Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), initial weight 2.25 g, were reared at population densities of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 fish in 6.55‐L cylindrical jars for 20 weeks with a mean water flow of 2.45 L/min. All fish survived the experiment. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in growth occurred between population densities of 25 fish and those of 50 fish or more per jar, but differences among further increases beyond 50 fish were not significant. Total fish weight at the end of 20 weeks ranged progressively upward from 51.5 to 233.9 kg fish/m³ rearing space for fish at population densities of 25 to 125 per jar. Loading values were light at all densities, ranging upward from 0.14 to 0.62 kg fish/L per min flow. Total consumption of oxygen by fish in each jar increased with time (weeks) and population density. Oxygen consumption per unit weight of fish decreased significantly, however, with each successive 25‐fish increase in number of fish per jar. Mean specific gravity of the 25‐fish groups was less than that of fish of the other groups. Differences in population density did not significantly affect water flow rates, feed conversion, or condition factor (K) of the fish. The number of water exchanges per hour, ranging from 23.8 to 29.3 for the 25‐ to 125‐fish densities, tended to increase with each increase in population density.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1983)45[8:EOPDOL]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Poston, H.A., 1983, Effect of population density of lake trout in cylindrical jars on growth and oxygen consumption: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 45, no. 1, p. 8-13, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1983)45[8:EOPDOL]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625532","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poston, H. A.","contributorId":21893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poston","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011278,"text":"70011278 - 1983 - A review of distributed parameter groundwater management modeling methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-07T13:42:24","indexId":"70011278","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of distributed parameter groundwater management modeling methods","docAbstract":"Models which solve the governing groundwater flow or solute transport equations in conjunction with optimization techniques, such as linear and quadratic programing, are powerful aquifer management tools. Groundwater management models fall in two general categories: hydraulics or policy evaluation and water allocation. Groundwater hydraulic management models enable the determination of optimal locations and pumping rates of numerous wells under a variety of restrictions placed upon local drawdown, hydraulic gradients, and water production targets. Groundwater policy evaluation and allocation models can be used to study the influence upon regional groundwater use of institutional policies such as taxes and quotas. Furthermore, fairly complex groundwater-surface water allocation problems can be handled using system decomposition and multilevel optimization. Experience from the few real world applications of groundwater optimization-management techniques is summarized. Classified separately are methods for groundwater quality management aimed at optimal waste disposal in the subsurface. This classification is composed of steady state and transient management models that determine disposal patterns in such a way that water quality is protected at supply locations. Classes of research missing from the literature are groundwater quality management models involving nonlinear constraints, models which join groundwater hydraulic and quality simulations with political-economic management considerations, and management models that include parameter uncertainty.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR019i002p00305","usgsCitation":"Gorelick, S.M., 1983, A review of distributed parameter groundwater management modeling methods: Water Resources Research, v. 19, no. 2, p. 305-319, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR019i002p00305.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"319","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e550e4b0c8380cd46c9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":8784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011279,"text":"70011279 - 1983 - Importance of the Lu-Hf isotopic system in studies of planetary chronology and chemical evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-18T14:57:39.616946","indexId":"70011279","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of the Lu-Hf isotopic system in studies of planetary chronology and chemical evolution","docAbstract":"The 176Lu-176Hf isotope method and its applications in earth sciences are discussed. Greater fractionation of Lu/Hf than Sm/Nd in planetary magmatic processes makes
Pilot Mountain, a hydrothermally altered monadnock within the Carolina slate belt, contains areas of anomalously high amounts of Cu, Mo, and Sn in the soils. Leaves of canopy trees in the mineralized zone also contain more copper than trees in a nearby control area. Spectral data were processed using a wave-form analysis technique to minimize background noise caused by canopy variations and slope effects. Areas of spectral changes in the chlorophyll absorption region seem to correlate well with areas containing anomalous metals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.78.4.605","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Milton, N., Collins, W., Chang, S., and Schmidt, R.G., 1983, Remote detection of metal anomalies on Pilot Mountain, Randolph County, North Carolina: Economic Geology, v. 78, no. 4, p. 605-617, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.78.4.605.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"605","endPage":"617","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221037,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1983-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6e9e4b0c8380cd850f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milton, N.M.","contributorId":29415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milton","given":"N.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collins, W.","contributorId":29359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chang, Sheng-Huei","contributorId":10155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Sheng-Huei","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmidt, R. G.","contributorId":107690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011284,"text":"70011284 - 1983 - DIGITAL GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE UNITED STATES.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:33","indexId":"70011284","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"DIGITAL GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE UNITED STATES.","docAbstract":"The geologic map of the United States was published in 1974 by the U. S. Geological Survey. This major publication contains an enormous amount of information on the surficial geology of the United States. Many geologists have used this map as a research tool. Most have needed information from only specific parts of the map, and have manually extracted data from these areas. These data have then been combined with other geological information, much of which - especially that concerning minerals and energy - either is already in machine-readable computer files or is rapidly being converted to that form.","largerWorkTitle":"Technical Papers of the American Congress of Surveying and Mapping","conferenceTitle":"Technical Papers of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping.","conferenceLocation":"Washington, DC, USA","language":"English","publisher":"American Congress on Surveying & Mapping","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA, USA","usgsCitation":"Fulton, P., 1983, DIGITAL GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE UNITED STATES., in Technical Papers of the American Congress of Surveying and Mapping, Washington, DC, USA, p. 165-174.","startPage":"165","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd47e4b0c8380cd4e738","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fulton, Patricia","contributorId":104890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulton","given":"Patricia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011285,"text":"70011285 - 1983 - Birdseyes, fenestrae, shrinkage pores, and loferites: a reevaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T23:35:06.621682","indexId":"70011285","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Birdseyes, fenestrae, shrinkage pores, and loferites: a reevaluation","docAbstract":"Birdseyes, birdseye limestone, fenestrae, fenestral fabric, shrinkage pores, and loferites are considered similar or synonymous when occurring in lime mudstone or syndepositional dolomite, especially in association with mudcracks and stromatolites. Compaction experiments indicate, however, that without early cementation, these vugs can be obliterated, whereas mudcracks and stromatolites are unchanged. Lumping of burrows and root tubes under the general terms birdseyes or fenestrae, such as for example tubular fenestrae, burrow fenestrae, or root-tube fenestrae, is discouraged. They should be called burrows or root tubes because the birdseyes, fenestrae, and shrinkage pores are so intimately associated with tidal flats to most geologists. Submarine cementation of pelletal and oolitic botryoidal grainstone under 5 to 6 m of water on the Bahama Banks has resulted in vugs provocatively similar to many birdseyes and fenestrae generally attributed to peritidal conditions in the literature. Birdseyes and fenestrae in ancient grainstones cannot therefore be reliably identified without consideration of the sedimentary sequence and associated sedimentary structures.--Modified journal abstract.
Some logging methods are inherently superior to others for the analysis of limestone and dolomite aquifers. Three such systems are the density, neutron, and acousticvelocity logs.
Relative percentages of limestone and dolomite, average matrix (grain) densities of the rock mixtures, and porosity of the rock mass can be calculated from density, neutron, and acoustic-velocity logs. Wells drilled before the 1960's generally were logged with an uncalibrated neutron tool. In some instances, the resultant curve can be empirically calibrated.
With supporting data from resistivity logs, apparent water resistivity (Rwa) can be estimated. Depending on rock and mud resistivities, the two most useful resistivity curves for water-quality studies are the deeply-focused laterolog and the induction log. For older wells, the standard electric log may be used, if the drilling mud is not salt-saturated.
Rwa contour maps derived from geophysical data are useful to outline areas of recharge, direction of probable ground-water flow, and location and salinity of brine areas. Another useful application of well logs is estimation of ground-water temperature. These temperatures are obtained from maximum-reading thermometer data that generally are recorded on each logging run. Maps of porosity can be used to outline potential areas for completing large-yield wells.
A reverse-right-oblique surface rupture, associated with a ML 2.5 earthquake, formed in a diatomite quarry near Lompoc, California, in the northwesternmost Transverse Ranges on April 7, 1981. The 575-m-long narrow zone of ruptures formed in clay interbeds in diatomite and diatomaceous shale of the Neogene Monterey Formation. The ruptures parallel bedding, dip 39°–59°S, and trend about N84°E on the north limb of an open symmetrical syncline. Maximum net slip was 25 cm; maximum reverse dip slip was 23 cm, maximum right-lateral strike slip was about 9 cm, and average net slip was about 12 cm. The seismic moment of the earthquake is estimated at 1 to 2 × 1018 dyne/cm and the static stress drop at about 3 bar. The removal of an average of about 44 m of diatomite resulted in an average load reduction of about 5 bar, which decreased the normal stress by about 3.5 bar and increased the shear stress on the tilted bedding plane by about 2 bar. The April 7,1981, event was a very shallow bedding-plane rupture, apparently triggered by crustal unloading.
In natural channels there are often long periods of low flow during which solutes have repeated opportunity for contact with relatively immobile bed materials. Such conditions can exist in very small pool-and-riffle mountain streams. If a solute can sorb onto bed materials, then both hydrodynamic and chemical processes control solute transport. A simulation of these processes is presented for a carefully controlled and intensively monitored strontium injection experiment. The numerical model couples nonreactive, transient storage with a kinetic mass transport model for sorption. The results are compared to both in-stream and on-sediment strontium measurements. In mountain streams the stream hydrology is complex and is governed by a wide variety of time and distance scales. The present simulations assist in interpreting the relative roles of hydrologic and sorptive kinetic processes, and indicate the practical limits of our process and parameter knowledge. The simulations are relatively insensitive to the details of the kinetic mechanisms and to the spatial variability of the stream parameters.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR019i003p00732","usgsCitation":"Bencala, K.E., 1983, Simulation of solute transport in a mountain pool-and-riffle stream with a kinetic mass transfer model for sorption: Water Resources Research, v. 19, no. 3, p. 732-738, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR019i003p00732.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"732","endPage":"738","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9083e4b08c986b319552","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":360765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011299,"text":"70011299 - 1983 - Evidence for dyke intrusion earthquake mechanisms near long valley caldera, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:29","indexId":"70011299","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for dyke intrusion earthquake mechanisms near long valley caldera, California","docAbstract":"A re-analysis of the magnitude 6 earthquakes that occurred near Long Valley caldera in eastern California on 25 and 27 May 1980, suggests that at least two of them, including the largest, were probably caused by fluid injection along nearly vertical surfaces and not by slip on faults. Several investigators 1,2 have reported difficulty in explaining both the long-period surface-wave amplitudes and phases and the locally recorded short-period body-wave first motions from these events, using conventional double-couple (shear fault) source models. They attributed this difficulty to: (1) complex sources, not representable by single-fault models; (2) artefacts of the analysis methods used; or (3) effects of wave propagation through hypothetical structures beneath the caldera. We show here that the data agree well with the predictions for a compensated linear-vector dipole (CLVD) equivalent-force system3 with its principal extensional axis horizontal and trending N 55-65?? E. Such a mechanism is what would be expected for fluid injection into dykes striking N 25-35?? W, which is the approximate strike of numerous normal faults in the area. ?? 1983 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/303323a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Julian, B., 1983, Evidence for dyke intrusion earthquake mechanisms near long valley caldera, California: Nature, v. 303, no. 5915, p. 323-325, https://doi.org/10.1038/303323a0.","startPage":"323","endPage":"325","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205106,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/303323a0"},{"id":221280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"303","issue":"5915","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d3be4b0c8380cd52ebf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011300,"text":"70011300 - 1983 - The 1979 Homestead Valley earthquake sequence, California: Control of aftershocks and postseismic deformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T16:47:40.36714","indexId":"70011300","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1979 Homestead Valley earthquake sequence, California: Control of aftershocks and postseismic deformation","docAbstract":"The coseismic slip and geometry of the March 15, 1979, Homestead Valley, California, earthquake sequence are well constrained by precise horizontal and vertical geodetic observations and by data from a dense local seismic network. These observations indicate 0.52±0.10 m of right-lateral slip and 0.17±0.04 m of reverse slip on a buried vertical 6-km-long and 5-km-deep fault and yield a mean static stress drop of 7.2±1.3 MPa. The largest shock had MS = 5.6. Observations of the ground rupture revealed up to 0.1 m of right-lateral slip on two mapped faults that are subparallel to the modeled seismic slip plane. In the 1.9 years since the earthquakes, geodetic network displacements indicate that an additional 60±10 mm of postseismic creep took place. The rate of postseismic shear strain (0.53±0.13 μrad/yr) measured within a 30×30-km network centered on the principal events was anomalously high compared to its preearthquake value and the postseismic rate in the adjacent network. This transient cannot be explained by postseismic slip on the seismic fault but rather indicates that broadscale release of strain followed the earthquake sequence. We have calculated the postearthquake stress field caused by the modeled coseismic slip. We assume that failure is promoted when the sum of the shear stress plus 0.75 times the faultopening stress increases. Most aftershocks concentrate at points where the stresses are enhanced by 0.3 MPa (3 bars) or more; aftershocks are nearly absent where postearthquake stresses decrease by 0.3–0.5 MPa. Isolated off-fault clusters of aftershocks that locate at one fault length from the rupture plane are explainable by this hypothesis. We find that ground rupture and postseismic creep take place where near-surface stresses are calculated to increase within the preexisting fault zones. Two patches that extend 4 km from both ends of the seismic fault exhibited neither aftershocks nor measurable postseismic creep. The sensitivity of aftershocks and ground rupture to changes in stress that are less than 5% of the earthquake stress drop demonstrates that the region around the earthquakes was within a few percent of its failure threshold before the main shocks. The preearthquake stress field and the stress required for failure must also have been nearly uniform.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB088iB08p06477","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Stein, R., and Lisowski, M., 1983, The 1979 Homestead Valley earthquake sequence, California: Control of aftershocks and postseismic deformation: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 88, no. B8, p. 6477-6490, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB08p06477.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"6477","endPage":"6490","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba627e4b08c986b320f13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011302,"text":"70011302 - 1983 - A description of the external and internal quiet daily variation currents at North American locations for a quiet-Sun year.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T11:28:08","indexId":"70011302","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1804,"text":"Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A description of the external and internal quiet daily variation currents at North American locations for a quiet-Sun year.","docAbstract":"An order 4, degree 12 spherical harmonic analysis of the smoothed quiet geomagnetic daily variations was used to separate the external and internal geomagnetic Sq field at North American locations for the quiet-Sun year, 1965. These fields were represented by a month-by-month display of equivalent current vortex systems with dominant, pre-noon foci. The focus reached 40o latitude near the June solstice and about 30o latitude near the December solstice. The daily range of Sq current amplitudes was largest in late July to early August and smallest in mid-December. Semi-annual variations of Sq currents dominated only the equatorial region. Daily maxima in mid-latitudes, occurred mostly near local noon in December to February and about 1 hr before noon in June to mid-October. -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1983.tb03806.x","usgsCitation":"Campbell, W., 1983, A description of the external and internal quiet daily variation currents at North American locations for a quiet-Sun year.: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 73, no. 1, p. 51-64, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1983.tb03806.x.","startPage":"51","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269143,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1983.tb03806.x"}],"volume":"73","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3b1e4b0c8380cd4619e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, W.H.","contributorId":30749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011303,"text":"70011303 - 1983 - SIMPLE METHOD FOR DETECTING ANOMALOUS FLUID MOTIONS IN BOREHOLES FROM CONTINUOUS TEMPERATURE LOGS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:29","indexId":"70011303","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"SIMPLE METHOD FOR DETECTING ANOMALOUS FLUID MOTIONS IN BOREHOLES FROM CONTINUOUS TEMPERATURE LOGS.","docAbstract":"Above a critical Rayleigh number, the fluid in a borehole convects. The aspect ratio of the convective motions is commonly between four and ten as determined by temperature-time recordings at fixed depths in cased holes. Aspect ratios greatly in excess of this range indicate anomalous fluid-flow in the hole such as might be caused by exchange of fluid among aquifers. Such high-aspect ratios can be detected from a single continuous temperature-depth log by taking the difference between the temperature gradient over a short interval and that over a longer spanning interval and dividing this difference by the gradient over the longer interval. This provides a measure of the gradient error (GE) from which an aspect ratio (AR) can be calculated. GEAR logs are presented for a large and a small diameter hole and for a large-diameter partially cased hole containing a small-diameter tubing. Refs.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"Geothermal Resources: Energy on Tap! Geothermal Resources Council 1983 Annual Meeting.","conferenceLocation":"Portland, OR, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, USA","issn":"01935933","isbn":"093441257X","usgsCitation":"Diment, W.H., and Urban, T.C., 1983, SIMPLE METHOD FOR DETECTING ANOMALOUS FLUID MOTIONS IN BOREHOLES FROM CONTINUOUS TEMPERATURE LOGS., in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 7, Portland, OR, USA, p. 485-490.","startPage":"485","endPage":"490","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221355,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf52e4b0c8380cd87515","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diment, William H.","contributorId":78797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diment","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Urban, Thomas C.","contributorId":53949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urban","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011306,"text":"70011306 - 1983 - Mine drainage and rock type influences on eastern Ohio stream water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T14:49:46","indexId":"70011306","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mine drainage and rock type influences on eastern Ohio stream water quality","docAbstract":"Stream water during fair weather (base flow) is largely ground water discharge, which has been in contact with minerals of the underlying aquifer. Base flow water quality should therefore reflect aquifer mineralogy as well as upstream land use. Three upstream mining categories (unmined lands, abandoned coal mines, and reclaimed coal mines) differed in pH, specific conductance, sulfate, iron, aluminum, and alkalinity for 122 streams in eastern Ohio. Aquifer rock type influenced pH, specific conductance, sulfate, iron, and alkalinity. Reclamation returned many components of acid mine drainage to near unmined levels, although sulfate and specific conductance were not improved. Acid mine drainage problems were less severe in watersheds underlain by the calcareous Monongahela Formation. These results should apply to other Appalachian coal regions having similar rock units. 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Total cover per tree was low (4%) and most species preferred the N and E sides of trunk bases. These distributional trends may reflect gradients of exposure to wind, insolation, and rate of bark exfoliation. -Author Juniperus scopulorum Phaeophyscia hirsuta Physcia caesia Xanthoria fallax.","language":"English","publisher":"American Bryological and Lichenological Society","doi":"10.2307/3242712","usgsCitation":"Peard, J.L., 1983, Distribution of corticolous noncrustose lichens on trunks of Rocky Mountain junipers in Boulder County, Colorado.: Bryologist, v. 86, no. 3, p. 244-250, https://doi.org/10.2307/3242712.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"244","endPage":"250","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221437,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Boulder 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L.","contributorId":66674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peard","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011318,"text":"70011318 - 1983 - A short-pulse electromagnetic transponder for hole-to-hole use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-25T17:33:37.607312","indexId":"70011318","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A short-pulse electromagnetic transponder for hole-to-hole use","docAbstract":"We have made hole-to-hole observations through nearly 20 m of granite using an electromagnetic transponder (an active reflector) in one borehole and a single-hole short-pulse radar in another. We found that the transponder is inexpensive, operationally simple, and effective in extending the capability of a short-pulse borehole radar system to allow hole-to-hole operation without requiring timing cables. A detector in the transponder senses the arrival of each pulse from the radar (which may be millivolts in amplitude); each pulse detection triggers a kilovolt-amplitude pulse for retransmission. The transponder “echo” may be stronger than that of a passive reflector by a factor of as much as 120 dB. The result is an increase in range capability by a factor which depends on attenuation in the medium and hole-to-hole wavepath geometry. Single-hole reflection-mode echoes are still available at times prior to the transponder pulse arrival. The transponder is helpful in yielding velocity information, because the radar-transponder distance is known and the echo time is observed. Field tests have demonstrated that the transponder is a useful alternative to employing timing cables in some short-pulse hole-to-hole measurement situations.
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.1984.6499195","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Wright, D.L., Watts, R.D., and Bramsoe, E., 1983, A short-pulse electromagnetic transponder for hole-to-hole use: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. GE-22, no. 6, p. 720-725, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.1984.6499195.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"720","endPage":"725","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221579,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"GE-22","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf42e4b0c8380cd874a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, David L. dwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":1132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"David","email":"dwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":360827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watts, Raymond D.","contributorId":105713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bramsoe, Erik","contributorId":72448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bramsoe","given":"Erik","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011319,"text":"70011319 - 1983 - VLF electromagnetic investigations of the crater and central dome of Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:10","indexId":"70011319","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"VLF electromagnetic investigations of the crater and central dome of Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"A very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic induction survey in the crater of Mount St. Helens has identified several electrically conductive structures that appear to be associated with thermal anomalies and ground water within the crater. The most interesting of these conductive structures lies beneath the central dome. It is probably a partial melt of dacite similar to that comprising the June 1981 lobe of the central dome. ?? 1983.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Towle, J., 1983, VLF electromagnetic investigations of the crater and central dome of Mount St. Helens, Washington: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 19, no. 1-2, p. 113-120.","startPage":"113","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0ece4b08c986b32a3b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Towle, J.N.","contributorId":94672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Towle","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011320,"text":"70011320 - 1983 - The contribution of humic substances to the acidity of colored natural waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T16:05:18.963199","indexId":"70011320","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The contribution of humic substances to the acidity of colored natural waters","docAbstract":"An operationally defined carboxyl content of humic substances extracted from rivers, streams, lakes, wetlands, and groundwaters throughout the United States and Canada is reported. Despite the diversity of the samples, only small variations were observed in this humic carboxyl content. The dissociation behavior of two combined fulvic/humic acid extracts was studied and it was found that the dissociation of the humics varied in a predictable manner with pH. Using a carboxyl content of 10 μeq/ mg humic organic carbon, and mass action quotient calculated from sample pH, the ionic balances of three highly colored Nova Scotia rivers were estimated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(83)90218-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Oliver, B., Thurman, E., and Malcolm, R., 1983, The contribution of humic substances to the acidity of colored natural waters: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 47, no. 11, p. 2031-2035, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(83)90218-1.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"2031","endPage":"2035","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221581,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa5de4b08c986b3227f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oliver, B.G.","contributorId":45834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malcolm, Ronald L.","contributorId":46075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malcolm","given":"Ronald L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011321,"text":"70011321 - 1983 - Nontronite from a low-temperature hydrothermal system on the Juan de Fuca Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-10T22:03:42.205271","indexId":"70011321","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nontronite from a low-temperature hydrothermal system on the Juan de Fuca Ridge","docAbstract":"A deposit of Fe-rich, Al-poor, hydrothermal nontronite was recovered from the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Analyses show the deposit to be mineralogically and chemically similar to nontronite described at other oceanic localities. The deposit is located near the tip of a propagating segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Rare earth elements and Sr isotopes indicate that the nontronite precipitated from seawater. A formation temperature of 57°C is suggested by oxygen isotopic composition. The low-temperature nontronite deposits apparently form from newly established hydrothermal systems associated with the propagating rift segment. More mature hydrothermal systems that deposit sulfide on the seafloor may develop from these low-temperature systems.
Revised sequence is (1) plagioclase, quartz, muscovite, (2) plagioclase, quartz, (3) quartz, perthite, plagioclase, (4) perthite, quartz, (5) quartz, plagioclase, perthite, spodumene (or petalite), amblygonite, (6) quartz, spodumene (or petalite), (7) quartz, microcline or perthite, (8) quartz, and (9) lepidolite or lithian mica, plagioclase, quartz, microcline.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.78.5.854","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Norton, J., 1983, Sequence of mineral assemblages in differentiated granitic pegmatites: Economic Geology, v. 78, no. 5, p. 854-874, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.78.5.854.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"854","endPage":"874","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221655,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1983-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d4ae4b08c986b31831e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norton, J.J.","contributorId":25573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011324,"text":"70011324 - 1983 - Approximate sampling distribution of the serial correlation coefficient for small samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-07T13:43:06","indexId":"70011324","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Approximate sampling distribution of the serial correlation coefficient for small samples","docAbstract":"The probability density function for the sample serial correlation coefficient r can be approximated byf(r) = (β(½, ½(T + 1)))−1(1 − r2)½(T− 1)(1+ c2 − 2cr)−½(T), whereβ is the Beta function, T= n− 2, c = ρ − [(1 + ρ)/(n − 3)], n is the number of observations, and ρ is the population lag one serial correlation. This distribution is derived from a large Monte Carlo study at points between ρ= −0.9 and ρ = 0.9 and for n =10, 20, and 30.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR019i002p00579","usgsCitation":"Tasker, G.D., 1983, Approximate sampling distribution of the serial correlation coefficient for small samples: Water Resources Research, v. 19, no. 2, p. 579-582, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR019i002p00579.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"579","endPage":"582","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecffe4b0c8380cd4956c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":83097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011327,"text":"70011327 - 1983 - Calculation of amorphous silica solubilities at 25° to 300°C and apparent cation hydration numbers in aqueous salt solutions using the concept of effective density of water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-05T14:10:35","indexId":"70011327","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calculation of amorphous silica solubilities at 25° to 300°C and apparent cation hydration numbers in aqueous salt solutions using the concept of effective density of water","docAbstract":"The solubility of amorphous silica in aqueous salt solutions at 25° to 300°C can be calculated using information on its solubility in pure water and a model in which the activity of water in the salt solution is defined to equal the effective density. pe, of “free” water in that solution. At temperatures of 100°C and above, pe closely equals the product of the density of the solution times the weight fraction of water in the solution. At 25°C, a correction parameter must be applied to pe that incorporates a term called the apparent cation hydration number, h. Because of the many assumptions and other uncertainties involved in determining values of h, by the model used here, the reported numbers are not necessarily real hydration numbers even though they do agree with some published values determined by activity and diffusion methods. Whether or not h is a real hydration number, it would appear to be useful in its inclusion within a more extensive activity coefficient term that describes the departure of silica solubilities in concentrated salt solutions from expected behavior according to the model presented here. Values of h can be calculated from measured amorphous silica solubilities in salt solutions at 25°C provided there is no complexing of dissolved silica with the dissolved salt, or if the degree of complexing is known. The previously postulated aqueous silica-sulfate complexing in aqueous Na2SO4 solutions is supported by results of the present effective density of water model
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(83)90280-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Fournier, R.O., and Williams, M.L., 1983, Calculation of amorphous silica solubilities at 25° to 300°C and apparent cation hydration numbers in aqueous salt solutions using the concept of effective density of water: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 47, no. 3, p. 587-596, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(83)90280-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"587","endPage":"596","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221746,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f300e4b0c8380cd4b53b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, Robert O.","contributorId":73202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Marshall L. mlwilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Marshall","email":"mlwilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":360845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011329,"text":"70011329 - 1983 - T-XCO2 stability relations and phase equilibria of a calcic carbonate scapolite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T15:44:44.210458","indexId":"70011329","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"T-XCO2 stability relations and phase equilibria of a calcic carbonate scapolite","title":"T-XCO2 stability relations and phase equilibria of a calcic carbonate scapolite","docAbstract":"At a total pressure of 5 kb, calcic, Cl-free scapolite (Me83) is stable relative to plagioclase-bearing assemblages at
Generalization of the experimental results to encompass the complete range of fully carbonated scapolite compositions indicates that mizzonite (Me75) has the largest T-XCO2 stability field. For scapolite more calcic than mizzonite, stable growth is restricted to conditions of increasingly higher temperature and XCO2.
The experimental results are consistent with various petrologic features of scapolite-bearing rocks, particularly scapolite-clinopyroxene granulites, and indicate that such rocks were formed in the presence of CO2-rich fluids.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(83)90258-2","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Aitken, B., 1983, T-XCO2 stability relations and phase equilibria of a calcic carbonate scapolite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 47, no. 3, p. 351-362, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(83)90258-2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"362","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221748,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba379e4b08c986b31fcfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aitken, B.G.","contributorId":33058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aitken","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011330,"text":"70011330 - 1983 - High paleointensities of the geomagnetic field from thermomagnetic studies on rift valley pillow basalts from the Mid- Atlantic Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T16:41:45.021801","indexId":"70011330","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High paleointensities of the geomagnetic field from thermomagnetic studies on rift valley pillow basalts from the Mid- Atlantic Ridge","docAbstract":"Nineteen pillow basalts dredged within the rift valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at36.8°N were studied by the Thellier stepwise heating method in order to determine the paleointensity of the geomagnetic field when they erupted on to the sea floor. Previously reported fission track ages are 2,000 to 6,000 years for the youngest rocks (mainly olivine basalts) and 10,000 to 100,000 years for the others (mainly plagioclase basalts and pyroxene basalts). All but three pillow basalts meet the conditions commonly considered as indicative of quite reliable paleointensity estimates: stability of the direction of NRM during its thermal demagnetization, constant ratio of NRM/TRM (natural remanent magnetization to thermoremanent magnetization) over 50% or more of the original NRM intensity (80 to 94% for 11 specimens), and reproducibility of low-temperature partial TRM (PTRM). However, strong field thermomagnetic measurements indicate that 11 of these 16 samples display a significant increase in Curie temperature (15 to 80°C) during the paleointensity experiments below 250°C, notwithstanding the linearity of the NRM-TRM plot in this temperature interval. This alteration, probably due to low-temperature oxidation of the specimens, seems typical of young pillow basalts and may result in paleointensity estimates which are too high. This result shows that excellence of remanence tests (NRM-TRM linearity and PTRM stability) does not ensure the absence of chemical changes during the Thellier experiments and therefore the validity of the paleointensity obtained. The assumption that reliable paleointensities are obtained when the Curie point increase is 10°C or less led to the selection of five of our specimens, all from the youngest group. Their mean paleointensity is 64.2±20.5 μT (standard deviation) and the corresponding virtual axial dipole moment (VADM) is 11.5±3.7× 1022 A m2. Given the variations of the VADM of the Earth's magnetic field over the last 6,000 years, as established from archeomagnetic studies, our paleointensity results suggest that the latest eruptions on the inner floor of the Rift Valley at 36.8°N occurred 1,500±1,000 years ago.