Concentrations of total mercury were determined for samples of age 0-II whole fish of six species collected from western Lake Erie in 1970-71 and five species collected in 1974. Within years, average total mercury concentrations increased with age and size in all species. The concentrations were significantly lower (37 to 86%) in 1974 than in 1970-71. Methylmercury concentrations and the proportion of methylmercury to total mercury increased with age and size of fish in samples of four species collected in 1970-71.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1983)45[202:DOMIYF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Busch, W.N., 1983, Decline of mercury in young fishes from western Lake Erie between 1970-71 and 1974: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 45, no. 4, p. 202-206, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1983)45[202:DOMIYF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"202","endPage":"206","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db67271e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busch, Wolf-Dieter N.","contributorId":46039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busch","given":"Wolf-Dieter","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170285,"text":"70170285 - 1983 - Was seismology lucky to acquire John Milne?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-15T15:37:30","indexId":"70170285","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Was seismology lucky to acquire John Milne?","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Herbert-Gustar, L., and Nott, P.A., 1983, Was seismology lucky to acquire John Milne?: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 15, no. 5, p. 164-176.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"176","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":320075,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571210bbe4b0ef3b7ca64464","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herbert-Gustar, L.","contributorId":168613,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herbert-Gustar","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nott, P. A.","contributorId":168614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nott","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011962,"text":"70011962 - 1983 - Seasat synthetic aperture radar ( SAR) response to lowland vegetation types in eastern Maryland and Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T16:18:53.332913","indexId":"70011962","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9107,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasat synthetic aperture radar ( SAR) response to lowland vegetation types in eastern Maryland and Virginia","docAbstract":"Examination of SEASAT SAR images of eastern Maryland and Virginia reveals botanical distinctions between vegetated lowland areas and adjacent upland areas. Radar returns from the lowland areas can be either brighter or darker than returns from the upland forests. Scattering models and scatterometer measurements predict an increase of 6 dB in backscatter from vegetation over standing water. This agrees with the SCWigital number (DN) increase observed in the digital SEASAT data. The brightest areas in the Chickahominy, Virginia, drainage, containing P. virginica about 0.4 m high, contrast with the brightest areas in the Blackwater, Maryland, marshes, which contain mature loblolly pine in standing water. The darkest vegetated area in the Chickahominy drainage contains a forest of Nyssa aquatica (water tupelo) about 18 m high, while the darkest vegetated area in the Blackwater marshes contains the marsh plant Spartina alterniflora, 0.3 m high. The density, morphology, and relative geometry of the lowland vegetation with respect to standing water can all affect the strength of the return L band signal.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JC088iC03p01937","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Krohn, M.D., Milton, N., and Segal, D.B., 1983, Seasat synthetic aperture radar ( SAR) response to lowland vegetation types in eastern Maryland and Virginia: Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, v. 88, no. C3, p. 1937-1952, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC088iC03p01937.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1937","endPage":"1952","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221402,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"C3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8855e4b08c986b316906","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krohn, M. D.","contributorId":51250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohn","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milton, N.M.","contributorId":29415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milton","given":"N.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Segal, D. B.","contributorId":60236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Segal","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1013694,"text":"1013694 - 1983 - Immunization of salmonids against the fish pathogen, Aeromonas salmonicida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-14T16:33:33.559997","indexId":"1013694","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2575,"text":"Journal of the World Mariculture Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Immunization of salmonids against the fish pathogen, Aeromonas salmonicida","docAbstract":"An avirulent strain of Aeromonas salmonicida was shown to lack “A-layer” protein exterior to the outer cell membrane, but was still immunogenic in fish. After bacteria were inactivated with chloroform, whole cells, soluble antigen and combined whole cell plus soluble antigen vaccines were prepared. Those brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) that were vaccinated by a 60-second immersion in the combined whole cell plus soluble antigen vaccine were protected against experimental challenges. Further immersion vaccinations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the combined vaccine indicated that protection conferred by immunization was highly significant, efficacious, and reproducible. In field situations, mortality in brown trout (S. trutta) immersion-vaccinated in this preparation was 2.1% whereas that in control fish was 28.9% after natural challenge.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-7345.1983.tb00076.x","usgsCitation":"Cipriano, R.C., Morrison, J., and Starliper, C.E., 1983, Immunization of salmonids against the fish pathogen, Aeromonas salmonicida: Journal of the World Mariculture Society, v. 14, no. 1-4, p. 201-211, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1983.tb00076.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129100,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c594","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cipriano, R. 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The risk of this disease increases significantly at nitrate-nitrogen levels exceeding 10 mg/l. For this reason, this concentration has been established as a limit for drinking water in many countries. In natural waters, nitrate is a minor ionic constituent and seldom accounts for more than a few percent of the total anions. However, nitrate in a significant concentration may occur in the vicinity of some point sources such as septic tanks, manure pits, and waste-disposal sites. Non-point sources contributing to groundwater pollution are numerous and a majority of them are related to agricultural activities. The largest single anthropogenic input of nitrate into the groundwater is fertilizer. Even though it has not been proven that nitrogen fertilizers are responsible for much of nitrate pollution, they are generally recognized as the main threat to groundwater quality, especially when inefficiently applied to irrigated fields on sandy soils. The biggest challenge facing today's agriculture is to maintain the balance between the enhancement of crop productivity and the risk of groundwater pollution. ?? 1982 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02381299","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Zaporozec, A., 1983, Nitrate concentrations under irrigated agriculture: Environmental Geology, v. 5, no. 1, p. 35-38, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381299.","startPage":"35","endPage":"38","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205122,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381299"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6671e4b0c8380cd72de9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zaporozec, A.","contributorId":24093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaporozec","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012051,"text":"70012051 - 1983 - Sm-Nd age and isotopic systematics of the bimodal suite, ancient gneiss complex, Swaziland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:44","indexId":"70012051","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sm-Nd age and isotopic systematics of the bimodal suite, ancient gneiss complex, Swaziland","docAbstract":"Studies of the development and stabilization of the Archaean crust often focus on the relative temporal relationships between the metamorphosed basaltic to ultramafic volcanic units (greenstone belts) and the sialic gneiss terrains that make up the oldest sections of the terrestrial crust. At the heart of this interest are the questions of the processes responsible for crust formation in the Archaean and whether or not the various units of an Archaean crustal section represent new additions to the crust from the mantle or are products of the reprocessing of even older crustal materials. One area where this controversy has been particularly pronounced is the Archaean crustal section of south-west Africa1-6. The oldest rocks in the Kaapvaal craton consist of the Onverwacht Group of mafic to ultramafic metavolcanics of the Barberton greenstone belt and a grey-gneiss complex termed the ancient gneiss complex (AGC) of Swaziland. 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Important requirements for such a model include: (1) determinations of metal binding intensities which are comparable among sediment components important in oxidized sediments; (2) comparable determinations of the binding capacities of the several forms of each component; (3) operational determinations of the abundance in natural sediments of components of defined binding capacity; (4) assessments of the influence of particle coatings and multicomponent aggregation on the available binding capacity of each substrate; (5) consideration of the effect of Ca and Mg competition on binding to different components; and (6) determinations of the kinetics of metal redistribution among components in oxidized sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-4203(83)90078-6","issn":"03044203","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S.N., and Davis, J., 1983, Requirements for modeling trace metal partitioning in oxidized estuarine sediments: Marine Chemistry, v. 12, no. 2-3, p. 159-181, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(83)90078-6.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"181","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa90ce4b0c8380cd85bc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012039,"text":"70012039 - 1983 - Landsat analysis of the Yangjiatan tungsten district, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T09:21:02","indexId":"70012039","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":661,"text":"Advances in Space Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat analysis of the Yangjiatan tungsten district, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China","docAbstract":"The Yangjiatan tungsten district at latitude 27??28??? N. and longitude 111??54???E. is located about 140 km southwest of the city of Changsha and 35 km northeast of the town of Shaoyang, southeast Hunan Province, People's Republic of China. The deposits, consisting largely of scheelite in veins (Wang, 1975), are contained in highly folded and faulted sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic age intruded by granitic plutons that are circular in plan view. The major faults and folds trend in a northeasterly direction; whereas, the plutons are clustered in a more easterly trending band across the Landsat image. Landsat image E-2338-02202, acquired December 26, 1975, is number 470 in the \"Landsat Image Atlas of the People's Republic of China\" printed by the Publishing House of Geology in 1979. A computer-compatible tape of the image was analyzed and used as a demonstration project under a United Nations technical assistance program. Supervised classification of soils, rocks, and vegetation; band ratioing to detect limonite alteration; and edge enhancement were all conducted to demonstrate the flexibility and capability of interactive computer systems. Field evaluation of the results of this work will be conducted by colleagues of the Remote Sensing Center for Geology, Ministry of Geology, in China. ?? 1983.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Space Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0273-1177(83)90110-2","issn":"02731177","usgsCitation":"Carter, W.D., and Kiilsgaard, T.H., 1983, Landsat analysis of the Yangjiatan tungsten district, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China: Advances in Space Research, v. 3, no. 2, p. 113-123, https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(83)90110-2.","startPage":"113","endPage":"123","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266026,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(83)90110-2"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a43d4e4b0c8380cd6664a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, W. D.","contributorId":75633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kiilsgaard, T. H.","contributorId":102043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiilsgaard","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012038,"text":"70012038 - 1983 - Sea ice melting in the marginal ice zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T16:13:08.959399","indexId":"70012038","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9107,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sea ice melting in the marginal ice zone","docAbstract":"The heat and salt flux boundary conditions together with the freezing curve relationship are a necessary component of any ice-sea water thermodynamic model. A neutral two-layer oceanic planetary boundary layer model that incorporates these boundary conditions gives the following results: The interfacial salinity is within 10% of the far-field salinity for conditions commonly encountered in the MIZ and depends only on the turbulent Lewis number and the far-field temperature and salinity. The predicted melt rates agree with the limited field observations, of the order of 1 m day−1. The Obukov lengths, determined from the predicted interface conditions and melt rates, are generally much greater than the Ekman layer thicknesses; hence, the surface buoyancy flux has little effect on the turbulence in the planetary boundary layer.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JC088iC05p02841","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Josberger, E., 1983, Sea ice melting in the marginal ice zone: Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, v. 88, no. C5, p. 2841-2844, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC088iC05p02841.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2841","endPage":"2844","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222571,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"C5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b87dae4b08c986b3166b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Josberger, E.G.","contributorId":61161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1013730,"text":"1013730 - 1983 - Plasma corticosteroid and chloride dynamics in rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon, and lake trout during and after stress","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-09T14:46:40.182062","indexId":"1013730","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plasma corticosteroid and chloride dynamics in rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon, and lake trout during and after stress","docAbstract":"Levels of plasma corticosteroids and chloride were studied in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after 6 h of confinement in a shallow dipnet. Plasma corticosteroids increased more sharply in rainbow trout than in the other species during the confinement, and returned to resting levels more slowly. Plasma chloride levels decreased significantly from resting levels in both rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon confined for 6 h and had not recovered 12 h after release from the dipnet; very little effect was observed in lake trout. Both plasma corticosteroid and chloride dynamics appear to vary widely in closely related species. The differences do not appear to be related to ease of maintaining the species in captivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0044-8486(83)90281-8","usgsCitation":"Davis, K.B., and Parker, N., 1983, Plasma corticosteroid and chloride dynamics in rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon, and lake trout during and after stress: Aquaculture, v. 32, no. 1-2, p. 189-194, https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(83)90281-8.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"194","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130009,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db68501a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, K. B.","contributorId":83869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parker, N. C.","contributorId":101209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"N. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012036,"text":"70012036 - 1983 - NEW HORIZONS FOR THE NATIONAL HIGH-ALTITUDE PHOTOGRAPHY PROGRAM.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:08","indexId":"70012036","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"NEW HORIZONS FOR THE NATIONAL HIGH-ALTITUDE PHOTOGRAPHY PROGRAM.","docAbstract":"The National High-Altitude Photography Program (NHAP) is a multi-Federal agency activity to acquire uniform imagery for the establishment of a national high-altitude photographic data base. Since the inception of NHAP in 1980, black-and-white and color infrared stereoscopic imagery has been acquired for about 50% of the 3,000,000 square miles in the conterminous United States. An additional 40% of the 48-State area is under contract to private aerial survey firms, and the sixth and final contract to achieve complete once-over coverage will be awarded early in 1985. Extensive use has been made of the newly established data base. The participating agencies have begun studies to define the requirements for a maintenance program which would provide cyclic coverage of the conterminous United States and imagery for specific agency needs.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings - Pecora VIII Symposium: Satellite Land Remote Sensing Advancements for the Eighties.","conferenceLocation":"Sioux Falls, ND, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Augustana Coll","publisherLocation":"Sioux Falls, SD, USA","usgsCitation":"Bermel, P.F., 1983, NEW HORIZONS FOR THE NATIONAL HIGH-ALTITUDE PHOTOGRAPHY PROGRAM., Proceedings - Pecora VIII Symposium: Satellite Land Remote Sensing Advancements for the Eighties., Sioux Falls, ND, USA.","startPage":"172","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6144e4b0c8380cd718a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bermel, Peter F.","contributorId":43915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bermel","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011963,"text":"70011963 - 1983 - Liquefaction sites, Imperial Valley, California.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-01T11:07:58","indexId":"70011963","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2326,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Liquefaction sites, Imperial Valley, California.","docAbstract":"Sands that did and did not liquefy at two sites during the 1979 Imperial Valley, Calif., earthquake (ML = 6.6) are identified and their properties evaluated. SPT tests were used to evaluate liquefaction susceptibility. Loose fine sands in an abandoned channel liquefied and produced sand boils, ground fissures, and a lateral spread at the Heber Road sites. Evidence of liquefaction was not observed over moderately dense over-bank sand east of the channel nor over dense point-bar sand to the west. -from ASCE Publications Information","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:3(440)","usgsCitation":"Youd, T., and Bennett, M., 1983, Liquefaction sites, Imperial Valley, California.: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, v. 109, no. 3, p. 440-457, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:3(440).","startPage":"440","endPage":"457","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268626,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:3(440)"}],"volume":"109","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47f4e4b0c8380cd67aec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Youd, T. L.","contributorId":73593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Youd","given":"T. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, M.J.","contributorId":67504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012025,"text":"70012025 - 1983 - SUBMICROSCOPIC ( less than 1 mu m) MINERAL CONTENTS OF VITRINITES IN SELECTED BITUMINOUS COAL BEDS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:03","indexId":"70012025","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"SUBMICROSCOPIC ( less than 1 mu m) MINERAL CONTENTS OF VITRINITES IN SELECTED BITUMINOUS COAL BEDS.","docAbstract":"An important aspect of the petrographic description of coal is the characterization of coal quality, including chemical attributes. For geologic investigations, data on the concentrations, distribution, and modes of occurrence of minor and trace elements provide a basis for reconstructing the probable geochemical environment of the swamp material that was converted into peat, and the geochemical conditions that prevailed during and subsequent to coalification. We have been using electron (EPMA) and proton (PIXE) microprobe analytical methods to obtain data on the chemical characteristics of specific coal constituents in their original associations within coal samples. The present study is aimed at evaluation of the nature of mineral occurrences and heterogeneous elemental concentrations within vitrinites. Vitrinites are usually the most abundant, and therefore most important, maceral group in bituminous coal. 8 refs.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, Annual Conference - Microbeam Analysis Society","conferenceTitle":"Microbeam Analysis 1983, Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the Microbeam Analysis Society.","conferenceLocation":"Phoenix, AZ, USA","language":"English","issn":"01466275","usgsCitation":"Minkin, J., Chao, E.C., Thompson, C., Wandless, M., Dulong, F., Larson, R., and Neuzil, S., 1983, SUBMICROSCOPIC ( less than 1 mu m) MINERAL CONTENTS OF VITRINITES IN SELECTED BITUMINOUS COAL BEDS., in Proceedings, Annual Conference - Microbeam Analysis Society, Phoenix, AZ, USA, p. 27-30.","startPage":"27","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aafa0e4b0c8380cd876cb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gooley Ron","contributorId":128415,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Gooley Ron","id":536243,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Minkin, J.A.","contributorId":38588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minkin","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chao, E. C. T.","contributorId":96713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, C.L.","contributorId":12189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wandless, M.-V.","contributorId":54611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandless","given":"M.-V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dulong, F.T.","contributorId":81490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dulong","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Larson, R.R.","contributorId":29803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Neuzil, S.G.","contributorId":73339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1013763,"text":"1013763 - 1983 - Factors affecting dietary requirement and deficiency signs of L-tryptophan in rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-10T16:28:20.577762","indexId":"1013763","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2403,"text":"Journal of Nutrition","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors affecting dietary requirement and deficiency signs of L-tryptophan in rainbow trout","docAbstract":"Two experiments were conducted to determine the concentration of dietary tryptophan needed for optimal growth and survival of fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), to characterize signs of tryptophan deficiency, and to ascertain the effects of niacin on deficiency signs. Test diets containing either hydrolyzed or intact casein were fed with graded levels of added L-tryptophan (0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 g/100 g protein). Maximum growth occurred at 0.75 and 0.50 g tryptophan in fish fed hydrolyzed and intact casein, respectively. Changes in mineral and amino acid mixtures in the intact casein diet yielded a cation-anion (Na + K - Cl) balance of + 15.3 meq/100 g diet and pH of 6.44, compared with a balance of -21.3 and -25 meq, and pH 5.8 and 4.4 for unmodified hydrolyzed and intact casein diets, respectively. Analysis of growth by the polynomial regression function; Y = 0.16 + 0.429X - 0.26X2, where Y = mean daily gain in grams, and X = grams of added tryptophan/100 g protein, predicted that at least 0.58 g of tryptophan was needed for maximum weight gain. Analysis of apparent pathology-free fish by the function; Y = 34.33 + 147.33X = 83.87X2, where Y = percentage with no signs of deficiency, and X = grams of added tryptophan, predicted that 0.63 g tryptophan/100 g protein was needed for optimum health scores. Deletion of supplemental niacin did not affect fish response to tryptophan.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1093/jn/113.12.2568","usgsCitation":"Poston, H.A., and Rumsey, G.L., 1983, Factors affecting dietary requirement and deficiency signs of L-tryptophan in rainbow trout: Journal of Nutrition, v. 113, no. 12, p. 2568-2577, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/113.12.2568.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2568","endPage":"2577","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129293,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f8849","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poston, H. A.","contributorId":21893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poston","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rumsey, G. L.","contributorId":80604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumsey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011373,"text":"70011373 - 1983 - Reassessment of the rates at which oil from natural sources enters the marine environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:29","indexId":"70011373","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2664,"text":"Marine Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reassessment of the rates at which oil from natural sources enters the marine environment","docAbstract":"Previous estimates of the world-wide input of oil to the marine environment by natural seeps ranged from 0??2 to 6??0 million (metric) tonnes per year with a 'best estimate' of 0??6 million tonnes per year. Based on considerations of the availability of oil for seepage from the world's known and assumed oil resources, we believe that the world-wide natural oil seepage over geological time should be revised to about 0??2 million tonnes per year with a range upward or downward of a factor of ten leading to estimates between 0??02 and 2 million tonnes per year. Our estimate of the amount of oil eroding from the land and being transported to the oceans is about 0??05 million tonnes per year with an order of magnitude uncertainty. Therefore, while the uncertainties are large, we estimate that the total amount of oil entering the marine environment by natural, geological processes, is about 0??25 million tonnes per year, and the estimate may range from about 0??025 to 2??5 million tonnes per year. This rate applies over geological time, but episodic fluctuations in the input of oil to the marine environment may cause the rate to exceed this range in any one year.Previous estimates of the world-wide input of oil to the marine environment by natural seeps ranged from 0. 2 to 6. 0 million (metric) tonnes per year with a 'best estimate' of 0. 6 million tons per year. Based on considerations of the availability of oil for seepage from the world's known and assumed oil resources, the world-wide natural oil seepage over geological time should be revised to about 0. 2 million tons per year with a range upward or downward of a factor of ten leading to estimates between 0. 02 and 2 million tons per year. It is estimated that the amount of oil eroding from the land and being transported to the oceans is about 0. 05 million tons per year with an order of magnitude uncertainty. Therefore, the total amount of oil entering the marine environment by natural, geological processes, is about 0. 25 million tons per year, and the estimate may range from about 0. 025 to 2. 5 million tons per year. Refs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Environmental Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0141-1136(83)90003-X","issn":"01411136","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K., and Harbaugh, J., 1983, Reassessment of the rates at which oil from natural sources enters the marine environment: Marine Environmental Research, v. 10, no. 4, p. 223-243, https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(83)90003-X.","startPage":"223","endPage":"243","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205112,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(83)90003-X"},{"id":221360,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95c3e4b0c8380cd81c08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harbaugh, J.W.","contributorId":43912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012024,"text":"70012024 - 1983 - Hydrothermal reactivity of saponite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T17:54:05","indexId":"70012024","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrothermal reactivity of saponite","docAbstract":"Saponite crystallizes from amorphous gel having an ideal saponite composition within 7 days at all experimental temperatures between 300° and 550°C at 1 kbar pressure. Reactions subsequent to this initial crystallization vary in type and degree, depending on the temperature of reaction and the type of interlayer cation. Above 450°C the intitially crystallized K-saponite dissolves, and talc and phlogopite nucleate and grow as discrete phases. At 450°C the initial K-saponite reacts to form talc and phlogopite layers, but the reaction proceeds via intracrystalline layer transformations rather than via dissolution and precipitation, producing a mixture of fully ordered, interstratified talc/saponite and fully ordered saponite/ phlogopite. The K-saponite shows subtle signs of reaction at 400°C after 200 days: this temperature is at least 150°C lower than experimental reaction temperatures previously reported for saponites. No reactions beyond the initial crystallization of saponite were observed below 400°C. K-saponite reacts more rapidly than either Na-saponite or Ca-saponite above 400°C and the Na-saponite and Ca-saponite produce no mica iayers during their transformation to mixed-layer clays. Interstratified talc/saponite formed in the Na-saponite system, and the Ca-saponite system produced both talc/saponite and chlorite/saponite.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1983.0310101","usgsCitation":"Whitney, G., 1983, Hydrothermal reactivity of saponite: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 31, no. 1, p. 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1983.0310101.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37a7e4b0c8380cd61058","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitney, Gene","contributorId":27049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"Gene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1013953,"text":"1013953 - 1983 - Opsonic effect of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) antibody of phagocytosis of Yersinia ruckeri by trout leukocytes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-18T11:41:18","indexId":"1013953","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1383,"text":"Developmental and Comparative Immunology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Opsonic effect of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) antibody of phagocytosis of Yersinia ruckeri by trout leukocytes","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Developmental and Comparative Immunology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0145-305X(83)90006-X","collaboration":"None/FF","usgsCitation":"Griffin, B., 1983, Opsonic effect of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) antibody of phagocytosis of Yersinia ruckeri by trout leukocytes: Developmental and Comparative Immunology, v. 7, no. 2, p. 253-259, https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-305X(83)90006-X.","productDescription":"p. 253-259","startPage":"253","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132141,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265928,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0145-305X(83)90006-X"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db6913cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, B.R.","contributorId":62169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011370,"text":"70011370 - 1983 - Eruptive history of Mount Mazama and Crater Lake Caldera, Cascade Range, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T16:06:30","indexId":"70011370","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eruptive history of Mount Mazama and Crater Lake Caldera, Cascade Range, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"New investigations of the geology of Crater Lake National Park necessitate a reinterpretation of the eruptive history of Mount Mazama and of the formation of Crater Lake caldera. Mount Mazama consisted of a glaciated complex of overlapping shields and stratovolcanoes, each of which was probably active for a comparatively short interval. All the Mazama magmas apparently evolved within thermally and compositionally zoned crustal magma reservoirs, which reached their maximum volume and degree of differentiation in the climactic magma chamber ∼ 7000 yr B.P.
The history displayed in the caldera walls begins with construction of the andesitic Phantom Cone ∼ 400,000 yr B.P. Subsequently, at least 6 major centers erupted combinations of mafic andesite, andesite, or dacite before initiation of the Wisconsin Glaciation ∼ 75,000 yr B.P. Eruption of andesitic and dacitic lavas from 5 or more discrete centers, as well as an episode of dacitic pyroclastic activity, occurred until ∼ 50,000 yr B.P.; by that time, intermediate lava had been erupted at several short-lived vents. Concurrently, and probably during much of the Pleistocene, basaltic to mafic andesitic monogenetic vents built cinder cones and erupted local lava flows low on the flanks of Mount Mazama. Basaltic magma from one of these vents, Forgotten Crater, intercepted the margin of the zoned intermediate to silicic magmatic system and caused eruption of commingled andesitic and dacitic lava along a radial trend sometime between ∼ 22,000 and ∼ 30,000 yr B.P. Dacitic deposits between 22,000 and 50,000 yr old appear to record emplacement of domes high on the south slope. A line of silicic domes that may be between 22,000 and 30,000 yr old, northeast of and radial to the caldera, and a single dome on the north wall were probably fed by the same developing magma chamber as the dacitic lavas of the Forgotten Crater complex. The dacitic Palisade flow on the northeast wall is ∼ 25,000 yr old. These relatively silicic lavas commonly contain traces of hornblende and record early stages in the development of the climatic magma chamber.
Some 15,000 to 40,000 yr were apparently needed for development of the climactic magma chamber, which had begun to leak rhyodacitic magma by 7015 ± 45 yr B.P. Four rhyodacitic lava flows and associated tephras were emplaced from an arcuate array of vents north of the summit of Mount Mazama, during a period of ∼ 200 yr before the climactic eruption. The climactic eruption began 6845 ± 50 yr B.P. with voluminous airfall deposition from a high column, perhaps because ejection of ∼ 4−12 km3 of magma to form the lava flows and tephras depressurized the top of the system to the point where vesiculation at depth could sustain a Plinian column. Ejecta of this phase issued from a single vent north of the main Mazama edifice but within the area in which the caldera later formed. The Wineglass Welded Tuff of Williams (1942) is the proximal featheredge of thicker ash-flow deposits downslope to the north, northeast, and east of Mount Mazama and was deposited during the single-vent phase, after collapse of the high column, by ash flows that followed topographic depressions. Approximately 30 km3 of rhyodacitic magma were expelled before collapse of the roof of the magma chamber and inception of caldera formation ended the single-vent phase. Ash flows of the ensuing ring-vent phase erupted from multiple vents as the caldera collapsed. These ash flows surmounted virtually all topographic barriers, caused significant erosion, and produced voluminous deposits zoned from rhyodacite to mafic andesite. The entire climactic eruption and caldera formation were over before the youngest rhyodacitic lava flow had cooled completely, because all the climactic deposits are cut by fumaroles that originated within the underlying lava, and part of the flow oozed down the caldera wall.
A total of ∼ 51−59 km3 of magma was ejected in the precursory and climactic eruptions, and ∼ 40−52 km3 of Mount Mazama was lost by caldera formation. The spectacular compositional zonation shown by the climactic ejecta — rhyodacite followed by subordinate andesite and mafic andesite — reflects partial emptying of a zoned system, halted when the crystal-rich magma became too viscous for explosive fragmentation. This zonation was probably brought about by convective separation of low-density, evolved magma from underlying mafic magma. Confinement of postclimactic eruptive activity to the caldera attests to continuing existence of the Mazama magmatic system.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(83)90004-5","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., 1983, Eruptive history of Mount Mazama and Crater Lake Caldera, Cascade Range, U.S.A.: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 18, no. 1-4, p. 57-115, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(83)90004-5.","productDescription":"59 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"59","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mount Mazama, Crater Lake, Cascade Range","volume":"18","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a57e4b0c8380cd522f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":360936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011965,"text":"70011965 - 1983 - Influence of time on metamorphism of sedimentary organic matter in liquid-dominated geothermal systems, western North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-31T01:28:02.451101","indexId":"70011965","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of time on metamorphism of sedimentary organic matter in liquid-dominated geothermal systems, western North America","docAbstract":"Temperature (T in °C) and mean vitrinite reflectance (Rm in %) of sedimentary organic matter samples from six liquid-dominated geothermal systems plot about a line approximated by a regression equation of the form Rm = 0.435 exp 0.00683T. The reflectance data from these systems are strongly temperature-dependent, with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.8. Geologic evidence indicates that reaction duration ranges from 103 or 104 to 106 yr in these systems that appear to have near-maximum temperatures. The uncertainty in vitrinite reflectance and temperature determinations must account for a large part of the remaining variability not explained by the regression equation; therefore, the strong temperature dependence of Rm indicates that after about 104 yr, reaction duration has little or no influence on metamorphism of organic matter in liquid-dominated geothermal systems. These data indicate that vitrinite reflectance can be used to determine the maximum temperature reached in hot sedimentary basins of moderate longevity.
Active thermal areas are concentrated in three areas on Mauna Loa and three areas on Kilauea. High-temperature fumaroles (115-362°C) on Mauna Loa are restricted to the summit caldera, whereas high-temperature fumaroles on Kilauea are found in the upper East Rift Zone (Mauna Ulu summit fumaroles, 562°C), middle East Rift Zone (1977 eruptive fissure fumaroles), and in the summit caldera. Solfataric activity that has continued for several decades occurs along border faults of Kilauea caldera and at Sulphur Cone on the southwest rift zone of Mauna Loa. Solfataras that are only a few years old occur along recently active eruptive fissures in the summit caldera and along the rift zones of Kilauea. Steam vents and hot-air cracks also occur at the edges of cooling lava ponds, on the summits of lava shields, along faults and graben fractures, and in diffuse patches that may reflect shallow magmatic intrusions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(83)90028-8","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Casadevall, T.J., and Hazlett, R.W., 1983, Thermal areas on Kilauea and Mauna Loa Volcanoes, Hawaii: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 16, no. 3-4, p. 173-188, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(83)90028-8.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"188","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.5,\n 19.25\n ],\n [\n -155,\n 19.25\n ],\n [\n -155,\n 19.5\n ],\n [\n -155.5,\n 19.5\n ],\n [\n -155.5,\n 19.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb211e4b08c986b32559a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Casadevall, Thomas J. 0000-0002-9447-6864 tcasadevall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9447-6864","contributorId":2734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"Thomas","email":"tcasadevall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":360953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hazlett, Richard W.","contributorId":89201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazlett","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011371,"text":"70011371 - 1983 - An examination of the southern California field test for the systematic accumulation of the optical refraction error in geodetic leveling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T01:06:09.97289","indexId":"70011371","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An examination of the southern California field test for the systematic accumulation of the optical refraction error in geodetic leveling","docAbstract":"Appraisals of the two levelings that formed the southern California field test for the accumulation of the atmospheric refraction error indicate that random error and systematic error unrelated to refraction competed with the systematic refraction error and severely complicate any analysis of the test results. If the fewer than one-third of the sections that met less than second-order, class I standards are dropped, the divergence virtually disappears between the presumably more refraction contaminated long-sight-length survey and the less contaminated short-sight-length survey.