Growth and survival were compared for first‐feeding fry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed a closed‐formula commercial preparation, BioDiet, or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service high nutrient density diets 398 or 406 for 14 weeks. Growth of fry fed BioDiet for 2, 3, 4, or 6 weeks from first feeding and then fed diet 406 for the rest of the 14‐week study was also examined. Growth was fastest in fish fed exclusively diets 398 or 406 for 14 weeks, or BioDiet for 2 weeks followed by diet 406 for 12 weeks; survival was about 68, 82, and 92% respectively, for these three groups. These results indicate that in Atlantic salmon fry growth was most rapid and survival highest among fish fed BioDiet for the first 2 or 3 weeks followed by diet 406.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1983)45[72:GASOAS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lemm, C.A., 1983, Growth and survival of Atlantic salmon fed semimoist or dry starter diets: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 45, no. 2, p. 72-75, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1983)45[72:GASOAS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"72","endPage":"75","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129582,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a91e4b07f02db656b0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemm, C. A.","contributorId":42162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemm","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011308,"text":"70011308 - 1983 - Distribution of corticolous noncrustose lichens on trunks of Rocky Mountain junipers in Boulder County, Colorado.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-30T14:17:23.941701","indexId":"70011308","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1087,"text":"Bryologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of corticolous noncrustose lichens on trunks of Rocky Mountain junipers in Boulder County, Colorado.","docAbstract":"Nineteen species of noncrustose lichens were found on Juniperus scopulorum bark; 3 species had relatively high cover and frequency values and were characterized as typical lichens of Rocky Mountain junipers: Xanthoria fallax, Phaeophyscia hirsuta and Physcia caesia. Total cover per tree was low (4%) and most species preferred the N and E sides of trunk bases. These distributional trends may reflect gradients of exposure to wind, insolation, and rate of bark exfoliation. -Author Juniperus scopulorum Phaeophyscia hirsuta Physcia caesia Xanthoria fallax.","language":"English","publisher":"American Bryological and Lichenological Society","doi":"10.2307/3242712","usgsCitation":"Peard, J.L., 1983, Distribution of corticolous noncrustose lichens on trunks of Rocky Mountain junipers in Boulder County, Colorado.: Bryologist, v. 86, no. 3, p. 244-250, https://doi.org/10.2307/3242712.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"244","endPage":"250","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221437,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Boulder County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-105.0558,40.2606],[-105.0552,40.173],[-105.0551,40.0873],[-105.0544,40.0007],[-105.0539,39.9772],[-105.0624,39.9736],[-105.063,39.9734],[-105.0637,39.9731],[-105.0649,39.9726],[-105.0651,39.9725],[-105.0657,39.9723],[-105.0669,39.9716],[-105.068,39.9709],[-105.0684,39.9707],[-105.069,39.9703],[-105.0696,39.9699],[-105.0706,39.969],[-105.0707,39.9689],[-105.0718,39.9679],[-105.072,39.9677],[-105.0736,39.9663],[-105.0738,39.9661],[-105.074,39.9659],[-105.0747,39.9652],[-105.0755,39.9645],[-105.0757,39.9643],[-105.0766,39.9636],[-105.0789,39.9621],[-105.0799,39.9615],[-105.08,39.9615],[-105.0812,39.9611],[-105.0824,39.9608],[-105.0833,39.9606],[-105.0836,39.9605],[-105.0841,39.9604],[-105.0846,39.9603],[-105.0847,39.9603],[-105.0849,39.9603],[-105.0853,39.9602],[-105.0857,39.9602],[-105.0859,39.9602],[-105.0861,39.9601],[-105.0864,39.9601],[-105.0868,39.96],[-105.0871,39.96],[-105.0874,39.96],[-105.0875,39.9598],[-105.0881,39.9598],[-105.0881,39.9584],[-105.0887,39.9584],[-105.0887,39.958],[-105.0882,39.958],[-105.0878,39.9579],[-105.0867,39.9579],[-105.0852,39.9584],[-105.0848,39.9585],[-105.0844,39.9585],[-105.0841,39.9585],[-105.0838,39.9585],[-105.0836,39.9584],[-105.0833,39.9584],[-105.0831,39.9583],[-105.0831,39.9578],[-105.0812,39.9578],[-105.08,39.9578],[-105.0765,39.9577],[-105.072,39.9577],[-105.0719,39.9506],[-105.0719,39.9502],[-105.0746,39.9505],[-105.0766,39.9506],[-105.0766,39.9433],[-105.091,39.9433],[-105.0911,39.9414],[-105.0909,39.9414],[-105.091,39.9401],[-105.091,39.9393],[-105.0909,39.9387],[-105.0909,39.9382],[-105.0909,39.9361],[-105.0944,39.9361],[-105.0976,39.9361],[-105.1,39.9361],[-105.1046,39.9361],[-105.1081,39.9361],[-105.1092,39.9361],[-105.1092,39.9354],[-105.1126,39.9332],[-105.1127,39.9331],[-105.1129,39.9329],[-105.113,39.9328],[-105.1132,39.9326],[-105.1133,39.9324],[-105.1133,39.9322],[-105.1134,39.9319],[-105.1134,39.9317],[-105.1134,39.9315],[-105.1134,39.9313],[-105.1134,39.9311],[-105.1133,39.9309],[-105.1132,39.9307],[-105.1121,39.9285],[-105.112,39.9283],[-105.1118,39.9281],[-105.1116,39.9278],[-105.1114,39.9275],[-105.1112,39.9273],[-105.1109,39.9271],[-105.1094,39.9262],[-105.1094,39.9255],[-105.1105,39.9262],[-105.1109,39.9265],[-105.1118,39.9271],[-105.1128,39.9279],[-105.1137,39.9286],[-105.1143,39.9298],[-105.1144,39.93],[-105.1145,39.9301],[-105.1186,39.933],[-105.1187,39.9333],[-105.1188,39.9338],[-105.1187,39.9342],[-105.1183,39.935],[-105.1183,39.9351],[-105.1184,39.9353],[-105.1186,39.9357],[-105.1186,39.9433],[-105.1094,39.9434],[-105.1094,39.9506],[-105.1205,39.9505],[-105.1208,39.9513],[-105.1197,39.952],[-105.1189,39.9524],[-105.1171,39.9534],[-105.116,39.9539],[-105.1136,39.9548],[-105.1128,39.9551],[-105.1109,39.9557],[-105.1095,39.9561],[-105.1095,39.957],[-105.1106,39.9567],[-105.1116,39.9563],[-105.1132,39.9559],[-105.1133,39.9558],[-105.1144,39.9555],[-105.1156,39.955],[-105.1165,39.9546],[-105.1171,39.9544],[-105.1179,39.9539],[-105.1195,39.9531],[-105.1211,39.9521],[-105.1219,39.9542],[-105.128,39.9542],[-105.1281,39.9433],[-105.1281,39.9396],[-105.1375,39.9397],[-105.1376,39.9361],[-105.1376,39.9288],[-105.147,39.9289],[-105.147,39.9278],[-105.147,39.9252],[-105.1471,39.914],[-105.1464,39.914],[-105.142,39.914],[-105.1377,39.914],[-105.133,39.914],[-105.1283,39.914],[-105.125,39.914],[-105.1217,39.9141],[-105.1189,39.9141],[-105.116,39.9141],[-105.109,39.9142],[-105.1086,39.9141],[-105.1079,39.9137],[-105.1078,39.9136],[-105.1076,39.9135],[-105.1075,39.9135],[-105.1076,39.9134],[-105.1471,39.9132],[-105.1471,39.9139],[-105.1482,39.9137],[-105.1504,39.9132],[-105.1512,39.9132],[-105.1525,39.9132],[-105.1532,39.9132],[-105.1635,39.9131],[-105.1935,39.9128],[-105.2355,39.9127],[-105.2931,39.9125],[-105.3117,39.9122],[-105.3968,39.9117],[-105.3966,39.9326],[-105.4212,39.9309],[-105.426,39.9318],[-105.4296,39.9327],[-105.4362,39.9364],[-105.4398,39.9364],[-105.4584,39.9297],[-105.4638,39.9292],[-105.4728,39.9302],[-105.4968,39.9298],[-105.6089,39.9302],[-105.6743,39.93],[-105.6857,39.9345],[-105.6899,39.9382],[-105.6911,39.9413],[-105.691,39.9432],[-105.6904,39.9491],[-105.6856,39.9536],[-105.6844,39.9567],[-105.6862,39.9631],[-105.6855,39.9654],[-105.6831,39.9717],[-105.6813,39.9853],[-105.6824,39.9907],[-105.6866,39.9976],[-105.6878,40.0012],[-105.6878,40.0057],[-105.686,40.0098],[-105.6823,40.013],[-105.6751,40.0143],[-105.6571,40.0156],[-105.6523,40.0174],[-105.6517,40.0192],[-105.6505,40.0251],[-105.648,40.0278],[-105.6426,40.0337],[-105.6371,40.0432],[-105.6371,40.0446],[-105.6438,40.0473],[-105.6449,40.0491],[-105.6467,40.0528],[-105.6491,40.0573],[-105.6485,40.0614],[-105.643,40.0668],[-105.6352,40.0777],[-105.6346,40.0804],[-105.6363,40.0886],[-105.6357,40.0908],[-105.6333,40.0953],[-105.6327,40.0976],[-105.6339,40.1031],[-105.6338,40.1076],[-105.6332,40.1103],[-105.6266,40.1162],[-105.6254,40.118],[-105.6253,40.1207],[-105.6283,40.1339],[-105.6307,40.1375],[-105.6396,40.1466],[-105.6438,40.1484],[-105.6535,40.1503],[-105.6595,40.1525],[-105.6661,40.1567],[-105.6684,40.1603],[-105.6696,40.1635],[-105.669,40.1671],[-105.669,40.1684],[-105.6678,40.1721],[-105.6684,40.1757],[-105.672,40.1821],[-105.6738,40.1857],[-105.6761,40.1902],[-105.6773,40.1957],[-105.6767,40.1993],[-105.6749,40.2025],[-105.6724,40.2047],[-105.67,40.2088],[-105.6694,40.2115],[-105.6694,40.2142],[-105.67,40.2174],[-105.6669,40.2351],[-105.6663,40.2365],[-105.659,40.2428],[-105.6566,40.2469],[-105.653,40.2496],[-105.6518,40.2527],[-105.6517,40.255],[-105.6553,40.2587],[-105.6198,40.2599],[-105.5704,40.2611],[-105.5559,40.2611],[-105.5403,40.2605],[-105.5222,40.2605],[-105.5047,40.26],[-105.4047,40.2582],[-105.392,40.2608],[-105.3848,40.2621],[-105.339,40.2624],[-105.2823,40.263],[-105.1685,40.2614],[-105.0558,40.2606]]],[[[-105.0577,39.9747],[-105.0577,39.9686],[-105.0542,39.9659],[-105.0537,39.9659],[-105.0535,39.9579],[-105.055,39.9579],[-105.0582,39.9579],[-105.0582,39.9587],[-105.0593,39.9587],[-105.0593,39.9579],[-105.0623,39.9579],[-105.0718,39.9579],[-105.0765,39.9579],[-105.0776,39.9579],[-105.0785,39.9579],[-105.08,39.9579],[-105.08,39.9581],[-105.0802,39.9581],[-105.0804,39.9581],[-105.0807,39.9582],[-105.0809,39.9583],[-105.0812,39.9583],[-105.0814,39.9584],[-105.0819,39.9587],[-105.082,39.9589],[-105.0825,39.9593],[-105.0812,39.9598],[-105.0789,39.961],[-105.0788,39.9611],[-105.0768,39.9623],[-105.0766,39.9625],[-105.0747,39.9639],[-105.0733,39.9652],[-105.072,39.9664],[-105.0718,39.9666],[-105.0699,39.9683],[-105.0698,39.9685],[-105.0683,39.9697],[-105.0673,39.9704],[-105.066,39.9711],[-105.0651,39.9716],[-105.0643,39.9719],[-105.0635,39.9722],[-105.0623,39.9728],[-105.0624,39.9722],[-105.0594,39.9739],[-105.0577,39.9747]]],[[[-105.1074,39.9578],[-105.1074,39.9581],[-105.1067,39.9582],[-105.1052,39.9584],[-105.1042,39.9586],[-105.1039,39.9587],[-105.1035,39.9587],[-105.1031,39.9587],[-105.1027,39.9588],[-105.1024,39.9588],[-105.102,39.9588],[-105.1017,39.9589],[-105.1007,39.9589],[-105.1003,39.9589],[-105.0999,39.959],[-105.0999,39.9579],[-105.0914,39.9579],[-105.0912,39.9579],[-105.0911,39.9579],[-105.091,39.9577],[-105.0999,39.9576],[-105.1014,39.9576],[-105.1018,39.9576],[-105.1024,39.9576],[-105.1028,39.9576],[-105.1034,39.9576],[-105.1037,39.9575],[-105.1045,39.9574],[-105.1049,39.9574],[-105.1053,39.9573],[-105.1058,39.9572],[-105.1067,39.957],[-105.1075,39.9567],[-105.1077,39.9567],[-105.1092,39.9562],[-105.1091,39.9571],[-105.1079,39.9575],[-105.1067,39.9578],[-105.1074,39.9578]]],[[[-105.0526,39.9137],[-105.053,39.9137],[-105.0529,39.9142],[-105.0526,39.9142],[-105.0526,39.9137]]],[[[-105.06,39.9136],[-105.0624,39.9136],[-105.0624,39.914],[-105.06,39.914],[-105.06,39.9136]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Boulder\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","volume":"86","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02c8e4b0c8380cd501d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peard, J. L.","contributorId":66674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peard","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011287,"text":"70011287 - 1983 - Triggered reverse fault and earthquake due to crustal unloading, northwest Transverse Ranges, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-31T01:34:02.961648","indexId":"70011287","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Triggered reverse fault and earthquake due to crustal unloading, northwest Transverse Ranges, California","docAbstract":"A reverse-right-oblique surface rupture, associated with a ML 2.5 earthquake, formed in a diatomite quarry near Lompoc, California, in the northwesternmost Transverse Ranges on April 7, 1981. The 575-m-long narrow zone of ruptures formed in clay interbeds in diatomite and diatomaceous shale of the Neogene Monterey Formation. The ruptures parallel bedding, dip 39°–59°S, and trend about N84°E on the north limb of an open symmetrical syncline. Maximum net slip was 25 cm; maximum reverse dip slip was 23 cm, maximum right-lateral strike slip was about 9 cm, and average net slip was about 12 cm. The seismic moment of the earthquake is estimated at 1 to 2 × 1018 dyne/cm and the static stress drop at about 3 bar. The removal of an average of about 44 m of diatomite resulted in an average load reduction of about 5 bar, which decreased the normal stress by about 3.5 bar and increased the shear stress on the tilted bedding plane by about 2 bar. The April 7,1981, event was a very shallow bedding-plane rupture, apparently triggered by crustal unloading.
Some logging methods are inherently superior to others for the analysis of limestone and dolomite aquifers. Three such systems are the density, neutron, and acousticvelocity logs.
Relative percentages of limestone and dolomite, average matrix (grain) densities of the rock mixtures, and porosity of the rock mass can be calculated from density, neutron, and acoustic-velocity logs. Wells drilled before the 1960's generally were logged with an uncalibrated neutron tool. In some instances, the resultant curve can be empirically calibrated.
With supporting data from resistivity logs, apparent water resistivity (Rwa) can be estimated. Depending on rock and mud resistivities, the two most useful resistivity curves for water-quality studies are the deeply-focused laterolog and the induction log. For older wells, the standard electric log may be used, if the drilling mud is not salt-saturated.
Rwa contour maps derived from geophysical data are useful to outline areas of recharge, direction of probable ground-water flow, and location and salinity of brine areas. Another useful application of well logs is estimation of ground-water temperature. These temperatures are obtained from maximum-reading thermometer data that generally are recorded on each logging run. Maps of porosity can be used to outline potential areas for completing large-yield wells.
Electrophoretic analysis was performed on eight protein systems (lactate dehydrogenase, liver esterases, superoxide dismutase, haemoglobin, isocitrate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogIuconate dehydrogenase, transferrin) in Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, and their F1 triploid hybrid. The data demonstrated codominant Mendelian inheritance at individual loci for each protein system. Transferrin and superoxide dismutase were the only proteins found to be polymorphic in either parental species. Both parental alleles were present and functional at each enzyme locus examined in the F1 triploid hybrid.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1095-8649.1983.tb04220.x","usgsCitation":"Beck, M., Biggers, C., and Dupree, H., 1983, Electrophoretic analysis of protein systems of Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.), Hyophthalmichthys nobilis (Rich.) and the F1 triploid hybrid: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 22, no. 5, p. 603-611, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1983.tb04220.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"603","endPage":"611","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132326,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db606f93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beck, M.L.","contributorId":37692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beck","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biggers, C.J.","contributorId":46903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggers","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dupree, H.K.","contributorId":6785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dupree","given":"H.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011285,"text":"70011285 - 1983 - Birdseyes, fenestrae, shrinkage pores, and loferites: a reevaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T23:35:06.621682","indexId":"70011285","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Birdseyes, fenestrae, shrinkage pores, and loferites: a reevaluation","docAbstract":"Birdseyes, birdseye limestone, fenestrae, fenestral fabric, shrinkage pores, and loferites are considered similar or synonymous when occurring in lime mudstone or syndepositional dolomite, especially in association with mudcracks and stromatolites. Compaction experiments indicate, however, that without early cementation, these vugs can be obliterated, whereas mudcracks and stromatolites are unchanged. Lumping of burrows and root tubes under the general terms birdseyes or fenestrae, such as for example tubular fenestrae, burrow fenestrae, or root-tube fenestrae, is discouraged. They should be called burrows or root tubes because the birdseyes, fenestrae, and shrinkage pores are so intimately associated with tidal flats to most geologists. Submarine cementation of pelletal and oolitic botryoidal grainstone under 5 to 6 m of water on the Bahama Banks has resulted in vugs provocatively similar to many birdseyes and fenestrae generally attributed to peritidal conditions in the literature. Birdseyes and fenestrae in ancient grainstones cannot therefore be reliably identified without consideration of the sedimentary sequence and associated sedimentary structures.--Modified journal abstract.
Distribution and isotopic composition (δ13C) of low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases were studied in Big Soda Lake (depth = 64 m), an alkaline, meromictic lake with permanently anoxic bottom waters. Methane increased with depth in the anoxic mixolimnion (depth = 20–35 m), reached uniform concentrations (55 μM/l) in the monimolimnion (35–64 m) and again increased with depth in monimolimnion bottom sediments (>400 μM/kg below 1 m sub-bottom depth). The μ13C[CH4] values in bottom sediment below 1 m sub-bottom depth (<−70 per mil) increased with vertical distance up the core (δ13C[CH4] = −55 per mil at sediment surface). Monimolimnion δ13C[CH4] values (−55 to −61 per mil) were greater than most δ13C[CH4] values found in the anoxic mixolimnion (92% of samples had δ13C[CH4] values between −20 and −48 per mil). No significant concentrations of ethylene or propylene were found in the lake. However ethane, propane, isobutane and n-butane concentrations all increased with water column depth, with respective maximum concentrations of 260, 80, 23 and 22 nM/l encountered between 50–60 m depth. Concentrations of ethane, propane and butanes decreased with depth in the bottom sediments. Ratios of
Plutonic rocks of Jurassic age exposed on the eastern, or Pacific, side of the Alaska–Aleutian Range batholith represent the roots of a magmatic arc generally considered to have been generated in response to northwest-directed subduction. These rocks form a compositionally continuous calc-alkaline suite that ranges from hornblende gabbro through quartz monzonite. Tonalite and quartz diorite are the dominant rock types.
Trend-surface analysis was used to examine the geographic variation of major oxides and a few simple oxide ratios for 102 samples from widely separated localities. Statistical tests indicate that most of the trends, although weak, are real. The direction of slope of the trends is approximately normal to the Jurassic magmatic arc K2O and SiO2 increase toward the east-southeast; the other oxides increase toward the west-northwest. The K2O trend accounts for about 19% of the variance in the data and is significant at > 99.9% level of confidence.
If the chemical trends reflect the approximate geometry of a paleosubduction zone, the polarity of the Jurassic magmatic arc is to the northwest. That is, the paleosubduction zone was on the northwest side of the arc, and subduction was directed toward the southeast. The paleosubduction zone is on the opposite side of the arc from the position that has generally been assumed, indicating that the Jurassic plutonic rocks were not generated in response to classical Andean-type convergent plate margins. The magmatic arc may have formed in an intra-ocean environment, and subsequently has been rafted northward and accreted to this part of the northern Pacific rim during the late Mesozoic. Middle and Upper Jurassic clastic sediments underlying Cook Inlet to the southeast, and derived from the magmatic arc, are classified as backarc deposits, rather than as an arc-trench gap sequence.
We have made hole-to-hole observations through nearly 20 m of granite using an electromagnetic transponder (an active reflector) in one borehole and a single-hole short-pulse radar in another. We found that the transponder is inexpensive, operationally simple, and effective in extending the capability of a short-pulse borehole radar system to allow hole-to-hole operation without requiring timing cables. A detector in the transponder senses the arrival of each pulse from the radar (which may be millivolts in amplitude); each pulse detection triggers a kilovolt-amplitude pulse for retransmission. The transponder “echo” may be stronger than that of a passive reflector by a factor of as much as 120 dB. The result is an increase in range capability by a factor which depends on attenuation in the medium and hole-to-hole wavepath geometry. Single-hole reflection-mode echoes are still available at times prior to the transponder pulse arrival. The transponder is helpful in yielding velocity information, because the radar-transponder distance is known and the echo time is observed. Field tests have demonstrated that the transponder is a useful alternative to employing timing cables in some short-pulse hole-to-hole measurement situations.
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.1984.6499195","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Wright, D.L., Watts, R.D., and Bramsoe, E., 1983, A short-pulse electromagnetic transponder for hole-to-hole use: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. GE-22, no. 6, p. 720-725, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.1984.6499195.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"720","endPage":"725","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221579,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"GE-22","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf42e4b0c8380cd874a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, David L. dwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":1132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"David","email":"dwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":360827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watts, Raymond D.","contributorId":105713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bramsoe, Erik","contributorId":72448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bramsoe","given":"Erik","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1007679,"text":"1007679 - 1983 - An annotated check list of the amphibians and reptiles of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:19","indexId":"1007679","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1153,"text":"California Fish and Game","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An annotated check list of the amphibians and reptiles of California","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"California Fish and Game","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Jennings, M., 1983, An annotated check list of the amphibians and reptiles of California: California Fish and Game, v. 69, no. 3, p. 151-171.","productDescription":"p. 151-171","startPage":"151","endPage":"171","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685792","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, M.R.","contributorId":18296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011618,"text":"70011618 - 1983 - Chryse Basin channels: low-gradients and ponded flows.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-23T11:02:18","indexId":"70011618","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chryse Basin channels: low-gradients and ponded flows.","docAbstract":"Gradients on the floors of the Martian outflow channels that are derived from radar-elevation profiles across Lunae Planum and Chryse Basin have much lower values than those obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey's topographic map. Whereas the gradients of Maja and Ares Valles are similar to those of the catastrophic flood channels in the Scablands of Washington State, the gradients of Simud and Tiu Valles are essentially level, and the movement of fluids to the N poses problems. It is proposed that ponding may have formed lakes in depressions associated with the Valles Marineris grabens, ancient craters in the chaotic terrain area, and possibly even the regional low where most chaotic terrains occur. It is envisaged that lakes eventually overflowed, forming the present channels. When dams broke, floods were released catastrophically, with a final gigantic flood from the Valles Marineris system of troughs, which would have had sufficient head to move fluids across nearly level gradients through the Simud and Tiu channels.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB088iS02p0A553","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lucchitta, B.K., and Ferguson, H., 1983, Chryse Basin channels: low-gradients and ponded flows.: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 88, no. S02, p. A553-A568, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB088iS02p0A553.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"A553","endPage":"A568","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220985,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"S02","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5fae4b0c8380cd4c522","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucchitta, Baerbel K. blucchitta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Baerbel","email":"blucchitta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":361556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferguson, H.M.","contributorId":61083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011299,"text":"70011299 - 1983 - Evidence for dyke intrusion earthquake mechanisms near long valley caldera, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:29","indexId":"70011299","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for dyke intrusion earthquake mechanisms near long valley caldera, California","docAbstract":"A re-analysis of the magnitude 6 earthquakes that occurred near Long Valley caldera in eastern California on 25 and 27 May 1980, suggests that at least two of them, including the largest, were probably caused by fluid injection along nearly vertical surfaces and not by slip on faults. Several investigators 1,2 have reported difficulty in explaining both the long-period surface-wave amplitudes and phases and the locally recorded short-period body-wave first motions from these events, using conventional double-couple (shear fault) source models. They attributed this difficulty to: (1) complex sources, not representable by single-fault models; (2) artefacts of the analysis methods used; or (3) effects of wave propagation through hypothetical structures beneath the caldera. We show here that the data agree well with the predictions for a compensated linear-vector dipole (CLVD) equivalent-force system3 with its principal extensional axis horizontal and trending N 55-65?? E. Such a mechanism is what would be expected for fluid injection into dykes striking N 25-35?? W, which is the approximate strike of numerous normal faults in the area. ?? 1983 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/303323a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Julian, B., 1983, Evidence for dyke intrusion earthquake mechanisms near long valley caldera, California: Nature, v. 303, no. 5915, p. 323-325, https://doi.org/10.1038/303323a0.","startPage":"323","endPage":"325","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205106,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/303323a0"},{"id":221280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"303","issue":"5915","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d3be4b0c8380cd52ebf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}