{"pageNumber":"5261","pageRowStart":"131500","pageSize":"25","recordCount":165326,"records":[{"id":70012845,"text":"70012845 - 1978 - Stability of fluoride complex with silica and its distribution in natural water systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-17T00:54:57.758641","indexId":"70012845","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stability of fluoride complex with silica and its distribution in natural water systems","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id4\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><p id=\"simple-para.0010\">Fluoride reacts with silicic acid to form SiF<sup>2−</sup><sub>6</sub>. A fluoride electrode was used to obtain an equilibrium constant of 10<sup>30.18</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>for the reaction:<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Si(OH)</mtext><mtext>0</mtext><mtext>6</mtext><mtext>+ 6</mtext><mtext>F</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>&amp;#x2212;</mn></msup><mtext>+4</mtext><mtext>H</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>+</mn></msup><mtext>=</mtext><mtext>SiF</mtext><mtext>2&amp;#x2212;</mtext><mtext>6</mtext><mtext>+ 4</mtext><mtext>H</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mtext>O</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">Si(OH)06+ 6F−+4H+=SiF2−6+ 4H2O</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>at 25°C</p><p id=\"simple-para.0015\">Although there may be some experimental evidence for existence of traces of species containing less than six F<sup>−</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>ions per silicon (<i>n</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 6), the species SiF<sup>2−</sup><sub>6</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>predominates for<span>&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;</span>values from about 0.1 to 6.</p><p id=\"simple-para.0020\">Silicic-acid complexing with fluoride is important only in solutions which have rather low pH and low concentrations of other cations which compete with silicon for fluoride. Computations for cold volcanic condensates from Hawaii indicate that for some samples much of the silicon is complexed by fluoride as SiF<sup>2−</sup><sub>6</sub>. However, in most cooled acidic natural water samples Al and Fe are more important than Si in complexing fluoride.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(78)90047-5","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Roberson, C.E., and Barnes, R., 1978, Stability of fluoride complex with silica and its distribution in natural water systems: Chemical Geology, v. 21, no. 3-4, p. 239-256, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(78)90047-5.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"256","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222227,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9652e4b08c986b31b432","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberson, C. E.","contributorId":40190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, R.B.","contributorId":53393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1013673,"text":"1013673 - 1978 - Myxosoma cerebralis: Fluorescent antibody techniques for antigen recognition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-03T16:28:51.188828","indexId":"1013673","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Myxosoma cerebralis: Fluorescent antibody techniques for antigen recognition","docAbstract":"<p><span>Rabbits were immunized with antigens extracted from mature spores or prespore stages of&nbsp;</span><i>Myxosoma cerebralis</i><span>, and the resulting antisera and their globulins were used in direct and indirect fluorescent antibody techniques. Both kinds of antisera reacted with homologous spores and with stages of the organism that precede spores. When tested for specificity against spores of 12 other myxosporidans the direct fluorescent antibody technique showed cross-reactivity with only one other and that was a species of&nbsp;</span><i>Myxosoma</i><span>. The indirect fluorescent antibody technique showed some reactions across generic lines. The antisera have application in studies of the parasite's life cycle and in diagnostics.&nbsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/f78-133","usgsCitation":"Markiw, M., and Wolf, K., 1978, Myxosoma cerebralis: Fluorescent antibody techniques for antigen recognition: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 35, no. 6, p. 828-832, https://doi.org/10.1139/f78-133.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"828","endPage":"832","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131468,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698a1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markiw, M.E.","contributorId":44865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markiw","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolf, K.","contributorId":16344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":46558,"text":"ofr7873C - 1978 - Map showing copper determined by atomic absorption in stream sediments, Ketchikan and Prince Rupert quadrangles, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-29T20:56:05.457745","indexId":"ofr7873C","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-73","chapter":"C","title":"Map showing copper determined by atomic absorption in stream sediments, Ketchikan and Prince Rupert quadrangles, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7873C","usgsCitation":"Koch, R.D., Elliott, R.L., and Diggles, M.J., 1978, Map showing copper determined by atomic absorption in stream sediments, Ketchikan and Prince Rupert quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-73, 1 Plate: 37.56 x 35.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7873C.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 37.56 x 35.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171465,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":414925,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14854.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":83497,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0073c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Ketchikan and Prince Rupert quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -132,\n              56\n            ],\n            [\n              -132,\n              54.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -130,\n              54.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -130,\n              56\n            ],\n            [\n              -132,\n              56\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65da15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koch, Richard D. rkoch@usgs.gov","contributorId":4413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Richard","email":"rkoch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":233558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, Raymond L.","contributorId":82667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Diggles, M. J.","contributorId":102853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diggles","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012523,"text":"70012523 - 1978 - Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of eclogites and associated rocks from the Eastern Sesia zone (Western Alps, Italy)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:03","indexId":"70012523","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of eclogites and associated rocks from the Eastern Sesia zone (Western Alps, Italy)","docAbstract":"Oxygen and hydrogen isotope analyses have been made of mineral separates from eclogites, glaucophanites and glaucophane schists from the eastern Sesia zone (Italian Western Alps). Regularities in (1) hydrogen isotope compositions, (2) order of 18O enrichment among coexisting minerals, and (3) ?? 18O (quartz-rutile) and ?? 18O (quartz-phengite) imply attainment of a high degree of isotopic equilibrium. However, some scattering of ??18O values of individual minerals indicates that the eclogitic assemblage did not form in the presence of a thoroughly pervasive fluid. Minerals from an eclogitic lens enclosed in marble have ??18O values distinctly different from those measured in the other rocks. The ??18O values are high in comparison with other type C eclogites of the world, and it is proposed that the fluid present during the high pressure metamorphism has to a large extent been inherited from the precursor rocks of amphibolite facies. An average formation temperature of 540 ?? C is inferred from the oxygen isotope fractionations between quartz and rutile and between quartz and white mica. This temperature is in accordance with petrologic considerations and implies subduction of the precursor rocks into the upper mantle to achieve the high pressures required. ?? 1978 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00371635","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Desmons, J., and O’Neil, J.R., 1978, Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of eclogites and associated rocks from the Eastern Sesia zone (Western Alps, Italy): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 67, no. 1, p. 79-85, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371635.","startPage":"79","endPage":"85","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205283,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371635"},{"id":222663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a727ee4b0c8380cd76b21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Desmons, J.","contributorId":65226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desmons","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012600,"text":"70012600 - 1978 - Subaerial weathering of sedimentary organic matter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T17:27:04.974192","indexId":"70012600","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subaerial weathering of sedimentary organic matter","docAbstract":"<p>Small diameter core samples were taken from outcrops of the Permian Phosphoria Formation and the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of the Western United States to determine the effects of weathering on organic matter in shale outcrops. While the Pierre Shale core showed no evidence of weathering, the Phosphoria Formation showed significant reduction of overall organic content and pronounced changes in organic composition over the near-surface interval of the core. Total organic carbon is lower by as much as 60% over the upper 2 ft of the core. Chloroform-soluble organic matter and total hydrocarbon (C<sub>15+</sub>) concentrations are 50% lower over this same interval. The ratio of saturated to aromatic hydrocarbons decreases steadily with core depth over the upper 2.6 ft of the core. Aromatic hydrocarbons are enriched in the stable carbon-13 isotope by an average of 1.7%. over this same interval. Shallow core samples also show a loss of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>n</i>-paraffins relative to branched/cyclic compounds in the saturated C<sup>15+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>fraction.</p><p>Although the extent of weathering is variable, certain characteristic effects are recognizable and can be applied to the interpretation of outcrop data in organic geochemical studies.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(78)90183-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Clayton, J., and Swetland, P., 1978, Subaerial weathering of sedimentary organic matter: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 42, no. 3, p. 305-312, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90183-7.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"312","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222213,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9cfbe4b08c986b31d589","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clayton, J.L.","contributorId":76767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swetland, P.J.","contributorId":107855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swetland","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012451,"text":"70012451 - 1978 - Cobalt and scandium partitioning versus iron content for crystalline phases in ultramafic nodules","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T00:28:39.183849","indexId":"70012451","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cobalt and scandium partitioning versus iron content for crystalline phases in ultramafic nodules","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><p>Fractionation of Co and Sc between garnets, olivines, and clino- and orthopyroxenes, separated from a suite of Salt Lake Crater ultramafic nodules that equilibrated at the same<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>, is strongly dependent on Fe contents. This observation suggests that petrogenetic equilibrium models of partial melting and crystal fractionation must take into account effects of magma composition, if they are to describe quantitatively geochemical evolutionary trends.</p></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(78)90153-X","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Glassley, W., and Piper, D., 1978, Cobalt and scandium partitioning versus iron content for crystalline phases in ultramafic nodules: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 39, no. 1, p. 173-178, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(78)90153-X.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"178","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222478,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f795e4b0c8380cd4cbc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glassley, W.E.","contributorId":88086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassley","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012540,"text":"70012540 - 1978 - Transient creep and semibrittle behavior of crystalline rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:09","indexId":"70012540","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient creep and semibrittle behavior of crystalline rocks","docAbstract":"We review transient creep and semibrittle behavior of crystalline solids. The results are expected to be pertinent to crystalline rocks undergoing deformation in the depth range 5 to 20 km, corresponding to depths of focus of many major earthquakes. Transient creep data for crystalline rocks at elevated temperatures are analyzed but are poorly understood because of lack of information on the deformation processes which, at low to moderate pressure, are likely to be semibrittle in nature. Activation energies for transient creep at high effective confining pressure are much higher than those found for atmospheric pressure tests in which thermally-activated microfracturing probably dominates the creep rate. Empirical transient creep equations are extrapolated at 200?? to 600??C, stresses from 0.1 to 1.0 kbar, to times ranging from 3.17??102 to 3.17??108 years. At the higher temperatures, appreciable transient creep strains may take place but the physical significance of the results is in question because the flow mechanisms have not been determined. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate careful research on this important topic. ?? 1978 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00876540","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Carter, N., and Kirby, S.H., 1978, Transient creep and semibrittle behavior of crystalline rocks: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 116, no. 4-5, p. 807-839, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876540.","startPage":"807","endPage":"839","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205171,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876540"},{"id":221954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb6f9e4b08c986b326f9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, N.L.","contributorId":58395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012614,"text":"70012614 - 1978 - Global color variations on the Martian surface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-28T16:54:19.397012","indexId":"70012614","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global color variations on the Martian surface","docAbstract":"<p><span>Surface materials exposed throughout the equatorial region of Mars have been classified and mapped on the basis of spectral reflectance properties determined by the Viking II Orbiter vidicon cameras. Frames acquired at each of three wavelengths (0.45 ± 0.03&nbsp;</span><i>μ</i><span>m, 0.53 ± 0.05&nbsp;</span><i>μ</i><span>m, and 0.59 ± 0.05&nbsp;</span><i>μ</i><span>m) during the approach of Viking Orbiter II in Martian summer (</span><i>L</i><sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;= 105°) were mosaicked by computer. The mosaics cover latitudes 30°N to 63°S for 360° of longitude and have resolutions between 10 and 20 km per line pair. Image processing included Mercator transformation and removal of an average Martian photometric function to produce albedo maps at three wavelengths. The classical dark region between the equator and ∼30°S in the Martian highlands is composed of two units: (i) and ancient unit consisting of topographic highs (ridges, crater rims, and rugged plateaus riddled with small dendritic channels) which is among the reddest on the planet&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>(0.59/0.45 &amp;#x3BC;</mtext><mtext>m</mtext><mtext>&amp;#x22CD; 3)</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">(0.59/0.45 μm⋍ 3)</span></span></span><span>; and (ii) intermediate age, smooth, intercrater volcanic plains displaying numerous mare ridges which are among the least red on Mars&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>(0.59/0.45 &amp;#x3BC;</mtext><mtext>m</mtext><mtext>&amp;#x22CD; 2)</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">(0.59/0.45 μm⋍ 2)</span></span></span><span>. The relatively young shield volcanoes are, like the oldest unit, dark and very red. Two probable eolian deposits are recognized in the intermediate and high albedo regions. The stratigraphically lower unit is intermediate in both color&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>(0.59/ 0.45 &amp;#x3BC;</mtext><mtext>m</mtext><mtext>&amp;#x22CD; 2.5)</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">(0.59/ 0.45 μm⋍ 2.5)</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;and albedo. The upper unit has the highest albedo, is very red&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-4-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>(0.59/0.45 &amp;#x3BC;</mtext><mtext>m</mtext><mtext>&amp;#x22CD; 3)</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">(0.59/0.45 μm⋍ 3)</span></span></span><span>, and is apparently the major constituent of the annual dust storms as its areal extent changes from year to year. The south polar ice cap and condensate clouds dominate the southernmost part of the mosaics.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(78)90037-4","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Soderblom, L., Edwards, K., Eliason, E.M., Sanchez, E., and Charette, M., 1978, Global color variations on the Martian surface: Icarus, v. 34, no. 3, p. 446-464, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(78)90037-4.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"446","endPage":"464","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222427,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2940e4b0c8380cd5a7c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, K.","contributorId":70924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eliason, E. M.","contributorId":93113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eliason","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sanchez, E.M.","contributorId":40733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Charette, M.P.","contributorId":100122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charette","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70012615,"text":"70012615 - 1978 - The use of a paired comparison model in ordering stratigraphic events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T07:18:07","indexId":"70012615","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of a paired comparison model in ordering stratigraphic events","docAbstract":"<p>Data from lowest and highest occurrence events in several stratigraphic sections are analyzed by means of a paired comparison model with ties. The model produces an estimated relative geochronological ordering of these events. This ordering must be compared with actual observations for revision and interpretation.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer","doi":"10.1007/BF02048490","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Edwards, L.E., and Beaver, R., 1978, The use of a paired comparison model in ordering stratigraphic events: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 261-272, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02048490.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"272","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb15de4b08c986b3252f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beaver, R.J.","contributorId":35467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaver","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012616,"text":"70012616 - 1978 - Location of Viking 1 Lander on the surface of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-27T19:24:34.651644","indexId":"70012616","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Location of Viking 1 Lander on the surface of Mars","docAbstract":"<p><span>A location of the Viking 1 Lander on the surface of Mars has been determined by correlating topographic features in the lander pictures with similar features in the Viking orbiter pictures. Radio tracking data narrowed the area of search for correlating orbiter and lander features and an area was found on the orbiter pictures in which there is good agreement with topographic features on the lander pictures. This location, when plotted on the 1:250,000 scale photomosaic of the Yorktown Region of Mars&nbsp;</span><a class=\"anchor anchor-primary\" name=\"bBIB8\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0019103578900441?via%3Dihub#BIB8\" data-sd-ui-side-panel-opener=\"true\" data-xocs-content-type=\"reference\" data-xocs-content-id=\"BIB8\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0019103578900441?via%3Dihub#BIB8\"><span class=\"anchor-text-container\"><span class=\"anchor-text\">(U.S. Geological Survey, 1977)</span></span></a><span>&nbsp;is at 22.487°N latitude and 48.041°W longitude.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(78)90044-1","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Morris, E.C., Jones, K., and Berger, J., 1978, Location of Viking 1 Lander on the surface of Mars: Icarus, v. 34, no. 3, p. 548-555, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(78)90044-1.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"548","endPage":"555","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222429,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a490fe4b0c8380cd68329","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morris, E. C.","contributorId":84381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, K.L.","contributorId":102024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berger, J.P.","contributorId":8227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012571,"text":"70012571 - 1978 - Mars, highlands-lowlands: Viking contributions to mariner relative age studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-27T19:22:48.97585","indexId":"70012571","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mars, highlands-lowlands: Viking contributions to mariner relative age studies","docAbstract":"Stratigraphic relations between lowland plains and highlands, two major types of Martian geologic-terrain units, were not directly distinguishable on Mariner-9 images. Morphologic characteristics and crater densities suggested that the lava plains beneath their eolian cover were younger than adjacent highland rocks, which form a plateau bounded in many places by highly dissected escarpments. Alternatively, the lowland plains could be the older unit and represent a broad erosional surface exhumed by southward retreat of the highlands along their frontal scarp. Viking photos across five areas of the highland-lowland boundary, however, tend to confirm the younger age of the plains-forming lava flows. A time interval of several hundred million years probably occurred between the retreat of the highland scarp and its latest embayment by lava extrusions in the lowlands. ?? 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(78)90039-8","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Scott, D.H., 1978, Mars, highlands-lowlands: Viking contributions to mariner relative age studies: Icarus, v. 34, no. 3, p. 479-485, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(78)90039-8.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"479","endPage":"485","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222423,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5228e4b0c8380cd6c1d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, D. H.","contributorId":73565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012462,"text":"70012462 - 1978 - Revised values for the Gibbs free energy of formation of [Al(OH)4 aq-], diaspore, boehmite and bayerite at 298.15 K and 1 bar, the thermodynamic properties of kaolinite to 800 K and 1 bar, and the heats of solution of several gibbsite samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T17:52:38.848593","indexId":"70012462","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Revised values for the Gibbs free energy of formation of [Al(OH)4 aq-], diaspore, boehmite and bayerite at 298.15 K and 1 bar, the thermodynamic properties of kaolinite to 800 K and 1 bar, and the heats of solution of several gibbsite samples","docAbstract":"<p>Solution calorimetric measurements compared with solubility determinations from the literature for the same samples of gibbsite have provided a direct thermochemical cycle through which the Gibbs free energy of formation of [Al(OH)<sub>4 aq</sub><sup>−</sup>] can be determined. The Gibbs free energy of formation of [Al(OH)<sub>4 aq</sub><sup>−</sup>] at 298.15 K is −1305 ± 1 kJ/mol. These heat-of-solution results show no significant difference in the thermodynamic properties of gibbsite particles in the range from 50 to 0.05 μm.</p><p>The Gibbs free energies of formation at 298.15 K and 1 bar pressure of diaspore, boehmite and bayerite are −9210 ± 5.0, −918.4 ± 2.1 and −1153 ± 2 kJ/mol based upon the Gibbs free energy of [A1(OH)<sub>4 aq</sub><sup>−</sup>] calculated in this paper and the acceptance of −1582.2 ± 1.3 and −1154.9 ± 1.2 kJ/mol for the Gibbs free energy of formation of corundum and gibbsite, respectively.</p><p>Values for the Gibbs free energy formation of [Al(OH)<sub>2 aq</sub><sup>+</sup>] and [AlO<sub>2 aq</sub><sup>−</sup>] were also calculated as −914.2 ± 2.1 and −830.9 ± 2.1 kJ/mol, respectively. The use of [AlC<sub>2 aq</sub><sup>−</sup>] as a chemical species is discouraged.</p><p>A revised Gibbs free energy of formation for [H<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4aq</sub><sup>0</sup>] was recalculated from calorimetric data yielding a value of −1307.5 ± 1.7 kJ/mol which is in good agreement with the results obtained from several solubility studies.</p><p>Smoothed values for the thermodynamic functions<span>&nbsp;</span><i>C</i><sub><i>P</i></sub><sup>0</sup>, (<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>H</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>T</mn></msub><msup><mi></mi><mn>0</mn></msup><mtext>- H</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>298</mn></msub><msup><mi></mi><mn>0</mn></msup><mtext>)</mtext><mtext>T</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">HT0- H2980)T</span></span></span>,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>(</mtext><mtext>G</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>T</mn></msub><msup><mi></mi><mn>0</mn></msup><mtext>- H</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>298</mn></msub><msup><mi></mi><mn>0</mn></msup><mtext>)</mtext><mtext>T</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">(GT0- H2980)T</span></span></span>,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>0</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>-<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><sub>0</sub><sup>0</sup>,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x394;H</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>&amp;#x192;,298</mn></msub><msup><mi></mi><mn>0</mn></msup></math>\">ƒ<span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">ΔHƒ,2980</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>kaolinite are listed at integral temperatures between 298.15 and 800 K. The heat capacity of kaolinite at temperatures between 250 and 800 K may be calculated from the following equation:<span>&nbsp;</span><i>C</i><sub><i>P</i></sub><sup>0</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>= 1430.26 − 0.78850<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span>+ 3.0340 × 10<sup>−4</sup><i>T</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>−1.85158 × 10<sup>−4</sup><i>T</i><sup>2</sup><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-4-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext><mtext>+ 8.3341 &amp;#xD7; 10</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>6</mn></msup><mtext>T</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>&amp;#x2212;2</mn></msup></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">12+ 8.3341 × 106T−2</span></span></span>.</p><p>The thermodynamic properties of most of the geologically important Al-bearing phases have been referenced to the same reference state for Al, namely gibbsite.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(78)90024-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hemingway, B.S., Robie, R.A., and Kittrick, J., 1978, Revised values for the Gibbs free energy of formation of [Al(OH)4 aq-], diaspore, boehmite and bayerite at 298.15 K and 1 bar, the thermodynamic properties of kaolinite to 800 K and 1 bar, and the heats of solution of several gibbsite samples: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 42, no. 10, p. 1533-1543, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90024-8.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1533","endPage":"1543","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222660,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aacede4b0c8380cd86dfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robie, R. A.","contributorId":71237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kittrick, J.A.","contributorId":20893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittrick","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012573,"text":"70012573 - 1978 - Lithium in the McDermitt caldera, Nevada and Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T15:02:34.933396","indexId":"70012573","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1505,"text":"Energy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithium in the McDermitt caldera, Nevada and Oregon","docAbstract":"<p id=\"SP0005\">Anomalously high concentrations of lithium in fluviatile-lacustrine sediments near McDermitt, Nevada, may constitute a potential resource. These sediments are associated with a caldera about 45 km in diameter that is a result of volcanic activity, subsidence and sedimentation chiefly of Miocene age. The sediments originally were vitroclastic and now consist chiefly of authigenic zeolites, clay minerals, feldspar and quartz. Calcite occurs as thin beds, nodules and cement Gypsum is presnt but sparse.</p><p id=\"SP0010\">Most of the clay beds in the caldera contain 0.01–0.1% Li and have well above the average Li concentration for continental clays (0.006%) (Ronov et al.<sup>1</sup>). Individual smectitic clay samples from the western and southern part of the caldera contain as much as 0.65% Li and are associated with analcime and K-feldspar. Two beds, each 0.6m thick, contain 0.35% Li. Clay samples from the northern part of the caldera contain as much as 0.36% Li, and are associated with clinoptilolite and erionite. The clay beds are thinner in the north; in one section a bed 0.3 m thick contains 0.36% Li, and in another section a bed 0.1 m thick contains 0.30% Li. Lithium is probably derived from volcanic material and then incorporated into the clay beds during alteration.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0360-5442(78)90031-2","usgsCitation":"Glanzman, R.K., McCarthy, J.H., and Rytuba, J.J., 1978, Lithium in the McDermitt caldera, Nevada and Oregon: Energy, v. 3, no. 3, p. 347-353, https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(78)90031-2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"353","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222425,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"McDermitt caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.62829676863554,\n              42.13645906724875\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.21938913832656,\n              42.13645906724875\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.21938913832656,\n              41.5758226718315\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.62829676863554,\n              41.5758226718315\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.62829676863554,\n              42.13645906724875\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4828e4b0c8380cd67c5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glanzman, Richard K.","contributorId":19550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glanzman","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, J. H. Jr.","contributorId":89947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rytuba, James J. jrytuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":3043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"James","email":"jrytuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":363945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012613,"text":"70012613 - 1978 - Chemical composition and distribution of lithium-rich brines in salar de Uyuni and nearby salars in southwestern Bolivia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T14:50:43.55147","indexId":"70012613","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1505,"text":"Energy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical composition and distribution of lithium-rich brines in salar de Uyuni and nearby salars in southwestern Bolivia","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id7\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id8\"><p id=\"SP0005\">Preliminary investigations at Salar de Uyuni and the nearby salars (salt pans) of Coipasa and Empexa in the southern part of the Bolivian Altiplano show the presence of widespread lithium-rich brines. Widely scattered brine samples from Salar de Uyuni, which has an area of about 9000 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and is the largest salt pan on earth, show lithium values ranging from 80 to 1500 ppm. High values of 300–700 ppm are most prevalent in an area of about 2500 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in the east-central and southeastern part of the salar. A few brine samples in small areas in Coipasa and Empexa Salars have values ranging from 170 to 580 ppm Li. All the brines are essentially saturated with halite and are moderately high in sulfate (5000–15,000 ppm SO<sub>4</sub>) but low in carbonate (&lt;500 ppm HCO<sub>3</sub>). Potassium and magnesium values are relatively high, chiefly in the range of 2000–20,000 ppm, and the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>K</mtext><mtext>Mg</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">KMg</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio is about 1:1. The<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Li</mtext><mtext>K</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">LiK</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Li</mtext><mtext>Mg</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">LiMg</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios are relatively constant at about 1:20.</p><p id=\"SP0010\">The crystalline saline material and brines in these salars are residual from a former large lake, Lago Minchin, that occupied much of the southern Bolivian Altiplano during late Pleistocene time, augmented by saline material carried to the salars by streams since final drying of this lake. Thermal springs associated with rhyolitic volcanic rocks of Quaternary age may have been a major source of the lithium.</p></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-snippets\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-references\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0360-5442(78)90032-4","usgsCitation":"Ericksen, G., Vine, J.D., and Ballon A., R., 1978, Chemical composition and distribution of lithium-rich brines in salar de Uyuni and nearby salars in southwestern Bolivia: Energy, v. 3, no. 3, p. 355-363, https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(78)90032-4.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"363","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bolivia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -69.70525126273051,\n              -15.77242071756875\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.70525126273051,\n              -22.86143250427375\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.300293473521776,\n              -22.86143250427375\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.300293473521776,\n              -15.77242071756875\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.70525126273051,\n              -15.77242071756875\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f560e4b0c8380cd4c1ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ericksen, George E.","contributorId":54651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vine, James D.","contributorId":105287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vine","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballon A., Raul","contributorId":101387,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ballon A.","given":"Raul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012657,"text":"70012657 - 1978 - Heat flow in the Basin and Range province and thermal effects of tectonic extension","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:08","indexId":"70012657","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat flow in the Basin and Range province and thermal effects of tectonic extension","docAbstract":"In regions of tectonic extension, vertical convective transport of heat in the lithosphere is inevitable. The resulting departure of lithosphere temperature and thickness from conduction-model estimates depends upon the mechanical mode of extension and upon how rapidly extension is (and has been) taking place. Present knowledge of these processes is insufficient to provide adequate constraints on thermal models. The high and variable regional heat flow and the intense local heat discharge at volcanic centers in the Basin and Range province of the United States could be accounted for by regional and local variations in extensional strain rate without invoking anomalous conductive heat flow from the asthenosphere. Anomalous surface heat flow typical of the province could be generated by distributed extension at average rates of about 1/2 to 1%/m.y., similar to rates estimated from structural evidence. To account for higher heat flow in subregions like the Battle mountain High, these rates would be increased by a factor of about 3, and locally at active bimodal volcanic centers, by an order of magnitude more. ?? 1978 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00879732","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Lachenbruch, A., 1978, Heat flow in the Basin and Range province and thermal effects of tectonic extension: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 117, no. 1-2, p. 34-50, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00879732.","startPage":"34","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205199,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879732"},{"id":222092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3001e4b0c8380cd5d2b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachenbruch, A.H.","contributorId":76737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"A.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012506,"text":"70012506 - 1978 - Environmental trade-offs of tunnels vs cut-and-cover subways","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:07","indexId":"70012506","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3667,"text":"Underground Space","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental trade-offs of tunnels vs cut-and-cover subways","docAbstract":"Heavy construction projects in cities entail two kinds of cost - internal cost, which can be defined in terms of payments from one set of parties to another, and external cost, which is the cost borne by the community at large as the result of disutilities entailed in construction and operation. Environmental trade-offs involve external costs, which are commonly difficult to measure. Cut-and-cover subway construction probably entails higher external and internal cost than deep tunnel construction in many urban geological environments, but uncertainty concerning the costs and environmental trade-offs of tunneling leads to limited and timid use of tunneling by American designers. Thus uncertainty becomes a major trade-off which works against tunneling. The reverse is true in Sweden after nearly 30 years of subway construction. Econometric methods for measuring external costs exist in principle, but are limited in application. Economic theory based on market pressure does not address the real problem of urban environmental trade-offs. Nevertheless, the problem of uncertainty can be addressed by comparative studies of estimated and as-built costs of cut-and-cover vs tunnel projects and a review of environmental issues associated with such construction. Such a study would benefit the underground construction industry and the design of transportation systems. It would also help solve an aspect of the urban problem. ?? 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Underground Space","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03620565","usgsCitation":"Walton, M., 1978, Environmental trade-offs of tunnels vs cut-and-cover subways: Underground Space, v. 3, no. 2, p. 61-67.","startPage":"61","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09eae4b0c8380cd520f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walton, M.","contributorId":36096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012633,"text":"70012633 - 1978 - Flame and flameless atomic-absorption determination of tellurium in geological materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T17:15:58.863085","indexId":"70012633","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flame and flameless atomic-absorption determination of tellurium in geological materials","docAbstract":"<p><span>The sample is digested with a solution of hydrobromic acid and bromine and the excess of bromine is expelled. After dilution of the solution to approximately 3 M in hydrobromic acid, ascorbic acid is added to reduce iron(III) before extraction of tellurium into methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). An oxidizing air-acetylene flame is used to determine tellurium in the 0.1–20 ppm range. For samples containing 4–200 ppb of tellurium, a carbon-rod atomizer is used after the MIBK extract has been washed with 0.5 M hydrobromic acid to remove the residual iron. The flame procedure is useful for rapid preliminary monitoring, and the flameless procedure can determine tellurium at very low concentrations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(01)83660-6","usgsCitation":"Chao, T.T., Sanzolone, R.F., and Hubert, A., 1978, Flame and flameless atomic-absorption determination of tellurium in geological materials: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 96, no. 2, p. 251-257, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)83660-6.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"257","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222670,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10cde4b0c8380cd53df2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanzolone, R. F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hubert, A.E.","contributorId":107677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70174351,"text":"70174351 - 1978 - Comparison of a few recording current meters in San Francisco Bay, CA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-26T16:35:37","indexId":"70174351","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparison of a few recording current meters in San Francisco Bay, CA","docAbstract":"<p><span>A team of research scientists in the U.S. Geological Survey uses San Francisco Bay, California, as an outdoor laboratory to study complicated interactions of physical, chemical, and biological processes which take place in an estuarine environment. A current meter comparison study was conceived because of the need to select a suitable current meter to meet field requirements for current measurements in the Bay. The study took place in south San Francisco Bay, California, in the spring of 1977. An instrument tower which was designed to support instruments free from the conventional mooring line motions was constructed and emplaced in south San Francisco Bay. During a period of two months, four types of recording current meters have been used in the tests. The four types were: (1) Aanderaa, (2) tethered shroud-impeller, (3) drag-inclinometer, and (4) electromagnetic current meters. With the exception of the electromagnetic current meter, one of each type was mounted on the instrument tower, and one of each type was deployed on moorings near the instrument tower. In addition, a wind anemometer and a recording tide gauge were also installed on the tower. This paper discusses the characteristics of each instrument and the accuracy that each instrument can provide when used in an estuarine environment. We pay special attention to our experiences in the field operation with respect to handling of the instruments and to our experiences working up the raw data in the post-deployment data analysis.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, Conference on Current Measurements","conferenceTitle":"Conference on Current Measurements","conferenceDate":"Jan 1978","conferenceLocation":"Newark, N.J","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/CCM.1978.1158394","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., 1978, Comparison of a few recording current meters in San Francisco Bay, CA, <i>in</i> Proceedings, Conference on Current Measurements, Newark, N.J, Jan 1978, p. 293-301, https://doi.org/10.1109/CCM.1978.1158394.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"301","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324969,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.38906860351562,\n              37.783740105227224\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.36984252929688,\n              37.80544394934274\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.35198974609375,\n              37.819548028632376\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.29980468749999,\n              37.8271414168374\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.32589721679688,\n              37.8065289741725\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.24212646484375,\n              37.78482544885859\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.21054077148438,\n              37.75551557687061\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.19955444335938,\n              37.70663997801686\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.14324951171874,\n              37.62945956107554\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.14050292968749,\n              37.58485404085004\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.09381103515624,\n              37.58811876638322\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.06497192382811,\n              37.520618678869305\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.97708129882812,\n              37.48466628708502\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.93588256835938,\n              37.46395857276409\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9647216796875,\n              37.437793259976544\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.07046508789062,\n              37.43015998649174\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.09930419921876,\n              37.44433544620035\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.13363647460938,\n              37.497741887143576\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.19406127929688,\n              37.522797055259616\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.24899291992188,\n              37.55764242679524\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.31903076171875,\n              37.58920697640769\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.37533569335936,\n              37.60117623656667\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.39181518554686,\n              37.64468458716586\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.39593505859376,\n              37.69903420794415\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.38632202148438,\n              37.71533133102705\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.35885620117186,\n              37.72293542866175\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.39456176757811,\n              37.77288579232436\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.38906860351562,\n              37.783740105227224\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5780ceb3e4b08116168222de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":96530,"text":"96530 - 1978 - Use of Landsat data to assess waterfowl habitat quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:56","indexId":"96530","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Use of Landsat data to assess waterfowl habitat quality","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","collaboration":"Final Rept. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD.","usgsCitation":"Colwell, J., Gilmer, D., Work, E., Rebel, D., and Roller, N., 1978, Use of Landsat data to assess waterfowl habitat quality, 83 p.","productDescription":"83 p.","startPage":"83","numberOfPages":"83","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f5e4b07f02db5f0e9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colwell, J.","contributorId":61773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colwell","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilmer, D.S.","contributorId":22270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmer","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Work, E.A.","contributorId":7650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Work","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rebel, D.L.","contributorId":74700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rebel","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Roller, N.E.G.","contributorId":74703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roller","given":"N.E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70182450,"text":"70182450 - 1978 - Arsenic in streams, stream sediments, and ground water, Fairbanks area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T17:01:06","indexId":"70182450","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arsenic in streams, stream sediments, and ground water, Fairbanks area, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Arsenic concentrations of less than 5 ppb to as large as 1,260 ppb in stream waters and from 5 ppm to 4,000 ppm in stream sediments were found in the Pedro Dome-Cleary Summit area, Alaska. Waters from three of 20 wells sampled had arsenic concentrations exceeding the U.S. Public Health Service recommended limit of 50 ppb. The high arsenic levels are a consequence of arsenic enrichment in the rocks of the area. Placer and lode-gold mining may increase the arsenic content of the waters by exposing arsenic-containing rocks to surface waters and by increasing the load of arsenic-rich sediments in the streams. Finding these disturbingly large concentrations of arsenic in the waters of the Fairbanks area was the major result of this work, inasmuch as a subsequent study (to be published) revealed arsenic concentrations as large as 10 ppm in domestic wells and prompted an extensive study by Federal and State agencies of the health hazard posed by these arsenic-rich waters.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02380485","usgsCitation":"Wilson, F.H., and Hawkins, D.B., 1978, Arsenic in streams, stream sediments, and ground water, Fairbanks area, Alaska: Environmental Geology, v. 2, no. 4, p. 195-202, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02380485.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"202","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Fairbanks","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -147.81280517578125,\n              64.86177466110345\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.030029296875,\n              64.86177466110345\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.030029296875,\n              65.23370465451454\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.81280517578125,\n              65.23370465451454\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.81280517578125,\n              64.86177466110345\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b002dee4b01ccd54fb2839","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":671154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hawkins, D. B.","contributorId":43366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawkins","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":46056,"text":"ofr7873E - 1978 - Map showing zinc determined by atomic absorption in stream sediments, Ketchikan and Prince Rupert quadrangles, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-29T21:06:55.358587","indexId":"ofr7873E","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-73","chapter":"E","title":"Map showing zinc determined by atomic absorption in stream sediments, Ketchikan and Prince Rupert quadrangles, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7873E","usgsCitation":"Koch, R.D., Elliott, R.L., and Diggles, M.J., 1978, Map showing zinc determined by atomic absorption in stream sediments, Ketchikan and Prince Rupert quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-73, 1 Plate: 38.64 x 34.90 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7873E.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 38.64 x 34.90 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":134722,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":414928,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14856.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":82987,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0073e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Ketchikan and Prince Rupert quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -132,\n              56\n            ],\n            [\n              -132,\n              54.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -130,\n              54.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -130,\n              56\n            ],\n            [\n              -132,\n              56\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0ce4b07f02db69e42d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koch, Richard D. rkoch@usgs.gov","contributorId":4413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Richard","email":"rkoch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":232539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, Raymond L.","contributorId":82667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Diggles, M. J.","contributorId":102853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diggles","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":68823,"text":"oc84 - 1978 - Borehole gravity survey in the Dry Piney oil and gas field, Big Piney-La Barge area, Sublette County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-02T22:41:07.25641","indexId":"oc84","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":328,"text":"Oil and Gas Investigation Chart","code":"OC","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84","title":"Borehole gravity survey in the Dry Piney oil and gas field, Big Piney-La Barge area, Sublette County, Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/oc84","usgsCitation":"Beyer, L.A., and Clutsom, F.G., 1978, Borehole gravity survey in the Dry Piney oil and gas field, Big Piney-La Barge area, Sublette County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Oil and Gas Investigation Chart 84, Report: 18 p.; 2 Plates: 16.85 x 25.63 inches and 23.16 x 57.16 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/oc84.","productDescription":"Report: 18 p.; 2 Plates: 16.85 x 25.63 inches and 23.16 x 57.16 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110304,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51765.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"51765"},{"id":90435,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/oc/084/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":188523,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/oc/084/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":101472,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/oc/084/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":101471,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/oc/084/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"22200","country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Sublette County","otherGeospatial":"Big Piney-La Barge area, Dry Piney oil and gas field","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.4167,\n              42.3111\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.4167,\n              42.3622\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.333,\n              42.3622\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.333,\n              42.3111\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.4167,\n              42.3111\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6029fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beyer, L. A.","contributorId":63403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clutsom, F. G.","contributorId":108114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clutsom","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":46035,"text":"ofr78558B - 1978 - Map and table describing metalliferous and selected nonmetalliferous mineral deposits, Talkeetna Mountains quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-18T20:19:46.128507","indexId":"ofr78558B","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-558","chapter":"B","title":"Map and table describing metalliferous and selected nonmetalliferous mineral deposits, Talkeetna Mountains quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78558B","usgsCitation":"Csejtey, B., and Miller, R.J., 1978, Map and table describing metalliferous and selected nonmetalliferous mineral deposits, Talkeetna Mountains quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-558, Report: 20 p.; 1 Plate: 36.96 x 30.87 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78558B.","productDescription":"Report: 20 p.; 1 Plate: 36.96 x 30.87 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415949,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14788.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":82983,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0558b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82982,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0558b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":169896,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0558b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Talkeetna Mountains quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -150,\n              63\n            ],\n            [\n              -150,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -147,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -147,\n              63\n            ],\n            [\n              -150,\n              63\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db6554ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Csejtey, Bela Jr.","contributorId":61008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Csejtey","given":"Bela","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, R. J.","contributorId":9225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010358,"text":"70010358 - 1978 - An automated procedure for the simultaneous determination of specific conductance and pH in natural water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T17:18:18.137467","indexId":"70010358","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An automated procedure for the simultaneous determination of specific conductance and pH in natural water samples","docAbstract":"<p><span>An automated, continuous-flow system is utilized to determine specific conductance and pH simultaneously in natural waters. A direct electrometric procedure is used to determine values in the range pH 4–9. The specific conductance measurements are made with an electronically modified, commercially available conductivity meter interfaced to a separate module containing the readout control devices and printer. The system is designed to switch ranges automatically to accommodate optimum analysis of widely varying conductances ranging from a few μmhos cm</span><sup>-1</sup><span>&nbsp;to 15,000 μmho cm</span><sup>-1</sup><span>. Thirty samples per hour can be analyzed. Comparison of manual and automated procedures for 40 samples showed that the average differences were 1.3% for specific conductance and 0.07 units for pH. The relative standard deviation for 25 replicate values for each of five samples was significantly less than 1% for the specific conductance determination; the standard deviation for the pH determination was ⩽ 0.06 pH units.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(01)83567-4","usgsCitation":"Eradmann, D.E., and Taylor, H.E., 1978, An automated procedure for the simultaneous determination of specific conductance and pH in natural water samples: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 99, no. 2, p. 269-274, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)83567-4.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219447,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea20e4b0c8380cd4865f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eradmann, D. E.","contributorId":91620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eradmann","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":358713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010378,"text":"70010378 - 1978 - Preservation of cycad and Ginkgo pollen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T15:55:12","indexId":"70010378","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preservation of cycad and Ginkgo pollen","docAbstract":"Pollen grains of Ginkgo, Cycas, and Encephalartos were chemically treated together with pollen of Quercus, Alnus, and Pinus, the latter three genera being used as standards. The experiments showed that: (1) boiling the pollen for 8-10 hours in 10% KOH had little if any effect on any of the grains; (2) lengthy acetolysis treatment produced some degradation or corrosion, particularly in Ginkgo and Cycas, but the grains of even these genera remained easily recognizable; (3) oxidation with KMnO4 followed by H2O2 showed that pollen of Ginkgo, Cycas, and Encephalartos remains better preserved than that of Quercus and Alnus, and although Ginkgo and Encephalartos probably are slightly less resistant to oxidation than Pinus, no great differences exists between these monosulcate types and Pinus. Thus the experiments show that, at least for sediments low in bacteria, cycad and Ginkgo pollen should be well represented in the fossil record as far as their preservational capabilities are concerned. ?? 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0034-6667(78)90036-2","issn":"00346667","usgsCitation":"Frederiksen, N.O., 1978, Preservation of cycad and Ginkgo pollen: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 25, no. 2, p. 163-179, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(78)90036-2.","startPage":"163","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269802,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(78)90036-2"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8b4fe4b0c8380cd7e1f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frederiksen, N. O.","contributorId":78356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frederiksen","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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