A system is presented for maintaining trout brood stocks for long periods with levels of inbreeding accumulation lower than that experienced in random mating populations of equal size. The system requires the formation of three or more distinct breeding lines. Brood stock generations are advanced by a systematic mating scheme in which females of each line are mated to males of a different line. Eggs for hatchery production may be obtained from matings either within a single line or between lines. An opportunity for improving the breeding population is provided through selection of individual fish to be used in the production of the next brood stock generation. The requirement for increased handling of brood stock is not considered to be serious.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1977)39[179:RLC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kincaid, H.L., 1977, Rotational line crossing: An approach to the reduction of inbreeding accumulation in trout brood stocks: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 39, no. 4, p. 179-181, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1977)39[179:RLC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"181","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130724,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe203","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kincaid, H. L.","contributorId":21891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kincaid","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003465,"text":"1003465 - 1977 - Effects of residues of polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor< 1254) on sensitivity of rainbow-trout to selected environmental contaminants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-12T16:28:09.471738","indexId":"1003465","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of residues of polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor< 1254) on sensitivity of rainbow-trout to selected environmental contaminants","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1977)39[150:EOROTP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bills, T., Marking, L.L., and Olson, L., 1977, Effects of residues of polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor< 1254) on sensitivity of rainbow-trout to selected environmental contaminants: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 39, no. 3, p. 150-150, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1977)39[150:EOROTP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"150","endPage":"150","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131129,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611792","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bills, T.D.","contributorId":6393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bills","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marking, L. L.","contributorId":90661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marking","given":"L.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, L.E.","contributorId":98263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70001085,"text":"70001085 - 1977 - The stress state near Spanish Peaks, colorado determined from a dike pattern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:37","indexId":"70001085","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The stress state near Spanish Peaks, colorado determined from a dike pattern","docAbstract":"The radial pattern of syenite and syenodiorite dikes of the Spanish Peaks region is analysed using theories of elasticity and dike emplacement. The three basic components of Ode??'s model for the dike pattern (a pressurized, circular hole; a rigid, planar boundary; and uniform regional stresses) are adopted, but modified to free the regional stresses from the constraint of being orthogonal to the rigid boundary. Dike areal density, the White Peaks intrusion, the strike of the upturned Mesozoic strata, and the contact between these strata and the intensely folded and faulted Paleozoic rocks are used to brient the rigid boundary along a north-south line. The line of dike terminations locates the rigid boundary about 8 km west of West Peak. The location of a circular plug, Goemmer Butte, is chosen as a point of isotropic stress. A map correlating the location of isotropic stress points with regional stress parameters is derived from the theory and used to determine a regional stress orientation (N82E) and a normalized stress magnitude. The stress trajectory map constructed using these parameters mimics the dike pattern exceptionally well. The model indicates that the regional principal stress difference was less than 0.05 times the driving pressure in the West Peak intrusion. The regional stress difference probably did not exced 5 MN/m2. ?? 1977 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01637098","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Muller, O., and Pollard, D.D., 1977, The stress state near Spanish Peaks, colorado determined from a dike pattern: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 115, no. 1-2, p. 69-86, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01637098.","startPage":"69","endPage":"86","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19053,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01637098"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634f29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muller, O.H.","contributorId":93609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller","given":"O.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pollard, D. D.","contributorId":72914,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollard","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70001078,"text":"70001078 - 1977 - The origin of garnet in the anorthosite-charnockite suite of the Adirondacks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:35","indexId":"70001078","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The origin of garnet in the anorthosite-charnockite suite of the Adirondacks","docAbstract":"Detailed analysis of textural and chemical criteria in rocks of the anorthosite-charnockite suite of the Adirondack Highlands suggests that development of garnet in silica-saturated rocks of the suite occurs according to the reaction: {Mathematical expression}, where ?? is a function of the distribution of Fe and Mg between the several coexisting ferromagnesian phases. Depending upon the relative amounts of Fe and Mg present, quartz may be either a reactant or a product. Using an aluminum-fixed reference frame, this reaction can be restated in terms of a set of balanced partial reactions describing the processes occurring in spatially separated domains within the rock. The fact that garnet invariably replaces plagioclase as opposed to the other reactant phases indicates that the aluminum-fixed model is valid as a first approximation. This reaction is univariant and produces unzoned garnet. It differs from a similar equation proposed by de Waard (1965) for the origin of garnet in Adirondack metabasic rocks, i.e. 6 Orthopyroxene+2 Anorthite = Clinopyroxene+Garnet+2 Quartz, the principle difference being that iron oxides (ilmenite and/or magnetite) are essential reactant phases in the present reactions. The product assemblage (garnet+clinopyroxene+plagioclase ?? orthopyroxene ?? quartz) is characteristic of the clinopyroxene-almandine subfacies of the granulite facies. ?? 1977 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00372280","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"McLelland, J.M., and Whitney, P., 1977, The origin of garnet in the anorthosite-charnockite suite of the Adirondacks: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 60, no. 2, p. 161-181, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00372280.","startPage":"161","endPage":"181","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19048,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00372280"}],"volume":"60","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648689","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLelland, J. M.","contributorId":85604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLelland","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitney, P.R.","contributorId":46671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70001077,"text":"70001077 - 1977 - State of stress in the lithosphere: Inferences from the flow laws of olivine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:35","indexId":"70001077","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"State of stress in the lithosphere: Inferences from the flow laws of olivine","docAbstract":"The experimental flow data for rocks and minerals are reviewed and found to fit a law of the form {Mathematical expression} where {Mathematical expression} This law reduces to the familiar power-law stress dependency at low stress and to an exponential stress dependency at high stress. Using the material flow law parameters for olivine, stress profiles with depth and strain rate are computed for a representative range of temperature distributions in the lithosphere. The results show that the upper 15 to 25 km of the oceanic lithosphere must behave elastically or fail by fracture and that the remainder deforms by exponential law flow at intermediate depths and by power-law flow in the rest. A model computation of the gravitational sliding of a lithospheric plate using olivine rheology exhibits a very sharp decoupling zone which is a consequence of the combined effects of increasing stress and temperature on the flow law, which is a very sensitive function of both. ?? 1977 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01637106","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Kirby, S.H., 1977, State of stress in the lithosphere: Inferences from the flow laws of olivine: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 115, no. 1-2, p. 245-258, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01637106.","startPage":"245","endPage":"258","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19047,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01637106"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3b89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70001079,"text":"70001079 - 1977 - Shear and tension hydraulic fractures in low permeability rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:36","indexId":"70001079","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shear and tension hydraulic fractures in low permeability rocks","docAbstract":"Laboratory hydrofracture experiments were performed on triaxially stressed specimens of oil shale and low-permeability granite. The results show that either shear or tension fractures could develop depending on the level of differentials stress, even in specimens containing preexisting fractures. With 1 kb of confining pressure and differential stress greater than 2kb, hydraulic fluid diffusion into the specimens reduced the effective confining pressure until failure occurred by shear fracture. Below 2kb of differential stress, tension fractures occurred. These results suggest that hydraulic fracturing in regions of significant tectonic stress may produce shear rather than tension fractures. In this case in situ stress determinations based on presumed tension fractures would lead to erroneous results. ?? 1977 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01637103","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Solberg, P., Lockner, D., and Byerlee, J., 1977, Shear and tension hydraulic fractures in low permeability rocks: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 115, no. 1-2, p. 191-198, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01637103.","startPage":"191","endPage":"198","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19049,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01637103"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f405f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solberg, P.","contributorId":37874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solberg","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, D.","contributorId":102190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byerlee, J.","contributorId":105838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70001083,"text":"70001083 - 1977 - Earthquake stress drops, ambient tectonic stresses and stresses that drive plate motions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:34","indexId":"70001083","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:32","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake stress drops, ambient tectonic stresses and stresses that drive plate motions","docAbstract":"A variety of geophysical observations suggests that the upper portion of the lithosphere, herein referred to as the elastic plate, has long-term material properties and frictional strength significantly greater than the lower lithosphere. If the average frictional stress along the non-ridge margin of the elastic plate is of the order of a kilobar, as suggested by the many observations of the frictional strength of rocks at mid-crustal conditions of pressure and temperature, the only viable mechanism for driving the motion of the elastic plate is a basal shear stress of several tens of bars. Kilobars of tectonic stress are then an ambient, steady condition of the earth's crust and uppermost mantle. The approximate equality of the basal shear stress and the average crustal earthquake stress drop, the localization of strain release for major plate margin earthquakes, and the rough equivalence of plate margin slip rates and gross plate motion rates suggest that the stress drops of major plate margin earthquakes are controlled by the elastic release of the basal shear stress in the vicinity of the plate margin, despite the existence of kilobars of tectonic stress existing across vertical planes parallel to the plate margin. If the stress differences available to be released at the time of faulting are distributed in a random, white fasbion with a mean-square value determined by the average earthquake stress drop, the frequency of occurrence of constant stress drop earthquakes will be proportional to reciprocal faulting area, in accordance with empirically known frequency of occurrence statistics. ?? 1977 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01637120","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Hanks, T.C., 1977, Earthquake stress drops, ambient tectonic stresses and stresses that drive plate motions: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 115, no. 1-2, p. 441-458, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01637120.","startPage":"441","endPage":"458","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19052,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01637120"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625e68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanks, Thomas C.","contributorId":35763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"Thomas","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70001002,"text":"70001002 - 1977 - Fluid inclusion geothermometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:34","indexId":"70001002","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:31","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1795,"text":"Geologische Rundschau","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid inclusion geothermometry","docAbstract":"Fluid inclusions trapped within crystals either during growth or at a later time provide many clues to the histories of rocks and ores. Estimates of fluid-inclusion homogenization temperature and density can be obtained using a petrographic microscope with thin sections, and they can be refined using heating and freezing stages. Fluid inclusion studies, used in conjunction with paragenetic studies, can provide direct data on the time and space variations of parameters such as temperature, pressure, density, and composition of fluids in geologic environments. Changes in these parameters directly affect the fugacity, composition, and pH of fluids, thus directly influencing localization of ore metals. ?? 1977 Ferdinand Enke Verlag Stuttgart.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologische Rundschau","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01989561","issn":"00167835","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, C., 1977, Fluid inclusion geothermometry: Geologische Rundschau, v. 66, no. 1, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01989561.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19031,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01989561"},{"id":203717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aed5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, C.G.","contributorId":47067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70001013,"text":"70001013 - 1977 - Examination of the Chayes-Kruskal procedure for testing correlations between proportions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:33","indexId":"70001013","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:31","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Examination of the Chayes-Kruskal procedure for testing correlations between proportions","docAbstract":"The Chayes-Kruskal procedure for testing correlations between proportions uses a linear approximation to the actual closure transformation to provide a null value, pij, against which an observed closed correlation coefficient, rij, can be tested. It has been suggested that a significant difference between pij and rij would indicate a nonzero covariance relationship between the ith and jth open variables. In this paper, the linear approximation to the closure transformation is described in terms of a matrix equation. Examination of the solution set of this equation shows that estimation of, or even the identification of, significant nonzero open correlations is essentially impossible even if the number of variables and the sample size are large. The method of solving the matrix equation is described in the appendix. ?? 1977 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02067213","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Kork, J., 1977, Examination of the Chayes-Kruskal procedure for testing correlations between proportions: Mathematical Geology, v. 9, no. 6, p. 543-562, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02067213.","startPage":"543","endPage":"562","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19034,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02067213"},{"id":203385,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f7609","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kork, J.O.","contributorId":86831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kork","given":"J.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70001081,"text":"70001081 - 1977 - Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions as indicators of granite genesis in the New England Batholith, Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:38","indexId":"70001081","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:31","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions as indicators of granite genesis in the New England Batholith, Australia","docAbstract":"Oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies of a number of granite suites and mineral separates from the New England Batholith indicate that ??O18 can be used to discriminate the major granite protoliths. The granite suites previously subdivided on the basis of mineralogical and geochemical criteria into S-type (sedimentary) and I-type (igneous) have ??O18 values consistently higher in the S-type granites (10.4-12.5) than in the spatially related I-type plutons (7.7-9.9). There appears to be a systematic variation in ??O18 from the most S-type to the most I-type granites, the dividing point between the two occuring at ??O18 equal to 10. A group of leucocratic granites that form about half of the batholith and difficult to classify mineralogically and geochemically is found to have low ??O18 values (6.4-8.1), suggesting an affinity to the most I-type granites. A single leucogranite pluton with minor muscovite has a ??O18 of 9.6 which is significantly higher than other leucogranites indicating a different origin perhaps involving amphibole fractionation. The behavior of ??D in the plutonic rocks is much less systematic than ??O18. Excluding samples collected adjacent to major faults, the ??D values show a rough positive correlation with water content similar to, but less pronounced than, the trend previously observed in the Berridale Batholith, southeastern Australia. This relation is considered to reflect an interaction between meteoric water and the granites, the largest effect being observed in samples with the least amount of water. Of note is the generally lower ??D values of the upper Paleozoic New England Batholith compared with the Silurian Berridale Batholith. This difference may be related to a near equatorial paleolatitude of 22 ??S in the Silurian and near polar paleolatitudes in the late Carboniferous that have been inferred for these regions. Granite samples collected from near major faults, and one ignimbrite sample of rhyodacite composition, have very low ??D values (less than -120) suggesting a much greater degree of interaction with meteoric water. ?? 1977 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00371018","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"O’Neil, J.R., Shaw, S., and Flood, R., 1977, Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions as indicators of granite genesis in the New England Batholith, Australia: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 62, no. 3, p. 313-328, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371018.","startPage":"313","endPage":"328","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19051,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371018"}],"volume":"62","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a0c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaw, S.E.","contributorId":87267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flood, R.H.","contributorId":106242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flood","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70001016,"text":"70001016 - 1977 - The thermal and deformational history of apollo 15418, A partly shock-melted lunar breccia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:38","indexId":"70001016","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:31","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3569,"text":"The Moon","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The thermal and deformational history of apollo 15418, A partly shock-melted lunar breccia","docAbstract":"A thermal and mechanical history of lunar gabbroic anorthosite 15418 (1140g) has been deduced from petrographic examination of both exterior and interior thin sections and electron microprobe analysis and transmission electron microscopy of interior thin sections. We suggest that the rock underwent two major shock events - an early brecciation and annealing that produced a recrystallized breccia, followed by a second shock event that melted the surface of the rock, vitrified the interior plagioclase and heavily deformed the mafic phases. This latter shock even was also followed by annealing which crystallized the shock-produced glass and promoted recovery and recrystallization of the deformed crystalline phases. The complex mechanical and thermal history of 15418 compared with other ANT suite rocks at Spur Crater suggests that it had a different provenance. ?? 1977 D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht-Holland.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Moon","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00562197","issn":"00270903","usgsCitation":"Nord, G.L., Christie, J., Lally, J., and Heuer, A., 1977, The thermal and deformational history of apollo 15418, A partly shock-melted lunar breccia: The Moon, v. 17, no. 3, p. 217-231, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00562197.","startPage":"217","endPage":"231","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19035,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00562197"},{"id":203584,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634d17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nord, Gordon L. Jr.","contributorId":12498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nord","given":"Gordon","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christie, J.M.","contributorId":21672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christie","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lally, J.S.","contributorId":58751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lally","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heuer, A.H.","contributorId":10139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heuer","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70001017,"text":"70001017 - 1977 - Abundance coefficients, a new method for measuring microorganism relative abundance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:38","indexId":"70001017","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:31","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abundance coefficients, a new method for measuring microorganism relative abundance","docAbstract":"A new method of measuring the relative abundance of microorganisms by using a set of interrelated coefficients, termed 'abundance coefficients' or 'AC', is proposed. These coefficients provide a means of recording abundance for geometric density categories, and each density measurement represents an approximation of the Poisson parameter ??t. The AC is the natural logarithm of a 'characteristic value,' which is a particular number for each geometric density category. The 'characteristic values' are based upon a probabilistic error statement derived from the Poisson formula, and they present evidence for separation of the geometric category boundaries by e = 2.71828. The proposed AC provide a means for recording species abundance in a manner suitable for arithmetic manipulation, for population structure studies, and for the determination of practical limits for defining the presence or absence of a species. Further, these coefficients provide for both intrasample and intersample abundance comparisons. ?? 1977 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02067217","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Forester, R.M., 1977, Abundance coefficients, a new method for measuring microorganism relative abundance: Mathematical Geology, v. 9, no. 6, p. 619-633, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02067217.","startPage":"619","endPage":"633","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19036,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02067217"},{"id":203585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3820","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forester, R. M.","contributorId":76332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70001039,"text":"70001039 - 1977 - Target intersection probabilities for parallel-line and continuous-grid types of search","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:33","indexId":"70001039","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:30","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Target intersection probabilities for parallel-line and continuous-grid types of search","docAbstract":"The expressions for calculating the probability of intersection of hidden targets of different sizes and shapes for parallel-line and continuous-grid types of search can be formulated by vsing the concept of conditional probability. When the prior probability of the orientation of a widden target is represented by a uniform distribution, the calculated posterior probabilities are identical with the results obtained by the classic methods of probability. For hidden targets of different sizes and shapes, the following generalizations about the probability of intersection can be made: (1) to a first approximation, the probability of intersection of a hidden target is proportional to the ratio of the greatest dimension of the target (viewed in plane projection) to the minimum line spacing of the search pattern; (2) the shape of the hidden target does not greatly affect the probability of the intersection when the largest dimension of the target is small relative to the minimum spacing of the search pattern, (3) the probability of intersecting a target twice for a particular type of search can be used as a lower bound if there is an element of uncertainty of detection for a particular type of tool; (4) the geometry of the search pattern becomes more critical when the largest dimension of the target equals or exceeds the minimum spacing of the search pattern; (5) for elongate targets, the probability of intersection is greater for parallel-line search than for an equivalent continuous square-grid search when the largest dimension of the target is less than the minimum spacing of the search pattern, whereas the opposite is true when the largest dimension exceeds the minimum spacing; (6) the probability of intersection for nonorthogonal continuous-grid search patterns is not greatly different from the probability of intersection for the equivalent orthogonal continuous-grid pattern when the orientation of the target is unknown. The probability of intersection for an elliptically shaped target can be approximated by treating the ellipse as intermediate between a circle and a line. A search conducted along a continuous rectangular grid can be represented as intermediate between a search along parallel lines and along a continuous square grid. On this basis, an upper and lower bound for the probability of intersection of an elliptically shaped target for a continuous rectangular grid can be calculated. Charts have been constructed that permit the values for these probabilities to be obtained graphically. The use of conditional probability allows the explorationist greater flexibility in considering alternate search strategies for locating hidden targets. ?? 1977 Plenum Publishing Corp.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02047408","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"McCammon, R., 1977, Target intersection probabilities for parallel-line and continuous-grid types of search: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 9, no. 4, p. 369-382, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02047408.","startPage":"369","endPage":"382","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19040,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02047408"},{"id":203500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b6e4b07f02db5342a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCammon, R.B.","contributorId":17218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCammon","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70000995,"text":"70000995 - 1977 - New geochronologic and palaeomagnetic data for the hominid-bearing Hadar Formation of Ethiopia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:37","indexId":"70000995","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:30","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New geochronologic and palaeomagnetic data for the hominid-bearing Hadar Formation of Ethiopia","docAbstract":"A 2.6 Myr K/Ar age has been derived for a primary unreworked tuff high in the hominid-bearing Hadar Formation (Kada Hadar Member), stratigraphically above all the important fossil finds. A 2.6 Myr fission track age has been derived on zircons from this tuff. New K/Ar results on the Kadada Moumou basalt (Sidi Hakoma Member) suggest a 3.0 Myr age. Preliminary interpretation of a detailed continuous palaeomagnetic section through the formation indicates the existence of persistent normal and reversed sequences. With the radiometric age control this magnetic sequence appears to correlate with the Gauss Epoch. These initial results imply the fossil-rich Hadar Formation spans from somewhat older than 3.1 Myr to somewhat younger than 2.6 Myr. ?? 1977 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/267323a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Aronson, J., Schmitt, T., Walter, R., Taieb, M., Tiercelin, J., Johanson, D., Naeser, C.W., and Nairn, A., 1977, New geochronologic and palaeomagnetic data for the hominid-bearing Hadar Formation of Ethiopia: Nature, v. 267, no. 5609, p. 323-327, https://doi.org/10.1038/267323a0.","startPage":"323","endPage":"327","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19028,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/267323a0"},{"id":203522,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"267","issue":"5609","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697845","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aronson, J.L.","contributorId":31883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aronson","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmitt, T.J.","contributorId":34633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walter, R.C.","contributorId":26796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taieb, M.","contributorId":79602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taieb","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tiercelin, J.J.","contributorId":91977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiercelin","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johanson, D.C.","contributorId":42690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johanson","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Nairn, A.E.M.","contributorId":7400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nairn","given":"A.E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70001048,"text":"70001048 - 1977 - 10. The surface and interior of venus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:33","indexId":"70001048","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:30","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3454,"text":"Space Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"10. The surface and interior of venus","docAbstract":"Present ideas about the surface and interior of Venus are based on data obtained from (1) Earth-based radio and radar: temperature, rotation, shape, and topography; (2) fly-by and orbiting spacecraft: gravity and magnetic fields; and (3) landers: winds, local structure, gamma radiation. Surface features, including large basins, crater-like depressions, and a linear valley, have been recognized from recent ground-based radar images. Pictures of the surface acquired by the USSR's Venera 9 and 10 show abundant boulders and apparent wind erosion. On the Pioneer Venus 1978 Orbiter mission, the radar mapper experiment will determine surface heights, dielectric constant values and small-scale slope values along the sub-orbital track between 50??S and 75??N. This experiment will also estimate the global shape and provide coarse radar images (40-80 km identification resolution) of part of the surface. Gravity data will be obtained by radio tracking. Maps combining radar altimetry with spacecraft and ground-based images will be made. A fluxgate magnetometer will measure the magnetic fields around Venus. The radar and gravity data will provide clues to the level of crustal differentiation and tectonic activity. The magnetometer will determine the field variations accurately. Data from the combined experiments may constrain the dynamo mechanism; if so, a deeper understanding of both Venus and Earth will be gained. ?? 1977 D. Reidel Publishing Company.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Space Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02186462","issn":"00386308","usgsCitation":"Masursky, H., Kaula, W., McGill, G., Pettengill, G., Phillips, R., Russell, C., Schubert, G., and Shapiro, I., 1977, 10. The surface and interior of venus: Space Science Reviews, v. 20, no. 4, p. 431-449, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02186462.","startPage":"431","endPage":"449","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19041,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186462"},{"id":203533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c68e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masursky, H.","contributorId":33823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaula, W.M.","contributorId":23674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaula","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGill, G.E.","contributorId":14436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGill","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pettengill, G.H.","contributorId":43899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pettengill","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Phillips, R.J.","contributorId":93174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Russell, C.T.","contributorId":32275,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russell","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":33607,"text":"University of California Los Angeles","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":346597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schubert, G.","contributorId":51679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schubert","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Shapiro, I.I.","contributorId":107408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"I.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70001024,"text":"70001024 - 1977 - Voyager imaging experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:37","indexId":"70001024","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:30","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3454,"text":"Space Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Voyager imaging experiment","docAbstract":"The overall objective of this experiment is exploratory reconnaissance of Jupiter, Saturn, their satellites, and Saturn's rings. Such reconnaissance, at resolutions and phase angles unobtainable from Earth, can be expected to provide much new data relevant to the atmospheric and/or surface properties of these bodies. The experiment also has the following specific objectives: Observe and characterize the global circulation of the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn; Determine the horizontal and vertical structure of the visible clouds and establish their relationship to the belted appearance and dynamical properties of the planetary atmospheres; Determine the vertical structure of high, optically-thin, scattering layers on Jupiter and Saturn; Determine the nature of anomalous features such as the Great Red Spot, South Equatorial Belt disturbances, etc.; Characterize the nature of the colored material in the clouds of Jupiter and Saturn, and identify the nature and sources of chromophores on Io and Titan; Perform comparative geologic studies of many satellites at less than 15-km resolution; Map and characterize the geologic structure of several satellites at high resolution (???1 km); Investigate the existence and nature of atmospheres on the satellites; Determine the mass, size, and shape of many of the satellites by direct measurement; Determine the direction of the spin axes and periods of rotation of several satellites, and establish coordinate systems for the larger satellites; Map the radial distribution of material in Saturn's rings at high resolution; Determine the optical scattering properties of the primaries, rings, and satellites at several wavelengths and phase angles; Search for novel physical phenomena, e.g., phenomena associated with the Io flux tube, meteors, aurorae, lightning, or satellite shadows. ?? 1977 D. Reidel Publishing Company.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Space Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00200847","issn":"00386308","usgsCitation":"Smith, B., Briggs, G., Danielson, G., Cook, A., Davies, M.E., Hunt, G., Masursky, H., Soderblom, L., Owen, T., Sagan, C., and Suomi, V., 1977, Voyager imaging experiment: Space Science Reviews, v. 21, no. 2, p. 103-127, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00200847.","startPage":"103","endPage":"127","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19038,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00200847"},{"id":203773,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e480fe4b07f02db4d6d16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, B.A.","contributorId":17616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briggs, G.A.","contributorId":34242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danielson, G. E.","contributorId":51890,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Danielson","given":"G. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cook, A.F. II","contributorId":95184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"A.F.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davies, M. E.","contributorId":26050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hunt, G.E.","contributorId":68318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Masursky, H.","contributorId":33823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Owen, T.C.","contributorId":62603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sagan, C.","contributorId":42336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sagan","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Suomi, V.E.","contributorId":68869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suomi","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70000996,"text":"70000996 - 1977 - Rapidly-formed ferromanganese deposit from the eastern Pacific Hess Deep","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:33","indexId":"70000996","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:30","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapidly-formed ferromanganese deposit from the eastern Pacific Hess Deep","docAbstract":"A thick ferromanganese deposit encrusting fresh basaltic glass has been dredged from the Hess Deep in the eastern Pacific. Contiguous layers within the Fe-Mn crust have been analysed for uranium-series isotopes and metal contents. The rate of accumulation of the deposit, based on the decline of uranium-unsupported 230Th, is calculated to be approximately 50 mm per 106 yr. Based on hydration-rind dating of the underlying glass and an 'exposure age' calculation, this rate is concluded to be too slow, and an accretion rate on the order of 1 mm per 103 yr is more consistent with our data. ?? 1977 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/265596a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Burnett, W.C., and Piper, D., 1977, Rapidly-formed ferromanganese deposit from the eastern Pacific Hess Deep: Nature, v. 265, no. 5595, p. 596-600, https://doi.org/10.1038/265596a0.","startPage":"596","endPage":"600","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19029,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/265596a0"},{"id":203384,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"265","issue":"5595","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649375","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burnett, W. C.","contributorId":39779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burnett","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70001050,"text":"70001050 - 1977 - Physiological characteristics of mercury uptake by two estuarine species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:33","indexId":"70001050","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:30","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2660,"text":"Marine Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physiological characteristics of mercury uptake by two estuarine species","docAbstract":"Rapid uptake and slow loss of Hg will result from short exposures of some organisms to this metal, due to the transformation of Hg to a slowly exchanging form within the organisms. The extent of the difference between exposure time and depuration time will depend upon the rate of transformation during uptake. For the polychaete worm Neanthes succinea and the shrimp Palaemon debilis such transformations are extremely rapid. The exchange of Hg from the slowly exchanging compartment is similar among a wide variety of species. Thus, interspecies differences in susceptibility to Hg may be determined by differences in biochemical transformation rates and physiological permeability to the metal. ?? 1977 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00394914","issn":"00253162","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S., 1977, Physiological characteristics of mercury uptake by two estuarine species: Marine Biology, v. 41, no. 3, p. 269-273, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00394914.","startPage":"269","endPage":"273","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19042,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394914"},{"id":203346,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b42f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70001038,"text":"70001038 - 1977 - The Aristarchus-Harbinger region of the moon: Surface geology and history from recent remote-sensing observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:34","indexId":"70001038","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:30","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3569,"text":"The Moon","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Aristarchus-Harbinger region of the moon: Surface geology and history from recent remote-sensing observations","docAbstract":"The region including the Aristarchus Plateau and Montes Harbinger is probably the most diverse, geologically, of any area of comparble size on the Moon. This part of the northwest quadrant of the lunar near side includes unique dark mantling material; both the densest concentration and the largest of the sinuous rilles; apparent volcanic vents, sinks, and domes; mare materials of various ages and colors; one of the freshest large craters (Aristarchus) with ejecta having unique colors and albedos; and three other large craters in different states of flooding and degradation (krieger, Herodotus, and Prinz). The three best-authenticated lunar transient phenomena were also observed here. This study is based principally on photographic and remote sensing observations made from Earth and Apollo orbiting space craft. Results include (1) delineation of geologic map units and their stratigraphic relationships; (2) discussion of the complex interrelationships between materials of volcanic and impact origin, including the effects of excavation, redistribution and mixing of previously deposited materials by younger impact craters; (3) deduction of physical and chemical properties of certain of the geologic units, based on both the remote-sensing information and on extrapolation of Apollo data to this area; and (4) development of a detailed geologic history of the region, outlining the probable sequence of events that resulted in its present appearance. A primary concern of the investigation has been anomalous red dark mantle on the Plateau. Based on an integration of Earth- and lunar orbit-based data, this layer seems to consist of fine-grained, block-free material containing a relatively large fraction of orange glass. It is probably of pyroclastic origin, laid down at some time during the Imbrian period of mare flooding. ?? 1977 D. Reidel Publishing Company.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Moon","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00566853","issn":"00270903","usgsCitation":"Zisk, S., Hodges, C.A., Moore, H., Shorthill, R., Thompson, T., Whitaker, E.A., and Wilhelms, D., 1977, The Aristarchus-Harbinger region of the moon: Surface geology and history from recent remote-sensing observations: The Moon, v. 17, no. 1, p. 59-99, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00566853.","startPage":"59","endPage":"99","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19039,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566853"},{"id":203595,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683401","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zisk, S.H.","contributorId":35311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zisk","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hodges, C. A.","contributorId":104495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":71962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shorthill, R.W.","contributorId":20321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shorthill","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thompson, T.W.","contributorId":78736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Whitaker, E. A.","contributorId":43086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitaker","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wilhelms, D.E.","contributorId":82302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilhelms","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70001008,"text":"70001008 - 1977 - Entropy, materials, and posterity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:37","indexId":"70001008","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:30","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1795,"text":"Geologische Rundschau","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Entropy, materials, and posterity","docAbstract":"Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work - be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states. But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder - for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard. Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities - beauty, leisure, love, or gold - low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue. The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind. ?? 1977 Ferdinand Enke Verlag Stuttgart.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologische Rundschau","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01989599","issn":"00167835","usgsCitation":"Cloud, P., 1977, Entropy, materials, and posterity: Geologische Rundschau, v. 66, no. 1, p. 678-696, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01989599.","startPage":"678","endPage":"696","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19033,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01989599"},{"id":203740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5ef881","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloud, P.","contributorId":65973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloud","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70000990,"text":"70000990 - 1977 - Application of Sr and O isotope relations to the petrogenesis of the alkaline rocks of the Red Hill complex, New Hampshire, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:37","indexId":"70000990","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:29","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of Sr and O isotope relations to the petrogenesis of the alkaline rocks of the Red Hill complex, New Hampshire, USA","docAbstract":"The Red Hill ring complex in central New Hampshire is composed of apparently cogenetic syenites, nepheline-sodalite syenite, and granite. The ages and petrogenetic relations among five of the six recognized units have been investigated by rubidiumstrontium and oxygen isotope analysis of whole rocks and separated minerals. Whole-rock samples from three syenite units are consistent with a single Rb-Sr isochron which gives an age of 198??3 m.y. and an initial (87Sr/86Sr)o ratio of 0.70330??0.00016 (??2 sigma; ??=1.42?? 10-11y-1). However, Sr isotope data for two other units, nepheline syenite and granite, are not consistent with this isochron but rather indicate higher initial ratios which range from 0.7033 to about 0.707. Whole-rock O isotope analyses give ??18O values which range from+6.2 to+9.3??? Sr and O isotope analyses on mineral separates indicate that observed whole-rock variations in (87Sr/86Sr)o are primary and are not due to any secondary process. The fact that the isotope systematics correlate with rock type, suggests that crustal interaction is likely to have played a significant role in the development of this over-and undersaturated association. Such process(es), while still not fully delineated, could be of fundamental importance to the genesis of associations of critically undersaturated and oversaturated intrusives. The data support the idea that interaction between magmas and crustal materials strongly influenced the compositional relations of similar complexes elsewhere including those of the White Mountain magma series. ?? 1977 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00371061","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Foland, K., and Friedman, I., 1977, Application of Sr and O isotope relations to the petrogenesis of the alkaline rocks of the Red Hill complex, New Hampshire, USA: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 65, no. 2, p. 213-225, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371061.","startPage":"213","endPage":"225","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19026,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371061"},{"id":203524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67ab87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foland, K.A.","contributorId":13357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foland","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70001062,"text":"70001062 - 1977 - Stable isotopes in mineralogy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:34","indexId":"70001062","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:29","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3066,"text":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotopes in mineralogy","docAbstract":"Stable isotope fractionations between minerals are functions of the fundamental vibrational frequencies of the minerals and therefore bear on several topics of mineralogical interest. Isotopic compositions of the elements H, C, O, Si, and S can now be determined routinely in almost any mineral. A summary has been made of both published and new results of laboratory investigations, analyses of natural materials, and theoretical considerations which bear on the importance of temperature, pressure, chemical composition and crystal structure to the isotopic properties of minerals. It is shown that stable isotope studies can sometimes provide evidence for elucidating details of crystal structure and can be a powerful tool for use in tracing the reaction paths of mineralogical reactions. ?? 1977 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00307527","issn":"03421791","usgsCitation":"O’Neil, J.R., 1977, Stable isotopes in mineralogy: Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, v. 2, no. 1-2, p. 105-123, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00307527.","startPage":"105","endPage":"123","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19043,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307527"},{"id":203683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b2e4b07f02db5312ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}