{"pageNumber":"5255","pageRowStart":"131350","pageSize":"25","recordCount":165352,"records":[{"id":70232920,"text":"70232920 - 1978 - Pleistocene history of volcanism and the Owens River near Little Lake, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T14:51:04.73016","indexId":"70232920","displayToPublicDate":"1978-05-01T09:43:12","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pleistocene history of volcanism and the Owens River near Little Lake, California","docAbstract":"<p>During pluvial periods of the Pleistocene and Holocene, a large river flowed south from Owens Lake to China Lake between the Sierra Nevada and the Coso Range. The most recent channel, dry during historic time, is clearly marked by cliffs and falls. An older, now-abandoned part of the channel beneath Pleistocene lavas east of the present course is inferred from a meander-shaped ridge in Mesozoic basement rocks and a strong positive magnetic anomaly, presumably produced by a wedge of canyon-filling basalt. Three cycles of eruption and stream erosion have occurred along the present course. The first resulted when water impounded by damming of the now-abandoned eastern course found its way along the west margin of a basalt flow at the base of the Sierra Nevada escarpment, eventually carving a canyon at least 150 meters deep. Subsequently, two cycles, each consisting of an intracanyon basalt flow followed by major stream erosion, modified this canyon to its present configuration. A potassium-argon age of about 440000 years before present for the oldest of the three eroded lavas indicates that the river was not diverted from its easterly course until after that time. The age and character of lacustrine deposits in Searles Lake, a downstream part of the same drainage system, indicate that the greatest discharge of the river, and therefore, erosion of the two younger lavas since 440000 years B.P., probably occurred between 130000 and 10000 years B.P. An estimate of the rate of erosion during this period of time together with loosely constrained potassium-argon ages for the basalt of intermediate age suggests that the youngest lava is probably a few tens of thousands of years old and the intermediate lava somewhat less than 100000 years old. The youthfulness of the youngest basalt suggests that a fourth cycle of an intracanyon lava flow followed by stream erosion is a likely event for the near geologic future.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., and Smith, G., 1978, Pleistocene history of volcanism and the Owens River near Little Lake, California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 3, p. 395-408.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"408","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403608,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403607,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue3/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Little Lake","otherGeospatial":"Owens River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.2,\n              35.594785665487244\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.54959106445312,\n              35.594785665487244\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.54959106445312,\n              36.6\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.2,\n              36.6\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.2,\n              35.594785665487244\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, Wendell A.","contributorId":14363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"Wendell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, George I.","contributorId":57096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"George I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70232919,"text":"70232919 - 1978 - Time relation of the Watchung Basalt flows to the faulting in the Newark Graben","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T14:42:16.626442","indexId":"70232919","displayToPublicDate":"1978-05-01T09:37:32","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time relation of the Watchung Basalt flows to the faulting in the Newark Graben","docAbstract":"<p>In graben structures, volcanic eruptions and faulting are seldom simultaneous and often are not localized in the same place. Field studies in the Triassic basin of New Jersey have supplied evidence supporting the nonsimultaneity of volcanism and faulting in the Newark graben.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Faust, G., 1978, Time relation of the Watchung Basalt flows to the faulting in the Newark Graben: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 3, p. 391-394.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"391","endPage":"394","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403605,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403604,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue3/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Watchung Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.058837890625,\n              41.10832999732831\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.212646484375,\n              41.09591205639546\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.9871826171875,\n              40.463666324587685\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.915771484375,\n              39.977120098439634\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.300537109375,\n              40.463666324587685\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.1412353515625,\n              40.622291783092706\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.058837890625,\n              41.10832999732831\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faust, George T.","contributorId":15186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faust","given":"George T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70232918,"text":"70232918 - 1978 - Dating Quaternary faults in the southwestern United States by using buried calcic paleosols","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T14:28:59.005914","indexId":"70232918","displayToPublicDate":"1978-05-01T09:19:56","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dating Quaternary faults in the southwestern United States by using buried calcic paleosols","docAbstract":"<p>Calcareous soils are widespread on upper Pliocene to upper Pleistocene unconsolidated surflcial deposits in semiarid portions of the southwestern United States. Where these soils are related to faults, the soils may provide a means for quantitatively estimating timing and amounts of Quaternary faulting. Soil age estimates are based on the amount of pedogenic CaCO<sub>3</sub> (g/cm<sup>2</sup>-soil column) that has accumulated from soil processes, whereas rates of calcic-soil formation were calibrated by the K-Ar dating method, tephrochronology, vertebrate paleontology, and regional soil studies. The County Dump fault, west of Albuquerque, N. Mex. cuts a 500 000-yearold datum, the Llano de Albuquerque. The downdropped block of this fault contains a sequence of faulted younger deposits and intercalated calcic paleosols. Soil ages, and hence fault ages, can be calculated by measuring the total pedogenic calcium carbonate content in a section of buried paleosols and by using an independently established maximum soil formation rate of 0.35 g CaCO<sub>3 </sub>• cm<sup>-2</sup> • 10<sup>-3</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> for the Albuquerque area. This particular fault segment has had four discrete episodes of movement in the past 500 000 yr, the most recent of which occurred about 20000 yr B.P. Recurrence intervals on the segment are 90 000-190 000 yr, but the composite recurrence interval for all fault movements in this area may be less by several orders of magnitude. This technique of quantifying soil properties and calculating ages of relict soils can be used to estimate ages of Quaternary deposits and associated surfaces, to correlate such features over broad regions, and to analyze regional trends in calcic-soil formation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Machette, M., 1978, Dating Quaternary faults in the southwestern United States by using buried calcic paleosols: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 3, p. 369-381.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"381","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403603,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403602,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue3/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.20458984375,\n              34.361576287484176\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.3201904296875,\n              34.361576287484176\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.3201904296875,\n              35.37113502280101\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.20458984375,\n              35.37113502280101\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.20458984375,\n              34.361576287484176\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Machette, Michael N.","contributorId":28963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"Michael N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70232917,"text":"70232917 - 1978 - Structural control of the Cumberland River and its ancestral channels at Flat Lick, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T14:18:52.86602","indexId":"70232917","displayToPublicDate":"1978-05-01T09:12:26","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural control of the Cumberland River and its ancestral channels at Flat Lick, Kentucky","docAbstract":"<p>Remnants of old alluvium on bedrock benches, as much as 76 in (250 ft) above the present course of the Cumberland River near Flat Lick, Ky., are associated with meander scars and broad valleys now occupied by underflt streams. The distribution of old alluvium and associated topographic features define two ancestral channels of the Cumberland River. The ancestral channels and the present river channel are superimposed on the crest and flanks of the Flat Lick anticline. All three channels trend westward, roughly parallel to the axis of the anticline. The oldest channel is on the north flank, the second oldest channel is superimposed on the crest, and the modern channel is entrenched in the south-dipping limb of the fold. The sequential pattern of channel downcutting and migration across the crest of the anticline can be explained in terms of structural and lithologic constraints upon fluvial processes without recourse to contemporaneous tectonism. The Flat Lick area apparently has not experienced major deformation during the erosional history interpreted from the surficial geology. Direct evidence for the age of the old alluvium has not been found. However, an estimate based on erosion rates suggests that the ancestral channels could have been established and abandoned as recently as one-half million years ago.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Newell, W.L., and Rice, D.D., 1978, Structural control of the Cumberland River and its ancestral channels at Flat Lick, Kentucky: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 3, p. 359-367.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"367","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403601,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403598,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue3/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","city":"Flat Lick","otherGeospatial":"Cumberland River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.90430450439453,\n              36.80653589302555\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.73676300048827,\n              36.80653589302555\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.73676300048827,\n              36.882092174212744\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.90430450439453,\n              36.882092174212744\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.90430450439453,\n              36.80653589302555\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newell, Wayne L. wnewell@usgs.gov","contributorId":2512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newell","given":"Wayne","email":"wnewell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Dudley D.","contributorId":11601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Dudley","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70232915,"text":"70232915 - 1978 - Trenches across the 1906 trace of the San Andreas Fault in northern San Mateo County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T13:49:09.790349","indexId":"70232915","displayToPublicDate":"1978-05-01T08:41:22","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trenches across the 1906 trace of the San Andreas Fault in northern San Mateo County, California","docAbstract":"<p>Two trenches were excavated across the 1906 trace of the San Andreas fault near fences that were displaced by the 1906 faulting. About 18 displacements equal to the 1906 displacement would account for the offset of a stream adjacent to one of the trenches. Review of divergent reports on the amount of fault displacement in 1906 at 7 localities indicates that right slip ranged from about 2 in (meters) to about 3 m at the main trace and was about 0.6 m on a subsidiary trace near one of the trench sites. Materials exposed in the trenches included Franciscan bedrock, Merced (?) sandstone, alluvial deposits, and modern soils. Visibility of the evidence for faulting covered a wide range. Faulting was expressed in the trenches as conspicuous color differences, abrupt termination of geologic units, fractures, gouge, granulation of rock, streaked contacts, rounding of rock fragments, and slickensides. Irregularly shaped masses of gouge and other materials found in both trenches may also be a manifestation of faulting. Neither caving of the walls nor the inflow of ground water were reliable indicators of the locations of faults in these trenches. The features exposed in the trenches clearly indicated the presence of an important zone of faults with geologically young displacements, but they were inadequate to identify with certainty the 1906 break or the probable 1838 break. For example, evidence of the 1906 rupture could not be seen in a unit 200 mm (millimeters) thick that is believed to predate 1906. The approximate location in the trenches of the 1906 zone of ruptures could, however, be inferred from surface morphology, historic records, and evidence in the trenches. A moderately sharp and steep contact between two surface soils, in itself suggestive of very young faulting, did not have a fault below it. Brass monuments were installed at the trench sites so that future surface ruptures can be related to the faults and other structures mapped in the trenches. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Bonilla, M.G., Alt, J.N., and Hodgen, L.D., 1978, Trenches across the 1906 trace of the San Andreas Fault in northern San Mateo County, California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 3, p. 347-358.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"358","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403596,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403595,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue3/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Mateo County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.41061210632324,\n              37.58539817171583\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.4191951751709,\n              37.58097699330531\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.39104270935059,\n              37.54757160991822\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.37954139709473,\n              37.55369591747172\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.41061210632324,\n              37.58539817171583\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bonilla, M. G.","contributorId":33698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonilla","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alt, J. N.","contributorId":44667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alt","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hodgen, L. D.","contributorId":293153,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hodgen","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1007821,"text":"1007821 - 1978 - Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable state communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-16T15:28:26.640882","indexId":"1007821","displayToPublicDate":"1978-04-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable state communities","docAbstract":"<p><span>Reexamination of stratified faunal components of a prehistoric Aleut midden excavated on Amchitka Island, Alaska, indicates that Aleut prey items changed dramatically during 2500 years of aboriginal occupation. Recent ecological studies in the Aleutian Islands have shown the concurrent existence of two alternate stable nearshore communities, one dominated by macroalgae, the other by epibenthic herbivores, which are respectively maintained by the presence or absence of dense sea otter populations. Thus, rather than cultural shifts in food preference, the changes in Aleut prey were probably the result of local overexploitation of sea otters by aboriginal Aleuts.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.200.4340.403","usgsCitation":"Simenstad, C., Estes, J.A., and Kenyon, K., 1978, Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable state communities: Science, v. 200, no. 4340, p. 403-411, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.200.4340.403.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"403","endPage":"411","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130624,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Amchitka Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              178.5984285460372,\n              51.70296417015939\n            ],\n            [\n              178.5984285460372,\n              51.315181201407256\n            ],\n            [\n              179.48561020045383,\n              51.315181201407256\n            ],\n            [\n              179.48561020045383,\n              51.70296417015939\n            ],\n            [\n              178.5984285460372,\n              51.70296417015939\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"200","issue":"4340","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6881e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simenstad, C.A.","contributorId":6798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simenstad","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kenyon, K.W.","contributorId":57397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenyon","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70168736,"text":"70168736 - 1978 - Water resources of south-central Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T19:14:27.245092","indexId":"70168736","displayToPublicDate":"1978-04-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5106,"text":"Iowa Geological Survey Water Atlas","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"5","title":"Water resources of south-central Iowa","docAbstract":"<p>The objective of this report is to present information on the water resources of south-central Iowa that will help solve the supply problems of the water users in the region and that will aid planners and water managers who must consider water resources on a regional basis. The information presented includes the availability, quality, and utilization of water from all known sources and the future demands upon the water resources.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"State of Iowa","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Iowa Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Cagle, J.W., and Heinitz, A.J., 1978, Water resources of south-central Iowa: Iowa Geological Survey Water Atlas 5, x, 97 p.","productDescription":"x, 97 p.","numberOfPages":"109","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318413,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":493147,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70168736/IGS_Water_Atlas_Number_5.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-92.64,40.8979],[-92.6398,40.8122],[-92.6397,40.7246],[-92.6389,40.6371],[-92.6395,40.5914],[-92.7151,40.5902],[-92.8744,40.5877],[-93.0977,40.5839],[-93.1454,40.5831],[-93.2896,40.5804],[-93.3826,40.5798],[-93.4167,40.5796],[-93.5565,40.5789],[-93.6866,40.5783],[-93.7784,40.5769],[-93.9589,40.5743],[-94.0182,40.5735],[-94.2285,40.5706],[-94.234,40.5706],[-94.4727,40.5703],[-94.4724,40.6385],[-94.4723,40.7247],[-94.4723,40.8118],[-94.4723,40.8989],[-94.4723,40.9842],[-94.4722,41.0695],[-94.4728,41.1566],[-94.3581,41.1561],[-94.2434,41.1563],[-94.2424,41.2425],[-94.2427,41.3288],[-94.2424,41.4155],[-94.2427,41.5031],[-94.1299,41.5028],[-94.0159,41.5019],[-93.9006,41.5014],[-93.8773,41.5024],[-93.7927,41.5108],[-93.6774,41.511],[-93.5615,41.5102],[-93.4456,41.5061],[-93.4414,41.5061],[-93.4432,41.5038],[-93.4407,41.5025],[-93.4346,41.502],[-93.426,41.5075],[-93.4217,41.5084],[-93.4174,41.507],[-93.4162,41.5047],[-93.4162,41.502],[-93.4174,41.4997],[-93.4224,41.4961],[-93.4236,41.4943],[-93.423,41.4925],[-93.4199,41.4911],[-93.4162,41.4916],[-93.4113,41.4943],[-93.407,41.4993],[-93.4027,41.5002],[-93.4003,41.4988],[-93.3991,41.4961],[-93.3991,41.4938],[-93.4015,41.492],[-93.4052,41.4897],[-93.4058,41.4884],[-93.4052,41.4866],[-93.4021,41.4856],[-93.3978,41.4856],[-93.3935,41.4879],[-93.3893,41.492],[-93.3862,41.4929],[-93.3801,41.4929],[-93.3776,41.492],[-93.3764,41.4902],[-93.3745,41.4874],[-93.3733,41.4856],[-93.3703,41.4852],[-93.3641,41.4861],[-93.3611,41.4879],[-93.3598,41.4947],[-93.3586,41.4965],[-93.3561,41.4965],[-93.3531,41.4947],[-93.3488,41.4833],[-93.347,41.4815],[-93.3445,41.481],[-93.3414,41.481],[-93.339,41.4833],[-93.3347,41.4888],[-93.3304,41.4906],[-93.3304,41.5074],[-93.2181,41.5076],[-93.1047,41.5078],[-92.9894,41.5083],[-92.8729,41.5082],[-92.8719,41.4202],[-92.8714,41.333],[-92.871,41.2463],[-92.8711,41.1592],[-92.757,41.1591],[-92.6441,41.1597],[-92.641,41.0699],[-92.6395,40.985],[-92.64,40.8979]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Appanoose\",\"state\":\"IA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d57a02e4b015c306f1fd6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cagle, Joseph W. Jr.","contributorId":78640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cagle","given":"Joseph","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heinitz, Albert J.","contributorId":43355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinitz","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70209347,"text":"70209347 - 1978 - Megalineament in southeastern Alaska marks southwest edge of Coast Range batholithic complex","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-01T12:58:23","indexId":"70209347","displayToPublicDate":"1978-04-01T12:43:18","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Megalineament in southeastern Alaska marks southwest edge of Coast Range batholithic complex","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Coast Range megalineament is a prominent, nearly continuous topographic and structural feature that extends southeastward about 550 km (330 mi) from its junction with the Chatham Strait – Lynn Canal fault at Point Sherman to Tongass Passage near the mouth of Pearse Canal where it leaves southeastern Alaska. It probably extends still further southeastward into British Columbia along Work Channel and Chatham Sound – Grenville Channel.The megalineament is a zone a few hundred metres to 10 km (6 mi) wide in which closely spaced joints, foliation, compositional layering, and small faults define the megalineament trend. The zone usually coincides with topographic depressions apparently caused by selective fluvial and glacial erosion of the less resistant rocks of the zone.Studies in the Juneau, Endicott Arm, and Behm Canal areas indicate that the megalineament (1) is locally the site of lateral and (or) vertical separations of no greater than several kilometres; (2) does not mark a major structural or metamorphic discontinuity in the near-surface rocks; (3) may be located near a pre-metamorphic and pre-intrusive discontinuity; (4) is consistently associated with and parallel to steep gradients in both the gravity and aeromagnetic fields; and (5) probably is the surface expression of the western contact, at depth, of the intrusive rocks and gneisses of the Coast Range batholithic complex with the schists to the southwest.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e78-184","usgsCitation":"Brew, D.A., and Ford, A.B., 1978, Megalineament in southeastern Alaska marks southwest edge of Coast Range batholithic complex: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 15, no. 11, p. 1763-1772, https://doi.org/10.1139/e78-184.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1763","endPage":"1772","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373714,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -135.52734375,\n              59.72317714492064\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.8125,\n              58.63121664342478\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.8466796875,\n              54.3549556895541\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.1220703125,\n              55.35413531021057\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.74755859375,\n              58.64265251657599\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.52734375,\n              59.72317714492064\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brew, David A. dbrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":3244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"David","email":"dbrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":786240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ford, A. B.","contributorId":44924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ford","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221412,"text":"5221412 - 1978 - Diazinon poisoning in wild Canada geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-14T18:27:24.500209","indexId":"5221412","displayToPublicDate":"1978-04-01T12:18:56","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diazinon poisoning in wild Canada geese","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800278","usgsCitation":"Zinkl, J., Rathert, J., and Hudson, R., 1978, Diazinon poisoning in wild Canada geese: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 42, no. 2, p. 406-408, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800278.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"406","endPage":"408","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489852,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3800278","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":197324,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Ladue","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.40005683898924,\n              38.623174077932745\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.35611152648926,\n              38.623174077932745\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.35611152648926,\n              38.66400002601615\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.40005683898924,\n              38.66400002601615\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.40005683898924,\n              38.623174077932745\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65da76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zinkl, J.G.","contributorId":92774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zinkl","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rathert, J.","contributorId":101352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathert","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hudson, R.R.","contributorId":50246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70119885,"text":"70119885 - 1978 - Field testing and adaptation of a methodology to measure \"in-stream\" values in the Tongue River, northern Great Plains (NGP) region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-12T16:44:28","indexId":"70119885","displayToPublicDate":"1978-04-01T11:39:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesNumber":"EPA-908/4-78-004A","title":"Field testing and adaptation of a methodology to measure \"in-stream\" values in the Tongue River, northern Great Plains (NGP) region","docAbstract":"<p>A comprehensive, multi-component in-stream flow methodology was developed and field tested in the Tongue River in southeastern Montana.  The methodology incorporates a sensitivity for the flow requirements of a wide variety of in-stream uses, and the flexibility to adjust flows to accommodate seasonal and sub-seasonal changes in the flow requirements for different areas.  In addition, the methodology provides the means to accurately determine the magnitude of the water requirement for each in-stream use.  The methodology can be a powerful water management tool in that it provides the flexibility and accuracy necessary in water use negotiations and evaluation of trade-offs.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In contrast to most traditional methodologies, in-stream flow requirements were determined by additive independent methodologies developed for: 1) fisheries, including spawning, rearing, and food production; 2) sediment transport; 3) the mitigation of adverse impacts of ice; and 4) evapotranspiration losses.  Since each flow requirement varied in important throughout the year, the consideration of a single in-stream use as a basis for a flow recommendation is inadequate.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The study shows that the base flow requirement for spawning shovelnose sturgeon was 13.0 m<sup>3</sup>/sec.  During the same period of the year, the flow required to initiate the scour of sediment from pools is 18.0 m<sup>3</sup>/sec, with increased scour efficiency occurring at flows between 20.0 and 25.0 m<sup>3</sup>/sec.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>An over-winter flow of 2.83 m<sup>3</sup>/sec. would result in the loss of approximately 80% of the riffle areas to encroachment by surface ice.  At the base flow for insect production, approximately 60% of the riffle area is lost to ice.  Serious damage to the channel could be incurred from ice jams during the spring break-up period.  A flow of 12.0 m<sup>3</sup>/sec. is recommended to alleviate this problem.  Extensive ice jams would be expected at the base rearing and food production levels.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The base rearing flow may be profoundly influenced by the loss of streamflow to transpiration.  Transpiration losses to riparian vegetation ranged from 0.78 m<sup>3</sup>/sec. in April, to 1.54 m<sup>3</sup>/sec. in July, under drought conditions.  Requirement for irrigation were estimated to range from 5.56 m<sup>3</sup>/sec. in May to 7.97 m<sup>3</sup>/sec. in July, under drought conditions.  It was concluded that flow requirements to satisfy monthly water losses to transpiration must be added to the base fishery flows to provide adequate protection to the resources in the lower reaches of the river.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Integration of the in-stream requirements for various use components shows that a base flow of at least 23.6 m<sup>3</sup>/sec. must be reserved during the month of June to initiate scour of sediment from pools, provide spawning habitat to shovelnose sturgeon, and to accommodate water losses from the system.  In comparison, a base flow of 3.85 m<sup>3</sup>/sec. would be required during early February to provide fish rearing habitat and insect productivity, and to prevent excessive loss of food production areas to surface ice formation.  During mid to late February, a flow of 12 m<sup>3</sup>/sec. would be needed to facilitate ice break-up and prevent ice jams from forming.  Following break-up, the base flow would again be 3.85 m<sup>3</sup>/sec. until the start of spawning season.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Rocky Mountain-Prairie Region, Office of Energy Activities","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","usgsCitation":"Bovee, K.D., Gore, J.A., and Silverman, A.J., 1978, Field testing and adaptation of a methodology to measure \"in-stream\" values in the Tongue River, northern Great Plains (NGP) region, 465 p.","productDescription":"465 p.","numberOfPages":"465","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291955,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Northern Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.17,39.44 ], [ -114.17,49.0 ], [ -95.56,49.0 ], [ -95.56,39.44 ], [ -114.17,39.44 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e9d8cee4b008eaa4f3f651","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bovee, Ken D.","contributorId":100447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gore, James A.","contributorId":57458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gore","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Silverman, Arnold J.","contributorId":33231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silverman","given":"Arnold","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70169340,"text":"70169340 - 1978 - Death of a radio-marked grizzly","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-25T09:53:03","indexId":"70169340","displayToPublicDate":"1978-04-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Death of a radio-marked grizzly","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2307/3800296","usgsCitation":"Kolz, A., Roop, L.J., and Greer, K.R., 1978, Death of a radio-marked grizzly: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 42, no. 2, p. 462-462, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800296.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"462","endPage":"462","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319387,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f6614ae4b07d796bf77028","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolz, A.L.","contributorId":33983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolz","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roop, Larry J.","contributorId":167859,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roop","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greer, Kenneth R.","contributorId":167860,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greer","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70238521,"text":"70238521 - 1978 - Avian cholera in eider ducks in Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-28T16:23:02.425524","indexId":"70238521","displayToPublicDate":"1978-04-01T10:11:52","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Avian cholera in eider ducks in Maine","docAbstract":"<p>Outbreaks of avian cholera (<i>Pasteurella multocida</i>) occur frequently in common eiders (<i>Somateria mollissima dresseri</i>) in Maine during early summer. Studies over a seven year period show that over 90% of the loss occurred in incubating females and might be associated with their weakened condition because females and might be associated with their weakened condition because females do not feed during the incubation period. High nesting densities also may contribute to the losses. The exact source of <i>P. Multocida</i> is unknown although carrier birds were found.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-14.2.254","usgsCitation":"Korschgen, C.E., Gibbs, H.C., and Mendall, H.L., 1978, Avian cholera in eider ducks in Maine: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 14, p. 254-258, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-14.2.254.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"254","endPage":"258","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":409705,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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L.","contributorId":29352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendall","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":857732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70162272,"text":"70162272 - 1978 - Efficacy of certain disinfectants against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-19T16:20:31","indexId":"70162272","displayToPublicDate":"1978-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Efficacy of certain disinfectants against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus","docAbstract":"<p><span>The virucidal properties of iodophor, chlorine (sodium hypochlorite), formalin, thimerosal (organic mercurial compound), malachite green, and acriflavine were tested on infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Iodine and chlorine showed good activity, but efficacy depended on the concentration of virus, the presence of organic matter (calf serum), and water&nbsp;</span><span>p</span><span>H. Water hardness (0-300 mg 1</span><span>&minus;1</span><span>&nbsp;as CaCO</span><span>3</span><span>) did not affect virucidal activity. In a 5 min exposure, 4 mg 1</span><span>&minus;1</span><span>available iodine inactivated 10</span><span>3.9</span><span>&nbsp;TCID</span><span>50</span><span>&nbsp;m1</span><span>&minus;1</span><span>&nbsp;IPNV but 16 mg 1</span><span>&minus;1</span><span>&nbsp;iodine were needed for inactivation of 10</span><span>6.3</span><span>TCID</span><span>50</span><span>m1</span><span>&minus;1</span><span>. The addition of 0-5% calf serum significantly reduced the iodine concentration and the virucidal activity. In comparison, 4 mg 1</span><span>&minus;1</span><span>&nbsp;chlorine were needed to inactivate 10</span><span>46</span><span>&nbsp;TCID</span><span>50</span><span>&nbsp;m1</span><span>&minus;1</span><span>&nbsp;IPNV in 5 min. However, the addition of 0-07 % serum greatly reduced the chlorine concentration and extended the virucidal contact time to 30 min or more. IPNV at 10</span><span>6.3</span><span>&nbsp;TCID</span><span>60</span><span>&nbsp;m1</span><span>&minus;1</span><span>&nbsp;was not inactivated by exposures for 60 min to 0-2% formalin, 10 min to 0-2% thimerosal, 60 min to 5 mg 1</span><span>&minus;1</span><span>&nbsp;malachite green, or 20 min to 500 mg 1</span><span>&minus;1</span><span>&nbsp;acriflavine. However, acriflavine at 0-5 mg 1</span><span>&minus;1</span><span>&nbsp;in cell culture media prevented the development of cytopathology caused by IPNV and may be useful in the treatment of the disease.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1095-8649.1978.tb04173.x","usgsCitation":"Elliott, D.G., and Amend, D.F., 1978, Efficacy of certain disinfectants against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 12, no. 4, p. 277-286, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1978.tb04173.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"277","endPage":"286","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314502,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"569f6c42e4b0961cf27fd19a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, Diane G. 0000-0002-4809-6692 dgelliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-6692","contributorId":2947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Diane","email":"dgelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amend, Donald F.","contributorId":106543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amend","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001662,"text":"1001662 - 1978 - Natural cavities used by wood ducks in north-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-14T18:37:35.864314","indexId":"1001662","displayToPublicDate":"1978-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural cavities used by wood ducks in north-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Radio telemetry was used to locate 31 wood duck (<i>Aix sponsa</i>) nest cavity sites in 16 forest stands. Stands were of 2 types: (1) mature (mean = 107 years) northern hardwoods (10 nest sites), and (2) mature (mean = 68 years) quaking aspen (<i>Populus tremuloides</i>) (21 nest sites). Aspen was the most important cavity-producing tree used by wood ducks and accounted for 57 percent of 28 cavities inspected. In stands used by wood ducks, the average density of suitable cavities was about 4 per hectare. Trees containing nests were closer to water areas (P &lt; 0.05) and the nearest forest canopy openings (P &lt; 0.01) than was a random sample of trees from the same stands. A significant (P &lt; 0.005) relationship existed between the orientation of the cavity entrance and the nearest canopy opening. Potential wood duck cavities usually were clustered within a stand rather than randomly distributed. Selection of trees by woodpeckers for nest hole construction probably influenced the availability of cavities used by wood ducks. A plan for managing forests to benefit wood ducks and other wildlife dependent on old-growth timber is discussed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800266","usgsCitation":"Gilmer, D., Ball, I., Cowardin, L., Mathisen, J., and Riechmann, J., 1978, Natural cavities used by wood ducks in north-central Minnesota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 42, no. 2, p. 288-298, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800266.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"288","endPage":"298","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133936,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Riechmann, John H.","contributorId":350952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riechmann","given":"John H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":927459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70012565,"text":"70012565 - 1978 - Recent biogenic phosphorite: Concretions in mollusk kidneys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-16T15:33:54.862582","indexId":"70012565","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent biogenic phosphorite: Concretions in mollusk kidneys","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>Phosphorite concretions have been detected in the kidneys of two widespread species of mollusks,&nbsp;</span><i>Mercenaria mercenaria</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>Argopecten irradians</i><span>, which have relatively high population densities. These concretions are the first documentation of the direct biogenic formation of phosphorite grains. The concretions are principally amorphous calcium phosphate, which upon being heated yields an x-ray diffraction pattern which is essentially that of chlorapatite. These concretions appear to be a normal formation of the excretory process of mollusks under reproductive, environmental, or pollutant-induced stress. Biogenic production of phosphorite concretions over long periods of time and diagenetic change from amorphous to crystalline structure, coupled with secondary enrichment, may account for the formation of some marine phosphorite deposits which are not easily explained by the chemical precipitation-replacement hypothesis.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.199.4336.1431","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Doyle, L.J., Blake, N., Woo, C., and Yevich, P., 1978, Recent biogenic phosphorite: Concretions in mollusk kidneys: Science, v. 199, no. 4336, p. 1431-1433, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.199.4336.1431.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1431","endPage":"1433","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"199","issue":"4336","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95e8e4b0c8380cd81ce2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doyle, L. J.","contributorId":29003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blake, N.J.","contributorId":29028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woo, C.C.","contributorId":8164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woo","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yevich, P.","contributorId":97636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yevich","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70121952,"text":"70121952 - 1978 - Factors controlling heavy-mineral variations on the South Texas outer continental shelf, Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T09:15:32","indexId":"70121952","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T15:12:20","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors controlling heavy-mineral variations on the South Texas outer continental shelf, Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"Heavy-mineral distribution on the outer continental shelf off the southern coast of Texas shows regional variability induced by provenance and local variability reflecting genetic differences in sea-floor sediments. Q-mode factor analysis showed that three suites of heavy minerals are present. The southern ancestral Rio Grande delta sediments contain a distinct opaque-pyroxene-garnet suite, whereas the northern ancestral Brazes-Colorado delta sediments contain a tourmaline-green hornblende suite. An interdelta region contains a heavy mineral suite that is mixed owing to contributions from both ancestral deltas. Analysis of variance, correlation, and regression methods indicate that heavy-mineral variations in each sedimentary province have been significantly influenced by hydraulic fractionation by size, shape, and density, and by a selective chemical decomposition of unstable minerals. These factors have operated at varying degrees on the relict, palimpsest, and modern sediment populations of the sedimentary provinces since the end of Pleistocene time. The differential effects of these processes on the sediments have resulted in local variations that contribute to the total mineralogical variability. A comparison of the heavy mineral suites of the modern and relict Rio Grande delta sediments, which are derived from a common provenance, also shows mineral variations resulting from factors other than provenance.","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","doi":"10.1306/212F744B-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Flores, R.M., and Shideler, G.L., 1978, Factors controlling heavy-mineral variations on the South Texas outer continental shelf, Gulf of Mexico: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 48, no. 1, p. 269-280, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F744B-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"280","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293001,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -102.0,25.0 ], [ -102.0,32.0 ], [ -95.0,32.0 ], [ -95.0,25.0 ], [ -102.0,25.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fc4dcde4b0413fd75d6a9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flores, R. M.","contributorId":106899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shideler, G. L.","contributorId":63393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shideler","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70232941,"text":"70232941 - 1978 - Occurrence and formation of avicennite, Tl2O3 , as a secondary mineral at the Carlin gold deposit, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T16:54:54.356211","indexId":"70232941","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T11:41:39","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Occurrence and formation of avicennite, Tl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> , as a secondary mineral at the Carlin gold deposit, Nevada","title":"Occurrence and formation of avicennite, Tl2O3 , as a secondary mineral at the Carlin gold deposit, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p> Avicennite, Tl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, occurs as grains disseminated in silicified limestones in the upper part of the East ore zone of the Carlin gold deposit, Nevada. The avicennite is formed by the oxidation of carlinite, Tl<sub>2</sub>S, found in primary unoxidized carbonaceous ore immediately below the avicennite. The grains of avicennite closely resemble carlinite in size and shape. Some avicennite occurs as thin coatings on carlinite, but the time of its formation is unclear. Avicennite grains are polycrystalline, porous, dark gray to black, with a hackly fracture but no discernible cleavage. The Mohs hardness is 2.0±0.5; Vickers hardness ranges from 46.0 to 80.5 kg mm<sup>-2</sup>. Measured density is distinctly low, 8.9 g cm<sup>-3</sup> (or Mg m<sup>-3</sup>), relative to the calculated density, 10.34 g cm<sup>-3</sup>. The mineral is isometric, space group <i>Ia</i>3.<i> a</i>=10.5468±0.0003 angstroms or 1.05468±0.00003 nm, <i>Z</i>=16, and the volume of the unit cell is 1173.17±0.04 Ǻ<sup>3</sup> or 1.17317±0.00004 nm<sup>3</sup>. The most intense X-ray diffraction peaks are 3.044 (100), 1.864 (38), 2.637 (37), and 1.590 (30). In reflected light, avicennite is pale to medium gray and isotropic and lacks discernible bireflectance. Reflectance in air ranges from 10.6 to 13.0 percent. Avicennite is nearly pure Tl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, containing 89.6 weight percent Tl and 10.5 weight percent O by microprobe analysis. Other elements present, detected by emission spectrographic analysis, are: Pb, 300 ppm; Ca, 100 ppm; and Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ag, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Ti, all &lt;50 ppm.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Radtke, A.S., Dickson, F.W., and Slack, J.F., 1978, Occurrence and formation of avicennite, Tl2O3 , as a secondary mineral at the Carlin gold deposit, Nevada: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 241-246.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"246","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403655,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403654,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Carlin gold deposit","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.56494140625001,\n              40.47620304302563\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.77392578125,\n              40.47620304302563\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.77392578125,\n              41.18278832811288\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.56494140625001,\n              41.18278832811288\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.56494140625001,\n              40.47620304302563\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Radtke, Arthur S.","contributorId":63795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radtke","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickson, Frank W.","contributorId":293158,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dickson","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slack, John F. 0000-0001-6600-3130 jfslack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-3130","contributorId":1032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"jfslack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":846544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70232939,"text":"70232939 - 1978 - Factors contributing to the formation of ferromanganese nodules in Oneida Lake, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T16:24:29.217922","indexId":"70232939","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T11:20:03","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors contributing to the formation of ferromanganese nodules in Oneida Lake, New York","docAbstract":"<p> Oneida Lake is a large, shallow, eutrophic lake situated in the Ontario lowlands of central New York State. It contains the most concentrated deposit of freshwater ferromanganese nodules (in terms of amount per unit area) yet reported in the literature. The mineralogy and bulk chemistry of these saucer-shaped nodules are similar to the mineralogy and bulk chemistry of deep-sea ferromanganese nodules, but the nodules in Oneida Lake contain considerably lower concentrations of trace metals, especially cobalt, nickel, and copper. Budgets for iron and manganese in waters from Oneida Lake and its tributaries indicate that approximately 122 t (metric tons) of iron and 23 t of manganese are lost each year from the lake waters, presumably by incorporation into sediments and ferromanganese nodules. Estimates based on nodule abundance and age of the lake suggest that iron and manganese are being incorporated into ferromanganese nodules at rates of 13 and 22 t/yr, respectively. Most iron lost from the lake waters is apparently incorporated into sediments, which contain an average of 10 times more iron than manganese. Most manganese lost from the lake waters is apparently incorporated into ferromanganese nodules, which contain an average of 1.7 times more manganese than iron. In Oneida Lake, very high rates of phytoplankton productivity, combined with almost continuous wind mixing to the bottom, provide high-pH and high-Eh conditions in most of the lake. Algae also provide an effective means of concentrating and transporting iron and manganese and thereby aid in the extensive development of ferromanganese nodule deposits. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., and Ghosh, S., 1978, Factors contributing to the formation of ferromanganese nodules in Oneida Lake, New York: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 231-240.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"240","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403651,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403650,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Oneida Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.13800048828125,\n              43.137069765760344\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.72052001953125,\n              43.137069765760344\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.72052001953125,\n              43.27720532212024\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.13800048828125,\n              43.27720532212024\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.13800048828125,\n              43.137069765760344\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":846538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ghosh, Swapan","contributorId":293157,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ghosh","given":"Swapan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70232937,"text":"70232937 - 1978 - Stable isotope studies of bedded barite at East Northumberland Canyon in Toquima Range, central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T16:19:19.719251","indexId":"70232937","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T11:00:26","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope studies of bedded barite at East Northumberland Canyon in Toquima Range, central Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>Several beds of barite occur in the Slaven Chert at East Northumberland Canyon in the Toquima Range of central Nevada. Most of the barite is internally laminated but shows massive weathering. However, rosette, disseminated, conglomeratic, and concretionary varieties also occur. New fossil evidence from conodonts and brachiopods indicates a Late Devonian age for the Slaven Chert at East Northumberland Canyon. Preliminary <i><span>δ</span></i><sup>34</sup>S values of most disseminated and massive-laminated barite within the Slaven Chert average about 25 permil; these are within the range of values that is typical of sulfate from Late Devonian seawater and are distinctly different from <i><span>δ</span></i><sup>34</sup>S values of most crosscutting hydrothermal barite veins in the area. Primary <i><span>δ</span></i><sup>34</sup>S values of the bedded barite appear to be retained during recrystallization and hydrothermal alteration, suggesting that <i><span>δ</span></i><sup>34</sup>S data of bedded barites could be developed into a useful stratigraphic tool. The <i><span>δ</span></i><sup>34</sup>S values of rosette and concrectionary barites range from 29.1 to 56.3 permil and indicate that these varieties of barite formed in restricted microenvironments where extensive bacterial reduction of seawater sulfate occurred. The <i><span>δ</span></i><span><sup>18</sup>O</span> data on cherts associated with the barite beds and <i><span>δ</span></i><span><sup>14</sup>C</span>&nbsp;and <i><span>δ</span></i><span><sup>18</sup>O</span> data on carbonate beds within the Slaven Chert indicate that the depositional environment at tames had restricted communication with normal seawater of the open ocean.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Rye, R.O., Shawe, D., and Poole, F.G., 1978, Stable isotope studies of bedded barite at East Northumberland Canyon in Toquima Range, central Nevada: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 221-229.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"229","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403647,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403646,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"East Northumberland Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117,\n              38.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.5,\n              38.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.5,\n              39.1\n            ],\n            [\n              -117,\n              39.1\n            ],\n            [\n              -117,\n              38.7\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shawe, D. R.","contributorId":48819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shawe","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poole, F. G.","contributorId":116758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poole","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":846535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70232935,"text":"70232935 - 1978 - Heavy-mineral variability in the Baltimore Canyon trough area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T15:59:33.326961","indexId":"70232935","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T10:54:56","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heavy-mineral variability in the Baltimore Canyon trough area","docAbstract":"<p> Petrographic analyses of bottom sediments from 87 stations within a relatively large subarea (1700 square kilometers) define the local variability and the distributional processes of heavy minerals in the Baltimore Canyon Trough area (13500km<sup>2</sup> ). Of the 29 mineral groups that were identified, those most diagnostic of differences between stations were opaque minerals, garnet, hornblende, orthopyroxene, other amphiboles, and staurolite. Some of the common components cannot be used to define areal trends. The association of minerals by their specific gravities reflects the modern reworking and sorting of sediments in this area. The poor correlation between mineral abundance and the ridge-and trough topography suggests either that our analyses and samples did not resolve bathymetrically induced changes or that smaller bed forms (such as ripples) largely control the heavy-mineral distribution. Data from this study provide a baseline for evaluating manmade disturbances of the bottom sediments and show that relatively large changes in the heavy mineral composition can take place over small distances on this part of the Continental Shelf.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H., and Twichell, D.C., 1978, Heavy-mineral variability in the Baltimore Canyon trough area: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 215-219.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"219","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403643,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403638,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Baltimore Canyon Trough","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73,\n              39.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.5,\n              39.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.5,\n              39\n            ],\n            [\n              -73,\n              39\n            ],\n            [\n              -73,\n              39.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Twichell, David C.","contributorId":87481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70232934,"text":"70232934 - 1978 - Origin of two clay-mineral facies of the Potomac Group (Cretaceous) in the Middle Atlantic States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T15:54:03.094281","indexId":"70232934","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T10:49:17","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of two clay-mineral facies of the Potomac Group (Cretaceous) in the Middle Atlantic States","docAbstract":"<p> Sedimentary clay that crops out in the coastal plains of New Jersey, Delaware, the part of Maryland north and east of Washington, B.C., and the northeast half of Washington, D.C., in the nonmarine Cretaceous Potomac Group is predominantly kaolinite and illite. In contrast, in part of southeastern Maryland, the southwest half of Washington, D.C., and most of eastern Virginia, Potomac Group clay is predominantly montmorillonite. </p><p>Kaolinite and illite were probably derived by intense acid weathering of metamorphic and granitic rocks to the west during the Cretaceous and were deposited in a well-drained basin. Montmorillonite was most likely produced by deep weathering of a mainly granitic source. Poor drainage and alkaline surface- and ground-water conditions probably accompanied the production, transportation, deposition, and burial of the montmorillonite. Kaolinization of the montmorillonite is taking place now at the surface in northern Virginia.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Force, L.M., and Moncure, G.K., 1978, Origin of two clay-mineral facies of the Potomac Group (Cretaceous) in the Middle Atlantic States: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 22, p. 203-214.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"214","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403637,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403635,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Potomac Group","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.508544921875,\n              36.57142382346277\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.080810546875,\n              36.57142382346277\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.080810546875,\n              40.75557964275589\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.508544921875,\n              40.75557964275589\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.508544921875,\n              36.57142382346277\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Force, Lucy M.","contributorId":75503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Force","given":"Lucy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moncure, George K.","contributorId":293156,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moncure","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70232933,"text":"70232933 - 1978 - A tuya in Togiak Valley, Southwest Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T15:48:38.090797","indexId":"70232933","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T10:44:11","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A tuya in Togiak Valley, Southwest Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>The shape, composition, structure, and location of a conspicuous flat-topped mountain in the lower Togiak Valley, southwest Alaska, all indicate that it formed by a subglacial volcanic eruption of olivine basalt. Volcanoes of this type are known as \"tuyas.\" The Togiak tuya erupted into an intraglacial lake in a hole thawed through a glacier that occupied Togiak Valley in Pleistocene time. The eruption was localized along the Togiak fault, which defines the east side of a shallow graben that is floored by older olivine basalt flows. The tuya, which has an area of 15 square kilometers, is a parallelogram. The flat summit, about 300 meters above the valley floor, is capped by glassy, fine-grained subaerial flows of alkali olivine basalt. To the north, the capping flows overlie palagonitized glassy tuffs; to the south, they overlie pillow basalts and breccia. The elevation of the pillow basalts indicates that surface of the melt-water lake was at least 250 m above present-day sea level. Basalt xenoliths in the tuffs and comparison with other better exposed tuyas suggest that the tuffs probably overlie an older pile of subaqueous pillow basalts that erupted beneath the intraglacial lake. The tuya overlies and is much younger than the preglacial flows on valley floor that yielded a potassium-argon age of 0.758±0.2 million years. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Hoare, J., and Coonrad, W.L., 1978, A tuya in Togiak Valley, Southwest Alaska: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 193-201.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"201","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403632,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403630,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Togiak Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -160.98541259765625,\n              58.64408173742445\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.93621826171875,\n              58.64408173742445\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.93621826171875,\n              59.37239142233717\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.98541259765625,\n              59.37239142233717\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.98541259765625,\n              58.64408173742445\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoare, J. M.","contributorId":52143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoare","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coonrad, W. L.","contributorId":69946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coonrad","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70232930,"text":"70232930 - 1978 - Blue Ribbon Lineament, an east-trending structural zone within the Pioche mineral belt of southwestern Utah and eastern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T15:42:17.522512","indexId":"70232930","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T10:37:45","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Blue Ribbon Lineament, an east-trending structural zone within the Pioche mineral belt of southwestern Utah and eastern Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>The Blue Ribbon lineament is an east-west structural zone that is about 25 kilometers wide and passes through the Pioche mineral belt at about 38°10' N. It is best known in Utah, where it is at least 190 km long, and extends from the southern Sevier Plateau in the High Plateaus westward and across southern Mountain Home (Needle) Range in the Great Basin. It probably continues westward an additional 170 km into Nevada, where it connects with the eastern end of the 230-km Warm Springs lineament. The Blue Ribbon lineament is defined by range terminations and east-trending valleys, alinement of eruptive centers of middle Miocene (20 million years) to Pliocene(?) (5-1.8 m.y.) alkalic rhyolite, alinement of areas of middle Miocene to Pliocene mineralized rocks (mostly fluorine, uranium, tungsten) and hydrothermally altered rocks, east-trending magnetic highs and interruptions of magnetic anomalies, and east-striking basin-range faults of late Tertiary and Quaternary age. Mountains south of the lineament are topographically and structurally lower than those to the north. North-striking Quaternary basin-range faults, the Thermo hot springs area, several warm springs and former hot springs, and numerous dacitic to andesitic volcanic centers of early to middle Miocene age (26-20 m.y.) occur along the lineament. The Blue Ribbon lineament is believed to be a deep crustal fault zone dating from at least middle Miocene time and possibly much earlier. It thus developed generally coincident with northerly trending classical basin-range faults. Its fracture system was an important, long-lived conduit for mineralizing fluids, and it should be an attractive target for minerals exploration in the future. The lineament could be due to an east-trending warp in the subducting mantle plate, or it could be part of a past or present intracontinental transform fault that locally gets younger eastward and dies out eastward in the western Colorado Plateaus province.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Rowley, P.D., Lipman, P.W., Mehnert, H.H., Lindsey, D.A., and Anderson, J.J., 1978, Blue Ribbon Lineament, an east-trending structural zone within the Pioche mineral belt of southwestern Utah and eastern Nevada: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 175-192.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"192","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403629,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403627,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Pioche mineral belt","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114,\n              38\n            ],\n            [\n              -112,\n              38\n            ],\n            [\n              -112,\n              38.45\n            ],\n            [\n              -114,\n              38.45\n            ],\n            [\n              -114,\n              38\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowley, Peter D.","contributorId":27435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowley","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":203612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":846520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mehnert, Harald H.","contributorId":56221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehnert","given":"Harald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindsey, David A. 0000-0002-9466-0899 dlindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-0899","contributorId":773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"David","email":"dlindsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":846522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anderson, John J.","contributorId":74004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70232928,"text":"70232928 - 1978 - Accuracy of selected land use and land cover maps in the Greater Atlanta region, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T15:33:28.016527","indexId":"70232928","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T10:30:23","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accuracy of selected land use and land cover maps in the Greater Atlanta region, Georgia","docAbstract":"<p> The land use and land cover maps at 1:100000 scale and at 1:24 000 scale in the Greater Atlanta Region were tested for accuracy. At 1:100 000 scale, 381 points were selected using a stratified systematic unalined sampling technique. Of these 381 points, 343 points or 90 percent were found to be correct. At 1:24 000 scale, 71 points were tested for accuracy. Of these 71 points, 62 points or 87 percent were found to be accurate. Confidence intervals were determined based on the assumption that the data exhibited a binomial distribution. With 95-percent confidence the accuracy of the 1:100 000-scale maps was between 87 and 93 percent, and the accuracy of the 1:24 000-scale maps was between 79 and 96 percent. The accuracy of the interpretations was consistent from category to category. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick-Lins, K., 1978, Accuracy of selected land use and land cover maps in the Greater Atlanta region, Georgia: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 169-173.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"173","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403625,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403624,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Atlanta","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.91333007812499,\n              33.330528249028085\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.5345458984375,\n              33.330528249028085\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.5345458984375,\n              34.43862840686652\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.91333007812499,\n              34.43862840686652\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.91333007812499,\n              33.330528249028085\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick-Lins, Katherine","contributorId":75906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick-Lins","given":"Katherine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70232927,"text":"70232927 - 1978 - An \"optimal\" filter for maps showing nominal data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T15:34:59.822592","indexId":"70232927","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T10:27:27","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An \"optimal\" filter for maps showing nominal data","docAbstract":"<p>An \"optimal\" filtering technique for use with nominal data, such as land use and land cover categories, has been developed. This method is based on the conditional probability joins of neighboring data elements. In addition to its use in performing filtering, the method can be used to calculate the likelihood of each data element being properly classified. The technique was tested on a land use data set for an area in Walnut Valley, Calif. The computer program performing the filtering process proved to be computationally efficient and produced satisfactory results. Useful statistics of the error estimation process were also generated. Future applications of the method to spectrally classified Landsat data are being explored. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Guptill, S.C., 1978, An \"optimal\" filter for maps showing nominal data: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 161-167.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"167","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403622,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403621,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guptill, Stephen C.","contributorId":32909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guptill","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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