Nine species of herons were followed to their feeding sites from a nesting colony near Beaufort, North Carolina, by airplane. Except for the Cattle Egret, which flew exclusively to fields and dumps, all other species flew mainly to saltmarsh habitat. In addition, habitats were selected in relation to tidal depth and it appears, at least for the Great Egret, that low tide habitats were preferred.
Most Great Egrets, White Ibises, Louisiana Herons, and Snowy Egrets flew close to the colony and numbers decreased farther from the colony. The Great Egret, Black-crowned Night Heron, and White Ibis flew farther from the colony at high than at low tide. In addition, the species differed in distance flown from the colony.
Great Egrets traveled farther from the colony when they used thermals. Rate of travel to feeding sites, however, was the same whether Great Egrets used thermals or not.
Aggressive encounters were observed in the Great Egret, Louisiana Heron, Snowy Egret, and Black-crowned Night Heron. Cattle Egrets and White Ibises followed other individuals to feeding sites and it appeared as though they were using the colony as an information center.
The Great Egret is the only species to effectively use eelgrass beds near Beaufort. The Great Egrets use of this habitat was restricted to about 1.5 hours on either side of low tide. We suspect that other shorter legged species did not use eelgrass regularly because of its depth.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 1977 conference of the colonial waterbird group","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1977 conference of the colonial waterbird group","conferenceDate":"October 20-23, 1977","conferenceLocation":"DeKalb, IL","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1520913","usgsCitation":"Custer, T.W., 1977, The use of feeding habitat by a colony of herons, egrets, and ibises near Beaufort, North Carolina, in Proceedings of the 1977 conference of the colonial waterbird group, v. 1, DeKalb, IL, October 20-23, 1977, p. 154-154, https://doi.org/10.2307/1520913.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"154","endPage":"154","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","city":"Beaufort","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4eb7","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Southern, William E.","contributorId":68919,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Southern","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729784,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Custer, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3170-6519 tcuster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":2835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":336207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221398,"text":"5221398 - 1977 - Ticks as a factor in nest desertion of California brown pelicans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-12T10:50:18","indexId":"5221398","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ticks as a factor in nest desertion of California brown pelicans","docAbstract":"In summary, our observations suggest that O. denmarki may be an important environmental factor influencing the distribution and success of Brown Pelican nests in the Gulf of California. More information on these relationships may be unobtainable without seriously disturbing and destroying large numbers of nests.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Condor","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1367739","usgsCitation":"King, K.A., Keith, J.O., Mitchell, C.A., and Keirans, J.E., 1977, Ticks as a factor in nest desertion of California brown pelicans: The Condor, v. 79, no. 4, p. 507-509, https://doi.org/10.2307/1367739.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"507","endPage":"509","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288455,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1367739"}],"volume":"79","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47a5e4b07f02db497b82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Kirke A.","contributorId":17727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Kirke","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keith, James O.","contributorId":76039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mitchell, Christine A.","contributorId":35849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keirans, James E.","contributorId":16949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keirans","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224529,"text":"5224529 - 1977 - A comparison of 2 techniques for estimating deer density","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:57","indexId":"5224529","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:13:24","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":708,"text":"American Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of 2 techniques for estimating deer density","docAbstract":"We applied mark-resight and area-conversion methods to estimate deer abundance at a 2,862-ha area in and surrounding the Gettysburg National Military Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site during 1987-1991. One observer in each of 11 compartments counted marked and unmarked deer during 65-75 minutes at dusk during 3 counts in each of April and November. Use of radio-collars and vinyl collars provided a complete inventory of marked deer in the population prior to the counts. We sighted 54% of the marked deer during April 1987 and 1988, and 43% of the marked deer during November 1987 and 1988. Mean number of deer counted increased from 427 in April 1987 to 582 in April 1991, and increased from 467 in November 1987 to 662 in November 1990. Herd size during April, based on the mark-resight method, increased from approximately 700-1,400 from 1987-1991, whereas the estimates for November indicated an increase from 983 for 1987 to 1,592 for 1990. Given the large proportion of open area and the extensive road system throughout the study area, we concluded that the sighting probability for marked and unmarked deer was fairly similar. We believe that the mark-resight method was better suited to our study than the area-conversion method because deer were not evenly distributed between areas suitable and unsuitable for sighting within open and forested areas. The assumption of equal distribution is required by the area-conversion method. Deer marked for the mark-resight method also helped reduce double counting during the dusk surveys.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1977, A comparison of 2 techniques for estimating deer density: American Birds, v. 31, no. 4.","startPage":"562","numberOfPages":"562","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db54551b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221407,"text":"5221407 - 1977 - Experimental feeding of DDE and PCB to female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T15:33:54","indexId":"5221407","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2480,"text":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental feeding of DDE and PCB to female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus)","docAbstract":"Twenty-two female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) were collected in a house attic in Montgomery County, Maryland. Seventeen were fed mealworms (Tenebrio molitor larvae) that contained 166 ppm DDE; the other five were fed uncontaminated mealworms. After 54 days of feeding, six dosed bats were frozen and the remaining 16 were starved to death. In a second experiment, 21 female big brown bats were collected in a house attic in Prince Georges County, Maryland. Sixteen were fed mealworms that contained 9.4 ppm Aroclor 1254 (PCB). After 37 days, two bats had died, four dosed bats were frozen, and the remaining 15 were starved to death. Starvation caused mobilization of stored residues. After the feeding periods, average weights of all four groups (DDE-dosed, DDE control, PCB-dosed, PCB control) had increased. However, weights of DDE-dosed bats had increased significantly more than those of their contols, whereas weights of PCB-dosed bats had increased significantly less than those of their controls. During starvation, PCB-dosed bats lost weight significantly more slowly than controls. Because PCB levels in dosed bats resembled levels found in some free-living big brown bats, PCBs may be slowing metabolic rates of some free-living bats. It is not known how various common organochlorine residues may affect metabolism in hibernating bats. DDE and PCB increased in brains of starving bats as carcass fat was metabolized. Because the tremors and/or convulsions characteristic of neurotoxicity were not observed, we think even the maximum brain levels attained (132 ppm DDE, 20 ppm PCB) were sublethal. However, extrapolation of our DDE data predicted lethal brain levels when fat reserves declined sufficiently. PCB-dosed bats were probably in no danger of neurotoxic poisoning. However, PCB can kill by a nonneurotoxic mode, and this could explain the deaths of two bats on PCB dosage.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/15287397709529491","usgsCitation":"Clark, D.R., and Prouty, R.M., 1977, Experimental feeding of DDE and PCB to female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus): Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, v. 2, no. 4, p. 917-928, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287397709529491.","productDescription":"917-928","startPage":"917","endPage":"928","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269462,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287397709529491"},{"id":198761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49cbe4b07f02db5d8271","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, D. R. Jr.","contributorId":40928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prouty, R. M.","contributorId":31349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prouty","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221408,"text":"5221408 - 1977 - Effects of DDE on experimentally poisoned free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis): Lethal brain concentrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T15:32:56","indexId":"5221408","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2480,"text":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of DDE on experimentally poisoned free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis): Lethal brain concentrations","docAbstract":"Adult female free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) were collected at Bracken Cave, Texas, and shipped to the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Treated mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) containing 107 ppm DDE were fed to 17 bats; five other bats were fed untreated mealworms. After 40 days on dosage, during which one dosed bat was killed accidentally, four dosed bats were frozen and the remaining 17 were starved to death. The objective was to elevate brain levels of DDE to lethality and measure these concentrations. After the feeding period, dosed bats weighed less than controls. After starvation, the body condition of dosed bats was poorer than that of controls even though there was no difference in the amounts of carcass fat. During starvation, dosed bats lost weight faster than controls. Also, four dosed bats exhibited the prolonged tremoring that characterizes DDE poisoning. DDE increased in brains of starving bats as fat was metabolized. The estimated mean brain concentration of DDE diagnostic of death was 519 ppm with a range of 458-564 ppm. These values resemble diagnostic levels known for two species of passerine birds, but they exceed published levels for two free-tailed bats from Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/15287397709529623","usgsCitation":"Clark, D.R., and Kroll, J., 1977, Effects of DDE on experimentally poisoned free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis): Lethal brain concentrations: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, v. 3, no. 5-6, p. 893-901, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287397709529623.","productDescription":"893-901","startPage":"893","endPage":"901","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269461,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287397709529623"},{"id":199099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686365","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, D. 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Jr.","contributorId":40928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kroll, J.C.","contributorId":65199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroll","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159094,"text":"70159094 - 1977 - Photo-optical enhancement of landsat imagery for land use in south-central Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T10:04:18","indexId":"70159094","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-02T05:15:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Photo-optical enhancement of landsat imagery for land use in south-central Iowa","docAbstract":"Because the photographic laboratory at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory found it difficult to estimate what were the optimal color renditions of the Iowa landscape for land classification purposes, the Iowa Geological Survey developed its own capability for producing color products from digitally enhanced Landsat data. Research has now shown that efficient production of enhanced images requires full utilization of both computer and photographic enhancement . procedures. Experimental photo-optical enhancement techniques carried out at the EROS Data Center (EDC) for a Landsat-1, 29 August 1972 scene, proved to be more easily interpreted for land classification purposes than the EDC standard color composite. I.f digital processing can be minimized by using photographic enhancement techniques, then costs of enhanced products could be greatly reduced. Perhaps one of the major objectives of computer processing of Landsat data should be to produce high quality cosmetically enhanced (eliminate striping and line drops) data which has a range of digital values that can be completely recorded by film media. If digital processinq can distribute reflectance data throughout the entire recording ranqe of photographic film, then photographic enhancement techniques could be employed cheaply by users familiar with the type of information they wish to extract from the imaqery. Alternatively, if custom enhanced imagery is to be produced for users not having a photographic capability, different enhancements may be tried in an iterative fashion in the photographic laboratory, without having to reprocess digital data in the computer for each iteration. The savings in time and money should be considerable using this approach.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Sioux Falls, SD","doi":"10.3133/70159094","usgsCitation":"Lucas, J.R., Taranik, J.V., and Billingsley, F.C., 1977, Photo-optical enhancement of landsat imagery for land use in south-central Iowa, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159094.","productDescription":"80 p.","numberOfPages":"94","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":309922,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159094.jpg"},{"id":310357,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159094/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.95483398437499,\n 40.57224011776902\n ],\n [\n -94.95483398437499,\n 42.25291778330197\n ],\n [\n -92.1533203125,\n 42.25291778330197\n ],\n [\n -92.1533203125,\n 40.57224011776902\n ],\n [\n -94.95483398437499,\n 40.57224011776902\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5620ce8ce4b06217fc478b04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucas, James R.","contributorId":149239,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lucas","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taranik, James V.","contributorId":67514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taranik","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Billingsley, Frederic C.","contributorId":149240,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Billingsley","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5230217,"text":"5230217 - 1977 - Status, distribution, and movements of martens in northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5230217","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":73,"text":"Research Paper","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NC-143","title":"Status, distribution, and movements of martens in northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"The decline of martens in Minnesota is reviewed and a recent increase documented. Adjacent and partially overlapping home ranges of 4.3 to 19.9 sq km were determined by telemetry for a female and three males. Habitat use is described. If current trapping and timber management practices persist, martens should continue to increase.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service","collaboration":"North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota. NTIS Accession Number: PB-271 556/3 1956_Mech.pdf","usgsCitation":"Mech, L., and Rogers, L., 1977, Status, distribution, and movements of martens in northeastern Minnesota: Research Paper NC-143, 7.","productDescription":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":94241,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951d030015890?urlappend=%3Bseq=1"},{"id":202671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b46a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rogers, L.L.","contributorId":85687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5200111,"text":"5200111 - 1977 - Newsletter for the Accelerated Research Program for migratory shore and upland game birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5200111","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":193,"text":"Newsletter for the Accelerated Research Program for migratory shore and upland game birds","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"No. 2.","title":"Newsletter for the Accelerated Research Program for migratory shore and upland game birds","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird & Habitat Research Laboratory","publisherLocation":"Laurel, MD","usgsCitation":"Coon, R., 1977, Newsletter for the Accelerated Research Program for migratory shore and upland game birds: Newsletter for the Accelerated Research Program for migratory shore and upland game birds No. 2., 19.","productDescription":"19","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa4fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coon, R.A.","contributorId":43060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coon","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5200349,"text":"5200349 - 1977 - Hawaiian Bird Bibliography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:24","indexId":"5200349","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":169,"text":"Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"14.","title":"Hawaiian Bird Bibliography","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Honolulu, Hawaii","usgsCitation":"Bridges, K.W., Bridges, M., and Banko, W., 1977, Hawaiian Bird Bibliography: Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, Technical Report 14., unnumbered.","productDescription":"unnumbered","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a3ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bridges, K. W.","contributorId":38933,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bridges","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bridges, M.S.","contributorId":81610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Banko, W.E.","contributorId":62694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banko","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5210858,"text":"5210858 - 1977 - The current status of woodcock and woodcock surveys in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:31","indexId":"5210858","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The current status of woodcock and woodcock surveys in the United States","docAbstract":"A comparison of American woodcock (Philohela minor) wing collection survey data for 1975-76 and 1976-77 showed that there was little change in the indices to breeding success and hunter success between years in the Atlantic and Central regions. The 1977 breeding population index was up 15.2 percent from 1976 in the Central region and static in the Atlantic region. There is a long-term decline in the breeding population index in the Atlantic region (P < 0.01) and a long-term increase (P < 0.05) in the Central region's breeding population index. Present survey analysis methods are discussed, and a four-phase plan to improve the methods is presented.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Sixth Woodcock Symposium, held at Fredericton, New Brunswick, October 4, 5 and 6","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"[University of New Brunswick]","publisherLocation":"[Frederiction, New Brunswick]","collaboration":"OCLC: 37723545","usgsCitation":"Tautin, J., 1977, The current status of woodcock and woodcock surveys in the United States, chap. of Proceedings of the Sixth Woodcock Symposium, held at Fredericton, New Brunswick, October 4, 5 and 6, p. 17-23.","productDescription":"iv, 198","startPage":"17","endPage":"23","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688b2f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Keppie, Daniel M.","contributorId":112999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keppie","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507220,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owen, Ray B. Jr.","contributorId":35030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"Ray","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507219,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Tautin, J.","contributorId":95168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tautin","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210375,"text":"5210375 - 1977 - Woodcock utilization of commercial timberlands in the northeast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:18","indexId":"5210375","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Woodcock utilization of commercial timberlands in the northeast","docAbstract":"This paper reports the results of studies in Maine (1975-77) and New Brunswick (1974) on the utilization of commercial timber areas by woodcock (Philohela minor). Openings created by logging operations were utilized for singing grounds and nocturnal roosting habitat. Singing male densities of 3.4 birds/1oo ha on were found on New Brunswick elearcuts, 0.24 birds/IOO ha on northern Maine elearcuts, and 1.8-2.1 birds/IOO ha on central Maine selective cuts. Singing male densities in New Brunswick were greater on cuts smaller than 20 ha than on larger cuts. Compared to abandoned agricultural land and alder thickets, earthworm biomass on timber harvest areas was lower and fewer birds used the cuts as diurnal habitat. Regenerating stands provided low quality diurnal habitat, which appeared to limit woodcock numbers on the study areas. The importance of commercial timber harvest operations to future woodcock populations is discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Sixth Woodcock Symposium, held at Fredericton, New Brunswick, October 4, 5 and 6","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"[University of New Brunswick]","publisherLocation":"[Frederiction, New Brunswick]","collaboration":"OCLC: 37723545","usgsCitation":"Nicholson, C., Homer, S., Owen, R., and Dilworth, T., 1977, Woodcock utilization of commercial timberlands in the northeast, chap. of Proceedings of the Sixth Woodcock Symposium, held at Fredericton, New Brunswick, October 4, 5 and 6, p. 101-108.","productDescription":"iv, 198","startPage":"101","endPage":"108","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df774","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicholson, C.P.","contributorId":32270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Homer, S.","contributorId":35432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homer","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Owen, Ray B.","contributorId":42670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"Ray B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dilworth, T.G.","contributorId":33815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dilworth","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5210596,"text":"5210596 - 1977 - Research, management, and status of the osprey in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:14","indexId":"5210596","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Research, management, and status of the osprey in North America","docAbstract":"Osprey populations were studied throughout North America during the last decade as a result of dramatic declines reported along the North Atlantic Coast in the1950s and early 1960s. Researchers used banding, localized studies, aerial surveys, and pesticide analyses to identify factors influencing regional populations. Declining populations showed extremely poor production, contamination by environmental pollutants (including DDT and its metabolites, dieldrin, and polychlorinated biphenyls) and thin-shelled eggs. Following the reduced use and eventual ban of DDT and dieldrin, productivity began to improve. Improvement in affected populations, mainly those along the Atlantic Coast and in the Great Lakes region, began in the late 1960s and is continuing in the 1970s. Most populations in the South Atlantic region, in Western North America, and in Florida and the Gulf of California appeared to be producing at normal or near-normal rates in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Although some of the most severely affected populations are still not producing at normal rates, the pattern of improvement and an increase in management activities, including provision of nesting platforms and establishment of Osprey management zones, allow cautious optimism about the future of the species in North America. With its low recruitment potential, however, recovery will be slow.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"World Conference on Birds of Prey, Vienna, 1-3 October, 1975. Report of Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Council for Bird Preservation","publisherLocation":"[London]","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., 1977, Research, management, and status of the osprey in North America, chap. of World Conference on Birds of Prey, Vienna, 1-3 October, 1975. Report of Proceedings, p. 199-222.","productDescription":"xii, 442","startPage":"199","endPage":"222","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629a8b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Chancellor, R.D.","contributorId":113487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chancellor","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506776,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210393,"text":"5210393 - 1977 - Identification of potential harvest units in the United States of the American woodcock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:15","indexId":"5210393","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Identification of potential harvest units in the United States of the American woodcock","docAbstract":"Potential harvest units were examined in the United States for American woodcock (Philohela minor) based on the distribution of both direct and indirect recoveries of preseason bandings. Unweighted and weighted recoveries were used to definefour sets of units with a minimal interchange of birds. With a configuration that conforms to the existing boundary between the Atlantic and Mississippi waterfowl flyways, an average of only 3.0 percent unweighted and 4.4 percent weighted recoveries occurred outside of the respective unit. Even though another configuration showed 1.1 percent less crossover, the use of the existing flyway boundary would be more logical from a management standpoint. Identification and use of harvest units for woodcock will allow better management of the resource as regional differences in the two populations become more apparent.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Sixth Woodcock Symposium, held at Fredericton, New Brunswick, October 4, 5 and 6","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"[University of New Brunswick]","publisherLocation":"[Frederiction, New Brunswick]","collaboration":"OCLC: 37723545","usgsCitation":"Coon, R., Dwyer, T., and Artmann, J., 1977, Identification of potential harvest units in the United States of the American woodcock, chap. of Proceedings of the Sixth Woodcock Symposium, held at Fredericton, New Brunswick, October 4, 5 and 6, p. 147-153.","productDescription":"iv, 198","startPage":"147","endPage":"153","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faa7a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Keppie, Daniel M.","contributorId":112999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keppie","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506392,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owen, Ray B. Jr.","contributorId":35030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"Ray","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506391,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Coon, R.A.","contributorId":43060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coon","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dwyer, T.J.","contributorId":56177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Artmann, J.W.","contributorId":35844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artmann","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5210108,"text":"5210108 - 1977 - Earthworm populations as related to woodcock habitat usage in Central Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:16","indexId":"5210108","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:16","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Earthworm populations as related to woodcock habitat usage in Central Maine","docAbstract":"Lumbricid earthworms were sampled 'on two central Maine study areas between late April and early September, 1974, to relate earthworm abundance to use of feeding covers by American woodcock(Philoheli minor). On sampling days, occurring at 2 to 3 week intervals, a formalin solution was applied to thirty O.25m areas in heavjly, commonly, and rarely used woodcock covers (5 samples/type of feedjngcover/study area). The extent of cover usage was based on use of vegetation by 51 radio-equipped woodcock, 1970-73 (605 woodcockdays). A total of 2,546 earthworms of nine species was collected; species and age compositions of collected lumbricids were similar on both study areas. Similarly. number and biomass (dry weight) of earthworms extracted did not differ significantly between study areas. However. the number and biomass of sampled earthworms were directly and significantly related to the intensity to which woodcock used covers. Those diurnal covers most heavily used by woodcock sustained the highest lumbricid populations, ostensibly because these covers provided earthworms with preferred foods (i.e., leaf litters) and optimum soil moisture-temperature conditions. In terms of earthworms and woodcock supported per unit area, management of second-growth hardwoods appears more efficient than attempting to alter coniferous or mixed forests.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Sixth Woodcock Symposium, held at Fredericton, New Brunswick, October 4, 5 and 6","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"[University of New Brunswick]","publisherLocation":"[Frederiction, New Brunswick]","collaboration":"OCLC: 37723545","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, J., Krohn, W., and Hordan, G., 1977, Earthworm populations as related to woodcock habitat usage in Central Maine, chap. of Proceedings of the Sixth Woodcock Symposium, held at Fredericton, New Brunswick, October 4, 5 and 6, p. 135-146.","productDescription":"iv, 198","startPage":"135","endPage":"146","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628ab5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Keppie, Daniel M.","contributorId":112999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keppie","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506010,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owen, Ray B. Jr.","contributorId":35030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"Ray","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506009,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, J.W.","contributorId":102180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krohn, W.B.","contributorId":64355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohn","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hordan, G.A.","contributorId":83639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hordan","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5210205,"text":"5210205 - 1977 - Impact of estuarine pollution on birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:15","indexId":"5210205","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:16","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Impact of estuarine pollution on birds","docAbstract":"Pollution of estuaries affects bird populations indirectly through changes in habitat and food supply. The multi-factor pollution of Chesapeake Bay has resulted in diminution of submerged aquatic plants and consequent change in food habits of the canvasback duck. Although dredge-spoil operations can improve wildlife habitat, they often result in its demise. Pollution of estuaries also affects birds directly, through chemical toxication, which may result in outright mortality or in reproductive impairment. Lead from industrial sources and roadways enters the estuaries and is accumulated in tissues of birds. Lead pellets deposited in estuaries as a result of hunting are consumed by ducks with sufficient frequency .to result m large annual die-offs from lead poisoning. Fish in certain areas, usually near industrial sources, may contain levels of mercury high enough to be hazardous to birds that consume them. Other heavy metals are present in estuarine birds, but their significance is poorly known. Oil exerts lethal or sublethal effects on birds by oiling their feathers, oiling eggs and young by contaminated parents, and by ingestion of oil-contaminated food. Organochlorine chemicals, of both agricultural and industrial origin, travel through the food chains and reach harmful levels in susceptible species of birds in certain estuarine ecosystems. Both outright mortality and reproductive impairment have occurred.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuarine Pollution Control and Assessment, Proceedings of a Conference held February 11-13, 1975","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Planning and Standards","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","collaboration":"OCLC: 3360700 (DLC) ; OCLC: 2918177 (GPO)","usgsCitation":"Blus, L.J., Wiemeyer, S.N., Kerwin, J., Stendell, R., Ohlendorf, H.M., and Stickel, L., 1977, Impact of estuarine pollution on birds, chap. of Estuarine Pollution Control and Assessment, Proceedings of a Conference held February 11-13, 1975, p. 57-71.","productDescription":"xxxvii, 381","startPage":"57","endPage":"71","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f8692","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blus, L. J.","contributorId":38116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blus","given":"L.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiemeyer, Stanley N.","contributorId":78279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiemeyer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kerwin, J.A.","contributorId":105394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerwin","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stendell, Rey C.","contributorId":82263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stendell","given":"Rey C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ohlendorf, H. M.","contributorId":28194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohlendorf","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stickel, L.F.","contributorId":41095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5210099,"text":"5210099 - 1977 - Experimental woodcock management at the Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:20","indexId":"5210099","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:16","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Experimental woodcock management at the Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge","docAbstract":"The purpose of this study is to develop woodcock(Philohela minor) management techniques that can be easily used by the small landowner or incorporated with other land management operations such as commercial timber harvesting. The Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge contains areas which are characteristic of the abandoned farms now being purchased for recreation or retirement as well as areas suitable for commercial forest management. Woodcock management, beginning in 1973, has centered on rejuvenation of diurnal habitat and creation of summer fields and singing grounds. Strips (10 mwide, 25 to 125 mlong and separated by 40 m) were clear~cut in two alder (Alnus sp.) stands resulting in increased diurnal use in at least one cover, increased singing male use and good alder regeneration. Small clear-cuts (30 X30 m) in a large contiguous woodland (1200 ha) with a history of few singing males resulted in an increased number of singing males despite an overall decrease in the number of singing males throughout the refuge. Management strategies and recommendations also are given.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Sixth Woodcock Symposium, held at Fredericton, New Brunswick, October 4, 5 and 6","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"[University of New Brunswick]","publisherLocation":"[Frederiction, New Brunswick]","collaboration":"OCLC: 37723545","usgsCitation":"Sepik, G., Owen, R., and Coulter, M., 1977, Experimental woodcock management at the Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge, chap. of Proceedings of the Sixth Woodcock Symposium, held at Fredericton, New Brunswick, October 4, 5 and 6, p. 83-91.","productDescription":"iv, 198","startPage":"83","endPage":"91","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae986","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Keppie, Daniel M.","contributorId":112999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keppie","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506002,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owen, Ray B. Jr.","contributorId":35030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"Ray","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506001,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Sepik, G.F.","contributorId":101348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepik","given":"G.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owen, Ray B.","contributorId":42670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"Ray B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coulter, M.W.","contributorId":30329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coulter","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5210117,"text":"5210117 - 1977 - Quantitative analysis of American woodcock nest and brood habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:17","indexId":"5210117","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:16","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Quantitative analysis of American woodcock nest and brood habitat","docAbstract":"Sixteen nest and 19 brood sites of American woodcock (Philohela minoI) were examined in northern lower Michigan between 15 April and 15 June 1974 to determine habitat structure associated with these sites. Woodcock hens utilized young, second-growth forest stands which were similar in species composition for both nesting and brood rearing. A multi-varIate discriminant function analysis revealed a significant (P< 0.05) difference, however, in habitat structure. Nest habitat was characterized by lower tree density (2176 trees/ha) and basal area (8.6 m2/ha), by being close to forest openings (7 m) and by being situated on dry, relatively well drained sites. In contrast, woodcock broods were located in sites that had nearly twice the tree density (3934 trees/hal and basal area (16.5 m2/ha), was located over twice as far from forest openings (18 m) and generally occurred on damp sites, near (8 m) standing water. Importance of the habitat features to the species and possible management implications are discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Sixth Woodcock Symposium, held at Fredericton, New Brunswick, October 4, 5 and 6","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"[University of New Brunswick]","publisherLocation":"[Frederiction, New Brunswick]","collaboration":"OCLC: 37723545","usgsCitation":"Bourgeois, A., 1977, Quantitative analysis of American woodcock nest and brood habitat, chap. of Proceedings of the Sixth Woodcock Symposium, held at Fredericton, New Brunswick, October 4, 5 and 6, p. 109-118.","productDescription":"iv, 198","startPage":"109","endPage":"118","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae04f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Keppie, Daniel M.","contributorId":112999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keppie","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506017,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owen, Ray B. Jr.","contributorId":35030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"Ray","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506016,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Bourgeois, A.","contributorId":13350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bourgeois","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210118,"text":"5210118 - 1977 - The status and distribution of woodcock in Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-27T09:59:27","indexId":"5210118","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The status and distribution of woodcock in Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The seasonal and spatial distributions of the American woodcock (Philohela minor) in Oklahoma were determined through field surveys and the collection of all known reports of woodcock sightings. Woodcock were reported in Oklahoma in all seasons and were most Jrequently sighted from 11 October to 10 January. The peak in fall migration occurred between 11 November and 10 December. Woodcock were found in 5 major areas across the eastern two-thirds of the state but 57 percent of the birds reported during the study were in the eastern one-third. A total of 148 displaying males were encountered on 25 sites in 15 of 29 counties included roadside singing ground surveys in 1975 and 1976. The peak number of displaying birds (58) was observed during the second IO-day period in February; displays occurred from January through late March. Personal observations plus data reported via volunteer survey cards, indicated that the typical site used for diurnal cover by woodcock in Oklahoma is a brushy bottomland with moist loamy soils, vegetated by oaks (Quercus spp.), elms (Ulmus spp,), bluestem grasses (Andropogon spp.), dogwoods (Cornus spp.) and green briars (Smilax spp.).","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Sixth Woodcock Symposium, held at Fredericton, New Brunswick, October 4, 5 and 6","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of New Brunswick","publisherLocation":"Frederiction, New Brunswick","collaboration":"OCLC: 37723545","usgsCitation":"Barclay, J., and Smith, R., 1977, The status and distribution of woodcock in Oklahoma, in Proceedings of the Sixth Woodcock Symposium, held at Fredericton, New Brunswick, October 4, 5 and 6, p. 39-50.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"50","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db63488e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Keppie, Daniel M.","contributorId":113918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keppie","given":"Daniel M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506019,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owen, Ray B. Jr.","contributorId":35030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"Ray","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506018,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Barclay, J.S.","contributorId":46661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barclay","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R.W.","contributorId":31787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}