Little-eroded rhyolitic tuffs, flows, and domes extend over about 25 km2 along the western side of the Mineral Mountains, southwestern Utah, which is along the eastern edge of the Roosevelt KGBA (Known Geothermal Resource Area). Initial eruptions resulted in two low-viscosity lava flows of nonporphyritic rhyolite. These were followed by bedded pumice falls and nonwelded ash flows. The youngest activity produced at least nine viscous domes and small lava flows of rhyolite that contain 1-5 percent phenocrysts of quartz, plagioclase, sodic sanidine, and biotite; distinction between domes and eroded flow segments locally is difficult.
Potassium-argon ages indicate that all the rhyolite of the Mineral Mountains was erupted between 0.8 and 0.5 m.y. ago. The rhyolite rests on dissected granite of the Mineral Mountains pluton, the largest intrusion in Utah, which has yielded published K-Ar ages of 9 and 15 m.y. A small older dissected rhyolite dome, about 8 m.y. old, occurs just west of the range front. Whether the young ages of the pluton represent time of intrusion or of later reheating, they, in conjunction with the Pleistocene rhyolite in the Mineral Mountains, do indicate a major late Cenozoic thermal anomaly, the size and age of which is significant to evaluation of the Roosevelt KGRA. The rhyolite is also the only known source of implement-grade obsidian in the southwest between eastern California and northern New Mexico.
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Survey","id":535665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70200526,"text":"70200526 - 1978 - Age of graben systems on the moon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-23T10:10:19","indexId":"70200526","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T09:30:59","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Age of graben systems on the moon","docAbstract":"The study focuses on the time of formation of the graben. An attempt is made to determine whether the graben are restricted to geologic units of certain ages, and whether and at what time graben formation ceased. It is shown that (1) most preserved graben formed considerably later than the impacts that formed the basins; (2) graben are faults that are reactivated along older basin concentric and radial structures and lunar grid directions; (3) graben formation ceased about 3.6 + or - 0.2 b.y. ago; and (4) graben formation reflects a tensile stress fields that obtained during part of early lunar history. Other features of graben systems on the moon are also identified.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 9th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Lunar and Planetary Science Conference","conferenceDate":"March 13-17, 1978","conferenceLocation":"Houston, TX","language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon Press","usgsCitation":"Lucchitta, B.K., and Watkins, J.A., 1978, Age of graben systems on the moon, in Proceedings of the 9th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, v. 3, Houston, TX, March 13-17, 1978, p. 3459-3472.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"3459","endPage":"3472","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358655,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":358654,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790055278"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucchitta, Baerbel K. blucchitta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Baerbel","email":"blucchitta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":749370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watkins, Jessica A.","contributorId":203785,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watkins","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13711,"text":"Caltech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":749371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70119857,"text":"70119857 - 1978 - A log-linear model approach to estimation of population size using the line-transect sampling method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-11T09:31:00","indexId":"70119857","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T09:28:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A log-linear model approach to estimation of population size using the line-transect sampling method","docAbstract":"The technique of estimating wildlife population size and density using the belt or line-transect sampling method has been used in many past projects, such as the estimation of density of waterfowl nestling sites in marshes, and is being used currently in such areas as the assessment of Pacific porpoise stocks in regions of tuna fishing activity. A mathematical framework for line-transect methodology has only emerged in the last 5 yr. In the present article, we extend this mathematical framework to a line-transect estimator based upon a log-linear model approach.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Brooklyn, NY","doi":"10.2307/1936648","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D., Burnham, K., and Crain, B., 1978, A log-linear model approach to estimation of population size using the line-transect sampling method: Ecology, v. 59, no. 1, p. 190-193, https://doi.org/10.2307/1936648.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291926,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291925,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1936648"}],"volume":"59","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e9d8c5e4b008eaa4f3f5f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":8413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnham, K.P.","contributorId":63760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crain, B.R.","contributorId":19482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crain","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70205844,"text":"70205844 - 1978 - Greater Atlanta region slope map","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-26T16:19:40.041731","indexId":"70205844","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T09:16:04","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Greater Atlanta region slope map","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70205844","collaboration":"State of Georgia Department of Natural Resources Geologic and Water Resources Division","usgsCitation":"1978, Greater Atlanta region slope map, 1 Plate: 58.57 x 50.56 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70205844.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 58.57 x 50.56 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368089,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70205844/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":368090,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70205844/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Atlanta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.25,\n 33.375\n ],\n [\n -83.75,\n 33.375\n ],\n [\n -83.75,\n 34.375\n ],\n [\n -85.25,\n 34.375\n ],\n [\n -85.25,\n 33.375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":210377,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey","id":860010,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012541,"text":"70012541 - 1978 - Velocity anomalies: An alternative explanation based on data from laboratory experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:09","indexId":"70012541","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Velocity anomalies: An alternative explanation based on data from laboratory experiments","docAbstract":"Locations and velocities were calculated for microseisms occurring in samples of rock subjected to triaxial loading and injection of pore fluid. This was accomplished by analyzing arrival times of acoustic emission using an automatic first arrival picker. Apparent velocity anomalies were observed prior to both failure of intact samples and violent slip in samples containing saw cuts. Further analysis revealed that these fluctuations in calculated velocity were not due to changes in the true seismie velocity. Instead, variations in calculated velocity are shown to be related to sampling errors in picking first arrivals. The systematic picking of late first arrivals for small magnitude events was found to be a persistent bias resulting in low calculated velocities. This has encouraged the reexamination of earthquake records to determine how important sampling biases are in contributing to reported velocity anomalies. ?? 1978 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00876537","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Lockner, D., and Byerlee, J., 1978, Velocity anomalies: An alternative explanation based on data from laboratory experiments: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 116, no. 4-5, p. 765-772, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876537.","startPage":"765","endPage":"772","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205172,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876537"},{"id":221955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1f6e4b08c986b32a855","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012590,"text":"70012590 - 1978 - Distribution of rutile in metamorphic rocks and implications for placer deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:09","indexId":"70012590","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of rutile in metamorphic rocks and implications for placer deposits","docAbstract":"Pelitic units in the eastern Great Smoky Mountains of the North Carolina Blue Ridge contain rutile grains only in kyanite and higher zones. Adjacent non-pelitic rocks do not contain rutile at kyanite grade but commonly contain sphene. Detrital rutile breaks down at metamorphic grades lower than those at which metamorphic rutile forms. Similarly, pelitic rocks in southeastern Connecticut contain rutile grains above, but not below, the sillimanite isograd. Most non-pelitic rocks there contain rutile only in the hypersthene zone. The slight difference in behavior of rutile in the two terranes is attributed primarily to a slight difference in calcium content of the pelites. In both areas, rutile commonly appears first as inclusions in garnet. Geologic maps showing metamorphic and stratigraphic or compositional information should be useful as prospecting tools for placer deposits. A variety of rocks at granulite facies and pelitic rocks of the upper amphibolite facies contain rutile and these could provide an extensive source for rutile in rutile placer deposits. ?? 1978 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00206567","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Goldsmith, R., and Force, E.R., 1978, Distribution of rutile in metamorphic rocks and implications for placer deposits: Mineralium Deposita, v. 13, no. 3, p. 329-343, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00206567.","startPage":"329","endPage":"343","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205186,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206567"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02f7e4b0c8380cd502a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldsmith, R.","contributorId":49809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldsmith","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Force, E. R.","contributorId":28235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Force","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012579,"text":"70012579 - 1978 - Transient-pressure analysis in geothermal steam reservoirs with an immobile vaporizing liquid phase","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:05:47","indexId":"70012579","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient-pressure analysis in geothermal steam reservoirs with an immobile vaporizing liquid phase","docAbstract":"A finite-difference model for the radial horizontal flow of steam through a porous medium is used to evaluate transient-pressure behavior in the presence of an immobile vaporizing or condensing liquid phase. Graphs of pressure drawdown and buildup in terms of dimensionless pressure and time are obtained for a well discharging steam at a constant mass flow rate for a specified time. The assumptions are made that the steam is in local thermal equilibrium with the reservoir rocks, that temperature changes are due only to phase change, and that effects of vapor-pressure lowering are negligible. Computations show that when a vaporizing liquid phase is present the pressure drawdown exhibits behavior similar to that observed in noncondensable gas reservoirs, but delayed in time. A theoretical analysis allows for the computation of this delay and demonstrates that it is independent of flow geometry. The response that occurs upon pressure buildup is markedly different from that in a noncondensable gas system. This result may provide a diagnostic tool for establishing the existence of phase-change phenomena within a reservoir. ?? 1979.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(78)90015-9","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Moench, A., and Atkinson, P., 1978, Transient-pressure analysis in geothermal steam reservoirs with an immobile vaporizing liquid phase: Geothermics, v. 7, no. 2-4, p. 253-264, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90015-9.","startPage":"253","endPage":"264","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268142,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90015-9"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb709e4b08c986b327009","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moench, A.F.","contributorId":91495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Atkinson, P.G.","contributorId":12978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkinson","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012598,"text":"70012598 - 1978 - Mars synthetic topographic mapping","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-27T19:32:08.863074","indexId":"70012598","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mars synthetic topographic mapping","docAbstract":"Topographic contour maps of Mars are compiled by the synthesis of data acquired from various scientific experiments of the Mariner 9 mission, including S-band radio-occulation, the ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS), the infrared radiometer (IRR), the infrared interferometer spectrometer (IRIS) and television imagery, as well as Earth-based radar information collected at Goldstone, Haystack, and Arecibo Observatories. The entire planet is mapped at scales of 1:25,000,000 and 1:25,000,000 using Mercator, Lambert, and polar stereographic map projections. For the computation of map projections, a biaxial spheroid figure is adopted. The semimajor and semiminor axes are 3393.4 and 3375.7 km, respectively, with a polar flattening of 0.0052. For the computation of elevations, a topographic datum is defined by a gravity field described in terms of spherical harmonics of fourth order and fourth degree combined with a 6.1-mbar occulation pressure surface. This areoid can be approximated by a triaxial ellipsoid with semimajor axes of A = 3394.6 km and B = 3393.3 km and a semiminor axis of C = 3376.3 km. The semimajor axis A intersects the Martian surface at longitude 105°W. The dynamic flattening of Mars is 0.00525. The contour intercal of the maps is 1 km. For some prominent features where overlapping pictures from Mariner 9 are available, local contour maps at relatively larger scales were also compiled by photogrammetric methods on stereo plotters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(78)90182-3","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Wu, S., 1978, Mars synthetic topographic mapping: Icarus, v. 33, no. 3, p. 417-440, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(78)90182-3.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"440","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493276,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289440","text":"External Repository"},{"id":222153,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5226e4b0c8380cd6c1c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wu, S.S.C.","contributorId":10421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"S.S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180239,"text":"70180239 - 1978 - New potassium-argon data on the age of mineralization and metamorphism in the Willow Creek mining district, southern Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180239,"text":"70180239 - 1978 - New potassium-argon data on the age of mineralization and metamorphism in the Willow Creek mining district, southern Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska","indexId":"70180239","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"New potassium-argon data on the age of mineralization and metamorphism in the Willow Creek mining district, southern Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":4432,"text":"cir772B - 1978 - The United States Geological Survey in Alaska: Accomplishments during 1977","indexId":"cir772B","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"The United States Geological Survey in Alaska: Accomplishments during 1977"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":4432,"text":"cir772B - 1978 - The United States Geological Survey in Alaska: Accomplishments during 1977","indexId":"cir772B","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"The United States Geological Survey in Alaska: Accomplishments during 1977"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-22T14:34:42.571643","indexId":"70180239","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"772-B","title":"New potassium-argon data on the age of mineralization and metamorphism in the Willow Creek mining district, southern Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska","docAbstract":"The now largely abandoned Willow Creek mining district, southern Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska, produced nearly $18,000,000 in gold and minor silver between 1909 and the early 1950's. Mineralized quartz veins, which contain gold and silver along with minor quantities of base metals (in pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, molybdenite, and arsenopyrite), cut Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary tonalite and quartzmica schist of probable Jurassic age (Ray, 1954; Silberman and others, 1976; Bela Csejtey, Jr., unpub. data, 1978).
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The United States Geological Survey in Alaska: Accomplishments during 1977 (Circular 772-B)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70180239","usgsCitation":"Silberman, M.L., Csejtey, B., Smith, J., Lanphere, M.A., and Wilson, F.H., 1978, New potassium-argon data on the age of mineralization and metamorphism in the Willow Creek mining district, southern Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 772-B, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70180239.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"B-65","endPage":"B-69","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334027,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334026,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1978/0772b/report.pdf#page=72","text":"Start page in larger work"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Talkeetna Mountains, Willow Creek mining district","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -146.09619140625,\n 60.78598138475315\n ],\n [\n -144.11865234375,\n 60.78598138475315\n ],\n [\n -144.11865234375,\n 61.70549883819642\n ],\n [\n -146.09619140625,\n 61.70549883819642\n ],\n [\n -146.09619140625,\n 60.78598138475315\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5889c7c7e4b0ba3b075e0658","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Silberman, Miles L.","contributorId":23947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silberman","given":"Miles","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Csejtey, Bela Jr.","contributorId":61008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Csejtey","given":"Bela","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, James G.","contributorId":98712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":660859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":660860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70012543,"text":"70012543 - 1978 - Time-dependent friction and the mechanics of stick-slip","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:08","indexId":"70012543","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time-dependent friction and the mechanics of stick-slip","docAbstract":"Time-dependent increase of static friction is characteristic of rock friction undera variety of experimental circumstances. Data presented here show an analogous velocity-dependent effect. A theor of friction is proposed that establishes a common basis for static and sliding friction. Creep at points of contact causes increases in friction that are proportional to the logarithm of the time that the population of points of contact exist. For static friction that time is the time of stationary contact. For sliding friction the time of contact is determined by the critical displacement required to change the population of contacts and the slip velocity. An analysis of a one-dimensional spring and slider system shows that experimental observations establishing the transition from stable sliding to stick-slip to be a function of normal stress, stiffness and surface finish are a consequence of time-dependent friction. ?? 1978 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00876539","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Dieterich, J.H., 1978, Time-dependent friction and the mechanics of stick-slip: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 116, no. 4-5, p. 790-806, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876539.","startPage":"790","endPage":"806","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205184,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876539"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3b9e4b08c986b325f87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dieterich, James H.","contributorId":81614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieterich","given":"James","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012542,"text":"70012542 - 1978 - Friction of rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:09","indexId":"70012542","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Friction of rocks","docAbstract":"Experimental results in the published literature show that at low normal stress the shear stress required to slide one rock over another varies widely between experiments. This is because at low stress rock friction is strongly dependent on surface roughness. At high normal stress that effect is diminished and the friction is nearly independent of rock type. If the sliding surfaces are separated by gouge composed of Montmorillonite or vermiculite the friction can be very low. ?? 1978 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00876528","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Byerlee, J., 1978, Friction of rocks: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 116, no. 4-5, p. 615-626, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876528.","startPage":"615","endPage":"626","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205173,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876528"},{"id":221956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13ece4b0c8380cd54823","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byerlee, J.","contributorId":105838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012713,"text":"70012713 - 1978 - Microwave remote sensing of sea ice in the AIDJEX Main Experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:10","indexId":"70012713","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1072,"text":"Boundary-Layer Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microwave remote sensing of sea ice in the AIDJEX Main Experiment","docAbstract":"During the AIDJEX Main Experiment, April 1975 through May 1976, a comprehensive microwave sensing program was performed on the sea ice of the Beaufort Sea. Surface and aircraft measurements were obtained during all seasons using a wide variety of active and passive microwave sensors. The surface program obtained passive microwave measurements of various ice types using four antennas mounted on a tracked vehicle. In three test regions, each with an area of approximately 1.5 ?? 104 m2, detailed ice crystallographic, dielectric properties, and brightness temperatures of first-year, multiyear, and first-year/multiyear mixtures were measured. A NASA aircraft obtained passive microwave measurements of the entire area of the AIDJEX manned station array (triangle) during each of 18 flights. This verified the earlier reported ability to distinguish first-year and multiyear ice types and concentration and gave new information on ways to observe ice mixtures and thin ice types. The active microwave measurements from aircraft included those from an X- and L-band radar and from a scatterometer. The former is used to study a wide variety of ice features and to estimate deformations, while both are equally usable to observe ice types. With the present data, only the scatterometer can be used to distinguish positively multiyear from first-year and various types of thin ice. This is best done using coupled active and passive microwave sensing. ?? 1978 D. Reidel Publishing Company.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Boundary-Layer Meteorology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00913880","issn":"00068314","usgsCitation":"Campbell, W.J., Wayenberg, J., Ramseyer, J., Ramseier, R., Vant, M., Weaver, R., Redmond, A., Arsenaul, L., Gloersen, P., Zwally, H., Wilheit, T., Chang, T., Hall, D., Gray, L., Meeks, D., Bryan, M., Barath, F., Elachi, C., Leberl, F., and Farr, T., 1978, Microwave remote sensing of sea ice in the AIDJEX Main Experiment: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, v. 13, no. 1-4, p. 309-337, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00913880.","startPage":"309","endPage":"337","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205188,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00913880"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56afe4b0c8380cd6d756","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, W. J.","contributorId":8614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wayenberg, J.","contributorId":69018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wayenberg","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramseyer, J.B.","contributorId":55285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramseyer","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ramseier, R.O.","contributorId":98039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramseier","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vant, M.R.","contributorId":17883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vant","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Weaver, R.","contributorId":12749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Redmond, A.","contributorId":15891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redmond","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Arsenaul, L.","contributorId":71444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arsenaul","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gloersen, P.","contributorId":55961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gloersen","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Zwally, H.J.","contributorId":33847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zwally","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Wilheit, T.T.","contributorId":94923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilheit","given":"T.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Chang, T.C.","contributorId":16713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Hall, D.","contributorId":55620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Gray, L.","contributorId":92544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Meeks, D.C.","contributorId":74641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeks","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Bryan, M.L.","contributorId":60080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryan","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Barath, F.T.","contributorId":54471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barath","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Elachi, C.","contributorId":104606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elachi","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Leberl, F.","contributorId":74245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leberl","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Farr, Tom","contributorId":24903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farr","given":"Tom","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20}]}} ,{"id":70012641,"text":"70012641 - 1978 - Determination of silver, bismuth, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in geologic materials by atomic absorption spectrometry with tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T17:49:47.054281","indexId":"70012641","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of silver, bismuth, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in geologic materials by atomic absorption spectrometry with tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride","docAbstract":"Interferences commonly encountered in the determination of silver, bismuth, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc at crustal abundance levels are effectively eliminated using a rapid, sensitive, organic extraction technique. A potassium chlorate-hydrochloric acid digestion solubilizes the metals not tightly bound in the silicate lattice of rocks, soils, and stream sediments. The six metals are selectively extracted into a 10% Aliquat 336-MIBK organic phase in the presence of ascorbic acid and potassium iodide. Metals in the organic extract are determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry to the 0.02-ppm level for silver, cadmium, copper, and zinc and to the 0.2-ppm level for bismuth and lead with a maximum relative standard deviation of 18.8% for known reference samples. An additional hydrofluoric acid digestion may be used to determine metals substituted in the silicate lattice.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac50030a023","usgsCitation":"Viets, J.G., 1978, Determination of silver, bismuth, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in geologic materials by atomic absorption spectrometry with tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride: Analytical Chemistry, v. 50, no. 8, p. 1097-1101, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50030a023.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1097","endPage":"1101","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221839,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffc6e4b0c8380cd4f3bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Viets, John G.","contributorId":84510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viets","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012489,"text":"70012489 - 1978 - Decomposition of hydroxy amino acids in foraminiferal tests; kinetics, mechanism and geochronological implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T00:31:24.827634","indexId":"70012489","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decomposition of hydroxy amino acids in foraminiferal tests; kinetics, mechanism and geochronological implications","docAbstract":"The diagenesis of the hydroxy amino acids serine and threonine in foraminiferal tests has been investigated. The decomposition pathways of these amino acids are complex; the principal reactions appear to be dehydration, aldol cleavage and decarboxylation. Stereochemical studies indicate that the α-amino-n-butyric acid (ABA) detected in foraminiferal tests is the end product of threonine dehydration pathway. Decomposition of serine and threonine in foraminiferal tests from two well-dated Caribbean deep-sea cores, P6304-8 and -9, has been found to follow irreversible first-order kinetics. Three empirical equations were derived for the disappearance of serine and threonine and the appearance of ABA. These equations can be used as a new geochronological method for dating foraminiferal tests from other deep-sea sediments. Preliminary results suggest that ages deduced from the ABA kinetics equation are most reliable because “species effect” and contamination problems are not important for this nonbiological amino acid. Because of the variable serine and threonine contents of modern foraminiferal species, it is likely that the accurate age estimates can be obtained from the serine and threonine decomposition equations only if a homogeneous species assemblage or single species sample isolated from mixed natural assemblages is used.
A team of research scientists in the U.S. Geological Survey uses San Francisco Bay, California, as an outdoor laboratory to study complicated interactions of physical, chemical, and biological processes which take place in an estuarine environment. A current meter comparison study was conceived because of the need to select a suitable current meter to meet field requirements for current measurements in the Bay. The study took place in south San Francisco Bay, California, in the spring of 1977. An instrument tower which was designed to support instruments free from the conventional mooring line motions was constructed and emplaced in south San Francisco Bay. During a period of two months, four types of recording current meters have been used in the tests. The four types were: (1) Aanderaa, (2) tethered shroud-impeller, (3) drag-inclinometer, and (4) electromagnetic current meters. With the exception of the electromagnetic current meter, one of each type was mounted on the instrument tower, and one of each type was deployed on moorings near the instrument tower. In addition, a wind anemometer and a recording tide gauge were also installed on the tower. This paper discusses the characteristics of each instrument and the accuracy that each instrument can provide when used in an estuarine environment. We pay special attention to our experiences in the field operation with respect to handling of the instruments and to our experiences working up the raw data in the post-deployment data analysis.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, Conference on Current Measurements","conferenceTitle":"Conference on Current Measurements","conferenceDate":"Jan 1978","conferenceLocation":"Newark, N.J","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/CCM.1978.1158394","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., 1978, Comparison of a few recording current meters in San Francisco Bay, CA, in Proceedings, Conference on Current Measurements, Newark, N.J, Jan 1978, p. 293-301, https://doi.org/10.1109/CCM.1978.1158394.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"301","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324969,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.38906860351562,\n 37.783740105227224\n ],\n [\n -122.36984252929688,\n 37.80544394934274\n ],\n [\n -122.35198974609375,\n 37.819548028632376\n ],\n [\n -122.29980468749999,\n 37.8271414168374\n ],\n [\n -122.32589721679688,\n 37.8065289741725\n ],\n [\n -122.24212646484375,\n 37.78482544885859\n ],\n [\n -122.21054077148438,\n 37.75551557687061\n ],\n [\n -122.19955444335938,\n 37.70663997801686\n ],\n [\n -122.14324951171874,\n 37.62945956107554\n ],\n [\n -122.14050292968749,\n 37.58485404085004\n ],\n [\n -122.09381103515624,\n 37.58811876638322\n ],\n [\n -122.06497192382811,\n 37.520618678869305\n ],\n [\n -121.97708129882812,\n 37.48466628708502\n ],\n [\n -121.93588256835938,\n 37.46395857276409\n ],\n [\n -121.9647216796875,\n 37.437793259976544\n ],\n [\n -122.07046508789062,\n 37.43015998649174\n ],\n [\n -122.09930419921876,\n 37.44433544620035\n ],\n [\n -122.13363647460938,\n 37.497741887143576\n ],\n [\n -122.19406127929688,\n 37.522797055259616\n ],\n [\n -122.24899291992188,\n 37.55764242679524\n ],\n [\n -122.31903076171875,\n 37.58920697640769\n ],\n [\n -122.37533569335936,\n 37.60117623656667\n ],\n [\n -122.39181518554686,\n 37.64468458716586\n ],\n [\n -122.39593505859376,\n 37.69903420794415\n ],\n [\n -122.38632202148438,\n 37.71533133102705\n ],\n [\n -122.35885620117186,\n 37.72293542866175\n ],\n [\n -122.39456176757811,\n 37.77288579232436\n ],\n [\n -122.38906860351562,\n 37.783740105227224\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5780ceb3e4b08116168222de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":46273,"text":"ofr78478 - 1978 - Leasable mineral and waterpower land classification map of the Shiprock quadrangle, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-18T20:43:13.693648","indexId":"ofr78478","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-478","title":"Leasable mineral and waterpower land classification map of the Shiprock quadrangle, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Utah","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr78478","usgsCitation":"DeCicco, D.A., Patterson, E., and Lutz, G., 1978, Leasable mineral and waterpower land classification map of the Shiprock quadrangle, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-478, 1 Plate: 38.40 x 23.67 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78478.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 38.40 x 23.67 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172244,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415953,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12955.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":254787,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0478/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Ship Rock quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -108,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -108,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 37\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8659","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeCicco, Donald A.","contributorId":50173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeCicco","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patterson, E. D.","contributorId":56278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"E. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lutz, Gale A.","contributorId":32507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutz","given":"Gale A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012578,"text":"70012578 - 1978 - Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:05:06","indexId":"70012578","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources","docAbstract":"A consistent, agreed-upon terminology is prerequisite for geothermal resource assessment. Accordingly, we propose a logical, sequential subdivision of the \"geothermal resource base\", accepting its definition as all the thermal energy in the earth's crust under a given area, measured from mean annual temperature. That part of the resource base which is shallow enough to be tapped by production drilling is termed the \"accessible resource base\", and it in turn is divided into \"useful\" and \"residual\" components. The useful component (i.e. the thermal energy that could reasonably be extracted at costs competitive with other forms of energy at some specified future time) is termed the \"geothermal resource\". This in turn is divided into \"economic\" and \"subeconomic\" components, based on conditions existing at the time of assessment. In the format of a McKelvey diagram, this logic defines the vertical axis (degree of economic feasibility). The horizontal axis (degree of geologic assurance) contains \"identified\" and \"undiscovered\" components. \"Reserve\" is then designated as the identified economic resource. All categories should be expressed in units of thermal energy, with resource and reserve figures calculated at wellhead, prior to the inevitable large losses inherent in any practical thermal use or in conversion to electricity. Methods for assessing geothermal resources can be grouped into 4 classes: (a) surface thermal flux, (b) volume, (c) planar fracture and (d) magmatic heat budget. The volume method appears to be most useful because (1) it is applicable to virtually any geologic environment, (2) the required parameters can in Sprinciple be measured or estimated, (3) the inevitable errors are in part compensated and (4) the major uncertainties (recoverability and resupply) are amenable to resolution in the foreseeable future. The major weakness in all the methods rests in the estimation of how much of the accessible resource base can be extracted at some time in the future. In a manner similar to mineral and fuel assessment, this recoverability is expressed as a \"recovery factor\". For an ideally permeable hot-water system, the recovery factor may be as much as 50% and seems to be independent of temperature. It must decrease as effective porosity (??e) decreases, but the relation between the two is little more than a guess. On the other hand, for favorable systems like Larderello that produce steam by a mechanism of intergranular vaporization, the recovery factor is probably around 15-20%, decreasing to zero at an effective porosity of zero. According to the anlysis of Bodvarsson (1974), it increases with decreasing reservoir temperature, and as pointed out by Nathenson (1975a) is limited at low temperatures by the need to have sufficient reservoir pressure for extraction and use. The extent to which a geothermal reservoir can be resupplied with heat during \"industrial\" times of 10-100 yr can be evaluated using simple analytical models. The results, combined with gravity and levelling data of Hunt (1977) for Wairakei and Isherwood (1977) for The Geysers, confirm earlier conclusions by Ramey (1970) and Nathenson (1975a) that resupply to reservoirs producing only steam can be neglected, and the conclusion of Nathenson (1975a) that it may be significant for hot-water systems of high natural discharge. Major subjects that demand continuing investigation include: 1. 1. Determination of recovery factors as functions of temperature and effective porosity, particularly for hot-water systems. 2. 2. Evaluation of fluid recharge and heat resupply by repetitive gravity, levelling and underground temperature surveys in producing geothermal fields. 3. 3. Analysis of the extent to which a recovery factor can be enhanced by stimulation and by use of confined circulation loops. ?? 1979.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Muffler, P., and Cataldi, R., 1978, Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources: Geothermics, v. 7, no. 2-4, p. 53-89, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0.","startPage":"53","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480614,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1208202/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":222731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268141,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a55cae4b0c8380cd6d2ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muffler, P.","contributorId":66850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muffler","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cataldi, R.","contributorId":59806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cataldi","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012461,"text":"70012461 - 1978 - Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-11T16:50:43.585741","indexId":"70012461","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity","title":"Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity","docAbstract":"The concept of silicate liquid immiscibility was invoked early in the history of petrology to explain certain pairs of compositionally divergent rocks, but. as a result of papers by Greig (Am. J. Sci.13, 1–44, 133–154) and Bowen (The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks), it fell into disfavor for many years. The discovery of immiscibility in geologically reasonable temperature ranges and compositions in experimental work on the system K2O-FeO-Al2O3-SiO2, and of evidence for immiscibility in a variety of lunar and terrestrial rocks, has reinstated the process.
Phase equilibria in the high-silica corner of the tetrahedron representing the system K2O- FeO-Al2O3-SiO2 are presented, in the form of constant FeO sections through the tetrahedron, at 10% increments. Those sections, showing the tentative relationships of the primary phase volumes, are based on 5631 quenching runs on 519 compositions, made in metallic iron containers in pure nitrogen. Thirteen crystalline compounds are involved, of which at least six show two or more crystal modifica-tions. Two separate phase volumes, in each of which two immiscible liquids, one iron-rich and the other iron-poor, are present at the liquidus. One of these volumes is entirely within the quaternary system, astride the 1:1 K2O:Al2O3 plane. No quaternary compounds as such have been found, but evidence does point toward at least partial quaternary solid solution, with rapidly lowering liquidus temperatures, from K2O·Al2O3· 2SiO2 (‘potash nepheline’, kalsilite. kaliophilite) to the isostructural compound K2O·FeO·3SiO2, and from K2O·Al2O3·4SiO2 (leucite) to the isostructural compound K2O·FeO·5SiO2, Both of these series apparently involve substitution, in tetrahedral coordination. of a ferrous iron and a silicon ion for two aluminum ions. Some of the ‘impurities’ found in analyses of the natural phases may reflect these substitutions.
As a result of the geometry of the immiscibility volume located entirely within the quaternary system, compositions near it show a number of phase changes and large amounts of crystallization with small temperature changes, generally in the range 1100–1150 C. Similar low-temperature, high-alkali immiscibility was discovered in a few exploratory runs in the equivalent systems with Rb or Cs substituting for K. But not in those with Li or Na.
A review of the compositions and general behavior of systems involving immiscibility, both stable and metastable, and of the evidence for natural immiscibility. indicates that it may be a much more common feature than generally thought. Several examples of natural immiscibility are detailed; most yield a felsic. alkali-aluminosilicate melt and a mafic melt. from a wide variety of generally basaltic parental magmas, both under- and over saturated. Unfortunately, the best line of evidence for immiscibility in terrestrial rocks, a sharply defined meniscus between two compositionally disparate glasses, is by its very nature self-destructing, since it is effectively eliminated by either crystallization or gravitative separation and coalescence into separate magmas. Verification of operation of the exosolutionor ‘splitting’ process on a large scale will probably require careful study of isotopic and trace element partitioning in both laboratory and field.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(78)90250-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1978, Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 42, no. 11, p. 1597-1617, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90250-8.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1597","endPage":"1617","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222659,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f36e4b08c986b318dc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012642,"text":"70012642 - 1978 - Vesicularity of basalt erupted at Reykjanes Ridge crest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:02","indexId":"70012642","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vesicularity of basalt erupted at Reykjanes Ridge crest","docAbstract":"Average vesicularity of basalt drilled at three sites on the west flank of the Reykjanes Ridge increases with decreasing age. This change apparently records concomitant decrease in water depth at the ridge crest where the basalt was erupted and suggests substantial upward growth of the crest during the past 35 Myr. ?? 1978 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/274217a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., 1978, Vesicularity of basalt erupted at Reykjanes Ridge crest: Nature, v. 274, no. 5668, p. 217-220, https://doi.org/10.1038/274217a0.","startPage":"217","endPage":"220","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221840,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205150,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/274217a0"}],"volume":"274","issue":"5668","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1978-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc24fe4b08c986b32aa71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, W. A.","contributorId":71935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012508,"text":"70012508 - 1978 - Impacts of vehicles on natural terrain at seven sites in the San Francisco Bay area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:06","indexId":"70012508","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of vehicles on natural terrain at seven sites in the San Francisco Bay area","docAbstract":"The impacts of off-road vehicles on vegetation and soil were investigated at seven representative sites in the San Francisco Bay area. Plant cover of grass and chaparral (with shrubs to 4 m tall) have been stripped by the two- and four-wheel vehicles in use. Impacts on loamy soils include increased surface strength (as much as 275 bars), increased bulk density (averaging 18%) to depths of 90 cm or more, reduction of soil moisture by an average 43% to 30 cm depths, greatly reduced infiltration, extension of the diurnal temperature range by as much as 12??C, and reduction of organic carbon by an average 33% in exposed soils. Very sandy soils respond similarly to vehicular use except that moisture is increased and surface strength of beach sand is decreased. These physical and chemical impacts reduce the land's capability of restoring its vegetative cover, which in turn adversely affects animal populations. Both the loss of plant cover and the physical changes caused by vehicles promote erosion. Measured soil and substrate losses from vehicular use zones range from 7 to 1180 kg/m2. The estimated erosion rate of the Chabot Park site exceeds the rate of erosion considered a serious problem by a factor 30, it exceeds United States Soil Conservation Service tolerance values by a factor of 46, and it exceeds average San Francisco Bay area erosion rates by a factor of 17. The resulting soil losses are effectively permanent. Neither the increased sediment yield nor the increased runoff is accomodated on the sites of use, and both are causing adverse effects to neighboring properties. ?? 1978 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02430676","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Wilshire, H.G., Nakata, J., Shipley, S., and Prestegaard, K., 1978, Impacts of vehicles on natural terrain at seven sites in the San Francisco Bay area: Environmental Geology, v. 2, no. 5, p. 295-319, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02430676.","startPage":"295","endPage":"319","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222483,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205245,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02430676"}],"volume":"2","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38ffe4b0c8380cd6177d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nakata, J. K.","contributorId":70784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakata","given":"J. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shipley, S.","contributorId":39127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shipley","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prestegaard, K.","contributorId":86897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prestegaard","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012625,"text":"70012625 - 1978 - Evaluation of Baltazor known geothermal resources area, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:06:27","indexId":"70012625","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of Baltazor known geothermal resources area, Nevada","docAbstract":"By virtue of the Geothermal Steam Act of 1970, the U.S. Geological Survey is required to appraise geothermal resources of the United States prior to competitive lease sales. This appraisal involves coordinated input from a variety of disciplines, starting with reconnaissance geology and geophysics. This paper describes how the results of several geophysical methods used in KGRA evaluation were interpreted by the authors, two geophysicists, involved with both the Evaluation Committee and the research program responsible for obtaining and interpreting the geophysical data to be used by the committee. ?? 1979.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(78)90012-3","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Isherwood, W., and Mabey, D.R., 1978, Evaluation of Baltazor known geothermal resources area, Nevada: Geothermics, v. 7, no. 2-4, p. 221-229, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90012-3.","startPage":"221","endPage":"229","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268143,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90012-3"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c10e4b0c8380cd52a06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Isherwood, W.F.","contributorId":100123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isherwood","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mabey, D. R.","contributorId":15989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mabey","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012586,"text":"70012586 - 1978 - Possible fossil H2O liquid-ice interfaces in the Martian crust","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-28T14:30:15.94335","indexId":"70012586","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Possible fossil H2O liquid-ice interfaces in the Martian crust","title":"Possible fossil H2O liquid-ice interfaces in the Martian crust","docAbstract":"Throughout the northern equatorial region of Mars, extensive areas have been uniformly stripped, roughly to a constant depth. These terrains vary widely in their relative ages. A model is described here to explain this phenomenon as reflecting the vertical distribution of H2O liquid and ice in the crust. Under present conditions the Martian equatorial regions are stratified in terms of the stability of water ice and liquid water. This arises because the temperature of the upper 1 or 2 km is below the melting point of ice and liquid is stable only at greater depth. It is suggested here that during planetary outgassing earlier in Martian history H2O was injected into the upper few kilometers of the crust by subsurface and surface volcanic eruption and lateral migration of the liquid and vapor. As a result, a discontinuity in the physical state of materials developed in the Martian crust coincident with the depth of H2O liquid-ice phase boundary. Material above the boundary remained pristine; material below underwent diagenetic alteration and cementation. Subsequently, sections of the ice-laden zone were erosionally stripped by processes including eolian deflation, gravitational slump and collapse, and fluvial transport due to geothermal heating and melting of the ice. The youngest plains which display this uniform stripping may provide a minimum stratigraphic age for the major period of outgassing of the planet. Viking results suggest that the total amount of H2O outgassed is less than half that required to fill the ice layer, hence any residual liquid eventually found itself in the upper permafrost zone or stored in the polar regions. Erosion stopped at the old liquid-ice interface due to increased resistance of subjacent material and/or because melting of ice was required to mobilize the debris. Water ice may remain in uneroded regions, the overburden of debris preventing its escape to the atmosphere. Numerous morphological examples shown in Viking and Mariner 9 images suggest interaction of impact, volcanic, and gravitational processes with the ice-laden layer. Finally, volcanic eruptions into ice produces a highly oxidized friable amorphous rock, palagonite. Based on spectral reflectance properties, these materials may provide the best analog to Martian surface materials. They are easily eroded, providing vast amounts of eolian debris, and have been suggested (Toulmin et al., 1977) as possible source rocks for the materials observed at the Viking landing sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(78)90050-7","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Soderblom, L., and Wenner, D.B., 1978, Possible fossil H2O liquid-ice interfaces in the Martian crust: Icarus, v. 34, no. 3, p. 622-637, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(78)90050-7.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"622","endPage":"637","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221957,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e24e4b0c8380cd7a37c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wenner, D. B.","contributorId":42224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26397,"text":"wri7894 - 1978 - Hydrologic appraisal of the water resources of the Homer-Preble Valley, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-14T19:44:50.633293","indexId":"wri7894","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-94","title":"Hydrologic appraisal of the water resources of the Homer-Preble Valley, New York","docAbstract":"Water resources of Homer-Preble Valley, 1 to 2 miles wide and 9 miles long, in central New York, were appraised because the area is expected to undergo considerable residential development in the near future. The main source of water supply to the residents of the area is the glacial-outwash aquifer. Data indicate that additional pumpage of 5 million to 10 million gallons per day from the aquifer would not seriously reduce the quantity and quality of the water supply. Water-quality analyses indicate that ground water and surface water in the valley are suitable for most uses and generally meet State standards for source waters for drinking.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7894","usgsCitation":"Buller, W., 1978, Hydrologic appraisal of the water resources of the Homer-Preble Valley, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-94, v, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7894.","productDescription":"v, 31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157876,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266236,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0094/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":414121,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35281.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Homer-Preble Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.208,\n 42.767\n ],\n [\n -76.208,\n 42.642\n ],\n [\n -76.117,\n 42.642\n ],\n [\n -76.117,\n 42.767\n ],\n [\n -76.208,\n 42.767\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6116c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buller, William","contributorId":16449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buller","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221164,"text":"5221164 - 1978 - Coccidia of whooping cranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-08T16:39:15.171352","indexId":"5221164","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coccidia of whooping cranes","docAbstract":"Coccidial oocysts were observed in 6 of 19 fecal samples from free-ranging whooping cranes (Grus americana) and 4 of 16 samples from captive whooping cranes. Eimeria gruis occurred in four free-ranging whooping cranes and E. reichenowi in two free-ranging and two captive whooping cranes. Fecal samples from two captive cranes contained oocysts of lsospora lacazei which was considered a spurious parasite. Oocysts of both species of Eimeria were prevalent in fecal samples collected from three free-ranging Canadian sandhill cranes (G. canadensis rowani) from whooping crane wintering grounds in Texas. These coccidia were prevalent also in fecal samples from 14 sandhill cranes (of 4 subspecies) maintained in captivity at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Maryland.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-14.1.24","usgsCitation":"Forrester, D.J., Carpenter, J.W., and Blankinship, D., 1978, Coccidia of whooping cranes: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 14, no. 1, p. 24-27, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-14.1.24.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"24","endPage":"27","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487050,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-14.1.24","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":194120,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, 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