{"pageNumber":"5259","pageRowStart":"131450","pageSize":"25","recordCount":165328,"records":[{"id":70012605,"text":"70012605 - 1978 - Range charts and no-space graphs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T07:18:21","indexId":"70012605","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Range charts and no-space graphs","docAbstract":"<p>No-space graphs present one solution to the familiar problem: given data on the occurrence of fossil taxa in separate, well-sampled sections, determine a range chart; that is, a reasonable working hypothesis of the total range in the area in question of each taxon studied. The solution presented here treats only the relative sequence of biostratigraphic events (first and last occurrences of taxa) and does not attempt to determine an amount of spacing between events. Relative to a hypothesized sequence, observed events in any section may be in-place or out-of-place. Out-of-place events may indicate (1) the event in question reflects a taxon that did not fill its entire range (unfilled-range event), or (2) the event in question indicates a need for the revision of the hypothesized sequence. A graph of relative position only (no-space graph) can be used to facilitate the recognition of in-place and out-of-place events by presenting a visual comparison of the observations from each section with the hypothesized sequence. The geometry of the graph as constructed here is such that in-place events will lie along a line series and out-of-place events will lie above or below it. First-occurrence events below the line series and last-occurrence events above the line series indicate unfilled ranges. First-occurrence events above the line series and last-occurrence events below the line series indicate a need for the revision of the hypothesis. Knowing this, the stratigrapher considers alternative positionings of the line series as alternative range hypotheses and seeks the line series that best fits his geologic and paleontologic judgment. No-space graphs are used to revise an initial hypothesis until a final hypothesis is reached. In this final hypothesis every event is found in-place in at least one section, and all events in all sections may be interpreted to represent in-place events or unfilled-range events. No event may indicate a need for further range revision. The application of the no-space graph method requires the assumption of lack of reworking and the assumption that taxa that are present in a single horizon indicate taxa whose ranges overlap. When applied to hypothetical and actual data, the no-space graph technique produces geologically reasonable range charts that compare favorably with results produced by other methods.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(78)90057-2","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Edwards, L.E., 1978, Range charts and no-space graphs: Computers & Geosciences, v. 4, no. 3, p. 247-255, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(78)90057-2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"255","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a949ce4b0c8380cd814f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012641,"text":"70012641 - 1978 - Determination of silver, bismuth, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in geologic materials by atomic absorption spectrometry with tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T17:49:47.054281","indexId":"70012641","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of silver, bismuth, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in geologic materials by atomic absorption spectrometry with tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride","docAbstract":"Interferences commonly encountered in the determination of silver, bismuth, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc at crustal abundance levels are effectively eliminated using a rapid, sensitive, organic extraction technique. A potassium chlorate-hydrochloric acid digestion solubilizes the metals not tightly bound in the silicate lattice of rocks, soils, and stream sediments. The six metals are selectively extracted into a 10% Aliquat 336-MIBK organic phase in the presence of ascorbic acid and potassium iodide. Metals in the organic extract are determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry to the 0.02-ppm level for silver, cadmium, copper, and zinc and to the 0.2-ppm level for bismuth and lead with a maximum relative standard deviation of 18.8% for known reference samples. An additional hydrofluoric acid digestion may be used to determine metals substituted in the silicate lattice.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac50030a023","usgsCitation":"Viets, J.G., 1978, Determination of silver, bismuth, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in geologic materials by atomic absorption spectrometry with tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride: Analytical Chemistry, v. 50, no. 8, p. 1097-1101, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50030a023.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1097","endPage":"1101","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221839,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffc6e4b0c8380cd4f3bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Viets, John G.","contributorId":84510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viets","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012550,"text":"70012550 - 1978 - Prediction of capacity factors for aqueous organic solutes adsorbed on a porous acrylic resin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T17:47:53.733634","indexId":"70012550","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prediction of capacity factors for aqueous organic solutes adsorbed on a porous acrylic resin","docAbstract":"<p>The capacity factors of 20 aromatic, allphatic, and allcycllc organic solutes with carboxyl, hydroxyl, amine, and methyl functional groups were determined on Amberlite XAD-8, a porous acrylic resin. The logarithm of the capacity factor, <i>k'</i>, correlated inversely with the logarithm of the aqueous molar solubility with significance of less than 0.001. The log <i>k'</i>-log solubility relationship may be used to predict the capacity of any organic solute for XAD-8 using only the solubility of the solute. The prediction is useful as a guide for determining the proper ratio of sample to column size In the preconcentration of organic solutes from water. The inverse relationship of solubility and capacity is due to the unfavorable entropy of solution of organic solutes which affects both solubility and sorption.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac50027a028","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E., Malcolm, R., and Aiken, G., 1978, Prediction of capacity factors for aqueous organic solutes adsorbed on a porous acrylic resin: Analytical Chemistry, v. 50, no. 6, p. 775-779, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50027a028.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"775","endPage":"779","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222086,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81eae4b0c8380cd7b7d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malcolm, Ronald L.","contributorId":46075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malcolm","given":"Ronald L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012657,"text":"70012657 - 1978 - Heat flow in the Basin and Range province and thermal effects of tectonic extension","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:08","indexId":"70012657","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat flow in the Basin and Range province and thermal effects of tectonic extension","docAbstract":"In regions of tectonic extension, vertical convective transport of heat in the lithosphere is inevitable. The resulting departure of lithosphere temperature and thickness from conduction-model estimates depends upon the mechanical mode of extension and upon how rapidly extension is (and has been) taking place. Present knowledge of these processes is insufficient to provide adequate constraints on thermal models. The high and variable regional heat flow and the intense local heat discharge at volcanic centers in the Basin and Range province of the United States could be accounted for by regional and local variations in extensional strain rate without invoking anomalous conductive heat flow from the asthenosphere. Anomalous surface heat flow typical of the province could be generated by distributed extension at average rates of about 1/2 to 1%/m.y., similar to rates estimated from structural evidence. To account for higher heat flow in subregions like the Battle mountain High, these rates would be increased by a factor of about 3, and locally at active bimodal volcanic centers, by an order of magnitude more. ?? 1978 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00879732","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Lachenbruch, A., 1978, Heat flow in the Basin and Range province and thermal effects of tectonic extension: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 117, no. 1-2, p. 34-50, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00879732.","startPage":"34","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205199,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879732"},{"id":222092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3001e4b0c8380cd5d2b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachenbruch, A.H.","contributorId":76737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"A.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012506,"text":"70012506 - 1978 - Environmental trade-offs of tunnels vs cut-and-cover subways","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:07","indexId":"70012506","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3667,"text":"Underground Space","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental trade-offs of tunnels vs cut-and-cover subways","docAbstract":"Heavy construction projects in cities entail two kinds of cost - internal cost, which can be defined in terms of payments from one set of parties to another, and external cost, which is the cost borne by the community at large as the result of disutilities entailed in construction and operation. Environmental trade-offs involve external costs, which are commonly difficult to measure. Cut-and-cover subway construction probably entails higher external and internal cost than deep tunnel construction in many urban geological environments, but uncertainty concerning the costs and environmental trade-offs of tunneling leads to limited and timid use of tunneling by American designers. Thus uncertainty becomes a major trade-off which works against tunneling. The reverse is true in Sweden after nearly 30 years of subway construction. Econometric methods for measuring external costs exist in principle, but are limited in application. Economic theory based on market pressure does not address the real problem of urban environmental trade-offs. Nevertheless, the problem of uncertainty can be addressed by comparative studies of estimated and as-built costs of cut-and-cover vs tunnel projects and a review of environmental issues associated with such construction. Such a study would benefit the underground construction industry and the design of transportation systems. It would also help solve an aspect of the urban problem. ?? 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Underground Space","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03620565","usgsCitation":"Walton, M., 1978, Environmental trade-offs of tunnels vs cut-and-cover subways: Underground Space, v. 3, no. 2, p. 61-67.","startPage":"61","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09eae4b0c8380cd520f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walton, M.","contributorId":36096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012492,"text":"70012492 - 1978 - Empirical model of Skeletonema costatum photosynthetic rate, with applications in the San Francisco Bay estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-01T17:40:47.965072","indexId":"70012492","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Empirical model of <i>Skeletonema costatum</i> photosynthetic rate, with applications in the San Francisco Bay estuary","title":"Empirical model of Skeletonema costatum photosynthetic rate, with applications in the San Francisco Bay estuary","docAbstract":"<p>An empirical model of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Skeletonema costatum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>photosynthetic rate is developed and fit to measurements of photosynthesis selected from the literature. Because the model acknowledges existence of: 1) a light-temperature interaction (by allowing optimum irradiance to vary with temperature), 2) light inhibition, 3) temperature inhibition, and 4) a salinity effect, it accurately estimates photosynthetic rates measured over a wide range of temperature, light intensity, and salinity. Integration of predicted instantaneous rate of photosynthesis with time and depth yields daily net carbon assimilation (pg C cell<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>day<sup>−1</sup>) in a mixed layer of specified depth, when salinity, temperature, daily irradiance and extinction coefficient are known. The assumption of constant carbon quota (pg C cell<sup>−1</sup>) allows for prediction of mean specific growth rate (day<sup>−1</sup>), which can be used in numerical models of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Skeletonema costatum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>population dynamics.</p><p>Application of the model to northern San Francisco Bay clearly demonstrates the limitation of growth by low light availability, and suggests that large population densities of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S. costatum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>observed during summer months are not the result of active growth in the central deep channels (where growth rates are consistently predicted to be negative). But predicted growth rates in the lateral shallows are positive during summer and fall, thus offering a testable hypothesis that shoals are the only sites of active population growth by<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S. costatum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(and perhaps other neritic diatoms) in the northern reach of San Francisco Bay.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0309-1708(78)90040-4","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., 1978, Empirical model of Skeletonema costatum photosynthetic rate, with applications in the San Francisco Bay estuary: Advances in Water Resources, v. 1, no. 5, p. 267-274, https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(78)90040-4.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222256,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.22039965621613,\n              38.24440703031118\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.57745968735097,\n              38.24440703031118\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.57745968735097,\n              37.3957605043622\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.22039965621613,\n              37.3957605043622\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.22039965621613,\n              38.24440703031118\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a090ce4b0c8380cd51d98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":363746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012491,"text":"70012491 - 1978 - Analytical multicollimator camera calibration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T19:49:10","indexId":"70012491","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3050,"text":"Photogrammetria","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analytical multicollimator camera calibration","docAbstract":"Calibration with the U.S. Geological survey multicollimator determines the calibrated focal length, the point of symmetry, the radial distortion referred to the point of symmetry, and the asymmetric characteristiecs of the camera lens. For this project, two cameras were calibrated, a Zeiss RMK A 15/23 and a Wild RC 8. Four test exposures were made with each camera. Results are tabulated for each exposure and averaged for each set. Copies of the standard USGS calibration reports are included. ?? 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetria","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0031-8663(78)90009-1","issn":"00318663","usgsCitation":"Tayman, W., 1978, Analytical multicollimator camera calibration: Photogrammetria, v. 34, no. 5, p. 179-197, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-8663(78)90009-1.","startPage":"179","endPage":"197","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269813,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-8663(78)90009-1"}],"volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb6ce4b0c8380cd48dc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tayman, W.P.","contributorId":63942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tayman","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012861,"text":"70012861 - 1978 - Strontium isotopes in basalts from the Pacific Ocean basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T00:25:31.322263","indexId":"70012861","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strontium isotopes in basalts from the Pacific Ocean basin","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id7\"><p>Basalts being erupted in the Pacific Ocean Basin vary in Sr isotopic composition in a simple geographic pattern.<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr increases away from the East Pacific Rise to very high values for islands in the south-central Pacific. The<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr variations are almost certainly related to past segregation of Rb, K, and other large cations. The segregation process was probably incipient partial melting which resulted in various mantle zones being enriched or depleted.</p></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Hedge, C., 1978, Strontium isotopes in basalts from the Pacific Ocean basin: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 38, no. 1, p. 88-94.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"88","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222444,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9bb1e4b08c986b31d02c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedge, C. E.","contributorId":73611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedge","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012860,"text":"70012860 - 1978 - The potential source of lead in the Permian Kupferschiefer bed of Europe and some selected Paleozoic mineral deposits in the Federal Republic of Germany","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:02","indexId":"70012860","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The potential source of lead in the Permian Kupferschiefer bed of Europe and some selected Paleozoic mineral deposits in the Federal Republic of Germany","docAbstract":"New lead isotopic compositions have been measured for Paleozoic bedded and vein ore deposits of Europe by the high precision thermal emission (triple filament) technique. Eleven samples have been analyzed from the Upper Permian Kupferschiefer bed with representatives from Poland to England, three samples from the Middle Devonian Rammelsberg deposit and one from the Middle Devonian Meggen deposit, both of which are conformable ore lenses and are in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG); and also two vein deposits from the FRG were analyzed, from Ramsbeck in Devonian host rocks and from Grund in Carboniferous host rocks. For Kupferschiefer bed samples from Germany, the mineralization is of variable lead isotopic composition and appears to have been derived about 250 m.y. ago from 1700 m.y. old sources, or detritus of this age, in Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Samples from England, Holland, and Poland have different isotopic characteristics from the German samples, indicative of significantly different source material (perhaps older). The isotopic variability of the samples from the Kupferschiefer bed in Germany probably favors the lead containing waters coming from shoreward (where poor mixing is to be expected) rather than basinward (where better mixing is likely) directions. The data thus support the interpretation of the metal source already given by Wedepohl in 1964. Data on samples from Rammelsberg and Meggen tend to be slightly less radiogenic than for the Kupferschiefer, about the amount expected if the leads were all derived from the same source material but 100 to 150 m.y. apart in time. The vein galena from Ramsbeck is similar to that from Rammelsberg conformable ore lenses, both in rocks of Devonian age; vein galena from Grund in Upper Carboniferous country rocks is similar to some bedded Kupferschiefer mineralization in Permian rocks, as if the lead composition was formed at about the same time and from similar source material as the bedded deposits. Although heat has played a more significant role in the formation of some of these deposits (veins and Rammelsberg-Meggen) than in others (Kupferschiefer), there is no indication of radically different sources for the lead, all apparently coming from sedimentary source material containing Precambrian detritus. One feldspar lead sample from the Brocken-Oker Granite is not the same in isotopic composition as any of the ores analyzed. ?? 1978 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00375513","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Wedepohl, K., Delevaux, M., and Doe, B.R., 1978, The potential source of lead in the Permian Kupferschiefer bed of Europe and some selected Paleozoic mineral deposits in the Federal Republic of Germany: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 65, no. 3, p. 273-281, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375513.","startPage":"273","endPage":"281","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205230,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375513"}],"volume":"65","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baebce4b08c986b3242e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wedepohl, K.H.","contributorId":74639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedepohl","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delevaux, M.H.","contributorId":27853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delevaux","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Doe, B. R.","contributorId":52173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doe","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012398,"text":"70012398 - 1978 - Identification and significance of accessory minerals from a bituminous coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-02T17:43:12.420462","indexId":"70012398","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification and significance of accessory minerals from a bituminous coal","docAbstract":"<p><span>A scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been used to study the&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;accessory minerals in polished blocks and pellets of petrographically analysed samples of the Waynesburg coal (hvb). Individual grains from the low-temperature ash (LTA) of the same coal were also studied. The visual resolution of the SEM permitted the detection of submicron mineral grains, which could then be analysed by the attached energy-dispersive system. Emphasis was placed on the highly reflective grains in the carbominerite bands. Among the most abundant accessory minerals observed were rutile, zircon, and rare-earth-bearing minerals. Small (1–5 μm) particles of what may be authigenic iron-rich chromite and a nickel silicate form rims on quartz grains. The SEM also permits the observation of grain morphology and mineral intergrowths. These data are useful in determining authigenicity and diagenic alteration. Substances in density splits of LTA include authigenic, detrital, extraterrestrial magnetite, tourmaline, and evaporite (?) minerals, and a fluorine-bearing amphibole. This analytical approach allows the determination of specific sites for many of the trace elements in coals. In the Waynesburg coal, most of the chromium is in the iron-chromium rims, the fluorine is in the amphibole, and the rare-earth elements are in rare-earth-bearing minerals. The ability to relate trace-element data to specific minerals will aid in predicting the behaviour of elements in coal during combustion, liquefaction, gasification, weathering, and leaching processes. This ability also permits insight into the degree of mobility of these elements in coal and provides clues to sedimentological and diagenetic conditions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-2361(78)90135-7","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Finkelman, R.B., and Stanton, R., 1978, Identification and significance of accessory minerals from a bituminous coal: Fuel, v. 57, no. 12, p. 763-768, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(78)90135-7.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"763","endPage":"768","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222590,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Waynesburg","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.26310281897143,\n              39.94513567555663\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.26310281897143,\n              39.84840840636784\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.0660060099735,\n              39.84840840636784\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.0660060099735,\n              39.94513567555663\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.26310281897143,\n              39.94513567555663\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3814e4b0c8380cd61415","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanton, R.W.","contributorId":19164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012489,"text":"70012489 - 1978 - Decomposition of hydroxy amino acids in foraminiferal tests; kinetics, mechanism and geochronological implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T00:31:24.827634","indexId":"70012489","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decomposition of hydroxy amino acids in foraminiferal tests; kinetics, mechanism and geochronological implications","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id8\"><p>The diagenesis of the hydroxy amino acids serine and threonine in foraminiferal tests has been investigated. The decomposition pathways of these amino acids are complex; the principal reactions appear to be dehydration, aldol cleavage and decarboxylation. Stereochemical studies indicate that the α-amino-n-butyric acid (ABA) detected in foraminiferal tests is the end product of threonine dehydration pathway. Decomposition of serine and threonine in foraminiferal tests from two well-dated Caribbean deep-sea cores, P6304-8 and -9, has been found to follow irreversible first-order kinetics. Three empirical equations were derived for the disappearance of serine and threonine and the appearance of ABA. These equations can be used as a new geochronological method for dating foraminiferal tests from other deep-sea sediments. Preliminary results suggest that ages deduced from the ABA kinetics equation are most reliable because “species effect” and contamination problems are not important for this nonbiological amino acid. Because of the variable serine and threonine contents of modern foraminiferal species, it is likely that the accurate age estimates can be obtained from the serine and threonine decomposition equations only if a homogeneous species assemblage or single species sample isolated from mixed natural assemblages is used.</p></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(78)90042-0","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Bada, J., Shou, M., Man, E., and Schroeder, R.A., 1978, Decomposition of hydroxy amino acids in foraminiferal tests; kinetics, mechanism and geochronological implications: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 41, no. 1, p. 67-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(78)90042-0.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222206,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe14e4b0c8380cd4eae6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bada, J.L.","contributorId":96826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bada","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shou, M.-Y.","contributorId":76888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shou","given":"M.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Man, E.H.","contributorId":91243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Man","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schroeder, R. A.","contributorId":15554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70012614,"text":"70012614 - 1978 - Global color variations on the Martian surface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-28T16:54:19.397012","indexId":"70012614","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global color variations on the Martian surface","docAbstract":"<p><span>Surface materials exposed throughout the equatorial region of Mars have been classified and mapped on the basis of spectral reflectance properties determined by the Viking II Orbiter vidicon cameras. Frames acquired at each of three wavelengths (0.45 ± 0.03&nbsp;</span><i>μ</i><span>m, 0.53 ± 0.05&nbsp;</span><i>μ</i><span>m, and 0.59 ± 0.05&nbsp;</span><i>μ</i><span>m) during the approach of Viking Orbiter II in Martian summer (</span><i>L</i><sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;= 105°) were mosaicked by computer. The mosaics cover latitudes 30°N to 63°S for 360° of longitude and have resolutions between 10 and 20 km per line pair. Image processing included Mercator transformation and removal of an average Martian photometric function to produce albedo maps at three wavelengths. The classical dark region between the equator and ∼30°S in the Martian highlands is composed of two units: (i) and ancient unit consisting of topographic highs (ridges, crater rims, and rugged plateaus riddled with small dendritic channels) which is among the reddest on the planet&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>(0.59/0.45 &amp;#x3BC;</mtext><mtext>m</mtext><mtext>&amp;#x22CD; 3)</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">(0.59/0.45 μm⋍ 3)</span></span></span><span>; and (ii) intermediate age, smooth, intercrater volcanic plains displaying numerous mare ridges which are among the least red on Mars&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>(0.59/0.45 &amp;#x3BC;</mtext><mtext>m</mtext><mtext>&amp;#x22CD; 2)</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">(0.59/0.45 μm⋍ 2)</span></span></span><span>. The relatively young shield volcanoes are, like the oldest unit, dark and very red. Two probable eolian deposits are recognized in the intermediate and high albedo regions. The stratigraphically lower unit is intermediate in both color&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>(0.59/ 0.45 &amp;#x3BC;</mtext><mtext>m</mtext><mtext>&amp;#x22CD; 2.5)</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">(0.59/ 0.45 μm⋍ 2.5)</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;and albedo. The upper unit has the highest albedo, is very red&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-4-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>(0.59/0.45 &amp;#x3BC;</mtext><mtext>m</mtext><mtext>&amp;#x22CD; 3)</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">(0.59/0.45 μm⋍ 3)</span></span></span><span>, and is apparently the major constituent of the annual dust storms as its areal extent changes from year to year. The south polar ice cap and condensate clouds dominate the southernmost part of the mosaics.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(78)90037-4","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Soderblom, L., Edwards, K., Eliason, E.M., Sanchez, E., and Charette, M., 1978, Global color variations on the Martian surface: Icarus, v. 34, no. 3, p. 446-464, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(78)90037-4.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"446","endPage":"464","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222427,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2940e4b0c8380cd5a7c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, K.","contributorId":70924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eliason, E. M.","contributorId":93113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eliason","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sanchez, E.M.","contributorId":40733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Charette, M.P.","contributorId":100122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charette","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70012438,"text":"70012438 - 1978 - Applications of the VLF induction method for studying some volcanic processes of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:09","indexId":"70012438","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applications of the VLF induction method for studying some volcanic processes of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The very low-frequency (VLF) induction method has found exceptional utility in studying various volcanic processes of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii because: (1) significant anomalies result exclusively from ionically conductive magma or still-hot intrusions (> 800??C) and the attendant electrolytically conductive hot groundwater; (2) basalt flows forming the bulk of Kilauea have very high resistivities at shallow depths that result in low geologic noise levels and relatively deep depths of investigation (???100 m); and (3) the azimuths to two of the usable transmitters (NLK and NPM) are aligned favorably with most of the principal geologic features. Measurements of the tilt angle and ellipticity of the polarization ellipse of the magnetic field, using a simple, hand-held receiver, have been used to: (1) delineate the lateral extent of shallow, partially solidified lava lakes, active lava tubes, and recent intrusive dikes; (2) obtain an indication of the attitude of some recent dikes; (3) show that many eruptive fissures cool faster than their intrusive counterparts; (4) show that some fumarolic areas are underlain by shallow, highly altered, and conductive zones; and (5) provide control information for interpreting data obtained with other electrical techniques. Complementary measurements of scalar apparent resistivity and surface impedance phase, using a new attachment for the VLF receiver, have substantially increased the utility of VLF studies in Kilauea. They provide better lateral resolution of conductors and reduce the ambiguity in interpretation. Notwithstanding recent advances in theoretical modeling techniques, the excellent quality of some of the data warrants extension of interpretive techniques, particularly for quantitatively characterizing the configuration and conductivity of small-dimension bodies. These VLF induction methods should have wide application to studies of active volcanic regions in other parts of the world and could provide some insights into the workings of larger-scaled geothermal systems. ?? 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Zablocki, C., 1978, Applications of the VLF induction method for studying some volcanic processes of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 3, no. 1-2, p. 155-195.","startPage":"155","endPage":"195","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eccbe4b0c8380cd494c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zablocki, C.J.","contributorId":52178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zablocki","given":"C.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012613,"text":"70012613 - 1978 - Chemical composition and distribution of lithium-rich brines in salar de Uyuni and nearby salars in southwestern Bolivia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T14:50:43.55147","indexId":"70012613","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1505,"text":"Energy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical composition and distribution of lithium-rich brines in salar de Uyuni and nearby salars in southwestern Bolivia","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id7\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id8\"><p id=\"SP0005\">Preliminary investigations at Salar de Uyuni and the nearby salars (salt pans) of Coipasa and Empexa in the southern part of the Bolivian Altiplano show the presence of widespread lithium-rich brines. Widely scattered brine samples from Salar de Uyuni, which has an area of about 9000 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and is the largest salt pan on earth, show lithium values ranging from 80 to 1500 ppm. High values of 300–700 ppm are most prevalent in an area of about 2500 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in the east-central and southeastern part of the salar. A few brine samples in small areas in Coipasa and Empexa Salars have values ranging from 170 to 580 ppm Li. All the brines are essentially saturated with halite and are moderately high in sulfate (5000–15,000 ppm SO<sub>4</sub>) but low in carbonate (&lt;500 ppm HCO<sub>3</sub>). Potassium and magnesium values are relatively high, chiefly in the range of 2000–20,000 ppm, and the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>K</mtext><mtext>Mg</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">KMg</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio is about 1:1. The<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Li</mtext><mtext>K</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">LiK</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Li</mtext><mtext>Mg</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">LiMg</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios are relatively constant at about 1:20.</p><p id=\"SP0010\">The crystalline saline material and brines in these salars are residual from a former large lake, Lago Minchin, that occupied much of the southern Bolivian Altiplano during late Pleistocene time, augmented by saline material carried to the salars by streams since final drying of this lake. Thermal springs associated with rhyolitic volcanic rocks of Quaternary age may have been a major source of the lithium.</p></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-snippets\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-references\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0360-5442(78)90032-4","usgsCitation":"Ericksen, G., Vine, J.D., and Ballon A., R., 1978, Chemical composition and distribution of lithium-rich brines in salar de Uyuni and nearby salars in southwestern Bolivia: Energy, v. 3, no. 3, p. 355-363, https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(78)90032-4.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"363","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bolivia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -69.70525126273051,\n              -15.77242071756875\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.70525126273051,\n              -22.86143250427375\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.300293473521776,\n              -22.86143250427375\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.300293473521776,\n              -15.77242071756875\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.70525126273051,\n              -15.77242071756875\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f560e4b0c8380cd4c1ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ericksen, George E.","contributorId":54651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vine, James D.","contributorId":105287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vine","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballon A., Raul","contributorId":101387,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ballon A.","given":"Raul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012406,"text":"70012406 - 1978 - Isotopic composition of lead in oceanic basalt and its implication to mantle evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T00:26:50.772586","indexId":"70012406","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic composition of lead in oceanic basalt and its implication to mantle evolution","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id7\"><p>New data are given in this report for (1) Pb isotopic compositions and U, Th, and Pb concentrations of basalts from the island of Hawaii; (2) redetermined Pb isotopic compositions of some abyssal tholeiites; and (3) U, Th, and Pb concentrations of altered and fresh abyssal basalts, and basalt genesis and mantle evolution are discussed. The Th/U ratios of abyssal and Japanese tholeiites are distinctly lower than those of tholeiites and alkali basalts from other areas. It is thought that these low values reflect a part of the mantle depleted in large ionic lithophile elements. Thus a mantle evolution model is presented, in which Th/U ratios of the depleted zone in the mantle have decreased to ∼2, and U/Pb ratios have increased, showing an apparent ∼1.5-b.y. isochron trend in the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb vs.<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb plot. The Pb isotopic compositions of basalts from the island of Hawaii are distinct for each of the five volcanoes, and within each volcano, Pb's of tholeiites and alkali basalts are similar. An interaction between partially melted material (hot plume?) of the asthenosphere and the lithosphere is suggested to explain the trend in the Pb isotopic compositions of Hawaiian basalts.</p></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(78)90126-7","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Tatsumoto, M., 1978, Isotopic composition of lead in oceanic basalt and its implication to mantle evolution: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 38, no. 1, p. 63-87, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(78)90126-7.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"87","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222717,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fa2e4b0c8380cd6469e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012407,"text":"70012407 - 1978 - Uranium-lead isotope systematics and apparent ages of zircons and other minerals in precambrian granitic rocks, Granite Mountains, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70012407","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium-lead isotope systematics and apparent ages of zircons and other minerals in precambrian granitic rocks, Granite Mountains, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Zircon suites from the two main types of granite in the Granite Mountains, Wyoming, yielded concordia-intercept ages of 2,640??20 m.y. for a red, foliated granite (granite of Long Creek Mountain) and 2,595??40 m.y. for the much larger mass of the granite of Lankin Dome. These ages are statistically distinct (40??20 m.y. difference) and are consistent with observed chemical and textural differences. The lower intercepts of the zircon chords of 50??40 and 100+ 75 m.y. for the granite of Long Creek Mountain and granite of Lankin Dome, respectively, are not consistent with reasonable continuous diffusion lead-loss curves but do correspond well with the known (Laramide) time of uplift of the rocks. Epidote, zircon, and apatite from silicified and epidotized zones in the granites all record at least one postcrystallization disturbance in addition to the Laramide event and do not define a unique age of silicification and epidotization. The lower limit of ???2,500 m.y. provided by the least disturbed epidote, however, suggests that these rocks were probably formed by deuteric processes shortly after emplacement of the granite of the Lankin Dome. The earlier of the two disturbances that affected the minerals of the silicified-epidotized rock can be bracketed between 1,350 and 2,240 m.y. ago and is probably the same event that lowered mineral K-Ar and ages in the region. Zircon suites from both types of granite show well-defined linear correlations among U content, common-Pb content, and degree of discordance. One of the zircon suites has an extremely high common-Pb content (up to 180 ppm) and exhibits a component of radiogenic-Pb loss that is apparently unrelated to radiation damage. ?? 1978 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00375510","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Ludwig, K., and Stuckless, J., 1978, Uranium-lead isotope systematics and apparent ages of zircons and other minerals in precambrian granitic rocks, Granite Mountains, Wyoming: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 65, no. 3, p. 243-254, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375510.","startPage":"243","endPage":"254","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205290,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375510"},{"id":222718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbdede4b08c986b3292ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":363467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stuckless, J. S.","contributorId":6060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012475,"text":"70012475 - 1978 - A pollution history of Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T17:48:41.327795","indexId":"70012475","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A pollution history of Chesapeake Bay","docAbstract":"Present day anthropogenic fluxes of some heavy metals to central Chesapeake Bay appear to be intermediate to those of the southern California coastal region and those of Narragansett Bay. The natural fluxes, however, are in general higher. On the bases of Pb-210 and Pu-239 + 240 geochronologies and of the time changes in interstitial water compositions, there is a mixing of the upper 30 or so centimeters of the sediments in the mid-Chesapeake Bay area through bioturbation by burrowing mollusks and polychaetes. Coal, coke and charcoal levels reach one percent or more by dry weight in the deposits, primarily as a consequence of coal mining operations. ?? 1978.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(78)90047-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Goldberg, E., Hodge, V., Koide, M., Griffin, J., Gamble, E., Bricker, O., Matisoff, G., Holdren, G., and Braun, R., 1978, A pollution history of Chesapeake Bay: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 42, no. 9, p. 1413-1425, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90047-9.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1413","endPage":"1425","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221951,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4dee4b0c8380cd469b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldberg, E.D.","contributorId":86459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hodge, V.","contributorId":54736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodge","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koide, M.","contributorId":53524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koide","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Griffin, J.","contributorId":21261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gamble, E.","contributorId":63167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gamble","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Matisoff, G.","contributorId":49929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matisoff","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Holdren, G.R. Jr.","contributorId":26443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holdren","given":"G.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Braun, R.","contributorId":62746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70012446,"text":"70012446 - 1978 - Distinctive sedimentary features of cold-climate eolian deposits, North Park, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T16:20:51","indexId":"70012446","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distinctive sedimentary features of cold-climate eolian deposits, North Park, Colorado","docAbstract":"Cold-climate eolianites contain diagnostic sedimentary features that contrast with the sedimentary features of warm-climate eolianites. Distinctive tensional, compressional, and dissipation sedimentary structures related to freezing, thawing and snow melting characterize eolian dune-sand deposits in North Park, Colorado. The North Park dunes have few of the characteristics considered to be diagnostic eolian indicators. A significant difference is the heterogeneous texture and composition of the sand. The migration rate of these active dunes is slow (???1.7 m/year) due to freezing of moisture in the sand or to burial of the sand by snow during half of the year, even though the dunes occur in a unimodal, high-energy wind environment. Bioturbation is common in both active and inactive dunes, although the dunes occur at a high elevation ({reversed tilde} 2500m) in a cold climate (3.0??C mean annual temperature). The distinctive sedimentary features observed in this cold-climate (snow-related) dune field should aid in the interpretation of eolianites and the paleoclimates in which they formed. ?? 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(78)90048-2","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Ahlbrandt, T., and Andrews, S., 1978, Distinctive sedimentary features of cold-climate eolian deposits, North Park, Colorado: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 25, no. 4, p. 327-351, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(78)90048-2.","startPage":"327","endPage":"351","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267790,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(78)90048-2"},{"id":222415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a024de4b0c8380cd4ffb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ahlbrandt, Thomas S.","contributorId":58279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahlbrandt","given":"Thomas S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, S.","contributorId":21282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012462,"text":"70012462 - 1978 - Revised values for the Gibbs free energy of formation of [Al(OH)4 aq-], diaspore, boehmite and bayerite at 298.15 K and 1 bar, the thermodynamic properties of kaolinite to 800 K and 1 bar, and the heats of solution of several gibbsite samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T17:52:38.848593","indexId":"70012462","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Revised values for the Gibbs free energy of formation of [Al(OH)4 aq-], diaspore, boehmite and bayerite at 298.15 K and 1 bar, the thermodynamic properties of kaolinite to 800 K and 1 bar, and the heats of solution of several gibbsite samples","docAbstract":"<p>Solution calorimetric measurements compared with solubility determinations from the literature for the same samples of gibbsite have provided a direct thermochemical cycle through which the Gibbs free energy of formation of [Al(OH)<sub>4 aq</sub><sup>−</sup>] can be determined. The Gibbs free energy of formation of [Al(OH)<sub>4 aq</sub><sup>−</sup>] at 298.15 K is −1305 ± 1 kJ/mol. These heat-of-solution results show no significant difference in the thermodynamic properties of gibbsite particles in the range from 50 to 0.05 μm.</p><p>The Gibbs free energies of formation at 298.15 K and 1 bar pressure of diaspore, boehmite and bayerite are −9210 ± 5.0, −918.4 ± 2.1 and −1153 ± 2 kJ/mol based upon the Gibbs free energy of [A1(OH)<sub>4 aq</sub><sup>−</sup>] calculated in this paper and the acceptance of −1582.2 ± 1.3 and −1154.9 ± 1.2 kJ/mol for the Gibbs free energy of formation of corundum and gibbsite, respectively.</p><p>Values for the Gibbs free energy formation of [Al(OH)<sub>2 aq</sub><sup>+</sup>] and [AlO<sub>2 aq</sub><sup>−</sup>] were also calculated as −914.2 ± 2.1 and −830.9 ± 2.1 kJ/mol, respectively. The use of [AlC<sub>2 aq</sub><sup>−</sup>] as a chemical species is discouraged.</p><p>A revised Gibbs free energy of formation for [H<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4aq</sub><sup>0</sup>] was recalculated from calorimetric data yielding a value of −1307.5 ± 1.7 kJ/mol which is in good agreement with the results obtained from several solubility studies.</p><p>Smoothed values for the thermodynamic functions<span>&nbsp;</span><i>C</i><sub><i>P</i></sub><sup>0</sup>, (<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>H</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>T</mn></msub><msup><mi></mi><mn>0</mn></msup><mtext>- H</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>298</mn></msub><msup><mi></mi><mn>0</mn></msup><mtext>)</mtext><mtext>T</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">HT0- H2980)T</span></span></span>,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>(</mtext><mtext>G</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>T</mn></msub><msup><mi></mi><mn>0</mn></msup><mtext>- H</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>298</mn></msub><msup><mi></mi><mn>0</mn></msup><mtext>)</mtext><mtext>T</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">(GT0- H2980)T</span></span></span>,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>0</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>-<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><sub>0</sub><sup>0</sup>,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x394;H</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>&amp;#x192;,298</mn></msub><msup><mi></mi><mn>0</mn></msup></math>\">ƒ<span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">ΔHƒ,2980</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>kaolinite are listed at integral temperatures between 298.15 and 800 K. The heat capacity of kaolinite at temperatures between 250 and 800 K may be calculated from the following equation:<span>&nbsp;</span><i>C</i><sub><i>P</i></sub><sup>0</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>= 1430.26 − 0.78850<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span>+ 3.0340 × 10<sup>−4</sup><i>T</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>−1.85158 × 10<sup>−4</sup><i>T</i><sup>2</sup><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-4-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext><mtext>+ 8.3341 &amp;#xD7; 10</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>6</mn></msup><mtext>T</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>&amp;#x2212;2</mn></msup></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">12+ 8.3341 × 106T−2</span></span></span>.</p><p>The thermodynamic properties of most of the geologically important Al-bearing phases have been referenced to the same reference state for Al, namely gibbsite.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(78)90024-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hemingway, B.S., Robie, R.A., and Kittrick, J., 1978, Revised values for the Gibbs free energy of formation of [Al(OH)4 aq-], diaspore, boehmite and bayerite at 298.15 K and 1 bar, the thermodynamic properties of kaolinite to 800 K and 1 bar, and the heats of solution of several gibbsite samples: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 42, no. 10, p. 1533-1543, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90024-8.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1533","endPage":"1543","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222660,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aacede4b0c8380cd86dfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robie, R. A.","contributorId":71237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kittrick, J.A.","contributorId":20893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittrick","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70010378,"text":"70010378 - 1978 - Preservation of cycad and Ginkgo pollen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T15:55:12","indexId":"70010378","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preservation of cycad and Ginkgo pollen","docAbstract":"Pollen grains of Ginkgo, Cycas, and Encephalartos were chemically treated together with pollen of Quercus, Alnus, and Pinus, the latter three genera being used as standards. The experiments showed that: (1) boiling the pollen for 8-10 hours in 10% KOH had little if any effect on any of the grains; (2) lengthy acetolysis treatment produced some degradation or corrosion, particularly in Ginkgo and Cycas, but the grains of even these genera remained easily recognizable; (3) oxidation with KMnO4 followed by H2O2 showed that pollen of Ginkgo, Cycas, and Encephalartos remains better preserved than that of Quercus and Alnus, and although Ginkgo and Encephalartos probably are slightly less resistant to oxidation than Pinus, no great differences exists between these monosulcate types and Pinus. Thus the experiments show that, at least for sediments low in bacteria, cycad and Ginkgo pollen should be well represented in the fossil record as far as their preservational capabilities are concerned. ?? 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0034-6667(78)90036-2","issn":"00346667","usgsCitation":"Frederiksen, N.O., 1978, Preservation of cycad and Ginkgo pollen: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 25, no. 2, p. 163-179, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(78)90036-2.","startPage":"163","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269802,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(78)90036-2"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8b4fe4b0c8380cd7e1f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frederiksen, N. O.","contributorId":78356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frederiksen","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010315,"text":"70010315 - 1978 - Orthogonal mapping: A computer program for quantifying shape differences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T15:57:39","indexId":"70010315","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Orthogonal mapping: A computer program for quantifying shape differences","docAbstract":"Quantitative differences in the shape of two or more objects can be obtained by Orthogonal Mapping provided coincidental or analogous points can be identified on each object. The least-squares difference between each set of analogous points is determined by use of a projective transformation of a set of measured points which involves the rotation, translocation, and scaling of these points relative to a set of fixed points. ?? 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(78)90081-X","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Huffman, T., Christopher, R.A., and Hazel, J.E., 1978, Orthogonal mapping: A computer program for quantifying shape differences: Computers & Geosciences, v. 4, no. 2, p. 121-130, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(78)90081-X.","startPage":"121","endPage":"130","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266199,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(78)90081-X"},{"id":219679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7129e4b0c8380cd764c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huffman, T.","contributorId":87682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christopher, R. A.","contributorId":53775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christopher","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hazel, J. E.","contributorId":89187,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hazel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70010357,"text":"70010357 - 1978 - Mass transfer and carbon isotope evolution in natural water systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T17:47:33.992405","indexId":"70010357","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mass transfer and carbon isotope evolution in natural water systems","docAbstract":"This paper presents a theoretical treatment of the evolution of the carbon isotopes C13 and C14 in natural waters and in precipitates which derive from such waters. The effects of an arbitrary number of sources (such as dissolution of carbonate minerals and oxidation of organic material) and sinks (such as mineral precipitation, CO2 degassing and production of methane), and of equilibrium fractionation between solid, gas and aqueous phases are considered. The results are expressed as equations relating changes in isotopic composition to changes in conventional carbonate chemistry. One implication of the equations is that the isotopic composition of an aqueous phase may approach a limiting value whenever there are simultaneous inputs and outputs of carbonate. In order to unambiguously interpret isotopic data from carbonate precipitates and identify reactants and products in reacting natural waters, it is essential that isotopic changes are determined chiefly by reactant and product stoichiometry, independent of reaction path. We demonstrate that this is so by means of quantitative examples. The evolution equations are applied to: 1. (1) carbon-14 dating of groundwaters; 2. (2) interpretation of the isotopic composition of carbonate precipitates, carbonate cements and diagenetically altered carbonates; and 3. (3) the identification of chemical reaction stoichiometry. These applications are illustrated by examples which show the variation of ??C13 in solutions and in precipitates formed under a variety of conditions involving incongruent dissolution, CO2 degassing, methane production and mineral precipitation. ?? 1978.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(78)90108-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Wigley, T., Plummer, N., and Pearson, F.J., 1978, Mass transfer and carbon isotope evolution in natural water systems: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 42, no. 8, p. 1117-1139, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90108-4.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1117","endPage":"1139","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219446,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5258e4b0c8380cd6c341","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wigley, T.M.L.","contributorId":56788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wigley","given":"T.M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":358712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pearson, F. J. Jr.","contributorId":7696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70010358,"text":"70010358 - 1978 - An automated procedure for the simultaneous determination of specific conductance and pH in natural water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T17:18:18.137467","indexId":"70010358","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An automated procedure for the simultaneous determination of specific conductance and pH in natural water samples","docAbstract":"<p><span>An automated, continuous-flow system is utilized to determine specific conductance and pH simultaneously in natural waters. A direct electrometric procedure is used to determine values in the range pH 4–9. The specific conductance measurements are made with an electronically modified, commercially available conductivity meter interfaced to a separate module containing the readout control devices and printer. The system is designed to switch ranges automatically to accommodate optimum analysis of widely varying conductances ranging from a few μmhos cm</span><sup>-1</sup><span>&nbsp;to 15,000 μmho cm</span><sup>-1</sup><span>. Thirty samples per hour can be analyzed. Comparison of manual and automated procedures for 40 samples showed that the average differences were 1.3% for specific conductance and 0.07 units for pH. The relative standard deviation for 25 replicate values for each of five samples was significantly less than 1% for the specific conductance determination; the standard deviation for the pH determination was ⩽ 0.06 pH units.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(01)83567-4","usgsCitation":"Eradmann, D.E., and Taylor, H.E., 1978, An automated procedure for the simultaneous determination of specific conductance and pH in natural water samples: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 99, no. 2, p. 269-274, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)83567-4.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219447,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea20e4b0c8380cd4865f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eradmann, D. E.","contributorId":91620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eradmann","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":358713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010359,"text":"70010359 - 1978 - Origin of major element chemical trends in DSDP Leg 37 basalts, Mid-Atlantic Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:25","indexId":"70010359","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of major element chemical trends in DSDP Leg 37 basalts, Mid-Atlantic Ridge","docAbstract":"In this paper we summarize the major element chemical variation for basalts from the Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 37 and relate it to stratigraphic position in each of five drilling sites. Least-squares techniques are successfully used to quantify the nature and extent of alteration in these basalts, and to correct the major element analysis back to a magmatic, or alteration-free, composition on the assumption that alteration takes place in two ways: (1) secondary minerals are introduced into veins and vesicles, and (2) CO2 and H2O react with components in the rock to form a simple alteration assemblage. A chemical stratigraphy is defined for these basalts by grouping lavas whose chemistries are related by low-pressure phenocryst-liquid differentiation as identified by least-squares calculation. Major chemical-stratigraphic units are as much as 200 m thick; correlations of these units can be made between the holes at site 332 (about 100 m apart), but not between the other sites. Compositions of parental magmas are calculated by extrapolating low-pressure variations to a constant value of 9% MgO. The differences in these extrapolated compositions reflect high-pressure processes, and suggest that clinopyroxene may be an important phase in either intermediate-level fractionation of basaltic liquids, or as a residual phase during the partial melting which produces these basaltic liquids. Several of the basaltic liquids calculated as parental to the Leg 37 basalts have CaO contents greater than 14% and indicate that the oceanic mantle is richer in CaO and Al2O3 than values used in pyrolite models for the upper mantle. A model for magma generation and eruption beneath the Mid-Atlantic Ridge embodies the following characteristics: 1. (1) Separate magma batches are generated in the mantle. 2. (2) Each of these may be erupted directly or stored at shallow depth where significant fractionation takes place. Common fractionation processes are inferred to be gravitative settling of olivine, flotation (?) of plagioclase, and flow differentiation of an olivine-plagioclase-augite assemblage. 3. (3) Eruption of fractionated lava derived from earlier magma batches may alternate with eruption of younger less-fractionated or unfractionated magma. ?? 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Byerly, G.R., and Wright, T.L., 1978, Origin of major element chemical trends in DSDP Leg 37 basalts, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 3, no. 3-4, p. 229-279.","startPage":"229","endPage":"279","numberOfPages":"51","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70e2e4b0c8380cd762f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byerly, G. R.","contributorId":6826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerly","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, T. L.","contributorId":11188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010379,"text":"70010379 - 1978 - The crystal structure and thermal history of orthopyroxene from lunar anorthosite 15415","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T00:22:07.880503","indexId":"70010379","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The crystal structure and thermal history of orthopyroxene from lunar anorthosite 15415","docAbstract":"<p>A single crystal of untwinned orthopyroxene from lunar anorthosite sample 15415, with composition (Mg<sub>1.14</sub>Fe<sub>0.80</sub>Mn<sub>0.02</sub>Ca<sub>0.04</sub>)(Si<sub>1.97</sub>Al<sub>0.03</sub>)O<sub>6</sub>, has a unit cell in space group<i>Pbca</i><span>&nbsp;</span>with<i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 18.310(15)Å,<i>b</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 8.904(10)Å,<i>c</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 5.214(7)Å, containing 2 formula units. A set of 742 counter-measured intensity data made with MoK<sub>α</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>radiation has been used to refine the crystal structure in isotropic thermal mode to<i>R</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.116. Anisotropic refinement led to<i>R</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.092, but thermal parameters are distorted by non-random errors resulting from poor crystal texture. The resulting structure is in close agreement with that obtained by Ghose [9] for a hypersthene from Greenland. A parameter<i>q</i>, which gives (<i>Mg</i><sub>q</sub>Fe<sub>1−q</sub>) for cation site<i>M</i>(1) and (Mg<sub>1.14−<i>q</i></sub>Fe<sub><i>q</i>−0.18</sub>Ca<sub>0.04</sub>) for site<i>M</i>(2), was included in the least-squares analysis, yielding<i>q</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.90(1).</p><p>This orthopyroxene has the high degree of cation order expected of pyroxenes subjected to Apollonian metamorphism at lower than 500–600°C. No evidence exists for a subsequent thermal event of sufficient intensity to disorder the pyroxene. On the basis of previous laboratory studies of argon-release patterns of lunar plagioclase and order-disorder kinetics of terrestrial pyroxenes, we attribute the reported isotopic age (3.9–4.1 AE) to cessation of metamorphism, perhaps caused by impact excavation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(78)90063-8","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Evans, H.T., Stephen, H.J., and Konnert, J., 1978, The crystal structure and thermal history of orthopyroxene from lunar anorthosite 15415: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 37, no. 3, p. 476-484, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(78)90063-8.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"476","endPage":"484","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218721,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa74e4b08c986b322840","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephen, Huebner J.","contributorId":31899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephen","given":"Huebner","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Konnert, J.A.","contributorId":17640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konnert","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}