{"pageNumber":"5260","pageRowStart":"131475","pageSize":"25","recordCount":165326,"records":[{"id":70169185,"text":"70169185 - 1978 - Significant earthquakes of the world, 1977","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-12T02:17:39","indexId":"70169185","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significant earthquakes of the world, 1977","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1978, Significant earthquakes of the world, 1977: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 10, no. 3, p. 105-108.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"108","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319302,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be4fe4b0f59b85e02f04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010378,"text":"70010378 - 1978 - Preservation of cycad and Ginkgo pollen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T15:55:12","indexId":"70010378","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preservation of cycad and Ginkgo pollen","docAbstract":"Pollen grains of Ginkgo, Cycas, and Encephalartos were chemically treated together with pollen of Quercus, Alnus, and Pinus, the latter three genera being used as standards. The experiments showed that: (1) boiling the pollen for 8-10 hours in 10% KOH had little if any effect on any of the grains; (2) lengthy acetolysis treatment produced some degradation or corrosion, particularly in Ginkgo and Cycas, but the grains of even these genera remained easily recognizable; (3) oxidation with KMnO4 followed by H2O2 showed that pollen of Ginkgo, Cycas, and Encephalartos remains better preserved than that of Quercus and Alnus, and although Ginkgo and Encephalartos probably are slightly less resistant to oxidation than Pinus, no great differences exists between these monosulcate types and Pinus. Thus the experiments show that, at least for sediments low in bacteria, cycad and Ginkgo pollen should be well represented in the fossil record as far as their preservational capabilities are concerned. ?? 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0034-6667(78)90036-2","issn":"00346667","usgsCitation":"Frederiksen, N.O., 1978, Preservation of cycad and Ginkgo pollen: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 25, no. 2, p. 163-179, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(78)90036-2.","startPage":"163","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269802,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(78)90036-2"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8b4fe4b0c8380cd7e1f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frederiksen, N. O.","contributorId":78356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frederiksen","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012587,"text":"70012587 - 1978 - Radioactive disequilibrium in altered mid-oceanic basalts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T00:30:41.153383","indexId":"70012587","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radioactive disequilibrium in altered mid-oceanic basalts","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id3\"><p>A young (&lt;1 m.y.) tholeiitic basalt dredged from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge displays a<sup>234</sup>U excess and a<sup>230</sup>Th deficiency that have resulted from the addition of seawater uranium during weathering at seafloor temperatures. Two older samples, though they acquired substantial amounts of uranium from seawater, are depleted in<sup>234</sup>U, indicating preferential leaching of this isotope. Hydrothermally altered samples suggest that some uranium loss may have occurred. Possible isotopic effects of preferential<sup>234</sup>U leaching, however, are obscured by secondary addition of seawater uranium at lower temperatures.</p></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(78)90200-5","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Bacon, M., 1978, Radioactive disequilibrium in altered mid-oceanic basalts: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 39, no. 2, p. 250-254, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(78)90200-5.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"250","endPage":"254","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221958,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a93aee4b0c8380cd80f82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, M.P.","contributorId":76069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bacon","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":363984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010358,"text":"70010358 - 1978 - An automated procedure for the simultaneous determination of specific conductance and pH in natural water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T17:18:18.137467","indexId":"70010358","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An automated procedure for the simultaneous determination of specific conductance and pH in natural water samples","docAbstract":"<p><span>An automated, continuous-flow system is utilized to determine specific conductance and pH simultaneously in natural waters. A direct electrometric procedure is used to determine values in the range pH 4–9. The specific conductance measurements are made with an electronically modified, commercially available conductivity meter interfaced to a separate module containing the readout control devices and printer. The system is designed to switch ranges automatically to accommodate optimum analysis of widely varying conductances ranging from a few μmhos cm</span><sup>-1</sup><span>&nbsp;to 15,000 μmho cm</span><sup>-1</sup><span>. Thirty samples per hour can be analyzed. Comparison of manual and automated procedures for 40 samples showed that the average differences were 1.3% for specific conductance and 0.07 units for pH. The relative standard deviation for 25 replicate values for each of five samples was significantly less than 1% for the specific conductance determination; the standard deviation for the pH determination was ⩽ 0.06 pH units.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(01)83567-4","usgsCitation":"Eradmann, D.E., and Taylor, H.E., 1978, An automated procedure for the simultaneous determination of specific conductance and pH in natural water samples: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 99, no. 2, p. 269-274, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)83567-4.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219447,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea20e4b0c8380cd4865f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eradmann, D. E.","contributorId":91620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eradmann","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":358713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70168578,"text":"70168578 - 1978 - Clarence Allen talks about the responsibilities in earthquake prediction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-22T14:25:13","indexId":"70168578","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Clarence Allen talks about the responsibilities in earthquake prediction","docAbstract":"<p>Dr. Clarence R. Allen is professor of geology and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology. He has been a member of advisory panels to the Executive Office of the President, National Academy of Sciences, National Science Foundation, U.S Geological Survey, UNESCO, California State Mining and Geology Board, and the California Department of Water Resources. Dr. Allen has been President of both the Geological Society of America and the Seismological Society of America (SSA). The title of this interview is based on his presidential address to the SSA in 1976.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Spall, H., 1978, Clarence Allen talks about the responsibilities in earthquake prediction: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 10, no. 4, p. 116-119.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"116","endPage":"119","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318198,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c84ac4e4b0b3c9ae381012","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spall, H.","contributorId":99290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spall","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70168608,"text":"70168608 - 1978 - Unusual animal behavior before earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-20T13:22:10","indexId":"70168608","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unusual animal behavior before earthquakes","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Reasenberg, P., 1978, Unusual animal behavior before earthquakes: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 10, no. 2, p. 42-50.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"42","endPage":"50","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318226,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c99c5fe4b059daa47c9b18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reasenberg, P.","contributorId":22913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reasenberg","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70168596,"text":"70168596 - 1978 - Can animals help to predict earthquakes?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-20T12:50:51","indexId":"70168596","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Can animals help to predict earthquakes?","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Ling-huang, S., 1978, Can animals help to predict earthquakes?: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 10, no. 6, p. 231-233.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"233","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318214,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c99c43e4b059daa47c9a87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ling-huang, Shen","contributorId":167097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ling-huang","given":"Shen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70168598,"text":"70168598 - 1978 - Geodimeter measurements and the Southern California uplift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-14T08:30:51","indexId":"70168598","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geodimeter measurements and the Southern California uplift","docAbstract":"<p>Modern surveying instruments, such as geodimeters, are capable of measuring distances in the range of 1 to 30 kilometers with remarkable precision. Indeed, the present limitation upon the precision of measurement is not the resolution of the instruments themselves but rather the uncertainty introduced by variations in the velocity of light in the atmosphere between the two endpoints of the measured distance. This capability in precise distance measurement can be applied to earthquake studies by using repeated distance measurements to determine changes in the distance between monuments located along the major faults. Such measurements have been made along the San Andreas fault since late 1959, and, as a result, a wealth of data on crustal deformation in that area is now available. In fact, geodimeter measurements of this type furnish a more stable measure of secular strain (change in the ratio of length to length) than any continuously recording strain meter. The superiority of the geodimeter measurement stems principally from the long base line measured which averages over local inhomogeneities (cracks and joints in the rock, inclusions, and so forth).</p>\n<p>This article describes the important features of the measurement technique as well as some results for the region of the southern California uplift. &nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Prescott, W., and Savage, J., 1978, Geodimeter measurements and the Southern California uplift: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 10, no. 4, p. 131-135.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"135","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318216,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.66308593749999,\n              34.52466147177172\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.345703125,\n              35.06597313798418\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.1474609375,\n              37.26530995561875\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.673828125,\n              36.27970720524017\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.66308593749999,\n              34.52466147177172\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c99c52e4b059daa47c9ac7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2679,"text":"wsp2047 - 1978 - Geology and ground water in Door County, Wisconsin, with emphasis on contamination potential in the Silurian dolomite","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":11130,"text":"ofr7761 - 1977 - Geology and ground water in Door County, Wisconsin, with emphasis on contamination potential in the Silurian dolomite","indexId":"ofr7761","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground water in Door County, Wisconsin, with emphasis on contamination potential in the Silurian dolomite"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2679,"text":"wsp2047 - 1978 - Geology and ground water in Door County, Wisconsin, with emphasis on contamination potential in the Silurian dolomite","indexId":"wsp2047","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground water in Door County, Wisconsin, with emphasis on contamination potential in the Silurian dolomite"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T21:59:23.676287","indexId":"wsp2047","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2047","title":"Geology and ground water in Door County, Wisconsin, with emphasis on contamination potential in the Silurian dolomite","docAbstract":"<p>Door County is in northeastern Wisconsin and is an area of 491 square miles. The county forms the main body of the peninsula between Green Bay and Lake Michigan. The land surface is an upland ridge controlled by the underlying bedrock. The west edge of the ridge forms an escarpment facing Green Bay. Silurian dolomite is the upper bedrock unit throughout most of the county and is the most important aquifer. This bedrock is exposed in much of the county, particularly north of Sturgeon Bay; elsewhere, it is covered by a generally thin mantle of soil or drift. The bedrock units are divided into two major aquifer systems in Door County; the Silurian dolomite aquifer system and the sandstone aquifer system, consisting of Ordovician and Cambrian bedrock units. These two major systems are separated by the Maquoketa Shale of Ordovician age, a nearly impermeable, generally nonproductive unit. The Silurian dolomite aquifer system is itself divided into the Niagaran aquifer and the underlying Alexandrian aquifer. Water occurs in the Silurian dolomite aquifer system in two types of openings-nearly vertical joints (fractures) and horizontal to slightly dipping bedding-plane joints. Vertical joints are more common in the upper part of the Niagaran aquifer. These yield small amounts of water to wells. Bedding-plane joints transmit most of the water in the lower part of the Niagaran aquifer and in the Alexandrian aquifer. The bedding-plane joints, because they are poorly interconnected, act as semiartesian conduits separated by impermeable rock. Eight water-bearing zones in generally continuous bedding-plane joints have been mapped. The dolomite is recharged from direct precipitation and snowmelt. It discharges water to pumping wells and by natural springs discharge to Lake Michigan and Green Bay and to interior lakes and streams. Wells in the Silurian dolomite aquifer system have adequate yields to meet most needs, except in the southwest corner of the county, where the dolomite is thin or absent. Transmissivity values range from a low of 4.0 feet squared per day in the Niagaran aquifer near Sturgeon Bay to more than 13 000 feet squared per day for the Alexandrian aquifer near Fish Creek. Water from Silurian dolomite is a very hard calcium magnesium bicarbonate type, with objectionable concentrations of iron and nitrate in water from some wells. Sanitary quality, as indicated by tests for total coliform bacteria, has been a chronic problem in certain areas. Concentrations of indicator organisms are greatest during or immediately after rapid ground-water recharge, with concentrations rapidly decreasing after periods of recharge. Wells close to septic systems and in areas underlain by fractured near-surface bedrock have the greatest incidence of contamination. The type and thickness of unconsolidated material has a direct effect on the entry of bacteria into the ground-water system. Bacterial attenuation increases with increasing soil depth and reduction in soil permeability. After bacterial contaminants reach the water table within fractured bedrock, little attenuation occurs, and the contaminants can travel long distances in a short time. Ground water of good sanitary quality but exceeding recommended limits of the U.S. Public Health Service for sulfate and chloride is probably available from the sandstone aquifer by drilling wells 700 to 1300 feet deep. To minimize the possibility of obtaining contaminated ground water, well construction should include properly locating the wells upgradient and as far as practical from contamination sources, setting and pressure grouting well casings to an adequate depth into firm bedrock, and casing the well into the zone of saturation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2047","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Sherrill, M.G., 1978, Geology and ground water in Door County, Wisconsin, with emphasis on contamination potential in the Silurian dolomite: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2047, Report: v, 38 p.; 5 Plates: 27.00 x 31.37 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2047.","productDescription":"Report: v, 38 p.; 5 Plates: 27.00 x 31.37 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":29036,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2047/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138274,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2047/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29031,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2047/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29032,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2047/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29033,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2047/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29034,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2047/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29035,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2047/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":415553,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25499.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"125000","country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Door County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-87.0149,45.2938],[-87.0104,45.2933],[-87.0072,45.2942],[-87.0045,45.2964],[-87.0019,45.2968],[-86.9993,45.2963],[-86.9948,45.2948],[-86.9877,45.2934],[-86.9839,45.2915],[-86.9753,45.2785],[-86.9755,45.2744],[-86.9876,45.2632],[-86.989,45.26],[-86.9892,45.2545],[-86.9881,45.25],[-86.9856,45.2476],[-86.9798,45.2452],[-86.9786,45.2429],[-86.9794,45.2402],[-86.9807,45.2388],[-86.9899,45.2363],[-86.9912,45.2349],[-86.9913,45.2322],[-86.9895,45.2303],[-86.9876,45.2276],[-86.9851,45.2266],[-86.9845,45.2252],[-86.9885,45.2202],[-86.988,45.217],[-86.9894,45.2148],[-86.9913,45.2148],[-86.9939,45.2158],[-86.9978,45.2163],[-87.0004,45.2159],[-87.0012,45.2118],[-87.0083,45.2119],[-87.0107,45.2152],[-87.013,45.2234],[-87.0142,45.2258],[-87.0206,45.2277],[-87.0257,45.2296],[-87.0289,45.2329],[-87.0327,45.2339],[-87.034,45.2334],[-87.04,45.2299],[-87.0412,45.2308],[-87.0449,45.2387],[-87.0474,45.2405],[-87.0491,45.2465],[-87.0516,45.2479],[-87.0543,45.2461],[-87.0557,45.2439],[-87.0551,45.242],[-87.0507,45.2388],[-87.0476,45.2351],[-87.0458,45.2304],[-87.0465,45.2291],[-87.0428,45.2249],[-87.0379,45.2152],[-87.038,45.2129],[-87.04,45.2125],[-87.0439,45.2121],[-87.0452,45.2108],[-87.0454,45.2062],[-87.0448,45.2048],[-87.0449,45.2021],[-87.0444,45.198],[-87.0426,45.1929],[-87.0454,45.188],[-87.0484,45.177],[-87.0505,45.1716],[-87.0494,45.1661],[-87.0477,45.1606],[-87.0466,45.1551],[-87.0402,45.1527],[-87.0403,45.1499],[-87.034,45.1475],[-87.0361,45.1426],[-87.0414,45.1385],[-87.046,45.1372],[-87.0525,45.1355],[-87.055,45.1379],[-87.0575,45.1411],[-87.0718,45.1569],[-87.0756,45.1584],[-87.0795,45.1575],[-87.0834,45.1562],[-87.0855,45.1535],[-87.0844,45.148],[-87.0871,45.1453],[-87.0865,45.143],[-87.0846,45.1402],[-87.0816,45.1365],[-87.0797,45.1328],[-87.0799,45.1283],[-87.078,45.1273],[-87.0678,45.1239],[-87.0633,45.1239],[-87.0608,45.122],[-87.0614,45.1211],[-87.0564,45.1178],[-87.0551,45.1164],[-87.0546,45.1137],[-87.0528,45.1095],[-87.0529,45.1077],[-87.0569,45.1023],[-87.0572,45.0963],[-87.0533,45.0954],[-87.0534,45.0922],[-87.0536,45.0881],[-87.0567,45.0922],[-87.0612,45.0919],[-87.062,45.0868],[-87.0647,45.0851],[-87.0668,45.0801],[-87.0701,45.0792],[-87.0713,45.0802],[-87.0725,45.0838],[-87.075,45.0862],[-87.08,45.0885],[-87.0838,45.0923],[-87.0863,45.0946],[-87.0901,45.0951],[-87.096,45.0948],[-87.0993,45.0921],[-87.1013,45.0903],[-87.102,45.088],[-87.1021,45.0862],[-87.0996,45.0825],[-87.0965,45.0802],[-87.0907,45.0796],[-87.0894,45.0787],[-87.0884,45.0727],[-87.0871,45.0722],[-87.0832,45.0726],[-87.0826,45.0717],[-87.0847,45.0672],[-87.0837,45.0598],[-87.0837,45.0589],[-87.0882,45.0585],[-87.0942,45.0545],[-87.0955,45.0546],[-87.0961,45.055],[-87.0966,45.0592],[-87.0978,45.061],[-87.0997,45.0624],[-87.1003,45.0642],[-87.1008,45.0679],[-87.1014,45.0684],[-87.104,45.0689],[-87.1091,45.0703],[-87.1143,45.0709],[-87.1194,45.0714],[-87.1227,45.0697],[-87.1247,45.0679],[-87.1263,45.061],[-87.1271,45.0542],[-87.128,45.0492],[-87.1275,45.0437],[-87.1289,45.041],[-87.1329,45.0365],[-87.135,45.0329],[-87.1365,45.027],[-87.1386,45.0229],[-87.1415,45.0143],[-87.1467,45.0121],[-87.1584,45.0086],[-87.1644,45.0051],[-87.1724,44.9952],[-87.1779,44.9857],[-87.1846,44.9785],[-87.1881,44.9717],[-87.1908,44.9695],[-87.1925,44.9562],[-87.1921,44.948],[-87.1891,44.9439],[-87.1815,44.9392],[-87.1777,44.9377],[-87.1771,44.9364],[-87.1759,44.9322],[-87.176,44.9295],[-87.1768,44.9263],[-87.182,44.9241],[-87.1944,44.9202],[-87.2042,44.9154],[-87.2141,44.9082],[-87.2188,44.9037],[-87.2202,44.8997],[-87.2178,44.8941],[-87.2154,44.8904],[-87.2085,44.8853],[-87.2093,44.8785],[-87.2082,44.8753],[-87.2083,44.8725],[-87.2096,44.8712],[-87.2154,44.869],[-87.2239,44.8673],[-87.2265,44.8664],[-87.2325,44.8615],[-87.2357,44.8597],[-87.2442,44.8576],[-87.2468,44.8563],[-87.2533,44.8527],[-87.2644,44.8484],[-87.2677,44.847],[-87.273,44.8439],[-87.2763,44.8394],[-87.2798,44.8317],[-87.2826,44.8258],[-87.2848,44.8177],[-87.2869,44.8118],[-87.2888,44.8109],[-87.2934,44.81],[-87.2973,44.8083],[-87.3013,44.8051],[-87.3078,44.803],[-87.3104,44.8007],[-87.3105,44.7971],[-87.3151,44.794],[-87.3171,44.794],[-87.3227,44.7977],[-87.3303,44.8024],[-87.3398,44.8081],[-87.3442,44.8118],[-87.3491,44.8169],[-87.3497,44.8205],[-87.3515,44.8228],[-87.3555,44.8206],[-87.3587,44.8202],[-87.3689,44.8245],[-87.3797,44.8279],[-87.3841,44.8298],[-87.3866,44.8321],[-87.3903,44.839],[-87.3915,44.8417],[-87.3913,44.8468],[-87.3899,44.8508],[-87.3892,44.8522],[-87.3891,44.8568],[-87.3914,44.8664],[-87.3917,44.8755],[-87.3908,44.8846],[-87.3901,44.8865],[-87.3982,44.8944],[-87.4014,44.8967],[-87.4084,44.8995],[-87.4121,44.9032],[-87.412,44.9069],[-87.4112,44.9105],[-87.4046,44.9173],[-87.4026,44.9191],[-87.4026,44.92],[-87.4024,44.9254],[-87.4024,44.9268],[-87.3997,44.9304],[-87.3983,44.9336],[-87.3969,44.9359],[-87.3956,44.9372],[-87.3917,44.939],[-87.389,44.9417],[-87.3863,44.9457],[-87.3829,44.9521],[-87.3801,44.9571],[-87.3754,44.9643],[-87.374,44.9679],[-87.3699,44.9752],[-87.3691,44.9788],[-87.367,44.9838],[-87.3649,44.9888],[-87.3643,44.9901],[-87.353,44.9991],[-87.3503,45.0027],[-87.3481,45.01],[-87.3474,45.0122],[-87.3461,45.0136],[-87.3422,45.014],[-87.339,45.0144],[-87.3349,45.0198],[-87.3315,45.0261],[-87.3275,45.0297],[-87.3248,45.0338],[-87.326,45.0375],[-87.3207,45.0397],[-87.3161,45.0419],[-87.3121,45.045],[-87.3114,45.0491],[-87.3093,45.0518],[-87.3074,45.0532],[-87.3061,45.0531],[-87.3035,45.0531],[-87.3016,45.0522],[-87.3004,45.0499],[-87.2972,45.0466],[-87.2895,45.0465],[-87.2881,45.0483],[-87.2874,45.0524],[-87.2885,45.057],[-87.2889,45.0634],[-87.2869,45.067],[-87.2854,45.0724],[-87.2827,45.0774],[-87.2801,45.0778],[-87.2749,45.0777],[-87.2723,45.0786],[-87.2689,45.0822],[-87.2661,45.0886],[-87.2646,45.0968],[-87.2663,45.1027],[-87.2654,45.1114],[-87.2639,45.1178],[-87.2611,45.1246],[-87.2643,45.1255],[-87.2649,45.1269],[-87.255,45.1309],[-87.2524,45.1308],[-87.2493,45.1285],[-87.2448,45.1288],[-87.2434,45.1297],[-87.2472,45.1339],[-87.247,45.1399],[-87.2475,45.1444],[-87.2473,45.1495],[-87.2451,45.1563],[-87.2437,45.1608],[-87.2391,45.1626],[-87.2397,45.1649],[-87.2429,45.1663],[-87.2428,45.1681],[-87.2414,45.1699],[-87.2375,45.1726],[-87.2316,45.1743],[-87.2257,45.1751],[-87.2251,45.1742],[-87.2259,45.1692],[-87.2273,45.1669],[-87.226,45.166],[-87.217,45.1658],[-87.2067,45.1643],[-87.2022,45.1633],[-87.199,45.1614],[-87.1946,45.1572],[-87.1903,45.1517],[-87.1865,45.1502],[-87.182,45.1497],[-87.1787,45.1515],[-87.1785,45.157],[-87.1782,45.1647],[-87.1794,45.1693],[-87.1798,45.1739],[-87.1778,45.1775],[-87.1751,45.1807],[-87.1704,45.1838],[-87.1671,45.186],[-87.1645,45.1864],[-87.1613,45.1864],[-87.1581,45.1849],[-87.1555,45.1853],[-87.1541,45.1881],[-87.1527,45.1908],[-87.1501,45.1916],[-87.145,45.1911],[-87.141,45.1919],[-87.1378,45.1928],[-87.1288,45.1904],[-87.1275,45.1903],[-87.1268,45.1912],[-87.1265,45.1995],[-87.1276,45.2054],[-87.1275,45.21],[-87.128,45.2136],[-87.1303,45.2205],[-87.1262,45.2269],[-87.1254,45.231],[-87.1239,45.2373],[-87.1218,45.241],[-87.1178,45.2441],[-87.1161,45.255],[-87.1148,45.2568],[-87.1109,45.2581],[-87.1063,45.2585],[-87.1037,45.258],[-87.0992,45.257],[-87.098,45.2551],[-87.0967,45.2547],[-87.0923,45.2528],[-87.0878,45.2522],[-87.0839,45.2517],[-87.0813,45.2526],[-87.0806,45.2535],[-87.0805,45.2553],[-87.0823,45.2585],[-87.0829,45.2622],[-87.0799,45.2717],[-87.0776,45.2808],[-87.0769,45.284],[-87.076,45.2913],[-87.0739,45.2945],[-87.0693,45.2967],[-87.0654,45.2971],[-87.0629,45.2956],[-87.061,45.2942],[-87.0605,45.2901],[-87.0567,45.2859],[-87.0535,45.2845],[-87.0503,45.284],[-87.0438,45.2857],[-87.0405,45.2865],[-87.0386,45.2865],[-87.0334,45.285],[-87.0321,45.285],[-87.0308,45.2868],[-87.0299,45.2932],[-87.0265,45.2963],[-87.0239,45.2981],[-87.02,45.2981],[-87.0149,45.2938]]],[[[-87.428,44.888],[-87.4249,44.8847],[-87.4249,44.8838],[-87.4301,44.8843],[-87.4384,44.8849],[-87.4417,44.8854],[-87.4436,44.8841],[-87.4443,44.8818],[-87.447,44.8787],[-87.4471,44.8769],[-87.4464,44.8759],[-87.4445,44.8773],[-87.4419,44.8786],[-87.4393,44.879],[-87.438,44.879],[-87.4354,44.8776],[-87.4258,44.8765],[-87.4227,44.8746],[-87.4134,44.8622],[-87.4097,44.8566],[-87.4048,44.8479],[-87.3993,44.8391],[-87.3932,44.8294],[-87.3893,44.8289],[-87.3868,44.828],[-87.3792,44.8219],[-87.3671,44.819],[-87.3626,44.8176],[-87.3576,44.8134],[-87.3373,44.8035],[-87.3254,44.7955],[-87.3197,44.7918],[-87.3191,44.7899],[-87.3224,44.7868],[-87.3238,44.7841],[-87.3239,44.7809],[-87.3228,44.7745],[-87.323,44.769],[-87.329,44.7613],[-87.3351,44.7532],[-87.3385,44.7464],[-87.3399,44.7433],[-87.3407,44.7383],[-87.3428,44.7328],[-87.3437,44.7269],[-87.3459,44.7178],[-87.3506,44.711],[-87.3547,44.7015],[-87.3627,44.6934],[-87.3661,44.688],[-87.3761,44.6754],[-87.3973,44.6753],[-87.4384,44.6754],[-87.5193,44.6753],[-87.6413,44.6757],[-87.7389,44.6775],[-87.733,44.6824],[-87.7251,44.691],[-87.7216,44.6987],[-87.7245,44.7115],[-87.7255,44.722],[-87.7235,44.7265],[-87.711,44.7355],[-87.6971,44.7522],[-87.6891,44.7612],[-87.6812,44.7689],[-87.6727,44.776],[-87.6673,44.7824],[-87.6653,44.7878],[-87.6587,44.7937],[-87.6522,44.7958],[-87.6495,44.7981],[-87.6475,44.8013],[-87.6421,44.8112],[-87.6355,44.818],[-87.6289,44.8224],[-87.6242,44.8288],[-87.6196,44.8333],[-87.6143,44.8373],[-87.6117,44.8382],[-87.5929,44.8457],[-87.585,44.8506],[-87.5817,44.8519],[-87.5624,44.8512],[-87.5573,44.8497],[-87.5542,44.8479],[-87.5542,44.846],[-87.5549,44.8451],[-87.5633,44.8439],[-87.5633,44.843],[-87.5654,44.8366],[-87.5688,44.8303],[-87.5696,44.8266],[-87.5683,44.8261],[-87.5657,44.8266],[-87.5617,44.8315],[-87.5611,44.8311],[-87.5632,44.8238],[-87.562,44.8219],[-87.5607,44.8224],[-87.5535,44.8278],[-87.5489,44.83],[-87.5476,44.8318],[-87.5448,44.8395],[-87.544,44.8427],[-87.5394,44.8463],[-87.5385,44.8545],[-87.5372,44.8554],[-87.5359,44.8554],[-87.5347,44.854],[-87.5341,44.8517],[-87.5322,44.8503],[-87.5239,44.8488],[-87.522,44.8483],[-87.5187,44.8492],[-87.5141,44.8523],[-87.5115,44.855],[-87.5114,44.8568],[-87.5171,44.8619],[-87.5189,44.8665],[-87.5182,44.8679],[-87.5162,44.8688],[-87.5137,44.8683],[-87.5092,44.865],[-87.5054,44.8636],[-87.5035,44.8626],[-87.5029,44.8617],[-87.5049,44.859],[-87.505,44.8576],[-87.5037,44.8567],[-87.498,44.8543],[-87.4941,44.8534],[-87.4915,44.8538],[-87.487,44.856],[-87.4855,44.8615],[-87.4835,44.8633],[-87.4816,44.8637],[-87.4797,44.8636],[-87.477,44.8659],[-87.475,44.87],[-87.4691,44.8726],[-87.4606,44.878],[-87.4534,44.8815],[-87.4501,44.8833],[-87.4487,44.8869],[-87.4447,44.89],[-87.4415,44.8914],[-87.4312,44.8908],[-87.4286,44.8898],[-87.428,44.888]]],[[[-86.9293,45.3983],[-86.9286,45.3983],[-86.9266,45.4005],[-86.9258,45.4032],[-86.9238,45.4055],[-86.9199,45.4068],[-86.9173,45.4072],[-86.914,45.4071],[-86.9069,45.4075],[-86.9017,45.4069],[-86.8971,45.4073],[-86.8919,45.4081],[-86.8866,45.4107],[-86.8839,45.412],[-86.8807,45.4115],[-86.8768,45.4114],[-86.8723,45.4104],[-86.8678,45.4099],[-86.8652,45.4094],[-86.8639,45.4089],[-86.8583,45.4042],[-86.8577,45.4028],[-86.8597,45.4015],[-86.8611,45.3988],[-86.8573,45.3955],[-86.8554,45.3959],[-86.8546,45.3982],[-86.852,45.3991],[-86.8456,45.3958],[-86.8437,45.3943],[-86.8438,45.3916],[-86.8489,45.3798],[-86.8509,45.3767],[-86.8525,45.3703],[-86.8532,45.3689],[-86.8597,45.3691],[-86.8617,45.3668],[-86.8656,45.366],[-86.8676,45.3646],[-86.8684,45.3615],[-86.8684,45.3605],[-86.8698,45.3597],[-86.8706,45.3542],[-86.8733,45.3515],[-86.8754,45.3493],[-86.8717,45.3428],[-86.8699,45.34],[-86.87,45.3377],[-86.8714,45.3359],[-86.8727,45.3337],[-86.8774,45.331],[-86.8793,45.3306],[-86.8806,45.3306],[-86.8825,45.3325],[-86.887,45.3335],[-86.896,45.3359],[-86.8986,45.3369],[-86.9037,45.3375],[-86.9078,45.3339],[-86.9109,45.3353],[-86.9128,45.3372],[-86.9153,45.3395],[-86.9171,45.3427],[-86.919,45.3442],[-86.9208,45.3492],[-86.9239,45.3516],[-86.9258,45.353],[-86.9363,45.3509],[-86.9364,45.3481],[-86.9386,45.3418],[-86.9411,45.3437],[-86.9431,45.3432],[-86.9439,45.3387],[-86.9479,45.3347],[-86.9505,45.3347],[-86.9537,45.3357],[-86.9557,45.3362],[-86.9588,45.3381],[-86.9613,45.3404],[-86.9632,45.3413],[-86.963,45.3473],[-86.9607,45.3568],[-86.9594,45.3577],[-86.9581,45.3577],[-86.9569,45.3558],[-86.9556,45.3535],[-86.9531,45.3526],[-86.9486,45.352],[-86.9485,45.3539],[-86.9516,45.3585],[-86.9515,45.3603],[-86.952,45.3635],[-86.9526,45.3663],[-86.9544,45.3681],[-86.9564,45.3691],[-86.9569,45.3723],[-86.9605,45.3797],[-86.961,45.3838],[-86.9589,45.3874],[-86.9574,45.392],[-86.953,45.4065],[-86.9501,45.4128],[-86.9474,45.416],[-86.9461,45.4164],[-86.9435,45.4182],[-86.9415,45.4195],[-86.9401,45.4195],[-86.9395,45.4195],[-86.9356,45.4194],[-86.9325,45.4162],[-86.932,45.4121],[-86.9314,45.4098],[-86.9315,45.407],[-86.9324,45.402],[-86.9325,45.4002],[-86.9325,45.3993],[-86.9319,45.3983],[-86.9293,45.3983]]],[[[-87.3414,45.1999],[-87.3402,45.1971],[-87.3391,45.1921],[-87.3378,45.1902],[-87.3379,45.1866],[-87.3388,45.1815],[-87.341,45.172],[-87.3417,45.1693],[-87.3405,45.1674],[-87.3386,45.166],[-87.338,45.1646],[-87.333,45.1582],[-87.3337,45.1573],[-87.335,45.1577],[-87.356,45.1681],[-87.372,45.1748],[-87.3797,45.1767],[-87.3802,45.1804],[-87.3814,45.1841],[-87.3799,45.1891],[-87.3798,45.1923],[-87.3803,45.1964],[-87.3796,45.1977],[-87.3751,45.199],[-87.3691,45.2035],[-87.3665,45.203],[-87.3653,45.2021],[-87.3654,45.1993],[-87.3628,45.1975],[-87.3589,45.1979],[-87.3537,45.2001],[-87.3497,45.2032],[-87.3483,45.2068],[-87.3463,45.2095],[-87.343,45.2113],[-87.341,45.2113],[-87.3391,45.2108],[-87.3385,45.209],[-87.3386,45.2058],[-87.3414,45.1999]]],[[[-86.9233,45.3342],[-86.9216,45.3287],[-86.9153,45.3226],[-86.9136,45.3157],[-86.9124,45.3152],[-86.9099,45.3129],[-86.9048,45.3092],[-86.9036,45.3068],[-86.9025,45.3013],[-86.902,45.2977],[-86.9041,45.2945],[-86.9054,45.2941],[-86.9073,45.2941],[-86.9085,45.2978],[-86.9077,45.3014],[-86.9101,45.307],[-86.9113,45.3097],[-86.9132,45.3102],[-86.9145,45.3112],[-86.9176,45.3135],[-86.9214,45.3149],[-86.9246,45.3177],[-86.9284,45.3201],[-86.9308,45.3256],[-86.9319,45.3289],[-86.9332,45.3293],[-86.9364,45.3321],[-86.935,45.3335],[-86.9299,45.3316],[-86.9273,45.3315],[-86.9246,45.3347],[-86.9233,45.3342]]],[[[-86.8102,45.406],[-86.8122,45.4047],[-86.8141,45.4043],[-86.818,45.4044],[-86.8258,45.4054],[-86.8284,45.4041],[-86.8298,45.4032],[-86.8324,45.4024],[-86.8363,45.402],[-86.8389,45.4016],[-86.8368,45.4066],[-86.8361,45.4079],[-86.8353,45.4111],[-86.8351,45.4157],[-86.8363,45.4189],[-86.8374,45.4221],[-86.836,45.4248],[-86.8334,45.4261],[-86.823,45.4259],[-86.8198,45.425],[-86.8179,45.4235],[-86.8154,45.4226],[-86.8135,45.4203],[-86.8117,45.417],[-86.8105,45.4143],[-86.8094,45.4092],[-86.8102,45.406]]],[[[-86.9505,45.3009],[-86.9551,45.3005],[-86.9583,45.3019],[-86.9621,45.3034],[-86.9639,45.3057],[-86.9644,45.3107],[-86.9611,45.3134],[-86.9559,45.3115],[-86.9496,45.3073],[-86.9497,45.305],[-86.9505,45.3009]]],[[[-87.3464,45.0657],[-87.3483,45.0652],[-87.3496,45.0662],[-87.3515,45.0671],[-87.3514,45.0694],[-87.3501,45.0703],[-87.3469,45.0702],[-87.343,45.0702],[-87.3423,45.0697],[-87.3437,45.067],[-87.3464,45.0657]]],[[[-87.2576,45.1711],[-87.2589,45.1693],[-87.2609,45.1693],[-87.2628,45.1703],[-87.264,45.173],[-87.2633,45.1744],[-87.2607,45.1748],[-87.2568,45.1738],[-87.2569,45.1729],[-87.2576,45.1711]]],[[[-87.2637,45.1607],[-87.267,45.1603],[-87.2689,45.1617],[-87.2694,45.164],[-87.2662,45.1653],[-87.2649,45.1648],[-87.263,45.1643],[-87.2617,45.1629],[-87.2624,45.162],[-87.2637,45.1607]]],[[[-87.3085,45.0984],[-87.3111,45.0975],[-87.313,45.0975],[-87.3156,45.099],[-87.3155,45.1022],[-87.3109,45.1035],[-87.309,45.103],[-87.3071,45.1016],[-87.3085,45.0984]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Door\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db68607c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherrill, Marvin G.","contributorId":91469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrill","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2001358,"text":"2001358 - 1978 - Meningitis in fish caused by an asporogenous anaerobic bacterium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:59","indexId":"2001358","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":22,"text":"Fish Disease Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"56","title":"Meningitis in fish caused by an asporogenous anaerobic bacterium","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"744/FH","usgsCitation":"Lewis, D., and Udey, L., 1978, Meningitis in fish caused by an asporogenous anaerobic bacterium: Fish Disease Leaflet 56, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"5","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":94108,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924000778476?urlappend=%3Bseq=151"},{"id":198735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db6141d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, D.H.","contributorId":39033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Udey, L.R.","contributorId":108163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udey","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001852,"text":"1001852 - 1978 - Evaluating call-count procedures for measuring local mourning dove populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T11:05:24","indexId":"1001852","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3636,"text":"Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating call-count procedures for measuring local mourning dove populations","docAbstract":"Seventy-nine mourning dove call-count runs were made on a 32-km route in Osage County, Missouri, May 1-August 31, 1971 and 1972. Circular study areas, each 61 ha, surrounding stop numbers 4 and 5, were delineated for intensive nest searches and population estimates. Tallies of cooing male doves along the entire call-count route were quite variable in repeated runs, fluctuating as much as 50 percent on consecutive days. There were no consistent relationships between numbers of cooing males tallied at stops 4 and 5 and the numbers of current nests or doves estimated to be present in the surrounding study areas. We doubt the suitability of call-count procedures to estimate precisely the densities of breeding pairs, nests or production of doves on small areas. Our findings do not dispute the usefulness of the national call-count survey as an index to relative densities of mourning doves during the breeding season over large portions of the United States, or as an index to annual population trends.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Armbruster, M., Baskett, T., Goforth, W., and Sadler, K., 1978, Evaluating call-count procedures for measuring local mourning dove populations: Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science, v. 12, p. 75-90.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"90","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.021484375,\n              37.93986540897977\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.966796875,\n              37.93986540897977\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.966796875,\n              38.698372305893294\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.021484375,\n              38.698372305893294\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.021484375,\n              37.93986540897977\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa507","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armbruster, M.J.","contributorId":21127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armbruster","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baskett, T.S.","contributorId":83081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baskett","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goforth, W.R.","contributorId":49761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goforth","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sadler, K.C.","contributorId":26667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadler","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1001681,"text":"1001681 - 1978 - Habitat use by prairie raccoons during the waterfowl breeding season","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-14T18:40:04.214217","indexId":"1001681","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use by prairie raccoons during the waterfowl breeding season","docAbstract":"<p>Mobility and habitat use of raccoons (<i>Procyon lotor</i>) in an intensively farmed area of the prairie pothole region were studied during the waterfowl breeding seasons (April-July) of 1973-75. Over 5700 locations of 30 raccoons were analyzed. Movement patterns varied with sex, age, and reproductive status. Adult males moved regularly throughout slightly overlapping ranges that averaged 2560 ha. Yearling males dispersed during May-June but their movements before and after dispersal were similar. Parous or pregnant females (mostly adults) had ranges averaging 806 ha but their movements were confined to smaller areas near the litter site after parturition. Nulliparous yearling females did not disperse and their ranges averaged 656 ha. Building sites, wooded areas, and wetlands were the only habitats preferentially used both at night and during the day. Eighty-one percent of all nocturnal locations and 94 percent of all diurnal locations were in these 3 habitats which comprised only 10 percent of the study area. Use of building sites decreased concomitantly with increased use of wetlands. Upland habitats were seldom used.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800698","usgsCitation":"Fritzell, E., 1978, Habitat use by prairie raccoons during the waterfowl breeding season: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 42, no. 1, p. 118-127, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800698.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"127","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133713,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648589","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fritzell, E.K.","contributorId":35685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritzell","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1001682,"text":"1001682 - 1978 - Aspects of raccoon (Procyon lotor) social organization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-17T00:38:13.564391","indexId":"1001682","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aspects of raccoon (Procyon lotor) social organization","docAbstract":"<div>Spatial and temporal relationships among members of a raccoon (<i>Procyon lotor</i>) population were studied during spring and summer in east-central North Dakota during 1973–1975. Radio telemetry was used to locate 48 raccoons 6443 times. Livetrapping results and other observations suggested that most raccoons in the area were radio equipped; densities were estimated to be 0.5–1.0 resident/km<sup>2</sup>. Adult males maintained large areas relatively exclusive of other adult males; they seldom were located within 3 km of each other even though their home ranges abutted. One adult male responded to the death of an adjacent adult male by shifting movements into the dead male's former home range. Two or more parous or pregnant females resided within the home ranges of a single adult male. All yearling males showed signs of dispersal in May, June, or July; some occupied exclusive areas as adults in the following year. Parous or pregnant females (six adults, one yearling) occupied extensively overlapping home ranges but were never located with other adult or yearling raccoons. Nulliparous yearling females did not disperse and tolerated other raccoons. Territoriality is indicated among adult males probably in response to competition for access to females.</div>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/z78-035","usgsCitation":"Fritzell, E., 1978, Aspects of raccoon (Procyon lotor) social organization: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 56, no. 2, p. 260-271, https://doi.org/10.1139/z78-035.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"260","endPage":"271","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133859,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db6875e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fritzell, E.K.","contributorId":35685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritzell","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1003366,"text":"1003366 - 1978 - Uptake, distribution, and elimination of the lampricide 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitro[14C] salicylanilide (Bayer 2353) and its 2-aminoethanol salt (Bayer 73) by largemouth bass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-02T17:21:25.570861","indexId":"1003366","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2149,"text":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uptake, distribution, and elimination of the lampricide 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitro[14C] salicylanilide (Bayer 2353) and its 2-aminoethanol salt (Bayer 73) by largemouth bass","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/jf60219a013","usgsCitation":"Schultz, D., and Harman, P., 1978, Uptake, distribution, and elimination of the lampricide 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitro[14C] salicylanilide (Bayer 2353) and its 2-aminoethanol salt (Bayer 73) by largemouth bass: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, v. 26, no. 5, p. 1226-1230, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60219a013.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1226","endPage":"1230","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134400,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ce4b07f02db6085f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schultz, D.P.","contributorId":106054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harman, P.D.","contributorId":56595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harman","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":40570,"text":"ofr7860 - 1978 - Coal resource occurrence maps of the Seminoe Dam SW Quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-14T11:18:05.772161","indexId":"ofr7860","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-60","title":"Coal resource occurrence maps of the Seminoe Dam SW Quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7860","usgsCitation":"Texas Instruments Incorporated, 1978, Coal resource occurrence maps of the Seminoe Dam SW Quadrangle, Carbon County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-60, Report: 20 p.; 3 Plates: 30.29 × 37.71 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7860.","productDescription":"Report: 20 p.; 3 Plates: 30.29 × 37.71 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":76698,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0060/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":76699,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0060/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":175766,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0060/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":76696,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0060/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":76697,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0060/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af03d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Texas Instruments Incorporated","contributorId":128266,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Texas Instruments Incorporated","id":530331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012421,"text":"70012421 - 1978 - The moon: Composition determined by nebular processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:07","indexId":"70012421","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3570,"text":"The Moon and the Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The moon: Composition determined by nebular processes","docAbstract":"The bulk composition of the Moon was determined by the conditions in the solar nebula during its formation, and may be quantitatively estimated from the premise that the terrestrial planets were formed by cosmochemical processes similar to those recorded in the chondrites. The calculations are based on the Ganapathy-Anders 7-component model using trace element indicators, but incorportate improved geophysical data and petrological constraints. A model Moon with 40 ppb U, a core 2% by weight (1.8% metal with ???35% Ni and 0.2% FeS) and Mg/(Fe2++Mg)?????0.75 meets the trace element restrictions, and has acceptable density, heat flow and moment of inertia ratio. The high Ni content of the core permits low-Ti mare basalts to equilibrate with metal, yet still retain substantial Ni. The silicate resembles the Taylor-Jakes?? composition (and in some respects the waif Ganapathy-Anders Model 2a), but has lower SiO2. Minor modifications of the model composition (U=30-35 ppb) yield a 50% melt approximating Apollo 15 green glass and a residuum of olivine plus 3 to 4% spinel; the low SiO2, favors spinel formation, and, contrary to expectation, Cr is not depleted in the liquid. There may no longer be any inconsistency between the cosmochemical approach and arguments based on experimental petrology. ?? 1978 D. Reidel Publishing Company.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Moon and the Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00897296","issn":"01650807","usgsCitation":"Morgan, J.W., Hertogen, J., and Anders, E., 1978, The moon: Composition determined by nebular processes: The Moon and the Planets, v. 18, no. 4, p. 465-478, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00897296.","startPage":"465","endPage":"478","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205181,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00897296"},{"id":222014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badebe4b08c986b323e63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hertogen, J.","contributorId":90042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hertogen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anders, E.","contributorId":64803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anders","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":46157,"text":"ofr78558O - 1978 - Map showing geochemical distribution and abundance of barium in heavy mineral concentrates, Talkeetna Mountains quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-29T22:54:06.638575","indexId":"ofr78558O","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-558","chapter":"O","title":"Map showing geochemical distribution and abundance of barium in heavy mineral concentrates, Talkeetna Mountains quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78558O","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.J., Curtin, G., and Csejtey, B., 1978, Map showing geochemical distribution and abundance of barium in heavy mineral concentrates, Talkeetna Mountains quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-558, 1 Plate: 37.96 x 35.05 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78558O.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 37.96 x 35.05 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":423047,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74887.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":83111,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0558o/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":170637,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Talkeetna Mountains quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -150,\n              63\n            ],\n            [\n              -150,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -147,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -147,\n              63\n            ],\n            [\n              -150,\n              63\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8a37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. J.","contributorId":9225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curtin, G.C.","contributorId":89501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtin","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Csejtey, Bela Jr.","contributorId":61008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Csejtey","given":"Bela","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012461,"text":"70012461 - 1978 - Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-11T16:50:43.585741","indexId":"70012461","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K<sub>2</sub>O-FeO-AI<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub>: An example of serendipity","title":"Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity","docAbstract":"<p>The concept of silicate liquid immiscibility was invoked early in the history of petrology to explain certain pairs of compositionally divergent rocks, but. as a result of papers by Greig (<i>Am. J. Sci.</i><strong>13</strong>, 1–44, 133–154) and Bowen (<i>The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks</i>), it fell into disfavor for many years. The discovery of immiscibility in geologically reasonable temperature ranges and compositions in experimental work on the system K<sub>2</sub>O-FeO-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub>, and of evidence for immiscibility in a variety of lunar and terrestrial rocks, has reinstated the process.</p><p>Phase equilibria in the high-silica corner of the tetrahedron representing the system K<sub>2</sub>O- FeO-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>are presented, in the form of constant FeO sections through the tetrahedron, at 10% increments. Those sections, showing the tentative relationships of the primary phase volumes, are based on 5631 quenching runs on 519 compositions, made in metallic iron containers in pure nitrogen. Thirteen crystalline compounds are involved, of which at least six show two or more crystal modifica-tions. Two separate phase volumes, in each of which two immiscible liquids, one iron-rich and the other iron-poor, are present at the liquidus. One of these volumes is entirely within the quaternary system, astride the 1:1 K<sub>2</sub>O:Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>plane. No quaternary compounds as such have been found, but evidence does point toward at least partial quaternary solid solution, with rapidly lowering liquidus temperatures, from K<sub>2</sub>O·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>· 2SiO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(‘potash nepheline’, kalsilite. kaliophilite) to the isostructural compound K<sub>2</sub>O·FeO·3SiO<sub>2</sub>, and from K<sub>2</sub>O·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>·4SiO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(leucite) to the isostructural compound K<sub>2</sub>O·FeO·5SiO<sub>2</sub>, Both of these series apparently involve substitution, in tetrahedral coordination. of a ferrous iron and a silicon ion for two aluminum ions. Some of the ‘impurities’ found in analyses of the natural phases may reflect these substitutions.</p><p>As a result of the geometry of the immiscibility volume located entirely within the quaternary system, compositions near it show a number of phase changes and large amounts of crystallization with small temperature changes, generally in the range 1100–1150 C. Similar low-temperature, high-alkali immiscibility was discovered in a few exploratory runs in the equivalent systems with Rb or Cs substituting for K. But not in those with Li or Na.</p><p>A review of the compositions and general behavior of systems involving immiscibility, both stable and metastable, and of the evidence for natural immiscibility. indicates that it may be a much more common feature than generally thought. Several examples of natural immiscibility are detailed; most yield a felsic. alkali-aluminosilicate melt and a mafic melt. from a wide variety of generally basaltic parental magmas, both under- and over saturated. Unfortunately, the best line of evidence for immiscibility in terrestrial rocks, a sharply defined meniscus between two compositionally disparate glasses, is by its very nature self-destructing, since it is effectively eliminated by either crystallization or gravitative separation and coalescence into separate magmas. Verification of operation of the exosolutionor ‘splitting’ process on a large scale will probably require careful study of isotopic and trace element partitioning in both laboratory and field.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(78)90250-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1978, Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 42, no. 11, p. 1597-1617, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90250-8.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1597","endPage":"1617","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222659,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f36e4b08c986b318dc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010315,"text":"70010315 - 1978 - Orthogonal mapping: A computer program for quantifying shape differences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T15:57:39","indexId":"70010315","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Orthogonal mapping: A computer program for quantifying shape differences","docAbstract":"Quantitative differences in the shape of two or more objects can be obtained by Orthogonal Mapping provided coincidental or analogous points can be identified on each object. The least-squares difference between each set of analogous points is determined by use of a projective transformation of a set of measured points which involves the rotation, translocation, and scaling of these points relative to a set of fixed points. ?? 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(78)90081-X","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Huffman, T., Christopher, R.A., and Hazel, J.E., 1978, Orthogonal mapping: A computer program for quantifying shape differences: Computers & Geosciences, v. 4, no. 2, p. 121-130, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(78)90081-X.","startPage":"121","endPage":"130","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266199,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(78)90081-X"},{"id":219679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7129e4b0c8380cd764c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huffman, T.","contributorId":87682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christopher, R. A.","contributorId":53775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christopher","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hazel, J. E.","contributorId":89187,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hazel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012625,"text":"70012625 - 1978 - Evaluation of Baltazor known geothermal resources area, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:06:27","indexId":"70012625","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of Baltazor known geothermal resources area, Nevada","docAbstract":"By virtue of the Geothermal Steam Act of 1970, the U.S. Geological Survey is required to appraise geothermal resources of the United States prior to competitive lease sales. This appraisal involves coordinated input from a variety of disciplines, starting with reconnaissance geology and geophysics. This paper describes how the results of several geophysical methods used in KGRA evaluation were interpreted by the authors, two geophysicists, involved with both the Evaluation Committee and the research program responsible for obtaining and interpreting the geophysical data to be used by the committee. ?? 1979.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(78)90012-3","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Isherwood, W., and Mabey, D.R., 1978, Evaluation of Baltazor known geothermal resources area, Nevada: Geothermics, v. 7, no. 2-4, p. 221-229, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90012-3.","startPage":"221","endPage":"229","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268143,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90012-3"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c10e4b0c8380cd52a06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Isherwood, W.F.","contributorId":100123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isherwood","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mabey, D. R.","contributorId":15989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mabey","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012508,"text":"70012508 - 1978 - Impacts of vehicles on natural terrain at seven sites in the San Francisco Bay area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:06","indexId":"70012508","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of vehicles on natural terrain at seven sites in the San Francisco Bay area","docAbstract":"The impacts of off-road vehicles on vegetation and soil were investigated at seven representative sites in the San Francisco Bay area. Plant cover of grass and chaparral (with shrubs to 4 m tall) have been stripped by the two- and four-wheel vehicles in use. Impacts on loamy soils include increased surface strength (as much as 275 bars), increased bulk density (averaging 18%) to depths of 90 cm or more, reduction of soil moisture by an average 43% to 30 cm depths, greatly reduced infiltration, extension of the diurnal temperature range by as much as 12??C, and reduction of organic carbon by an average 33% in exposed soils. Very sandy soils respond similarly to vehicular use except that moisture is increased and surface strength of beach sand is decreased. These physical and chemical impacts reduce the land's capability of restoring its vegetative cover, which in turn adversely affects animal populations. Both the loss of plant cover and the physical changes caused by vehicles promote erosion. Measured soil and substrate losses from vehicular use zones range from 7 to 1180 kg/m2. The estimated erosion rate of the Chabot Park site exceeds the rate of erosion considered a serious problem by a factor 30, it exceeds United States Soil Conservation Service tolerance values by a factor of 46, and it exceeds average San Francisco Bay area erosion rates by a factor of 17. The resulting soil losses are effectively permanent. Neither the increased sediment yield nor the increased runoff is accomodated on the sites of use, and both are causing adverse effects to neighboring properties. ?? 1978 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02430676","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Wilshire, H.G., Nakata, J., Shipley, S., and Prestegaard, K., 1978, Impacts of vehicles on natural terrain at seven sites in the San Francisco Bay area: Environmental Geology, v. 2, no. 5, p. 295-319, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02430676.","startPage":"295","endPage":"319","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222483,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205245,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02430676"}],"volume":"2","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38ffe4b0c8380cd6177d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nakata, J. K.","contributorId":70784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakata","given":"J. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shipley, S.","contributorId":39127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shipley","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prestegaard, K.","contributorId":86897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prestegaard","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70012642,"text":"70012642 - 1978 - Vesicularity of basalt erupted at Reykjanes Ridge crest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:02","indexId":"70012642","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vesicularity of basalt erupted at Reykjanes Ridge crest","docAbstract":"Average vesicularity of basalt drilled at three sites on the west flank of the Reykjanes Ridge increases with decreasing age. This change apparently records concomitant decrease in water depth at the ridge crest where the basalt was erupted and suggests substantial upward growth of the crest during the past 35 Myr. ?? 1978 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/274217a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., 1978, Vesicularity of basalt erupted at Reykjanes Ridge crest: Nature, v. 274, no. 5668, p. 217-220, https://doi.org/10.1038/274217a0.","startPage":"217","endPage":"220","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221840,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205150,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/274217a0"}],"volume":"274","issue":"5668","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1978-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc24fe4b08c986b32aa71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, W. A.","contributorId":71935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012578,"text":"70012578 - 1978 - Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:05:06","indexId":"70012578","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources","docAbstract":"A consistent, agreed-upon terminology is prerequisite for geothermal resource assessment. Accordingly, we propose a logical, sequential subdivision of the \"geothermal resource base\", accepting its definition as all the thermal energy in the earth's crust under a given area, measured from mean annual temperature. That part of the resource base which is shallow enough to be tapped by production drilling is termed the \"accessible resource base\", and it in turn is divided into \"useful\" and \"residual\" components. The useful component (i.e. the thermal energy that could reasonably be extracted at costs competitive with other forms of energy at some specified future time) is termed the \"geothermal resource\". This in turn is divided into \"economic\" and \"subeconomic\" components, based on conditions existing at the time of assessment. In the format of a McKelvey diagram, this logic defines the vertical axis (degree of economic feasibility). The horizontal axis (degree of geologic assurance) contains \"identified\" and \"undiscovered\" components. \"Reserve\" is then designated as the identified economic resource. All categories should be expressed in units of thermal energy, with resource and reserve figures calculated at wellhead, prior to the inevitable large losses inherent in any practical thermal use or in conversion to electricity. Methods for assessing geothermal resources can be grouped into 4 classes: (a) surface thermal flux, (b) volume, (c) planar fracture and (d) magmatic heat budget. The volume method appears to be most useful because (1) it is applicable to virtually any geologic environment, (2) the required parameters can in Sprinciple be measured or estimated, (3) the inevitable errors are in part compensated and (4) the major uncertainties (recoverability and resupply) are amenable to resolution in the foreseeable future. The major weakness in all the methods rests in the estimation of how much of the accessible resource base can be extracted at some time in the future. In a manner similar to mineral and fuel assessment, this recoverability is expressed as a \"recovery factor\". For an ideally permeable hot-water system, the recovery factor may be as much as 50% and seems to be independent of temperature. It must decrease as effective porosity (??e) decreases, but the relation between the two is little more than a guess. On the other hand, for favorable systems like Larderello that produce steam by a mechanism of intergranular vaporization, the recovery factor is probably around 15-20%, decreasing to zero at an effective porosity of zero. According to the anlysis of Bodvarsson (1974), it increases with decreasing reservoir temperature, and as pointed out by Nathenson (1975a) is limited at low temperatures by the need to have sufficient reservoir pressure for extraction and use. The extent to which a geothermal reservoir can be resupplied with heat during \"industrial\" times of 10-100 yr can be evaluated using simple analytical models. The results, combined with gravity and levelling data of Hunt (1977) for Wairakei and Isherwood (1977) for The Geysers, confirm earlier conclusions by Ramey (1970) and Nathenson (1975a) that resupply to reservoirs producing only steam can be neglected, and the conclusion of Nathenson (1975a) that it may be significant for hot-water systems of high natural discharge. Major subjects that demand continuing investigation include: 1. 1. Determination of recovery factors as functions of temperature and effective porosity, particularly for hot-water systems. 2. 2. Evaluation of fluid recharge and heat resupply by repetitive gravity, levelling and underground temperature surveys in producing geothermal fields. 3. 3. Analysis of the extent to which a recovery factor can be enhanced by stimulation and by use of confined circulation loops. ?? 1979.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Muffler, P., and Cataldi, R., 1978, Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources: Geothermics, v. 7, no. 2-4, p. 53-89, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0.","startPage":"53","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480614,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1208202/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":222731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268141,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a55cae4b0c8380cd6d2ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muffler, P.","contributorId":66850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muffler","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cataldi, R.","contributorId":59806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cataldi","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012548,"text":"70012548 - 1978 - K-Ar age of the late Pleistocene eruption of Toba, north Sumatra","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:07","indexId":"70012548","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"K-Ar age of the late Pleistocene eruption of Toba, north Sumatra","docAbstract":"The late Pleistocene eruption of Toba is the largest magnitude explosive eruption documented from the Quaternary. K-Ar dating of the uppermost unit of the Toba Tuff gives an age of [~amp]sim; 75,000 yr. A chemically and petrographically equivalent ash layer in deep-sea cores helps calibrate the Stage 4-5 boundary of the standard oxygen isotope stratigraphy. A similar ash in Malaya that overlies finds of Tampan Palaeolithic tools indicates that they are older than 75,000 yr. ?? 1978 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/276574a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Ninkovich, D., Shackleton, N.J., Abdel-Monem, A.A., Obradovich, J.D., and Izett, G., 1978, K-Ar age of the late Pleistocene eruption of Toba, north Sumatra: Nature, v. 276, no. 5688, p. 574-577, https://doi.org/10.1038/276574a0.","startPage":"574","endPage":"577","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205194,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/276574a0"},{"id":222084,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"276","issue":"5688","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a403fe4b0c8380cd64bef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ninkovich, D.","contributorId":37071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ninkovich","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shackleton, N. J.","contributorId":8996,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shackleton","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Abdel-Monem, A. A.","contributorId":27195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abdel-Monem","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Obradovich, J. D.","contributorId":48966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obradovich","given":"J.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Izett, G.","contributorId":69301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izett","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70012558,"text":"70012558 - 1978 - Distribution and relations of 4- to 10-km-diameter craters to global geologic units of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-28T16:56:24.410519","indexId":"70012558","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and relations of 4- to 10-km-diameter craters to global geologic units of Mars","docAbstract":"<p><span>By correlating the 1:25,000,000 geologic map of Mars of&nbsp;</span><span class=\"anchor-text-container\"><span class=\"anchor-text\">Scott and Carr (1977)</span></span><span>&nbsp;with 4- to 10-km-diameter crater density data from Mariner 9 images, the average crater density for 23 of the equatorial geologic-geomorphic units on Mars was computed. The correlation of these two data sets was accomplished by digitizing both the crater density data and geologic map at the same scale and by comparing them in a computer. This technique assigns the crater density value found in the corresponding location on the geologic data set to a discrete computer file assigned each of the 23 geologic units. By averaging the crater density values accumulated in each file, an “average” crater density for each geologic unit was obtained. Condit believes these average crater density values are accurate indicators of the relative age of the geologic units considered. The statistical validity of these average values is strongest for the geologic units of the largest areal extent. The relative ages as obtained from the average crater density values for the seven largest geologic units, from youngest to oldest, are: Tharsis volcanic material, 21 ± 4 craters/10</span><sup>6</sup><span>km</span><sup>2</sup><span>; smooth plains material, 57 ± 14 craters/10</span><sup>6</sup><span>km</span><sup>2</sup><span>; rolling plains material, 66 ± 16 craters/10</span><sup>6</sup><span>km</span><sup>2</sup><span>; plains materials, 80 ± 17 craters/10</span><sup>6</sup><span>km</span><sup>2</sup><span>; ridged plains material, 128 ± 25 craters/10</span><sup>6</sup><span>km</span><sup>2</sup><span>; hilly and cratered material, 137 ± 38 craters/10</span><sup>6</sup><span>km</span><sup>2</sup><span>; and cratered plateau material, 138 ± 27 craters/10</span><sup>6</sup><span>km</span><sup>2</sup><span>.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(78)90038-6","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Condit, C., 1978, Distribution and relations of 4- to 10-km-diameter craters to global geologic units of Mars: Icarus, v. 34, no. 3, p. 465-478, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(78)90038-6.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"465","endPage":"478","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222211,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a029de4b0c8380cd5011d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Condit, C.D.","contributorId":60250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Condit","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}