creek basin during the rainy season to 139 and 49 during the dry season. Water shifts from a mixed calcium-sodium bicarbonate-chloride type toward a calcium bicarbonate type from the end of the wet season to the end of the dry season. It shifts back toward a mixed calcium-sodium bicarbonate-chloride type from the end of the dry season to the end of the wet season. The pH shifts with the water type from a median value of 6.80 in the rainy season to 7.37 in the dry season. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations are generally too low to support nuisance algae but are high enough, in some streams, to support modest populations, particularly in the main stem where light levels are high. Trace-metal concentrations are low, typical of clean streams.
Evidence suggests that dissolved calcium and bicarbonate in stream water is produced by weathering of the Franciscan assemblage underlying the basins but that chlorides are transported inland from the ocean as dry fallout and spray and in rain. Exposure of the surface soils to the elements, either by logging or by natural causes such as sparse vegetation, seems to accelerate weathering, which leads to a calcium bicarbonate water type. Logging accelerates weathering most in the tributary watersheds with regoliths derived from sandstone and least in those with regoliths derived from schist; however, the data suggest that the rate of weathering in a schistose watershed can increase dramatically if soil disruption is extensive.
Studies during storms indicated that specific conductance and alkalinity were two to three times as likely to decrease at the discharge peak in logged watersheds as in forested ones. This suggests that overland flow containing lower concentrations of soil-derived dissolved solids than flow from other sources is a larger component of peak flow in logged watersheds than in forested watersheds.
Comparing a storm in November 1974 to one in February 1975, nitrate concentration increased significantly from November to February in a stream draining a logged watershed and decreased significantly in a stream draining a forested watershed. Then from the rainy season to the dry season, nitrate decreased in both logged and forested watersheds. This pattern suggests that soil nitrate produced by fixation and organic decomposition early in the rainy season tends to wash out of logged watersheds but be taken up in tree growth in forested watersheds. As the dry season progresses, base flow containing little nitrate enters the streams, causing a decrease in nitrate concentration. By contrast, the other plant nutrients--phosphorus, Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonium, and dissolved organic carbon--all decreased in streams from the November 1974 storm to the February 1975 storm and changed little from the rainy season through the dry season. This pattern suggests that these materials tend to accumulate in the soil during the dry season and be washed out and diluted as the rainy season progresses. Very little reaches the water table due to soil absorption so that little appears in the base flow during the dry season.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr789K","usgsCitation":"Hessin, T.D., Taufen, P.M., Seward, J.C., Quintana, S.J., Clark, A.L., Grybeck, D., Hoare, J., and Coonrad, W.L., 1978, Geochemical and generalized geological map showing distribution and abundance of cobalt in the Goodnews and Hagemeister Island quadrangles region, southwestern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-9, 2 Plates: 48.00 x 40.00 inches and 23.00 x 35.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr789K.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 48.00 x 40.00 inches and 23.00 x 35.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170967,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":411934,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14943.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":99757,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0009k/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99758,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0009k/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Goodnews and Hagemeister Island quadrangles region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159,\n 60.25\n ],\n [\n -162.333,\n 60.25\n ],\n [\n -162.333,\n 58.367\n ],\n [\n -159,\n 58.367\n ],\n [\n -159,\n 60.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae7c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hessin, Thomas D.","contributorId":63355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hessin","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taufen, P. 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L.","contributorId":69946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coonrad","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":11435,"text":"ofr78413 - 1978 - Hydrologic data for the Copper Basin area, a potential mining area in Yavapai County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-15T21:42:15.73389","indexId":"ofr78413","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-413","title":"Hydrologic data for the Copper Basin area, a potential mining area in Yavapai County, Arizona","docAbstract":"Large low-grade ore bodies have been discovered in Copper Basin, and a large copper-mining operation is anticipated in the near future. Hydrologic data are being collected to provide the data base necessary to determine the effects of a potential mining operation on the water resources of the area. The area of potential depletion or contamination of water supplies is the 50-square-mile alluvial slope downgradient from Copper Basin. In the Copper Basin area the streams generally are dry, except for the perennial flow in a 3-mile-long reach of Kirkland Creek, where the base flow ranges from about 1 to 3 cubic feet per second.
The water in the alluvium, which is more than 1,000 feet thick in places, generally is under unconfined conditions. The direction of ground-water movement is generally southwesterly toward Skull Valley Wash and Kirkland Creek. The depth to water in wells ranges from less than 10 to 675 feet below the land surface. Near the center of the area, test wells penetrate a clay confining bed at the base of the alluvium and an underlying sequence of volcanic rocks, which is more than 1,000 feet thick and contains water under confined conditions.
Pump tests indicate that the confining bed forms a barrier between the water in the alluvium and the water in the volcanic rocks and that, initially, pumping from the volcanic rocks would not affect the water level in the alluvium. The areal extent of the volcanic sequence is not known.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78413","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arizona Water Commission","usgsCitation":"Thomsen, B.W., and Stulik, R., 1978, Hydrologic data for the Copper Basin area, a potential mining area in Yavapai County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-413, Report: vi, 51 p.; 1 Plate: 34.88 x 45.93 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78413.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 51 p.; 1 Plate: 34.88 x 45.93 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":413108,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0413/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0413/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":413107,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0413/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78379","usgsCitation":"Stone, B.D., 1978, Preliminary map of surficial deposits of the Gardner quadrangle, Worcester County, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-379, 1 Plate: 24.74 × 27.07 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78379.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 24.74 × 27.07 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":398128,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74863.htm"},{"id":80277,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0379/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":168952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","county":"Worcester County","otherGeospatial":"Gardner quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -71.875,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -71.875,\n 42.625\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 42.625\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 42.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d81c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stone, Byron D. 0000-0001-6092-0798 bdstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":1702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Byron","email":"bdstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":226650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6306,"text":"pp1055 - 1978 - Reconnaissance geology and geochronology of the Precambrian of the Granite Mountains, Wyoming","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10654,"text":"ofr77140 - 1977 - Reconnaissance geology and geochronology of the Precambrian of the Granite Mountains, Wyoming","indexId":"ofr77140","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Reconnaissance geology and geochronology of the Precambrian of the Granite Mountains, Wyoming"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6306,"text":"pp1055 - 1978 - Reconnaissance geology and geochronology of the Precambrian of the Granite Mountains, Wyoming","indexId":"pp1055","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Reconnaissance geology and geochronology of the Precambrian of the Granite Mountains, Wyoming"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-11T15:04:49","indexId":"pp1055","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1055","title":"Reconnaissance geology and geochronology of the Precambrian of the Granite Mountains, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The Precambrian of the western part of the Granite Mountains, Wyoming, contains a metamorphic complex of gneisses, schists, and amphibolites that were derived through amphibolite-grade metamorphism from a sedimentary-volcanic sequence perhaps similar to that exposed in the southeastern Wind River Mountains. Whole-rock Rb-Sr dating places the time of metamorphism at 2,860?80 million years. A high initial 87Sr/ 86 S r ratio of 0.7048 suggests that either the protoliths or the source terrane of the sedimentary component is several hundred million years older than the time of metamorphism. Following an interval of 300:t100 million years for which the geologic record is lacking or still undeciphered, the metamorphic complex was intruded by a batholith and satellite bodies of medium- to coarse-grained, generally massive biotite granite and related pegmatite and aplite. The main body of granite is dated at 2,550?60 million years by the Rb-Sr method. Limited data suggest that diabase dikes were emplaced and nephrite veins were formed only shortly after intrusion of the granite. Emplacement of the granite at about 2,550 million years ago appears to be related to a major period of regional granitic plutonism in the Precambrian of southern and western Wyoming. Granites, in the strict sense, that are dated between 2,450 and 2,600 million years occur in the Teton Range, the Sierra Madre, the Medicine Bow Mountains and the Laramie Range. This episode of granitic plutonism occurred some 50 to 100 million years later than the major tonalitic to granitic plutonism in the Superior province of northern Minnesota and adjacent Ontario-the nearest exposed Precambrian W terrane that is analogous to the Wyoming province. Initial 87Sr / 86Sr ratios of some of the Wyoming granites are higher than expected if the rocks had been derived from juvenile magmas and it is likely that older crustal rocks were involved to some degree in the generation of these granites. Slightly to highly disturbed Rb-Sr and K-Ar mineral ages are obtained on rocks of the metamorphic complex and on the granite. These ages range from about 2,400 to 1,420 million years and are part of a regional pattern of lowered mineral ages of Precambrian W rocks of southern Wyoming. A major discontinuity in these mineral ages occurs along a line extending from the northern Laramie Range, through the northern part of the Granite Mountains, to the southeastern Wind River Mountains. North of this line, Rb-Sr and K-Ar biotite ages are 2,300 million years or greater, whereas to the south, the biotite ages decrease drastically over a short distance, to a common range of 1,600-1,400 million years. We suggest that these lowered ages represent regional cooling below the 300 0 C isotherm as a consequence of uplift and erosion of the large crustal block occurring south of the age discontinuity. In this interpretation, the westerly-trending age discontinuity would be a zone of major crustal dislocation that resulted from vertical tectonics in late Precambrian X or early Precambrian Y time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1055","usgsCitation":"Peterman, Z., and Hildreth, R.A., 1978, Reconnaissance geology and geochronology of the Precambrian of the Granite Mountains, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1055, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1055.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":33594,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1055/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1055/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a70e4b07f02db64102e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterman, Zell E. 0000-0002-5694-8082 peterman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-8082","contributorId":620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Zell E.","email":"peterman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":152480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildreth, Robert A.","contributorId":28234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":69604,"text":"i1033D - 1978 - Map showing amount of overburden of major coal zones in the Kaiparowits coal-basin area, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-01T18:38:01.355785","indexId":"i1033D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1033","chapter":"D","title":"Map showing amount of overburden of major coal zones in the Kaiparowits coal-basin area, Utah","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i1033D","isbn":"0607780142","usgsCitation":"Hansen, D.E., 1978, Map showing amount of overburden of major coal zones in the Kaiparowits coal-basin area, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1033, 1 Plate: 44.15 x 39.18 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1033D.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 44.15 x 39.18 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493364,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8900.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":256683,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1033d/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":256685,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1033d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":256684,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1033d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"125000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Kaiparowits coal-basin area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -111,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -111,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 38\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a94e4b07f02db658f61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Dan E.","contributorId":84770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Dan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":7066,"text":"ofr78925 - 1978 - Comprehensive tables giving physical data and thermal energy estimates for young igneous systems of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:13","indexId":"ofr78925","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-925","title":"Comprehensive tables giving physical data and thermal energy estimates for young igneous systems of the United States","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78925","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.L., Shaw, H.R., Luedke, R.G., and Russell, S., 1978, Comprehensive tables giving physical data and thermal energy estimates for young igneous systems of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-925, 15, [13] leaves ;31 cm.; (28 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78925.","productDescription":"15, [13] leaves ;31 cm.; (28 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0925/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34359,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0925/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":154153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaw, H. R.","contributorId":23952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luedke, R. G.","contributorId":33706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luedke","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Russell, S.L.","contributorId":78739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":11523,"text":"ofr78797 - 1978 - Map showing surface faults in the southeastern Houston metropolitan area, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-20T21:28:54.693934","indexId":"ofr78797","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-797","title":"Map showing surface faults in the southeastern Houston metropolitan area, Texas","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78797","usgsCitation":"Verbeek, E., and Clanton, U., 1978, Map showing surface faults in the southeastern Houston metropolitan area, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-797, Report: 20 p.; 1 Plate: 49.00 × 36.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78797.","productDescription":"Report: 20 p.; 1 Plate: 49.00 × 36.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390711,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14906.htm"},{"id":39388,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0797/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0797/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95018,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0797/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Houston","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.333,\n 29.542\n ],\n [\n -95.083,\n 29.542\n ],\n [\n -95.083,\n 29.708\n ],\n [\n -95.333,\n 29.708\n ],\n [\n -95.333,\n 29.542\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a29e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verbeek, E.R.","contributorId":61439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verbeek","given":"E.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clanton, U. S.","contributorId":105317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clanton","given":"U. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11451,"text":"ofr78113 - 1978 - Geologic map of the Viejas Mountain Quadrangle, San Diego County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:34","indexId":"ofr78113","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-113","title":"Geologic map of the Viejas Mountain Quadrangle, San Diego County, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78113","usgsCitation":"Todd, V., 1978, Geologic map of the Viejas Mountain Quadrangle, San Diego County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-113, 21 leaves, 8 leaves of ill. :ill., maps (1 fold.) ;28 cm.; (30 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78113.","productDescription":"21 leaves, 8 leaves of ill. :ill., maps (1 fold.) ;28 cm.; (30 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108523,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14605.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"14605"},{"id":144817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0113/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39314,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0113/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":39315,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0113/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a1c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Todd, Victoria R.","contributorId":87544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Victoria R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":42533,"text":"ofr78267 - 1978 - Probable yields of wells in the bedrock aquifers of Fairfax County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:07","indexId":"ofr78267","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-267","title":"Probable yields of wells in the bedrock aquifers of Fairfax County, Virginia","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr78267","usgsCitation":"Johnston, R.H., 1978, Probable yields of wells in the bedrock aquifers of Fairfax County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-267, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78267.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":98894,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0267/plate-1.pdf","size":"18361","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"48000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a892d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, Richard H.","contributorId":95860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":226658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8008,"text":"ofr78258 - 1978 - Geophysical logs of 14 test holes drilled during 1977 in the Kolob coal field, Kane County, south-central Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:07","indexId":"ofr78258","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-258","title":"Geophysical logs of 14 test holes drilled during 1977 in the Kolob coal field, Kane County, south-central Utah","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr78258","usgsCitation":"Bowers, W.E., and Strickland, P., 1978, Geophysical logs of 14 test holes drilled during 1977 in the Kolob coal field, Kane County, south-central Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-258, i, 44 leaves :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78258.","productDescription":"i, 44 leaves :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141413,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0258/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35568,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0258/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b9ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowers, William E.","contributorId":34129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowers","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strickland, P.M.","contributorId":69551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strickland","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4920,"text":"pp1081 - 1978 - Rock pushing and sampling under rocks on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:43","indexId":"pp1081","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1081","title":"Rock pushing and sampling under rocks on Mars","docAbstract":"Viking Lander 2 acquired samples on Mars from beneath two rocks, where living organisms and organic molecules would be protected from ultraviolet radiation. Selection of rocks to be moved was based on scientific and engineering considerations, including rock size, rock shape, burial depth, and location in a sample field. Rock locations and topography were established using the computerized interactive video-stereophotogrammetric system and plotted on vertical profiles and in plan view. Sampler commands were developed and tested on Earth using a full-size lander and surface mock-up. The use of power by the sampler motor correlates with rock movements, which were by plowing, skidding, and rolling. \r\n\r\nProvenance of the samples was determined by measurements and interpretation of pictures and positions of the sampler arm. Analytical results demonstrate that the samples were, in fact, from beneath the rocks. Results from the Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer of the Molecular Analysis experiment and the Gas Exchange instrument of the Biology experiment indicate that more adsorbed(?) water occurs in samples under rocks than in samples exposed to the sun. This is consistent with terrestrial arid environments, where more moisture occurs in near-surface soil un- der rocks than in surrounding soil because the net heat flow is toward the soil beneath the rock and the rock cap inhibits evaporation. Inorganic analyses show that samples of soil from under the rocks have significantly less iron than soil exposed to the sun. \r\n\r\nThe scientific significance of analyses of samples under the rocks is only partly evaluated, but some facts are clear. Detectable quantities of martian organic molecules were not found in the sample from under a rock by the Molecular Analysis experiment. The Biology experiments did not find definitive evidence for Earth-like living organisms in their sample. Significant amounts of adsorbed water may be present in the martian regolith. The response of the soil from under a rock to the aqueous nutrient in the Gas Exchange instrument indicates that adsorbed water and hydrates play an important role in the oxidation potential of the soil. The rock surfaces are strong, because they did not scratch, chip or spall when the sampler pushed them. Fresh surfaces of soil and the undersides of rocks were exposed so that they could be imaged in color. A ledge of soil adhered to one rock that tilted, showing that a crust forms near the surface of Mars. The reason for low amounts of iron in the sampIes from under the rocks is not known at this time.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1081","usgsCitation":"Moore, H., Liebes, S., Crouch, D., and Clark, L., 1978, Rock pushing and sampling under rocks on Mars: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1081, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1081.","productDescription":"21 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1081/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31784,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1081/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b436c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":71962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liebes, S. 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