This dataset provides a U.S. national 60-meter, 19-class mapping of anthropogenic land uses for five time periods: 1974, 1982, 1992, 2002, and 2012. The 2012 dataset is based on a slightly modified version of the National Land Cover Database 2011 (NLCD 2011) that was recoded to a schema of land uses, and mapped back in time to develop datasets for the four earlier eras. The time periods coincide with U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Census of Agriculture data collection years. Changes are derived from (a) known changes in water bodies from reservoir construction or removal; (b) housing unit density changes; (c) regional mining/extraction trends; (d) for 1999–2012, timber and forestry activity based on U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools (Landfire) data; (e) county-level USDA Census of Agriculture change in cultivated land; and (f) establishment dates of major conservation areas. The data are compared to several other published studies and datasets as validation. Caveats are provided about limitations of the data for some classes. The work was completed as part of the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program and termed the NAWQA Wall-to-Wall Anthropogenic Land Use Trends (NWALT) dataset. The associated datasets include five 60-meter geospatial rasters showing anthropogenic land use for the years 1974, 1982, 1992, 2002, and 2012, and 14 rasters showing the annual extent of timber clearcutting and harvest from 1999 to 2012.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds948","usgsCitation":"Falcone, J.A., 2015, U.S. conterminous wall-to-wall anthropogenic land use trends (NWALT), 1974–2012: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 948, 33 p. plus appendixes 3–6 as separate files, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds948.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 33 p.; Appendixes 3-6; Spatial Data","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-066108","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308093,"rank":7,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/ds948_NWALT.xml","text":"DS 948 NWALT","description":"DS 948"},{"id":308002,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0948/ds948.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.29 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 948"},{"id":308001,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0948/cover.jpg"},{"id":308003,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0948/appendix/ds948_appendix3.pdf","text":"DS 948 - Appendix 3","size":"106 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 948"},{"id":308004,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0948/appendix/ds948_appendix4.pdf","text":"DS 948 - Appendix 4","size":"161 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 948"},{"id":308005,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0948/appendix/ds948_appendix5.pdf","text":"DS 948 - Appendix 5","size":"8.44 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 948"},{"id":308006,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0948/appendix/ds948_appendix6.xlsx","text":"DS 948 - Appendix 6","size":"97.6 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"DS 948"}],"country":"United States","contact":"Chief, Office of Water Quality
U.S. Geological Survey
412 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
http://water.usgs.gov/owq/
We constrain the physical nature of the magma reservoir and the mechanisms of rhyolite generation at Yellowstone caldera via detailed characterization of zircon and sanidine crystals hosted in three rhyolites erupted during the (ca. 170 – 70 ka) Central Plateau Member eruptive episode – the most recent post-caldera magmatism at Yellowstone. We present 238U-230Th crystallization ages and trace-element compositions of the interiors and surfaces (i.e., unpolished rims) of individual zircon crystals from each rhyolite. We compare these zircon data to 238U- 230Th crystallization ages of bulk sanidine separates coupled with chemical and isotopic data from single sanidine crystals. Zircon age and trace-element data demonstrate that the magma reservoir that sourced the Central Plateau Member rhyolites was long-lived (150 – 250 kyr) and genetically related to the preceding episode of magmatism, which occurred ca. 256 ka. The interiors of most zircons in each rhyolite were inherited from unerupted material related to older stages of Central Plateau Member magmatism or the preceding late Upper Basin Member magmatism (i.e., are antecrysts). Conversely, most zircon surfaces crystallized near the time of eruption from their host liquids (i.e., are autocrystic). The repeated recycling of zircon interiors from older stages of magmatism demonstrates that sequentially erupted Central Plateau Member rhyolites are genetically related. Sanidine separates from each rhyolite yield 238U-230Th crystallization ages at or near the eruption age of their host magmas, coeval with the coexisting zircon surfaces, but are younger than the coexisting zircon interiors. Chemical and isotopic data from single sanidine crystals demonstrate that the sanidines in each rhyolite are in equilibrium with their host melts, which considered along with their near-eruption crystallization ages suggests that nearly all CPM sanidines are autocrystic. The paucity of antecrystic sanidine crystals relative to antecrystic zircons require a model where eruptible rhyolites are generated by extracting melt and zircons from a long-lived mush of immobile crystal-rich magma. In this process the larger sanidine crystals remain trapped in the locked crystal network. The extracted melts (plus antecrystic zircon) amalgamate into a liquid dominated (i.e., eruptible) magma body that is maintained as a physically distinct entity relative to the bulk of the long-lived crystal mush. Zircon surfaces and sanidines in each rhyolite crystallize after melt extraction/amalgamation and their ages constrain the residence time of eruptible magmas at Yellowstone. Residence times of the large volume rhyolites (~40 – 70 km3) are ≤ 1 kyr (conservatively < 6 kyr), which suggests that large volumes of rhyolite can be generated rapidly by extracting melt from a crystal mush. Because the lifespan of the crystal mush that sourced the Central Plateau Member rhyolites is two orders of magnitude longer than the residence time of eruptible magma bodies within the reservoir, it is apparent that the Yellowstone magma reservoir spends most of its time in a largely-crystalline (i.e., uneruptible) state, similar to the present-day magma reservoir, and that eruptible magma bodies are ephemeral features.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","publisherLocation":"Oxford","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egv047","usgsCitation":"Stelten, M.E., Cooper, K.M., Vazquez, J.A., Calvert, A.T., and Glessner, J., 2015, Mechanisms and timescales of generating eruptible rhyolitic magmas at Yellowstone caldera from zircon and sanidine geochronology and geochemistry: Journal of Petrology, v. 56, no. 8, p. 1607-1642, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egv047.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"1607","endPage":"1642","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060417","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egv047","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":310232,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.60784912109375,\n 44.70965819812379\n ],\n [\n -109.90447998046875,\n 44.859762688042736\n ],\n [\n -110.40985107421875,\n 44.933696389694674\n ],\n [\n -110.74493408203125,\n 44.83055216443822\n ],\n [\n -110.9564208984375,\n 44.70770622183535\n ],\n [\n -111.3958740234375,\n 44.296332880058706\n ],\n [\n -111.33819580078125,\n 43.92163712834673\n ],\n [\n -111.29425048828125,\n 43.534611617432816\n ],\n [\n -109.75341796875,\n 43.74530493763506\n ],\n [\n -109.259033203125,\n 44.004669106432225\n ],\n [\n -109.10247802734375,\n 44.4377021634654\n ],\n [\n -109.60784912109375,\n 44.70965819812379\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"56","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5628b73ce4b0d158f5926c3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stelten, Mark E. 0000-0002-5294-3161 mstelten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-3161","contributorId":145923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelten","given":"Mark","email":"mstelten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Kari M.","contributorId":32814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Kari","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vazquez, Jorge A. 0000-0003-2754-0456 jvazquez@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2754-0456","contributorId":4458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vazquez","given":"Jorge","email":"jvazquez@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Calvert, Andrew T. 0000-0001-5237-2218 acalvert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2218","contributorId":2694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"Andrew","email":"acalvert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Glessner, Justin G","contributorId":145924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glessner","given":"Justin G","affiliations":[{"id":12711,"text":"UC Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70157048,"text":"70157048 - 2015 - A case study demonstrating analysis of stormflows, concentrations, and loads of nutrients in highway runoff and swale discharge with the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-14T09:55:40","indexId":"70157048","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-14T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A case study demonstrating analysis of stormflows, concentrations, and loads of nutrients in highway runoff and swale discharge with the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM)","docAbstract":"Decisionmakers need information about the quality and quantity of stormwater runoff, the risk for adverse effects of runoff on receiving waters, and the potential effectiveness of mitigation measures to reduce these risks. The Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM) uses Monte Carlo methods to generate stormflows, concentrations, and loads from a highway site and an upstream basin to provide needed risk-based information. SELDM was designed to help inform water-management decisions for streams and lakes receiving runoff from a highway or other land-use site. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief description of SELDM and a hypothetical case study demonstrating the type of risk-based information that SELDM can provide. Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were selected as example constituents because nutrients are a common concern throughout the Nation and data for receiving waters, highway runoff, and the performance of best management practices (BMPs) are readily available for these constituents.
\nThe case study is hypothetical, but was formulated by using actual data from selected monitoring sites in New England. Data representing streamflow and water-quality were collected at U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamgage 01208950 Sasco Brook near Southport, CT, which has a drainage area of 7.38 square miles. In this hypothetical case study a 4-lane highway would replace the current 2-lane road and would have a contributing area of 2.2 acres between the topographic basin divides. Concentrations of TN and TP in highway runoff were simulated with data from USGS highway-runoff monitoring station 423027071291301 along State Route 2 in Littleton Massachusetts. Results of a highway-runoff analysis are shown in relation to three hypothetical discharge criteria for TN and two hypothetical discharge criteria for TP. The risks for exceeding TN discharge criteria of 3, 5, and 8 mg/L for highway runoff are 7.4, 0.83, and 0.13 percent of 1,721 runoff events that may occur during a stochastic 30-year simulation. If a grassy swale is used to treat the runoff, the risks for TN exceedances are reduced to 3.2, 0.33 and 0.03 percent, respectively. The risks for exceeding TP discharge criteria of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L for highway runoff are 49 and 1.2 percent, respectively. If a grassy swale is used to treat the runoff, the risks for TP exceedances are 57 and 0.8 percent, respectively. The risks for the 0.1 mg/L criterion increase because swales can be a source of TP if pavement concentrations are low. The risks for the 0.5 mg/L criterion decrease because the swale is effective for reducing high TP concentrations. Although the results are mixed for storm-event concentrations, the grassy swale effectively reduces annual loads. Annual loads from the swale are, on average, about 49 percent of highway loads for TN and 62 percent of highway loads of TP because the swale reduces high runoff concentrations and stormflow volumes. Analysis of upstream and downstream concentrations indicates that runoff from the site of interest does not have a substantial effect on instream stormflow concentrations in this example simulation.
","conferenceTitle":"StormCon","conferenceDate":"08/6/2015","conferenceLocation":"Austin, TX","language":"English","publisher":"Forester Media Inc.","publisherLocation":"Santa Barbara, CA","collaboration":"Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Granato, G.E., and Jones, S.C., 2015, A case study demonstrating analysis of stormflows, concentrations, and loads of nutrients in highway runoff and swale discharge with the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM), StormCon, Austin, TX, 08/6/2015, p. 1-10.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063178","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308099,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307902,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://webdmamrl.er.usgs.gov/g1/FHWA/Presentations/GranatoJones2015StormCon.pdf"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55f7e19ee4b05d6c4e4fa951","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Granato, Gregory E. 0000-0002-2561-9913 ggranato@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2561-9913","contributorId":147346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granato","given":"Gregory","email":"ggranato@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":571336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Susan C. 0000-0002-5891-5209","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5891-5209","contributorId":64716,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":34302,"text":"Federal Highway Administration (United States)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159606,"text":"70159606 - 2015 - Molecular tracing of confiscated pangolin scales for conservation and illegal trade monitoring in Southeast Asia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-13T09:50:11","indexId":"70159606","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3871,"text":"Global Ecology and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular tracing of confiscated pangolin scales for conservation and illegal trade monitoring in Southeast Asia","docAbstract":"Despite being protected by both international and national regulations, pangolins are threatened by illegal trade. Here we report mitochondrial DNA identification and haplotype richness estimation, using 239 pangolin scale samples from two confiscations in Hong Kong. We found a total of 13 genetically distinct cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) haplotypes in two confiscations (13 and ten haplotypes respectively, with ten shared haplotypes between confiscations). These haplotypes clustered in two distinct clades with one clade representing the Sunda pangolin (Manisjavanica). The other clade did not match with any known Asian pangolin sequences, and likely represented a cryptic pangolin lineage in Asia. By fitting sample coverage and rarefaction/regression models to our sample data, we predicted that the total number of COI haplotypes in two confiscations were 14.86 and 11.06 respectively, suggesting that our sampling caught the majority of haplotypes and that we had adequately characterized each confiscation. We detected substantial sequence divergence among the seized scales, likely evidencing that the Sunda pangolins were harvested over wide geographical areas across Southeast Asia. Our study illustrates the value of applying DNA forensics for illegal wildlife trade monitoring.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gecco.2015.08.002","usgsCitation":"Zhang, H., Miller, M.P., Yang, F., Chan, K., Gaubert, P., Ades, G., and Fischer, G.A., 2015, Molecular tracing of confiscated pangolin scales for conservation and illegal trade monitoring in Southeast Asia: Global Ecology and Conservation, v. 4, p. 414-422, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2015.08.002.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"414","endPage":"422","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066335","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2015.08.002","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":311320,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Southeast Asia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 122.40966796874999,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n 121.9921875,\n 30.259067203213018\n ],\n [\n 121.640625,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n 121.1572265625,\n 30.41078179084589\n ],\n [\n 120.9375,\n 30.50548389892728\n ],\n [\n 119.66308593749999,\n 31.3348710339506\n ],\n [\n 118.76220703125001,\n 31.522361470421437\n ],\n [\n 118.125,\n 31.484893386890164\n ],\n [\n 117.68554687499999,\n 31.071755902820108\n ],\n [\n 117.39990234375,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n 116.6748046875,\n 30.107117887092382\n ],\n [\n 115.13671875,\n 29.66896252599253\n ],\n [\n 112.7197265625,\n 29.516110386062277\n ],\n [\n 111.09374999999999,\n 29.036960648558267\n ],\n [\n 107.138671875,\n 28.9600886880068\n ],\n [\n 103.1396484375,\n 28.767659105691255\n ],\n [\n 102.12890625,\n 28.033197847676377\n ],\n [\n 98.7451171875,\n 27.916766641249065\n ],\n [\n 95.712890625,\n 28.57487404744697\n ],\n [\n 94.0869140625,\n 29.036960648558267\n ],\n [\n 91.3623046875,\n 28.38173504322308\n ],\n [\n 87.8466796875,\n 27.68352808378776\n ],\n [\n 87.14355468749999,\n 26.86328062676624\n ],\n [\n 88.41796875,\n 26.745610382199022\n ],\n [\n 90.8349609375,\n 27.332735136859146\n ],\n [\n 97.03125,\n 27.916766641249065\n ],\n [\n 95.888671875,\n 26.86328062676624\n ],\n [\n 91.669921875,\n 26.31311263768267\n ],\n [\n 90.52734374999999,\n 25.20494115356912\n ],\n [\n 90.17578124999999,\n 24.846565348219734\n ],\n [\n 95.537109375,\n 25.3241665257384\n ],\n [\n 96.50390625,\n 25.045792240303445\n ],\n [\n 96.328125,\n 24.16680208530324\n ],\n [\n 95.4052734375,\n 22.51255695405145\n ],\n [\n 94.5703125,\n 20.179723502765153\n ],\n [\n 94.482421875,\n 18.062312304546726\n ],\n [\n 94.482421875,\n 16.846605106396304\n ],\n [\n 95.44921875,\n 17.853290114098012\n ],\n [\n 96.416015625,\n 21.616579336740603\n ],\n [\n 96.8994140625,\n 22.187404991398775\n ],\n [\n 97.734375,\n 22.39071391683855\n ],\n [\n 99.1845703125,\n 21.37124437061832\n ],\n [\n 98.349609375,\n 19.186677697957833\n ],\n [\n 98.4814453125,\n 18.687878686034196\n ],\n [\n 99.052734375,\n 12.382928338487408\n ],\n [\n 98.7890625,\n 9.102096738726456\n ],\n [\n 99.6240234375,\n 6.882800241767556\n ],\n [\n 100.5908203125,\n 5.3097661719437035\n ],\n [\n 100.5908203125,\n 4.434044005032582\n ],\n [\n 101.6015625,\n 2.5040852618529215\n ],\n [\n 103.095703125,\n 1.5818302639606454\n ],\n [\n 104.67773437499999,\n 1.0546279422758869\n ],\n [\n 103.53515625,\n 3.2940822283128175\n ],\n [\n 102.9638671875,\n 5.79089681287197\n ],\n [\n 100.5029296875,\n 7.449624260197816\n ],\n [\n 99.49218749999999,\n 9.795677582829743\n ],\n [\n 99.6240234375,\n 11.566143767762869\n ],\n [\n 99.36035156249999,\n 15.834535741221552\n ],\n [\n 99.8876953125,\n 17.727758609852284\n ],\n [\n 100.8544921875,\n 18.562947442888312\n ],\n [\n 101.3818359375,\n 18.47960905583197\n ],\n [\n 101.5576171875,\n 17.560246503294913\n ],\n [\n 101.689453125,\n 16.59408141271846\n ],\n [\n 102.919921875,\n 17.392579271057766\n ],\n [\n 103.3154296875,\n 18.729501999072138\n ],\n [\n 103.88671875,\n 19.103648251663646\n ],\n [\n 104.9853515625,\n 18.93746442964186\n ],\n [\n 105.0732421875,\n 18.104087015773956\n ],\n [\n 105.380859375,\n 16.97274101999902\n ],\n [\n 105.1171875,\n 15.411319377980993\n ],\n [\n 104.150390625,\n 14.3069694978258\n ],\n [\n 102.74414062499999,\n 14.3069694978258\n ],\n [\n 102.7001953125,\n 13.453737213419249\n ],\n [\n 102.7001953125,\n 12.897489183755905\n ],\n [\n 102.7001953125,\n 11.910353555774101\n ],\n [\n 103.53515625,\n 10.876464994816295\n ],\n [\n 104.765625,\n 10.31491928581316\n ],\n [\n 106.962890625,\n 11.652236404115413\n ],\n [\n 108.19335937499999,\n 14.008696370634658\n ],\n [\n 105.5126953125,\n 18.60460138845525\n ],\n [\n 104.7216796875,\n 19.932041306115536\n ],\n [\n 109.16015624999999,\n 21.453068633086783\n ],\n [\n 109.64355468749999,\n 21.493963563064455\n ],\n [\n 110.0390625,\n 20.34462694382967\n ],\n [\n 110.478515625,\n 20.879342971957897\n ],\n [\n 110.6982421875,\n 21.37124437061832\n ],\n [\n 114.0380859375,\n 22.06527806776582\n ],\n [\n 117.5537109375,\n 23.32208001137843\n ],\n [\n 120.58593749999999,\n 27.332735136859146\n ],\n [\n 122.1240234375,\n 29.80251790576445\n ],\n [\n 122.40966796874999,\n 29.84064389983441\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 121.1572265625,\n 25.20494115356912\n ],\n [\n 120.2783203125,\n 23.88583769986199\n ],\n [\n 120.10253906249999,\n 22.755920681486405\n ],\n [\n 120.89355468749999,\n 21.94304553343818\n ],\n [\n 121.904296875,\n 24.407137917727653\n ],\n [\n 122.03613281249999,\n 25.3241665257384\n ],\n [\n 121.37695312499999,\n 25.443274612305746\n ],\n [\n 121.1572265625,\n 25.20494115356912\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 111.005859375,\n 19.932041306115536\n ],\n [\n 111.0498046875,\n 19.352610894378625\n ],\n [\n 110.5224609375,\n 18.646245142670608\n ],\n [\n 109.7314453125,\n 18.22935133838668\n ],\n [\n 108.6328125,\n 18.271086109608877\n ],\n [\n 108.6328125,\n 19.186677697957833\n ],\n [\n 108.896484375,\n 19.84939395842279\n ],\n [\n 110.12695312499999,\n 19.973348786110602\n ],\n [\n 110.6982421875,\n 20.097206227083888\n ],\n [\n 111.005859375,\n 19.932041306115536\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 116.71874999999999,\n 6.882800241767556\n ],\n [\n 114.08203125,\n 5.090944175033399\n ],\n [\n 112.1484375,\n 2.9430409100551445\n ],\n [\n 110.7861328125,\n 2.064982495867104\n ],\n [\n 109.7314453125,\n 1.8014609294680355\n ],\n [\n 109.16015624999999,\n 1.9332268264771233\n ],\n [\n 108.8525390625,\n -0.08789059053082422\n ],\n [\n 109.248046875,\n -0.8349313860427057\n ],\n [\n 109.951171875,\n -1.9771465537125645\n ],\n [\n 110.6982421875,\n -3.469557303061473\n ],\n [\n 111.4453125,\n -3.2940822283128046\n ],\n [\n 113.2470703125,\n -3.7765593098768635\n ],\n [\n 114.43359375,\n -3.644999800892025\n ],\n [\n 114.47753906249999,\n -4.214943141390639\n ],\n [\n 115.6640625,\n -4.214943141390639\n ],\n [\n 116.4111328125,\n -3.381823735328289\n ],\n [\n 116.630859375,\n -1.537901237431487\n ],\n [\n 117.8173828125,\n -1.0106897682409002\n ],\n [\n 117.861328125,\n 0.17578097424708533\n ],\n [\n 118.0810546875,\n 0.5273363048115169\n ],\n [\n 119.2236328125,\n 0.9667509997666425\n ],\n [\n 117.8173828125,\n 3.425691524418075\n ],\n [\n 118.21289062499999,\n 4.0834527720386316\n ],\n [\n 119.35546875000001,\n 4.959615024698026\n ],\n [\n 119.39941406249999,\n 5.659718554577286\n ],\n [\n 117.8173828125,\n 6.751896464843375\n ],\n [\n 117.24609374999999,\n 7.536764322084078\n ],\n [\n 116.71874999999999,\n 6.882800241767556\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 95.1416015625,\n 5.834616165610072\n ],\n [\n 95.2294921875,\n 4.959615024698026\n ],\n [\n 96.1962890625,\n 3.732708321335859\n ],\n [\n 96.94335937499999,\n 3.118576216781991\n ],\n [\n 98.5693359375,\n 1.1425024037061522\n ],\n [\n 100.0634765625,\n -1.098565496040652\n ],\n [\n 102.041015625,\n -4.127285323245357\n ],\n [\n 104.19433593749999,\n -5.878332109674327\n ],\n [\n 105.3369140625,\n -5.9657536710655235\n ],\n [\n 106.3037109375,\n -4.915832801313164\n ],\n [\n 106.3037109375,\n -3.337953961416472\n ],\n [\n 105.16113281249999,\n -1.8014609294680355\n ],\n [\n 103.84277343749999,\n 0.3515602939922709\n ],\n [\n 102.5244140625,\n 2.0210651187669897\n ],\n [\n 100.7666015625,\n 2.591888984149953\n ],\n [\n 98.39355468749999,\n 4.872047700241915\n ],\n [\n 96.6796875,\n 5.659718554577286\n ],\n [\n 95.712890625,\n 6.0094592380595495\n ],\n [\n 95.1416015625,\n 5.834616165610072\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 105.3369140625,\n -6.35897532723566\n ],\n [\n 104.94140625,\n -7.710991655433229\n ],\n [\n 107.57812499999999,\n -7.841615185204699\n ],\n [\n 115.00488281250001,\n -9.188870084473393\n ],\n [\n 116.1474609375,\n -9.318990192397917\n ],\n [\n 116.98242187499999,\n -8.05922962720018\n ],\n [\n 114.3017578125,\n -6.751896464843362\n ],\n [\n 111.533203125,\n -6.271618064314864\n ],\n [\n 109.86328125,\n -6.271618064314864\n ],\n [\n 107.5341796875,\n -5.703447982149503\n ],\n [\n 106.3037109375,\n -5.703447982149503\n ],\n [\n 105.8642578125,\n -5.834616165610046\n ],\n [\n 105.3369140625,\n -6.35897532723566\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 97.40478515625,\n 1.537901237431487\n ],\n [\n 97.119140625,\n 1.3841426927920155\n ],\n [\n 97.42675781249999,\n 0.9228116626857066\n ],\n [\n 97.71240234375,\n 0.5273363048115169\n ],\n [\n 97.998046875,\n 0.8129610018708443\n ],\n [\n 98.02001953125,\n 1.1644706071806183\n ],\n [\n 97.62451171875,\n 1.4280747713669428\n ],\n [\n 97.40478515625,\n 1.537901237431487\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 64.16015624999999,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n 63.6328125,\n 26.941659545381516\n ],\n [\n 66.5771484375,\n 26.23430203240673\n ],\n [\n 68.73046875,\n 25.839449402063185\n ],\n [\n 74.0478515625,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n 75.41015624999999,\n 33.46810795527896\n ],\n [\n 72.685546875,\n 35.639441068973916\n ],\n [\n 74.267578125,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n 76.025390625,\n 35.92464453144099\n ],\n [\n 78.8818359375,\n 33.7243396617476\n ],\n [\n 78.837890625,\n 32.58384932565662\n ],\n [\n 78.837890625,\n 31.240985378021307\n ],\n [\n 80.6396484375,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n 79.98046875,\n 28.8831596093235\n ],\n [\n 87.6708984375,\n 26.194876675795218\n ],\n [\n 89.47265625,\n 25.799891182088334\n ],\n [\n 89.82421875,\n 24.086589258228027\n ],\n [\n 89.69238281249999,\n 21.861498734372567\n ],\n [\n 87.5830078125,\n 21.657428197370653\n ],\n [\n 86.8798828125,\n 21.043491216803556\n ],\n [\n 86.1328125,\n 20.05593126519445\n ],\n [\n 83.583984375,\n 18.271086109608877\n ],\n [\n 82.08984375,\n 16.46769474828897\n ],\n [\n 80.8154296875,\n 15.792253570362446\n ],\n [\n 80.37597656249999,\n 15.029685756555674\n ],\n [\n 80.15625,\n 11.30770770776545\n ],\n [\n 79.62890625,\n 9.622414142924805\n ],\n [\n 77.6953125,\n 8.102738577783168\n ],\n [\n 76.552734375,\n 8.450638800331001\n ],\n [\n 72.5537109375,\n 17.727758609852284\n ],\n [\n 72.4658203125,\n 21.453068633086783\n ],\n [\n 70.751953125,\n 20.550508894195637\n ],\n [\n 68.9501953125,\n 21.90227796666864\n ],\n [\n 66.884765625,\n 24.44714958973082\n ],\n [\n 65.654296875,\n 25.24469595130604\n ],\n [\n 61.69921875,\n 25.12539261151203\n ],\n [\n 61.8310546875,\n 26.07652055985697\n ],\n [\n 63.369140625,\n 27.137368359795584\n ],\n [\n 62.75390625,\n 28.07198030177986\n ],\n [\n 63.8525390625,\n 29.113775395114416\n ],\n [\n 64.16015624999999,\n 29.075375179558346\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 79.9365234375,\n 9.492408153765531\n ],\n [\n 79.4970703125,\n 7.100892668623654\n ],\n [\n 80.2001953125,\n 5.747174076651375\n ],\n [\n 81.82617187499999,\n 6.271618064314864\n ],\n [\n 82.30957031249999,\n 7.928674801364048\n ],\n [\n 80.85937499999999,\n 9.795677582829743\n ],\n [\n 80.068359375,\n 10.055402736564224\n ],\n [\n 79.9365234375,\n 9.492408153765531\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 119.7509765625,\n 12.254127737657381\n ],\n [\n 119.11376953125,\n 11.135287077054238\n ],\n [\n 118.36669921875,\n 9.838979375579344\n ],\n [\n 116.82861328125001,\n 8.646195681181904\n ],\n [\n 116.82861328125001,\n 7.710991655433229\n ],\n [\n 117.79541015625001,\n 8.363692651835823\n ],\n [\n 119.267578125,\n 9.795677582829743\n ],\n [\n 120.234375,\n 10.660607953624762\n ],\n [\n 120.41015624999999,\n 12.275598890561733\n ],\n [\n 119.94873046875,\n 12.533115357277163\n ],\n [\n 119.7509765625,\n 12.46876014482322\n ],\n [\n 119.7509765625,\n 12.254127737657381\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564717cfe4b0e2669b31311d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Huarong","contributorId":149817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Huarong","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17833,"text":"Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, N.T. Hong Kong SAR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Mark P. 0000-0003-1045-1772 mpmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1045-1772","contributorId":1967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Mark","email":"mpmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":38131,"text":"WMA - Office of Planning and Programming","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yang, Feng","contributorId":149818,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yang","given":"Feng","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17833,"text":"Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, N.T. Hong Kong SAR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chan, Ki","contributorId":149819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chan","given":"Ki","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17833,"text":"Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, N.T. Hong Kong SAR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gaubert, Philippe 0000-0002-1375-9935","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1375-9935","contributorId":149820,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gaubert","given":"Philippe","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17834,"text":"Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM) – UM2-CNRS-IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 05, France","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ades, Gary","contributorId":149821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ades","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17833,"text":"Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, N.T. Hong Kong SAR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fischer, Gunter A.","contributorId":149822,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fischer","given":"Gunter","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17833,"text":"Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, N.T. Hong Kong SAR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70160767,"text":"70160767 - 2015 - An examination of gender differences in the American Fisheries Society peer-review process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-28T14:40:33","indexId":"70160767","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-11T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An examination of gender differences in the American Fisheries Society peer-review process","docAbstract":"This study investigated the possibility of gender differences in outcomes throughout the peer review process of American Fisheries Society (AFS) journals. For each manuscript submitted to four AFS journals between January 2003 and December 2010, we collated information regarding the gender and nationality of authors, gender of associate editor, gender of reviewers, reviewer recommendations, associate editor's decision, and publication status of the manuscript. We used hierarchical linear modeling to test for differences in manuscript decision outcomes associated with author, reviewer, and associate editor gender. Gender differences were present at some but not every stage of the review process and were not equal among the four journals. Although there was a small gender difference in decision outcomes, we found no evidence of bias in editors’ and reviewers’ recommendations. Our results support the conclusion that the current single-blind review system does not result in bias against female authors within AFS journals.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1080/03632415.2015.1059824","collaboration":"Oberlin College; Auburn University; Carleton University (Canada); Illinois Natural History Survey","usgsCitation":"Handley, G., Frantz, C.M., Kocovsky, P., DeVries, D.R., Cooke, S., and Claussen, J., 2015, An examination of gender differences in the American Fisheries Society peer-review process: Fisheries, v. 40, no. 9, p. 442-451, https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2015.1059824.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"442","endPage":"451","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056837","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313056,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56850e51e4b0a04ef49337d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Handley, Grace","contributorId":150971,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Handley","given":"Grace","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6707,"text":"Oberlin College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frantz, Cynthia M","contributorId":150972,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frantz","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":6707,"text":"Oberlin College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kocovsky, Patrick 0000-0003-4325-4265 pkocovsky@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4325-4265","contributorId":150837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kocovsky","given":"Patrick","email":"pkocovsky@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeVries, Dennis R.","contributorId":49678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeVries","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cooke, Steven J.","contributorId":56132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooke","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[{"id":36574,"text":"Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Claussen, Julie","contributorId":150973,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Claussen","given":"Julie","affiliations":[{"id":12458,"text":"Illinois Natural History Survey, Lake Michigan Biological Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70155942,"text":"sir20155113 - 2015 - Hydrogeology and simulation of groundwater flow in fractured-rock aquifers of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Physiographic Provinces, Bedford County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-02T09:44:16","indexId":"sir20155113","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-11T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5113","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of groundwater flow in fractured-rock aquifers of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Physiographic Provinces, Bedford County, Virginia","docAbstract":"An annual groundwater budget was computed as part of a hydrogeologic characterization and monitoring effort of fractured-rock aquifers in Bedford County, Virginia, a growing 764-square-mile (mi2) rural area between the cities of Roanoke and Lynchburg, Virginia. Data collection in Bedford County began in the 1930s when continuous stream gages were installed on Goose Creek and Big Otter River, the two major tributaries of the Roanoke River within the county. Between 2006 and 2014, an additional 2 stream gages, 3 groundwater monitoring wells, and 12 partial-record stream gages were operated. Hydrograph separation methods were used to compute base-flow recharge rates from the continuous data collected from the continuous stream gages. Mean annual base-flow recharge ranged from 8.3 inches per year (in/yr) for the period 1931–2012 at Goose Creek near Huddleston (drainage area 188 mi2) to 9.3 in/yr for the period 1938–2012 at Big Otter River near Evington (drainage area 315 mi2). Mean annual base-flow recharge was estimated to be 6.5 in/yr for the period 2007–2012 at Goose Creek at Route 747 near Bunker Hill (drainage area 125 mi2) and 8.9 in/yr for the period 2007–2012 at Big Otter River at Route 221 near Bedford (drainage area 114 mi2). Base-flow recharge computed from the partial-record data ranged from 5.0 in/yr in the headwaters of Goose Creek to 10.5 in/yr in the headwaters of Big Otter River.
\nA steady-state groundwater-flow simulation for Bedford County was developed to test the conceptual understanding of flow in the fractured-rock aquifers and to compute a groundwater budget for the four major drainages: James River, Smith Mountain and Leesville Lakes, Goose Creek, and Big Otter River. Model results indicate that groundwater levels mimic topography and that minimal differences in aquifer properties exist between the Proterozoic basement crystalline rocks and Late Proterozoic-Cambrian cover crystalline rocks. The Big Otter River receives 40.8 percent of the total daily groundwater outflow from fractured-rock aquifers in Bedford County; Goose Creek receives 25.8 percent, the James River receives 18.2 percent, and Smith Mountain and Leesville Lakes receive 15.2 percent. The remaining percentage of outflow is attributed to pumping from the aquifer (consumptive use).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155113","issn":"2328-031X","isbn":"978-1-4113-3965-1","usgsCitation":"McCoy, K.J., White, B.A., Yager, R.M., and Harlow, G.E., Jr., 2015, Hydrogeology and simulation of groundwater flow in fractured-rock aquifers of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Physiographic Provinces, Bedford County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5113, 54 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155113.","productDescription":"viii, 54 p.","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-039535","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308064,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5113/sir20155113.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5113"},{"id":308063,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5113/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Bedford County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 36.97622678464096\n ],\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 37.666429212090605\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 37.666429212090605\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 36.97622678464096\n ],\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 36.97622678464096\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Virginia Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1730 East Parham Road
Richmond, Virginia 23228
http://va.water.usgs.gov/
Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereinafter, sage-grouse) are a sagebrush obligate species that has declined concomitantly with the loss and fragmentation of sagebrush ecosystems across most of its geographical range. The species currently is listed as a candidate for federal protection under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Increasing wildfire frequency and changing climate frequently are identified as two environmental drivers that contribute to the decline of sage-grouse populations, yet few studies have rigorously quantified their effects on sage-grouse populations across broad spatial scales and long time periods. To help inform a threat assessment within the Great Basin for listing sage-grouse in 2015 under the ESA, we conducted an extensive analysis of wildfire and climatic effects on sage-grouse population growth derived from 30 years of lek-count data collected across the hydrographic Great Basin of Western North America. Annual (1984–2013) patterns of wildfire were derived from an extensive dataset of remotely sensed 30-meter imagery and precipitation derived from locally downscaled spatially explicit data. In the sagebrush ecosystem, underlying soil conditions also contribute strongly to variation in resilience to disturbance and resistance to plant community changes (R&R). Thus, we developed predictions from models of post-wildfire recovery and chronic effects of wildfire based on three spatially explicit R&R classes derived from soil moisture and temperature regimes. We found evidence of an interaction between the effects of wildfire (chronically affected burned area within 5 kilometers of a lek) and climatic conditions (spring through fall precipitation) after accounting for a consistent density-dependent effect. Specifically, burned areas near leks nullifies population growth that normally follows years with relatively high precipitation. In models, this effect results in long-term population declines for sage-grouse despite cyclic periods of high precipitation. Based on 30-year projections of burn and recovery rates, our population model predicted steady and substantial long-term declines in population size across the Great Basin. Further, example management scenarios that may help offset adverse wildfire effects are provided by models of varying levels of fire suppression and post-wildfire restoration that focus on areas especially important to sage-grouse populations. These models illustrate how sage-grouse population persistence likely will be compromised as sagebrush ecosystems and sage-grouse habitat are degraded by wildfire, especially in a warmer and drier climate, and by invasion of annual grasses that can increase wildfire frequency and size in the Great Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151165","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Coates, P.S., Ricca, M.A., Prochazka, B.G., Doherty, K.E., Brooks, M.L., and Casazza, M.L., 2015, Long-term effects of wildfire on greater sage-grouse—Integrating population and ecosystem concepts for management in the Great Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1165, 42 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151165.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 42 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-067577","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438684,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7K35RRS","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Long-term effects of wildfire on greater sage-grouse - integrating population and ecosystem concepts for management in the Great Basin"},{"id":307537,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1165/ofr20151165.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1165 PDF"},{"id":307539,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1165/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":321005,"rank":3,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7K35RRS","text":"Data release"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.03881835937499,\n 44.879228141635274\n ],\n [\n -113.97216796875,\n 45.72152152227954\n ],\n [\n -121.5087890625,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n -122.49755859375,\n 40.713955826286046\n ],\n [\n -118.69628906249999,\n 35.53222622770337\n ],\n [\n -114.5654296875,\n 34.88593094075317\n ],\n [\n -112.30224609374999,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -110.54443359375,\n 40.9964840143779\n ],\n [\n -111.03881835937499,\n 44.879228141635274\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
http://werc.usgs.gov/
Estimates of the seasonal and interannual exchanges of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) between land ecosystems north of 45°N and the atmosphere are poorly constrained, in part, because of uncertainty in the temporal variability of water-inundated land area. Here we apply a process-based biogeochemistry model to evaluate how interannual changes in wetland inundation extent might have influenced the overall carbon dynamics of the region during the time period 1993–2004. We find that consideration by our model of these interannual variations between 1993 and 2004, on average, results in regional estimates of net methane sources of 67.8 ± 6.2 Tg CH4 yr−1, which is intermediate to model estimates that use two static inundation extent datasets (51.3 ± 2.6 and 73.0 ± 3.6 Tg CH4 yr−1). In contrast, consideration of interannual changes of wetland inundation extent result in regional estimates of the net CO2 sink of −1.28 ± 0.03 Pg C yr−1 with a persistent wetland carbon sink from −0.38 to −0.41 Pg C yr−1 and a upland sink from −0.82 to −0.98 Pg C yr−1. Taken together, despite the large methane emissions from wetlands, the region is a consistent greenhouse gas sink per global warming potential (GWP) calculations irrespective of the type of wetland datasets being used. However, the use of satellite-detected wetland inundation extent estimates a smaller regional GWP sink than that estimated using static wetland datasets. Our sensitivity analysis indicates that if wetland inundation extent increases or decreases by 10% in each wetland grid cell, the regional source of methane increases 13% or decreases 12%, respectively. In contrast, the regional CO2 sink responds with only 7–9% changes to the changes in wetland inundation extent. Seasonally, the inundated area changes result in higher summer CH4 emissions, but lower summer CO2 sinks, leading to lower summer negative greenhouse gas forcing. Our analysis further indicates that wetlands play a disproportionally important role in affecting regional greenhouse gas budgets given that they only occupy approximately 10% of the total land area in the region.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Physics Publishing","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/095009","usgsCitation":"Zhuang, Q., Zhu, X., He, Y., Prigent, C., Melillo, J.M., McGuire, A.D., Prinn, R.G., and Kicklighter, D.W., 2015, Influence of changes in wetland inundation extent on net fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane in northern high latitudes from 1993 to 2004: Environmental Research Letters, v. 10, no. 9, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/095009.","productDescription":"13 p.","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044010","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/095009","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":318558,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56dabfe5e4b015c306f84cb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhuang, Qianlai","contributorId":101975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhuang","given":"Qianlai","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhu, Xudong","contributorId":19684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Xudong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"He, Yujie","contributorId":32444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"He","given":"Yujie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prigent, Catherine","contributorId":167345,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prigent","given":"Catherine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Melillo, Jerry M.","contributorId":87847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Melillo","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McGuire, A. David 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":166708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":621844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Prinn, Ronald G.","contributorId":69046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prinn","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kicklighter, David W.","contributorId":48872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kicklighter","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70157148,"text":"70157148 - 2015 - Legacy effects of wildfire on stream thermal regimes and rainbow trout ecology: an integrated analysis of observation and individual-based models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T17:42:47","indexId":"70157148","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-10T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1699,"text":"Freshwater Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Legacy effects of wildfire on stream thermal regimes and rainbow trout ecology: an integrated analysis of observation and individual-based models","docAbstract":"Management of aquatic resources in fire-prone areas requires understanding of fish species’ responses to wildfire and of the intermediate- and long-term consequences of these disturbances. We examined Rainbow Trout populations in 9 headwater streams 10 y after a major wildfire: 3 with no history of severe wildfire in the watershed (unburned), 3 in severely burned watersheds (burned), and 3 in severely burned watersheds subjected to immediate events that scoured the stream channel and eliminated streamside vegetation (burned and reorganized). Results of a previous study of this system suggested the primary lasting effects of this wildfire history on headwater stream habitat were differences in canopy cover and solar radiation, which led to higher summer stream temperatures. Nevertheless, trout were present throughout streams in burned watersheds. Older age classes were least abundant in streams draining watersheds with a burned and reorganized history, and individuals >1 y old were most abundant in streams draining watersheds with an unburned history. Burned history corresponded with fast growth, low lipid content, and early maturity of Rainbow Trout. We used an individual-based model of Rainbow Trout growth and demographic patterns to determine if temperature interactions with bioenergetics and competition among individuals could lead to observed phenotypic and ecological differences among populations in the absence of other plausible mechanisms. Modeling suggested that moderate warming associated with wildfire and channel disturbance history leads to faster individual growth, which exacerbates competition for limited food, leading to decreases in population densities. The inferred mechanisms from this modeling exercise suggest the transferability of ecological patterns to a variety of temperature-warming scenarios.
","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/683338","usgsCitation":"Rosenberger, A.E., Dunham, J., Neuswanger, J.R., and Railsback, S.F., 2015, Legacy effects of wildfire on stream thermal regimes and rainbow trout ecology: an integrated analysis of observation and individual-based models: Freshwater Science, v. 34, no. 4, p. 1571-1584, https://doi.org/10.1086/683338.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1571","endPage":"1584","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059107","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308055,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Boise River, Boise National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.45507812500001,\n 43.52465500687185\n ],\n [\n -116.45507812500001,\n 44.68427737181225\n ],\n [\n -114.92248535156249,\n 44.68427737181225\n ],\n [\n -114.92248535156249,\n 43.52465500687185\n ],\n [\n -116.45507812500001,\n 43.52465500687185\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55f29ba9e4b0dacf699ec695","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenberger, Amanda E. 0000-0002-5520-8349 arosenberger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5520-8349","contributorId":5581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberger","given":"Amanda","email":"arosenberger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunham, Jason B. jdunham@usgs.gov","contributorId":147527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"Jason B.","email":"jdunham@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":571935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neuswanger, Jason R.","contributorId":15530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuswanger","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Railsback, Steven F.","contributorId":147528,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Railsback","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":16859,"text":"Lang, Railsback, and Associates","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70157152,"text":"70157152 - 2015 - Slip pulse and resonance of Kathmandu basin during the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake, Nepal imaged with space geodesy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-28T11:31:42","indexId":"70157152","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-10T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slip pulse and resonance of Kathmandu basin during the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake, Nepal imaged with space geodesy","docAbstract":"Detailed geodetic imaging of earthquake rupture enhances our understanding of earthquake physics and induced ground shaking. The April 25, 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake is the first example of a large continental megathrust rupture beneath a high-rate (5 Hz) GPS network. We use GPS and InSAR data to model the earthquake rupture as a slip pulse of ~20 km width, ~6 s duration, and with peak sliding velocity of 1.1 m/s that propagated toward Kathmandu basin at ~3.3 km/s over ~140 km. The smooth slip onset, indicating a large ~5 m slip-weakening distance, caused moderate ground shaking at high >1Hz frequencies (~16% g) and limited damage to regular dwellings. Whole basin resonance at 4-5 s period caused collapse of tall structures, including cultural artifacts.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.aac6383","usgsCitation":"Galetzka, J., Melgar, D., Genrich, J., Geng, J., Owen, S., Lindsey, E.O., Xu, X., Bock, Y., Avouac, J., Adhikari, L.B., Upreti, B.N., Pratt-Sitaula, B., Bhattarai, T.N., Sitaula, B.P., Moore, A., Hudnut, K.W., Szeliga, W., Normandeau, J., Fend, M., Flouzat, M., Bollinger, L., Shrestha, P., Koirala, B., Gautam, U., Bhatterai, M., Gupta, R., Kandel, T., Timsina, C., Sapkota, S., Rajaure, S., and Maharjan, N., 2015, Slip pulse and resonance of Kathmandu basin during the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake, Nepal imaged with space geodesy: Science, v. 349, no. 6252, p. 1091-1095, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac6383.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1091","endPage":"1095","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-067207","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471799,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/249076","text":"External Repository"},{"id":308054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Nepal","state":"Gorkha","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 84.22943115234375,\n 27.685960229871625\n ],\n [\n 84.22943115234375,\n 28.096212229438105\n ],\n [\n 84.869384765625,\n 28.096212229438105\n ],\n [\n 84.869384765625,\n 27.685960229871625\n ],\n [\n 84.22943115234375,\n 27.685960229871625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"349","issue":"6252","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55f29bace4b0dacf699ec69c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galetzka, John","contributorId":147535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Galetzka","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13711,"text":"Caltech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melgar, D.","contributorId":147565,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Melgar","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Genrich, J.F.","contributorId":42374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Genrich","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Geng, J.","contributorId":147566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Geng","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Owen, S.","contributorId":147567,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Owen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lindsey, E. O.","contributorId":147568,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindsey","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Xu, X.","contributorId":55166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bock, Y.","contributorId":94051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bock","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Avouac, J.-P.","contributorId":91691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avouac","given":"J.-P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Adhikari, L. B.","contributorId":147569,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adhikari","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Upreti, B. N.","contributorId":147570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Upreti","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Pratt-Sitaula, B.","contributorId":147571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pratt-Sitaula","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Bhattarai, T. N.","contributorId":147572,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bhattarai","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Sitaula, B. P.","contributorId":147573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sitaula","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Moore, A.","contributorId":29351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Hudnut, Kenneth W. 0000-0002-3168-4797 hudnut@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3168-4797","contributorId":2550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"Kenneth","email":"hudnut@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Szeliga, W.","contributorId":29670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szeliga","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Normandeau, J.","contributorId":147574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Normandeau","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Fend, M.","contributorId":147575,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fend","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Flouzat, M","contributorId":147576,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flouzat","given":"M","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Bollinger, L.","contributorId":147577,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bollinger","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Shrestha, P.","contributorId":59635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shrestha","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Koirala, B.","contributorId":147578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koirala","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Gautam, U.","contributorId":147579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gautam","given":"U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Bhatterai, M.","contributorId":147580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bhatterai","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Gupta, R.","contributorId":147581,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gupta","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Kandel, T.","contributorId":147582,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kandel","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Timsina, C.","contributorId":147583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Timsina","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Sapkota, S.N.","contributorId":147584,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sapkota","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Rajaure, S.","contributorId":147585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rajaure","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30},{"text":"Maharjan, N.","contributorId":147586,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maharjan","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":31}]}} ,{"id":70155252,"text":"70155252 - 2015 - Linking climate change and health outcomes: Examining the relationship between temperature, precipitation and birth weight in Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-16T16:17:28","indexId":"70155252","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-09T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1841,"text":"Global Environmental Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linking climate change and health outcomes: Examining the relationship between temperature, precipitation and birth weight in Africa","docAbstract":"This paper examined the relationship between birth weight, precipitation, and temperature in 19 African countries. We matched recorded birth weights from Demographic and Health Surveys covering 1986 through 2010 with gridded monthly precipitation and temperature data derived from satellite and ground-based weather stations. Observed weather patterns during various stages of pregnancy were also used to examine the effect of temperature and precipitation on birth weight outcomes. In our empirical model we allowed the effect of weather factors to vary by the dominant food production strategy (livelihood zone) in a given region as well as by household wealth, mother's education and birth season. This allowed us to determine if certain populations are more or less vulnerable to unexpected weather changes after adjusting for known covariates. Finally we measured effect size by observing differences in birth weight outcomes in women who have one low birth weight experience and at least one healthy birth weight baby. The results indicated that climate does indeed impact birth weight and at a level comparable, in some cases, to the impact of increasing women's education or household electricity status.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.010","usgsCitation":"Grace, K., Davenport, F., Hanson, H., Funk, C.C., and Shukla, S., 2015, Linking climate change and health outcomes: Examining the relationship between temperature, precipitation and birth weight in Africa: Global Environmental Change, v. 35, p. 125-137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.010.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"137","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064651","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310208,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Africa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -19.072265625,\n -32.990235559651055\n ],\n [\n -19.072265625,\n 29.53522956294847\n ],\n [\n 55.8984375,\n 29.53522956294847\n ],\n [\n 55.8984375,\n -32.990235559651055\n ],\n [\n -19.072265625,\n -32.990235559651055\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5628b730e4b0d158f5926c17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grace, Kathryn","contributorId":145815,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grace","given":"Kathryn","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7215,"text":"University of Utah Dept. of Geography","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davenport, Frank","contributorId":145816,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davenport","given":"Frank","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7168,"text":"UCSB","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanson, Heidi","contributorId":149327,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanson","given":"Heidi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Funk, Christopher C. 0000-0002-9254-6718 cfunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funk","given":"Christopher","email":"cfunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":565374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shukla, Shraddhanand","contributorId":140735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shukla","given":"Shraddhanand","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13549,"text":"UC Santa Barbara Climate Hazards Group","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70169033,"text":"70169033 - 2015 - How spatio-temporal habitat connectivity affects amphibian genetic structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-20T10:32:34","indexId":"70169033","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-08T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5062,"text":"Frontiers in Genetics","onlineIssn":"1664-8021","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How spatio-temporal habitat connectivity affects amphibian genetic structure","docAbstract":"Heterogeneous landscapes and fluctuating environmental conditions can affect species dispersal, population genetics, and genetic structure, yet understanding how biotic and abiotic factors affect population dynamics in a fluctuating environment is critical for species management. We evaluated how spatio-temporal habitat connectivity influences dispersal and genetic structure in a population of boreal chorus frogs (Pseudacris maculata) using a landscape genetics approach. We developed gravity models to assess the contribution of various factors to the observed genetic distance as a measure of functional connectivity. We selected (a) wetland (within-site) and (b) landscape matrix (between-site) characteristics; and (c) wetland connectivity metrics using a unique methodology. Specifically, we developed three networks that quantify wetland connectivity based on: (i) P. maculata dispersal ability, (ii) temporal variation in wetland quality, and (iii) contribution of wetland stepping-stones to frog dispersal. We examined 18 wetlands in Colorado, and quantified 12 microsatellite loci from 322 individual frogs. We found that genetic connectivity was related to topographic complexity, within- and between-wetland differences in moisture, and wetland functional connectivity as contributed by stepping-stone wetlands. Our results highlight the role that dynamic environmental factors have on dispersal-limited species and illustrate how complex asynchronous interactions contribute to the structure of spatially-explicit metapopulations.
\nSubglacial discharge influences glacier basal motion and erodes and redeposits sediment. At tidewater glacier termini, discharge drives submarine terminus melting, affects fjord circulation, and is a central component of proglacial marine ecosystems. However, our present inability to track subglacial discharge and its variability significantly hinders our understanding of these processes. Here we report observations of hourly to seasonal variations in 1.5–10 Hz seismic tremor that strongly correlate with subglacial discharge but not with basal motion, weather, or discrete icequakes. Our data demonstrate that vigorous discharge occurs from tidewater glaciers during summer, in spite of fast basal motion that could limit the formation of subglacial conduits, and then abates during winter. Furthermore, tremor observations and a melt model demonstrate that drainage efficiency of tidewater glaciers evolves seasonally. Glaciohydraulic tremor provides a means by which to quantify subglacial discharge variations and offers a promising window into otherwise obscured glacierized environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/2015GL064590","usgsCitation":"Bartholomaus, T.C., Amundson, J.M., Walter, J., O’Neel, S., West, M.E., and Larsen, C.F., 2015, Subglacial discharge at tidewater glaciers revealed by seismic tremor: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 42, no. 15, p. 6391-6398, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064590.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"6391","endPage":"6398","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060356","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl064590","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":307956,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Greenland, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Columbia Glacier, Hubbard Glacier, Jakobshavn Isbræ, Mendenhall Glacier, Yahtse Glacier, Yakutat Glacier","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-162.255031,54.978353],[-162.30058,54.832594],[-162.41737,54.877491],[-162.255031,54.978353]]],[[[-160.0179,55.15613],[-159.889174,55.287138],[-159.816419,55.178051],[-160.183466,54.91568],[-160.191392,55.108574],[-160.0179,55.15613]]],[[[-161.718614,55.154166],[-161.608634,55.116906],[-161.862504,55.127598],[-161.718614,55.154166]]],[[[-160.506927,55.32773],[-160.486174,55.193617],[-160.806009,55.12567],[-160.797147,55.381521],[-160.344369,55.362962],[-160.330722,55.261045],[-160.506927,55.32773]]],[[[-160.21178,55.455862],[-160.141834,55.387154],[-160.27997,55.395905],[-160.21178,55.455862]]],[[[-165.790523,54.171758],[-165.714198,54.120815],[-166.098255,54.103538],[-165.790523,54.171758]]],[[[-165.523466,54.299895],[-165.405377,54.212837],[-165.629725,54.132558],[-165.681458,54.236914],[-165.523466,54.299895]]],[[[178.785825,51.633434],[179.462765,51.376176],[178.634021,51.623981],[178.785825,51.633434]]],[[[-176.762478,51.867878],[-176.603598,51.997056],[-176.543309,51.838624],[-176.268243,51.785498],[-176.930952,51.59247],[-176.918065,51.788003],[-176.762478,51.867878]]],[[[-177.800647,51.778294],[-177.909185,51.596671],[-178.172666,51.839985],[-177.615311,51.85508],[-177.800647,51.778294]]],[[[-177.360408,51.727533],[-177.631523,51.696844],[-177.099266,51.936119],[-177.13096,51.762772],[-177.360408,51.727533]]],[[[177.601645,52.016377],[177.235523,51.87326],[177.661607,52.112746],[177.601645,52.016377]]],[[[-174.301818,52.278949],[-174.408277,52.289872],[-174.185347,52.417788],[-173.989415,52.325275],[-174.177679,52.233638],[-174.090169,52.139119],[-175.27485,52.018619],[-174.301818,52.278949]]],[[[-173.602446,52.153773],[-173.019588,52.097881],[-174.04675,52.122403],[-173.602446,52.153773]]],[[[173.587554,52.476785],[173.769503,52.512072],[173.725696,52.356579],[173.3955,52.402647],[173.587554,52.476785]]],[[[172.763366,52.823656],[172.469022,52.911337],[173.107249,52.993228],[173.421682,52.845477],[172.763366,52.823656]]],[[[-168.211705,53.256184],[-169.041338,52.839348],[-168.617143,53.260985],[-168.366519,53.252024],[-168.315847,53.481729],[-167.816998,53.517947],[-167.872879,53.36736],[-168.211705,53.256184]]],[[[-166.728918,54.003111],[-166.57509,53.879236],[-166.373689,54.01003],[-166.210964,53.933557],[-166.547438,53.749404],[-166.111317,53.776856],[-166.656234,53.487119],[-167.798984,53.284757],[-167.102305,53.515077],[-167.041245,53.707929],[-166.779991,53.719126],[-167.141966,53.826932],[-166.728918,54.003111]]],[[[-165.721389,60.16962],[-165.539367,59.965175],[-166.157071,59.748886],[-167.111785,59.989349],[-167.421489,60.205431],[-166.124379,60.414253],[-165.697326,60.297238],[-165.721389,60.16962]]],[[[-173.052751,60.515252],[-172.951862,60.605671],[-172.269754,60.333887],[-172.595895,60.318233],[-173.052751,60.515252]]],[[[-160.918586,58.746935],[-160.700627,58.817368],[-161.07563,58.549916],[-160.918586,58.746935]]],[[[-151.930565,60.51632],[-151.839194,60.485862],[-152.079995,60.341191],[-151.930565,60.51632]]],[[[-131.246018,54.989555],[-131.253671,54.866779],[-131.469097,54.913153],[-131.246018,54.989555]]],[[[-131.759896,55.381845],[-131.748334,55.128588],[-131.870568,55.364553],[-131.759896,55.381845]]],[[[-158.800682,55.891025],[-158.7036,55.841532],[-158.889198,55.810123],[-158.800682,55.891025]]],[[[-131.56956,55.284114],[-131.350575,55.067042],[-131.579882,55.017576],[-131.56956,55.284114]]],[[[-133.344847,55.569327],[-133.609073,55.241486],[-133.690174,55.304409],[-133.733029,55.558757],[-133.644202,55.470815],[-133.344847,55.569327]]],[[[-133.104304,55.426907],[-133.416549,55.739647],[-133.701152,55.78516],[-133.347915,55.803943],[-133.799931,55.925349],[-133.548802,56.14284],[-133.593728,56.352192],[-133.094977,56.250583],[-132.146062,55.470346],[-132.514798,55.576767],[-132.608786,55.486348],[-132.408317,55.512522],[-132.166857,55.363039],[-132.214912,55.2457],[-131.979818,55.211787],[-132.180334,55.015557],[-131.984592,55.027978],[-131.999591,54.731975],[-132.55839,54.932612],[-132.598675,55.150482],[-132.748854,54.996007],[-133.119294,55.251405],[-132.909706,54.923594],[-132.650001,54.904387],[-132.676226,54.680865],[-132.866355,54.700386],[-133.21042,55.040269],[-133.223791,55.229317],[-133.473593,55.255547],[-133.021557,55.366336],[-133.104304,55.426907]]],[[[-147.483828,60.618636],[-147.487635,60.728092],[-147.3087,60.665274],[-147.483828,60.618636]]],[[[-147.217704,60.293504],[-146.962633,60.311911],[-147.533041,59.852401],[-147.912883,59.79224],[-147.217704,60.293504]]],[[[-147.562801,60.579821],[-147.720124,60.202002],[-147.908985,60.224359],[-147.782548,60.4833],[-147.562801,60.579821]]],[[[-132.977163,56.439673],[-132.634335,56.422174],[-132.662081,56.274795],[-133.010587,56.309492],[-132.977163,56.439673]]],[[[-135.631777,58.380673],[-135.538502,58.337842],[-135.727908,58.365444],[-135.631777,58.380673]]],[[[-134.713987,58.220748],[-134.215981,58.162128],[-133.832895,57.635733],[-134.202353,57.90633],[-133.870327,57.381298],[-134.565687,57.023737],[-134.646773,57.226327],[-134.486023,57.372492],[-134.969189,58.367542],[-134.713987,58.220748]]],[[[-155.656727,55.860872],[-155.564404,55.809476],[-155.718593,55.772356],[-155.656727,55.860872]]],[[[-152.24289,58.241192],[-152.265111,58.135732],[-152.562829,58.177979],[-152.706831,58.050577],[-153.075746,58.099571],[-152.876788,58.002307],[-152.982406,57.984697],[-153.419783,58.059638],[-153.156402,58.090087],[-152.56771,58.621304],[-152.354709,58.63828],[-152.493991,58.354684],[-152.328063,58.434372],[-151.964103,58.269049],[-152.081083,58.154275],[-152.24289,58.241192]]],[[[-152.417424,57.815464],[-152.324284,57.824444],[-152.468172,57.600996],[-152.179531,57.624809],[-152.323683,57.467861],[-152.9663,57.51217],[-152.601148,57.382165],[-153.079288,57.32196],[-152.97091,57.282624],[-153.163333,57.216713],[-152.874839,57.16095],[-153.301142,56.991192],[-153.328206,57.141993],[-153.675981,57.06983],[-153.543429,56.995245],[-153.97178,56.744861],[-154.129017,56.742168],[-153.804787,57.113158],[-154.298965,56.846479],[-154.574343,57.239919],[-154.777368,57.280008],[-154.629678,57.510197],[-154.22566,57.661366],[-153.994572,57.656905],[-153.802932,57.350896],[-153.877756,57.629529],[-153.667261,57.639008],[-153.93522,57.813047],[-153.721176,57.890615],[-153.557647,57.734741],[-153.324872,57.831048],[-153.528697,57.921717],[-153.127278,57.856748],[-153.299009,57.985626],[-152.723425,57.99172],[-152.904312,57.750825],[-152.415177,57.973081],[-152.324103,57.916604],[-152.417424,57.815464]]],[[[-134.283312,55.925175],[-134.173104,55.918519],[-134.327238,55.83644],[-134.283312,55.925175]]],[[[-134.121514,56.069847],[-134.224073,56.065223],[-134.292353,56.352644],[-134.089604,56.472582],[-134.401407,56.725419],[-134.339168,56.90183],[-134.19095,56.861675],[-134.273113,56.933823],[-133.76778,56.780469],[-133.713331,56.598298],[-133.895746,56.511217],[-133.971228,56.083293],[-134.054411,56.224854],[-134.121514,56.069847]]],[[[-132.546463,56.606563],[-132.984751,56.51264],[-133.325392,56.791864],[-133.089388,56.535474],[-133.603669,56.435413],[-133.689996,56.839421],[-134.049218,57.029203],[-133.104611,57.005701],[-132.546463,56.606563]]],[[[-134.666587,56.169947],[-135.005249,56.602252],[-135.398678,56.779201],[-135.372021,57.228003],[-135.674687,57.336747],[-135.526036,57.509697],[-134.849477,57.40967],[-134.615955,56.637289],[-134.666587,56.169947]]],[[[-135.587961,57.89732],[-135.29156,57.737468],[-134.929726,57.759203],[-134.824891,57.500067],[-135.025148,57.454315],[-135.571606,57.674397],[-135.669416,57.389296],[-135.892131,57.408048],[-136.563223,58.035052],[-136.404805,58.267232],[-136.239246,58.171913],[-135.823562,58.282975],[-135.522646,58.185909],[-135.581753,57.997568],[-135.420107,58.144202],[-134.912854,57.979287],[-135.140674,57.926114],[-134.991819,57.835436],[-135.19896,57.775092],[-135.587961,57.89732]]],[[[-135.703464,57.32204],[-135.575722,57.104231],[-135.854131,56.995043],[-135.755997,57.121225],[-135.849974,57.265895],[-135.703464,57.32204]]],[[[-162.587754,63.275727],[-162.252411,63.541753],[-161.310181,63.471312],[-160.809089,63.731332],[-160.976038,64.235761],[-161.492926,64.407851],[-161.388621,64.532783],[-161.024185,64.499719],[-160.783398,64.71716],[-161.149655,64.911985],[-162.188146,64.672395],[-162.790167,64.325182],[-162.940776,64.542417],[-163.217757,64.632062],[-163.311983,64.58828],[-163.033231,64.519314],[-163.175336,64.399334],[-163.597834,64.563356],[-165.001961,64.433917],[-166.189546,64.575798],[-166.911922,65.125965],[-166.521506,65.149242],[-166.439404,65.319058],[-167.398458,65.400259],[-168.127044,65.626584],[-165.80503,66.33331],[-164.400727,66.58111],[-163.754171,66.551284],[-163.904813,66.230303],[-164.046937,66.209404],[-163.623921,66.058281],[-161.838018,66.022582],[-161.548429,66.239912],[-161.067871,66.235164],[-161.360743,66.375943],[-161.912946,66.344436],[-161.87488,66.511446],[-162.501415,66.742503],[-162.601052,66.898455],[-162.271769,66.904144],[-161.624334,66.450143],[-161.326349,66.478371],[-161.86618,66.704978],[-161.719587,66.916898],[-161.485121,66.945647],[-161.62216,67.008146],[-163.69887,67.114443],[-164.209816,67.639079],[-166.784578,68.340431],[-166.305962,68.46154],[-166.222496,68.860441],[-163.973678,68.985044],[-163.137614,69.352178],[-163.016456,69.538142],[-163.118176,69.589156],[-162.916958,69.692512],[-163.010545,69.728109],[-161.922949,70.291599],[-160.839536,70.344534],[-159.209082,70.870067],[-159.290577,70.811262],[-159.13779,70.758609],[-157.768452,70.875842],[-156.56865,71.352561],[-155.513987,71.096794],[-155.95205,70.964831],[-155.969194,70.827982],[-155.543031,70.847175],[-155.03174,71.146473],[-154.61605,71.026182],[-154.577386,70.835335],[-154.181863,70.768325],[-153.23848,70.922467],[-152.259966,70.84282],[-152.433781,70.616926],[-151.695162,70.549675],[-151.91921,70.472686],[-149.461755,70.518271],[-147.681722,70.199954],[-145.842689,70.164102],[-144.902304,69.96451],[-143.574986,70.154598],[-141.002672,69.645609],[-141.00184,60.306105],[-139.989142,60.18524],[-139.086669,60.357654],[-139.200346,60.090701],[-137.604277,59.243057],[-137.526424,58.906834],[-136.581521,59.164909],[-136.256889,59.623646],[-135.477436,59.799626],[-135.254125,59.701339],[-135.027456,59.563692],[-134.961972,59.280376],[-134.702383,59.247836],[-134.250526,58.858046],[-133.379908,58.427909],[-133.461475,58.385526],[-132.29792,57.269469],[-132.371312,57.095229],[-132.051044,57.051155],[-132.080262,56.850926],[-131.849898,56.661227],[-130.102761,56.116696],[-130.023189,55.930665],[-130.150595,55.767031],[-129.982348,55.302079],[-130.409764,54.881192],[-130.854966,54.766341],[-131.093806,55.191335],[-130.925069,55.300713],[-130.901872,55.69738],[-131.093956,55.895675],[-131.243491,55.973689],[-130.94683,55.650716],[-130.959772,55.315892],[-131.000594,55.398012],[-131.160492,55.197481],[-131.263089,55.208318],[-131.191595,55.360527],[-131.402931,55.238065],[-131.828446,55.445214],[-131.664629,55.581525],[-131.713742,55.853263],[-131.828176,55.877284],[-131.936689,55.535151],[-132.183207,55.588128],[-132.283594,55.761774],[-132.067412,55.875078],[-131.943402,56.192557],[-132.320487,55.887648],[-132.708697,56.112124],[-132.543076,56.332276],[-132.382793,56.299203],[-132.394268,56.485579],[-132.204367,56.372086],[-132.371589,56.672473],[-132.528446,56.702056],[-132.432385,56.782385],[-132.770404,56.837486],[-132.91197,56.966651],[-132.813684,57.030218],[-133.466932,57.159356],[-133.489738,57.305192],[-133.287052,57.30292],[-133.65855,57.707924],[-133.234598,57.608749],[-134.087674,58.181952],[-134.631203,58.247446],[-135.368331,59.263275],[-135.38931,58.990528],[-135.056227,58.189884],[-135.433061,58.399899],[-135.90731,58.380839],[-136.120307,58.968418],[-136.247343,58.752935],[-136.877826,58.962392],[-136.422309,58.647412],[-136.246368,58.663185],[-136.041818,58.380161],[-136.70125,58.219416],[-137.608804,58.601234],[-138.131,59.002613],[-139.855565,59.53666],[-139.51818,59.687814],[-139.625896,59.904084],[-139.486032,60.012407],[-140.272266,59.700609],[-141.423134,59.877329],[-141.299609,59.937397],[-141.384318,60.071598],[-141.73624,59.961905],[-142.698419,60.093333],[-144.035037,60.020202],[-144.59088,59.795581],[-144.052539,60.041759],[-144.892815,60.292821],[-144.964135,60.444466],[-145.113885,60.300978],[-145.9469,60.455395],[-145.712891,60.583249],[-146.689523,60.271279],[-146.637783,60.467178],[-145.795141,60.601121],[-146.253471,60.622315],[-146.101458,60.719277],[-146.191553,60.73199],[-146.668151,60.692761],[-146.183555,60.846969],[-146.801009,60.80516],[-146.653827,61.047752],[-146.262451,61.090246],[-146.613659,61.118799],[-147.378483,60.877845],[-147.525453,60.896057],[-147.514173,61.096127],[-147.66899,60.841563],[-148.134384,60.791268],[-147.715826,61.249669],[-148.426951,60.827113],[-148.384491,60.687754],[-148.091712,60.676249],[-148.30652,60.550702],[-148.115163,60.596029],[-147.942106,60.444029],[-148.025994,60.279029],[-148.362497,60.221849],[-147.913221,60.132576],[-148.016432,59.999344],[-147.848469,60.078962],[-147.917935,59.985997],[-148.225235,59.950195],[-148.293213,60.151289],[-148.401601,59.9976],[-149.133115,60.044918],[-149.287588,59.906506],[-149.341584,60.076762],[-149.584254,59.866905],[-149.526358,59.703258],[-149.666147,59.850527],[-149.74622,59.637585],[-150.028296,59.788652],[-149.928962,59.723245],[-150.392481,59.387265],[-150.316945,59.585285],[-150.478742,59.458498],[-150.547729,59.590331],[-150.942212,59.233136],[-151.915684,59.227522],[-151.991618,59.313617],[-151.826047,59.439049],[-151.272459,59.555823],[-150.927312,59.793431],[-151.503822,59.633662],[-151.829137,59.720151],[-151.71801,60.009473],[-151.30609,60.387257],[-151.40927,60.720558],[-150.353702,61.031822],[-149.111617,60.878949],[-150.039304,61.144291],[-149.429513,61.447165],[-149.542776,61.489995],[-149.919682,61.26347],[-150.646221,61.296689],[-151.783271,60.868713],[-151.702833,60.727778],[-151.860179,60.753282],[-152.309221,60.506384],[-152.234199,60.393888],[-152.715881,60.241274],[-152.596784,60.101071],[-152.745083,59.904232],[-153.225937,59.858343],[-153.021945,59.834133],[-153.214156,59.634271],[-153.439977,59.784652],[-153.577828,59.555991],[-154.087803,59.367967],[-154.260121,59.14302],[-153.254798,58.861756],[-153.445002,58.70931],[-153.851432,58.611872],[-154.291163,58.13568],[-154.990431,58.013424],[-155.37861,57.710766],[-155.617188,57.769715],[-155.731412,57.555546],[-156.044031,57.564455],[-156.481632,57.338705],[-156.336427,57.336081],[-156.355401,57.159679],[-156.5472,56.986488],[-157.201724,56.767511],[-157.45759,56.848204],[-157.536486,56.615317],[-158.042012,56.596744],[-157.859766,56.483668],[-158.498837,56.38011],[-158.112718,56.240286],[-158.737009,55.953313],[-159.472801,55.83905],[-159.696713,55.573306],[-159.627482,55.803248],[-159.81107,55.85657],[-160.410823,55.66538],[-160.481633,55.489068],[-160.909625,55.52414],[-161.231535,55.357452],[-161.445196,55.368103],[-161.376102,55.569794],[-161.587047,55.62006],[-161.878076,55.223599],[-162.041236,55.236806],[-162.053281,55.074212],[-162.489735,55.064849],[-162.584872,55.298386],[-162.692309,55.197313],[-162.569289,54.97124],[-162.881639,54.934785],[-163.165036,55.099214],[-163.067008,54.979302],[-163.373207,54.800841],[-163.057228,54.688101],[-163.344791,54.751211],[-164.844931,54.417583],[-164.949781,54.575697],[-164.48678,54.922441],[-163.568159,55.049145],[-163.318885,54.88012],[-163.268767,55.145465],[-162.86152,55.198339],[-161.816225,55.888993],[-160.898682,55.999014],[-160.814205,55.953834],[-160.940845,55.822529],[-160.806014,55.738241],[-160.668102,55.723556],[-160.769155,55.858268],[-160.293924,55.765556],[-160.534541,55.989498],[-160.357156,56.279582],[-158.957471,56.851184],[-158.660298,56.789015],[-158.659945,57.034585],[-158.376249,57.265542],[-157.573472,57.522732],[-157.703782,57.721768],[-157.596601,58.08867],[-157.39735,58.173383],[-157.524477,58.414506],[-156.980888,58.891031],[-158.190283,58.61371],[-158.512547,58.78311],[-158.487015,58.999872],[-158.179588,59.012245],[-158.522231,59.021763],[-158.789632,58.814257],[-158.704052,58.482759],[-158.880927,58.39067],[-159.657362,58.938712],[-159.908386,58.779903],[-160.322922,58.953953],[-160.31778,59.070477],[-161.751999,58.551842],[-162.171722,58.648441],[-161.769501,58.774937],[-161.828171,59.062702],[-162.048584,59.254177],[-161.738312,59.46701],[-162.453176,60.27854],[-162.1724,60.624038],[-162.571198,60.25189],[-162.453176,60.197639],[-162.503647,59.99923],[-164.079837,59.828034],[-164.1916,60.024496],[-165.129403,60.433707],[-164.961439,60.508391],[-165.362975,60.506866],[-164.97125,60.711434],[-164.945958,60.92106],[-165.132488,60.850145],[-165.194945,60.9739],[-164.87045,61.079564],[-165.2897,61.181714],[-165.578127,61.100361],[-165.662892,61.29457],[-165.921194,61.40308],[-165.807627,61.529171],[-166.165232,61.550618],[-166.158976,61.700437],[-165.82214,61.67061],[-166.092081,61.800733],[-165.640216,61.848041],[-165.706155,62.108365],[-164.837703,62.685267],[-164.783858,62.946154],[-164.493118,63.17767],[-164.066991,63.262276],[-163.316203,63.037763],[-162.587754,63.275727]]],[[[-169.267598,63.343995],[-168.692939,63.302282],[-168.818344,63.163224],[-169.396308,63.136617],[-169.638309,62.937527],[-170.512102,63.341881],[-171.067663,63.424579],[-171.433319,63.307578],[-171.849984,63.485039],[-171.699647,63.781728],[-170.950817,63.570127],[-170.281988,63.68502],[-169.974858,63.470618],[-169.267598,63.343995]]],[[[-162.614621,63.621832],[-162.341892,63.594062],[-162.676581,63.555648],[-162.614621,63.621832]]],[[[-46.76379,82.62796],[-43.40644,83.22516],[-39.89753,83.18018],[-38.62214,83.54905],[-35.08787,83.64513],[-27.10046,83.51966],[-20.84539,82.72669],[-22.69182,82.34165],[-31.9,82.2],[-31.39646,82.02154],[-27.85666,82.13178],[-24.84448,81.78697],[-22.90328,82.09317],[-22.07175,81.73449],[-23.16961,81.15271],[-20.62363,81.52462],[-15.76818,81.91245],[-12.77018,81.71885],[-12.20855,81.29154],[-16.28533,80.58004],[-16.85,80.35],[-20.04624,80.17708],[-17.73035,80.12912],[-19.70499,78.75128],[-19.67353,77.63859],[-18.47285,76.98565],[-20.03503,76.94434],[-21.67944,76.62795],[-19.83407,76.09808],[-19.59896,75.24838],[-20.66818,75.15585],[-19.37281,74.29561],[-21.59422,74.22382],[-20.43454,73.81713],[-20.76234,73.46436],[-23.56593,73.30663],[-22.31311,72.62928],[-22.29954,72.18409],[-24.27834,72.59788],[-24.79296,72.3302],[-23.44296,72.08016],[-22.13281,71.46898],[-21.75356,70.66369],[-23.53603,70.471],[-25.54341,71.43094],[-25.20135,70.75226],[-26.36276,70.22646],[-22.34902,70.12946],[-27.74737,68.47046],[-30.67371,68.12503],[-31.77665,68.12078],[-32.81105,67.73547],[-34.20196,66.67974],[-36.35284,65.9789],[-39.81222,65.45848],[-40.66899,64.83997],[-40.68281,64.13902],[-41.1887,63.48246],[-42.81938,62.68233],[-42.41666,61.90093],[-43.3784,60.09772],[-44.7875,60.03676],[-46.26364,60.85328],[-48.26294,60.85843],[-49.23308,61.40681],[-49.90039,62.38336],[-51.63325,63.62691],[-52.14014,64.27842],[-52.27659,65.1767],[-53.66166,66.09957],[-53.30161,66.8365],[-53.96911,67.18899],[-52.9804,68.35759],[-51.47536,68.72958],[-51.08041,69.14781],[-50.87122,69.9291],[-53.45629,69.28363],[-54.68336,69.61003],[-54.75001,70.28932],[-54.35884,70.82131],[-53.43131,70.83576],[-51.39014,70.56978],[-54.00422,71.54719],[-55,71.40654],[-55.83468,71.65444],[-54.71819,72.58625],[-55.32634,72.95861],[-57.32363,74.71026],[-58.59679,75.09861],[-58.58516,75.51727],[-61.26861,76.10238],[-68.50438,76.06141],[-71.40257,77.00857],[-68.77671,77.32312],[-66.76397,77.37595],[-71.04293,77.63595],[-73.297,78.04419],[-73.15938,78.43271],[-65.7107,79.39436],[-65.3239,79.75814],[-68.02298,80.11721],[-67.15129,80.51582],[-63.68925,81.21396],[-62.23444,81.3211],[-62.65116,81.77042],[-57.20744,82.19074],[-54.13442,82.19962],[-53.04328,81.88833],[-50.39061,82.43883],[-44.523,81.6607],[-46.9007,82.19979],[-46.76379,82.62796]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Alaska\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"42","issue":"15","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55eff8a9e4b0dacf699e9fde","chorus":{"doi":"10.1002/2015gl064590","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl064590","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Bartholomaus Timothy C., Amundson Jason M., Walter Jacob I., O'Neel Shad, West Michael E., Larsen Christopher F.","journalName":"Geophysical Research Letters","publicationDate":"8/16/2015","auditedOn":"7/24/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholomaus, Timothy C.","contributorId":147404,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartholomaus","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":16840,"text":"U. Texas Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amundson, Jason M.","contributorId":26944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amundson","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walter, Jacob I.","contributorId":147406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walter","given":"Jacob I.","affiliations":[{"id":16842,"text":"U Texas Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Neel, Shad 0000-0002-9185-0144 soneel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-0144","contributorId":166740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neel","given":"Shad","email":"soneel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":107,"text":"Alaska Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"West, Michael E.","contributorId":147407,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"West","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6695,"text":"UAF","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Larsen, Christopher F.","contributorId":147408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larsen","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6695,"text":"UAF","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70157082,"text":"70157082 - 2015 - Bistability of mangrove forests and competition with freshwater plants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-08T13:05:29","indexId":"70157082","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-08T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":681,"text":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bistability of mangrove forests and competition with freshwater plants","docAbstract":"Halophytic communities such as mangrove forests and buttonwood hammocks tend to border freshwater plant communities as sharp ecotones. Most studies attribute this purely to underlying physical templates, such as groundwater salinity gradients caused by tidal flux and topography. However, a few recent studies hypothesize that self-reinforcing feedback between vegetation and vadose zone salinity are also involved and create a bistable situation in which either halophytic dominated habitat or freshwater plant communities may dominate as alternative stable states. Here, we revisit the bistability hypothesis and demonstrate the mechanisms that result in bistability. We demonstrate with remote sensing imagery the sharp boundaries between freshwater hardwood hammock communities in southern Florida and halophytic communities such as buttonwood hammocks and mangroves. We further document from the literature how transpiration of mangroves and freshwater plants respond differently to vadose zone salinity, thus altering the salinity through feedback. Using mathematical models, we show how the self-reinforcing feedback, together with physical template, controls the ecotones between halophytic and freshwater communities. Regions of bistability along environmental gradients of salinity have the potential for large-scale vegetation shifts following pulse disturbances such as hurricane tidal surges in Florida, or tsunamis in other regions. The size of the region of bistability can be large for low-lying coastal habitat due to the saline water table, which extends inland due to salinity intrusion. We suggest coupling ecological and hydrologic processes as a framework for future studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.10.004","usgsCitation":"Jiang, J., Fuller, D.O., Teh, S., Zhai, L., Koh, H.L., DeAngelis, D., and Sternberg, L., 2015, Bistability of mangrove forests and competition with freshwater plants: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v. 213, p. 283-290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.10.004.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"290","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060680","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.10.004","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":307949,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.00494384765625,\n 25.124149253988598\n ],\n [\n -81.00494384765625,\n 25.247180194609925\n ],\n [\n -80.81817626953125,\n 25.247180194609925\n ],\n [\n -80.81817626953125,\n 25.124149253988598\n ],\n [\n -81.00494384765625,\n 25.124149253988598\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"213","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55eff8a7e4b0dacf699e9fd1","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.10.004","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.10.004","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Jiang Jiang, Fuller Douglas O., Teh Su Yean, Zhai Lu, Koh Hock Lye, DeAngelis Donald L., Sternberg Leonel da Silveira Lobo","journalName":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","publicationDate":"11/2015","auditedOn":"12/3/2014"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jiang, Jiang","contributorId":46838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jiang","given":"Jiang","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, Douglas O","contributorId":147394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fuller","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"O","affiliations":[{"id":16838,"text":"Department of Geography, University of Miami, Coral Gables FL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Teh, Su Yean","contributorId":118102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teh","given":"Su Yean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhai, Lu","contributorId":147395,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhai","given":"Lu","affiliations":[{"id":16839,"text":"Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Koh, Hock Lye","contributorId":119022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koh","given":"Hock","email":"","middleInitial":"Lye","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":147289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":571538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sternberg, L.D.S.L.","contributorId":41223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sternberg","given":"L.D.S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70146669,"text":"70146669 - 2015 - Corn Belt soil carbon and macronutrient budgets with projected sustainable stover harvest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T09:57:52","indexId":"70146669","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-08T13:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":682,"text":"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Corn Belt soil carbon and macronutrient budgets with projected sustainable stover harvest","docAbstract":"Corn (Zea mays L.) stover has been identified as a prime feedstock for biofuel production in the U.S. Corn Belt because of its perceived abundance and availability, but long-term stover harvest effects on regional nutrient budgets have not been evaluated. We defined the minimum stover requirement (MSR) to maintain current soil organic carbon levels and then estimated current and future soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) budgets for various stover harvest scenarios. Analyses for 2006 through 2010 across the entire Corn Belt indicated that currently, 28 Tg or 1.6 Mg ha−1 of stover could be sustainably harvested from 17.95 million hectares (Mha) with N, P, and K removal of 113, 26, and 47 kg ha−1, respectively, and C removal for that period was estimated to be 4.55 Mg C ha−1. Assuming continued yield increases and a planted area of 26.74 Mha in 2050, 77.4 Tg stover (or 2.4 Mg ha−1) could be sustainably harvested with N, P, and K removal of 177, 37, and 72 kg ha−1, respectively, along with C removal of ∼6.57 Mg C ha−1. Although there would be significant variation across the region, harvesting only the excess over the MSR under current fertilization rates would result in a small depletion of soil N (−5 ± 27 kg ha−1) and K (−20 ± 31 kg ha−1) and a moderate surplus of P (36 ± 18 kg ha−1). Our 2050 projections based on continuing to keep the MSR, but having higher yields indicate that soil N and K deficits would become larger, thus emphasize the importance of balancing soil nutrient supply with crop residue removal.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2015.06.022","usgsCitation":"Tan, Z., and Liu, S., 2015, Corn Belt soil carbon and macronutrient budgets with projected sustainable stover harvest: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, v. 212, p. 119-126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.06.022.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"126","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-064023","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307947,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Kansas, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 42.98857645832184\n ],\n [\n -104.1064453125,\n 40.9964840143779\n ],\n [\n -102.06298828125,\n 41.02964338716638\n ],\n [\n -102.041015625,\n 37.03763967977139\n ],\n [\n -94.63623046875,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -90.06591796875,\n 37.92686760148135\n ],\n [\n -89.23095703125,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -88.5498046875,\n 37.10776507118514\n ],\n [\n -88.11035156249999,\n 37.474858084971046\n ],\n [\n -87.95654296875,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n -86.68212890625,\n 37.90953361677018\n ],\n [\n -84.7705078125,\n 38.839707613545144\n ],\n [\n -83.551025390625,\n 38.5825261593533\n ],\n [\n -82.529296875,\n 38.46219172306828\n ],\n [\n -81.5185546875,\n 39.232253141714885\n ],\n [\n -80.5078125,\n 40.27952566881291\n ],\n [\n -80.5078125,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -82.4853515625,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -83.27636718749999,\n 41.78769700539063\n ],\n [\n -82.4853515625,\n 42.633958722673164\n ],\n [\n -82.3974609375,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -82.72705078125,\n 44.08758502824518\n ],\n [\n -83.3203125,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n -84.814453125,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -86.30859375,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -86.55029296875,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n -86.19873046875,\n 42.79540065303723\n ],\n [\n -86.8359375,\n 41.78769700539063\n ],\n [\n -87.451171875,\n 41.705728515237524\n ],\n [\n -87.86865234374999,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -87.73681640625,\n 43.78695837311561\n ],\n [\n -86.94580078125,\n 45.30580259943578\n ],\n [\n -86.572265625,\n 46.2102496001872\n ],\n [\n -92.30712890625,\n 46.649436163350245\n ],\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 47.91634204016118\n ],\n [\n -101.1181640625,\n 47.857402894658236\n ],\n [\n -101.05224609374999,\n 43.5326204268101\n ],\n [\n -104.0185546875,\n 43.54854811091288\n ],\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 42.98857645832184\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"212","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55eff8a8e4b0dacf699e9fd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tan, Zhengxi 0000-0002-4136-0921 ztan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4136-0921","contributorId":2945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tan","given":"Zhengxi","email":"ztan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, Shu-Guang sliu@usgs.gov","contributorId":984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shu-Guang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":545305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70142444,"text":"70142444 - 2015 - Ground motion simulation for the 23 August 2011, Mineral, Virginia earthquake using physics-based and stochastic broadband methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-29T10:44:48","indexId":"70142444","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-08T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground motion simulation for the 23 August 2011, Mineral, Virginia earthquake using physics-based and stochastic broadband methods","docAbstract":"Three broadband simulation methods are used to generate synthetic ground motions for the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake and compare with observed motions. The methods include a physics‐based model by Hartzell et al. (1999, 2005), a stochastic source‐based model by Boore (2009), and a stochastic site‐based model by Rezaeian and Der Kiureghian (2010, 2012). The ground‐motion dataset consists of 40 stations within 600 km of the epicenter. Several metrics are used to validate the simulations: (1) overall bias of response spectra and Fourier spectra (from 0.1 to 10 Hz); (2) spatial distribution of residuals for GMRotI50 peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity, and pseudospectral acceleration (PSA) at various periods; (3) comparison with ground‐motion prediction equations (GMPEs) for the eastern United States. Our results show that (1) the physics‐based model provides satisfactory overall bias from 0.1 to 10 Hz and produces more realistic synthetic waveforms; (2) the stochastic site‐based model also yields more realistic synthetic waveforms and performs superiorly for frequencies greater than about 1 Hz; (3) the stochastic source‐based model has larger bias at lower frequencies (<0.5 Hz) and cannot reproduce the varying frequency content in the time domain. The spatial distribution of GMRotI50 residuals shows that there is no obvious pattern with distance in the simulation bias, but there is some azimuthal variability. The comparison between synthetics and GMPEs shows similar fall‐off with distance for all three models, comparable PGA and PSA amplitudes for the physics‐based and stochastic site‐based models, and systematic lower amplitudes for the stochastic source‐based model at lower frequencies (<0.5 Hz).
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito","doi":"10.1785/0120140311","usgsCitation":"Sun, X., Hartzell, S.H., and Rezaeian, S., 2015, Ground motion simulation for the 23 August 2011, Mineral, Virginia earthquake using physics-based and stochastic broadband methods: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 105, no. 5, p. 2641-2661, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120140311.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"2641","endPage":"2661","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063943","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310289,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.5068359375,\n 32.731840896865684\n ],\n [\n -84.5068359375,\n 43.16512263158296\n ],\n [\n -73.5205078125,\n 43.16512263158296\n ],\n [\n -73.5205078125,\n 32.731840896865684\n ],\n [\n -84.5068359375,\n 32.731840896865684\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5628b734e4b0d158f5926c22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sun, Xiaodan","contributorId":139583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sun","given":"Xiaodan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":541902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartzell, Stephen H. 0000-0003-0858-9043 shartzell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-9043","contributorId":2594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"Stephen","email":"shartzell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rezaeian, Sanaz 0000-0001-7589-7893 srezaeian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7589-7893","contributorId":4395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rezaeian","given":"Sanaz","email":"srezaeian@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70154842,"text":"70154842 - 2015 - Potential direct and indirect effects of climate change on a shallow natural lake fish assemblage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-23T14:45:22","indexId":"70154842","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-07T15:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1471,"text":"Ecology of Freshwater Fish","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential direct and indirect effects of climate change on a shallow natural lake fish assemblage","docAbstract":"Much uncertainty exists around how fish communities in shallow lakes will respond to climate change. In this study, we modelled the effects of increased water temperatures on consumption and growth rates of two piscivores (northern pike [Esox lucius] and largemouth bass [Micropterus salmoides]) and examined relative effects of consumption by these predators on two prey species (bluegill [Lepomis macrochirus] and yellow perch [Perca flavescens]). Bioenergetics models were used to simulate the effects of climate change on growth and food consumption using predicted 2040 and 2060 temperatures in a shallow Nebraska Sandhill lake, USA. The patterns and magnitude of daily and cumulative consumption during the growing season (April–October) were generally similar between the two predators. However, growth of northern pike was always reduced (−3 to −45% change) compared to largemouth bass that experienced subtle changes (4 to −6% change) in weight by the end of the growing season. Assuming similar population size structure and numbers of predators in 2040–2060, future consumption of bluegill and yellow perch by northern pike and largemouth bass will likely increase (range: 3–24%), necessitating greater prey biomass to meet future energy demands. The timing of increased predator consumption will likely shift towards spring and fall (compared to summer), when prey species may not be available in the quantities required. Our findings suggest that increased water temperatures may affect species at the edge of their native range (i.e. northern pike) and a potential mismatch between predator and prey could exist.
","language":"English","publisher":"Munksgaard","publisherLocation":"Copenhagen","doi":"10.1111/eff.12248","usgsCitation":"Breeggemann, J.J., Kaemingk, M.A., DeBates, T., Paukert, C.P., Krause, J., Letvin, A.P., Stevens, T.M., Willis, D.W., and Chipps, S.R., 2015, Potential direct and indirect effects of climate change on a shallow natural lake fish assemblage: Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1111/eff.12248.","productDescription":"13 p.","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045842","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310609,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","county":"Cherry","otherGeospatial":"Valentine National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-102.0829,42.9979],[-102.0007,42.9973],[-101.9652,42.9971],[-101.7528,42.9958],[-101.6775,42.9953],[-101.2277,42.9953],[-100.7509,42.9947],[-100.6721,42.9949],[-100.3938,42.996],[-100.1984,42.997],[-100.1985,42.8461],[-100.1984,42.782],[-100.184,42.7829],[-100.1837,42.4338],[-100.1675,42.4348],[-100.1667,42.0881],[-100.2675,42.0871],[-100.6156,42.0872],[-100.73,42.0885],[-100.8444,42.0896],[-100.9582,42.0897],[-100.9841,42.09],[-101.1016,42.0913],[-101.1926,42.0914],[-101.3094,42.0925],[-101.3323,42.0927],[-101.4097,42.0942],[-101.4251,42.0936],[-101.4492,42.0933],[-101.6861,42.0945],[-101.7733,42.0938],[-101.803,42.0934],[-101.8902,42.0962],[-101.9199,42.0958],[-102.0065,42.0958],[-102.0393,42.0962],[-102.0387,42.1826],[-102.0402,42.4448],[-102.0669,42.4448],[-102.0664,42.5302],[-102.0665,42.7867],[-102.0846,42.7864],[-102.0836,42.9606],[-102.0829,42.9979]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Cherry\",\"state\":\"NE\"}}]}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562b5a31e4b00162522207dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breeggemann, Jason J.","contributorId":149395,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Breeggemann","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaemingk, Mark A.","contributorId":40510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaemingk","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeBates, T.J.","contributorId":57250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeBates","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paukert, Craig P. 0000-0002-9369-8545 cpaukert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-8545","contributorId":879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paukert","given":"Craig","email":"cpaukert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krause, J.","contributorId":56874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krause","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Letvin, Alexander P.","contributorId":149396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Letvin","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stevens, Tanner M.","contributorId":149397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stevens","given":"Tanner","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Willis, David W.","contributorId":55313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Chipps, Steven R. 0000-0001-6511-7582 steve_chipps@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6511-7582","contributorId":2243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chipps","given":"Steven","email":"steve_chipps@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70156555,"text":"sir20155117 - 2015 - A conceptual framework and monitoring strategy for movement of saltwater in the coastal plain aquifer system of Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-04T11:18:05","indexId":"sir20155117","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-04T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5117","title":"A conceptual framework and monitoring strategy for movement of saltwater in the coastal plain aquifer system of Virginia","docAbstract":"A conceptual framework synthesizes previous studies to provide an understanding of conditions, processes, and relations of saltwater to groundwater withdrawal in the Virginia Coastal Plain aquifer system. A strategy for monitoring saltwater movement is based on spatial relations between the saltwater-transition zone and 612 groundwater-production wells that were regulated during 2013 by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. The vertical position and lateral distance and direction of the bottom of each production well’s screened interval was calculated relative to previously published groundwater chloride iso-concentration surfaces. Spatial analysis identified 81 production wells completed in the Yorktown-Eastover and Potomac aquifers that are positioned in closest proximity to the 250-milligrams-per-liter chloride surface, and from which chloride concentrations are most likely to increase above the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s 250-milligrams-per-liter secondary maximum-contaminant level. Observation wells are specified to distinguish vertical upconing from lateral intrusion among individual production wells. To monitor upconing, an observation well is to be collocated with each production well and completed at about the altitude of the 250-milligrams-per-liter chloride iso-concentration surface. To monitor lateral intrusion, a potential location of an observation well is projected from the bottom of each production well’s screened interval, in the lateral direction to the underlying chloride surface to a distance of 1 mile.
\nMonitoring potential withdrawal-induced movement of saltwater in the Virginia Coastal Plain aquifer system is needed to detect increases in chloride concentration before groundwater-production wells become contaminated. An investigation was undertaken during 2014 by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, to provide a sound scientific understanding of saltwater movement and guidance to implement a monitoring program. Previous studies have theorized that the saltwater originated primarily from seawater repeatedly emplaced within aquifer sediments during the past about 65 million years. Subsequent flushing by fresh groundwater has been impeded across sediments filling the Chesapeake Bay impact crater. The resulting saltwater-transition zone has been mapped to exhibit a warped and steeply mounded dome shape about centered on the impact crater, and flanked by a nearly level and shallow plateau shape to the southeast. Groundwater chloride concentrations have historically fluctuated during periods of weeks to months, probably as a result of localized vertical upconing beneath individual production wells. Lateral intrusion takes several decades or more to horizontally displace groundwater across distances of about 1 mile toward production wells. Upconing is relatively immediate, but reversible, whereas lateral intrusion under the regionally landward hydraulic gradient may slowly, but permanently reposition the saltwater-transition zone. Upconing coupled with lateral intrusion is theorized to produce composite chloride-concentration trends that vary widely over time in response to changing water demands, and evolve dynamically from hydraulic interactions among multiple neighboring production wells.
\nSome aspects of observation-well construction and sampling are of particular importance to monitoring saltwater movement in the Virginia Coastal Plain aquifer system. Observation wells should feature screened intervals generally of no more than 10 feet that isolate distinct parts of the aquifer, and be thoroughly developed for removal of drilling fluid and introduced water. Presample purging should fully displace stratified saltwater in the well casing upward to the pump. Stable flow should be maintained as field parameters are measured and sample containers are filled with filtered water isolated from the atmosphere and unaffected by surface temperature. Groundwater samples from both upconing and lateral-intrusion observation wells should initially be collected four times per year when wells are newly established, but can be more optimally timed with withdrawal once responses in chloride concentrations can be reliably predicted. Concentrations of major ions (1) determine the dominant chemical composition of groundwater at each well, (2) establish the relative position of the well within the saltwater-transition zone, and (3) provide data quality control by calculation of sample charge balance. For these reasons, samples initially collected for the first year from newly established observation wells should be analyzed for calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium cations and chloride, bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate, fluoride, and bromide anions. Inflection-point titration for alkalinity should be completed in the field. Analysis of chloride and field parameters may be adequate on a long-term basis once the dominant chemical composition at each well is established. Specific conductance may also provide a surrogate for chloride concentration depending on regulatory policy.
\nThe saltwater-movement monitoring strategy is limited and constrained. Relative monitoring needs among groundwater-production wells, and construction of observation wells, depend on the accuracy of previously mapped groundwater chloride iso-concentration surfaces. Production wells in similar proximity to saltwater can differ in aquifer hydraulic conductivity, rates of withdrawal, and screened-interval lengths. Only production wells making withdrawals reported to the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality have been accounted for; undocumented production wells can result in spurious changes in groundwater chloride concentration. Upconing observation wells should be as close as possible to corresponding production wells, so long as production wells are not damaged by borehole deviation. Projected locations of some lateral-intrusion observation wells may be precluded and require adjustment. Depths of upconing and lateral-intrusion observation wells may also require adjustment to be within the same aquifer as their corresponding production wells. Existing unused wells can be adapted as observation wells if differences from specified locations and construction are kept to a minimum and are accounted for. Where multiple production wells are in proximity, a modified monitoring approach may be needed to determine their net effect on changes in chloride concentration, and may require more than one lateral-intrusion observation well depending on the vertical positions of production-well screened intervals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155117","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"McFarland, E.R., 2015, A conceptual framework and monitoring strategy for movement of saltwater in the Coastal Plain aquifer system of Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5117, 30 p., 1 pl., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155117.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 30 p.; Plate: 24 x 35 inches; Table","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-062904","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307898,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5117/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":307899,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5117/sir20155117.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.30 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5117"},{"id":307900,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5117/sir20155117_attachment1.xlsx","text":"Attachment 1","size":"114 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015-5117","linkHelpText":"Groundwater-production Wells, Vertical Positions and Lateral Distances and Directions Relative to Chloride Iso-concentration Surfaces, and Projected Locations of Lateral-intrusion Observation Wells"},{"id":307901,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5117/sir20155117_plate1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"399 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5117","linkHelpText":"Locations of Groundwater-Production Wells, Projected Locations of Lateral Intrusion Observation Wells, and the Configuration of the 250-Milligrams-Per-Liter Chloride Iso-Concentration Surface"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.24462890625,\n 36.51405119943165\n ],\n [\n -78.24462890625,\n 38.436379603\n ],\n [\n -75.3387451171875,\n 38.436379603\n ],\n [\n -75.3387451171875,\n 36.51405119943165\n ],\n [\n -78.24462890625,\n 36.51405119943165\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Virginia Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1730 East Parham Road
Richmond, VA 23228
(804) 261-2600
Or visit the Virginia Water Science Center Web site:
http://va.water.usgs.gov/
The Colorado River and its tributaries supply water to more than 35 million people in the United States and 3 million people in Mexico, irrigating more than 4.5 million acres of farmland, and generating about 12 billion kilowatt hours of hydroelectric power annually. The Upper Colorado River Basin, encompassing more than 110,000 square miles (mi2), contains the headwaters of the Colorado River (also known as the River) and is an important source of snowmelt runoff to the River. Groundwater discharge also is an important source of water in the River and its tributaries, with estimates ranging from 21 to 58 percent of streamflow in the upper basin. Planning for the sustainable management of the Colorado River in future climates requires an understanding of the Upper Colorado River Basin groundwater system. This report documents input datasets for a Soil-Water Balance groundwater recharge model that was developed for the Upper Colorado River Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151160","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the USGS Groundwater Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Tillman, F., 2015, Documentation of input datasets for the soil-water balance groundwater recharge model of the Upper Colorado River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1160, v, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151160.","productDescription":"v, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066684","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307918,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1160/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":307919,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1160/ofr20151160.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1160 PDF"},{"id":316699,"rank":3,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?ofr_2015_1160_soil-water_balance"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Upper Colorado River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.69937133789062,\n 36.730079507078415\n ],\n [\n -111.68083190917969,\n 36.730079507078415\n ],\n [\n -111.64581298828125,\n 36.72677751526221\n ],\n [\n -111.4068603515625,\n 36.67723060234619\n ],\n [\n -111.181640625,\n 36.54936246839778\n ],\n [\n -110.45654296875,\n 36.46105407505434\n ],\n [\n -109.8687744140625,\n 35.991340960635405\n ],\n [\n -109.5062255859375,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -109.21508789062499,\n 35.48751102385376\n ],\n [\n -108.907470703125,\n 35.34425514918409\n ],\n [\n -107.5286865234375,\n 35.290468565908775\n ],\n [\n -107.2760009765625,\n 35.28150065789119\n ],\n [\n -107.215576171875,\n 35.31736632923788\n ],\n [\n -107.13317871093749,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -106.9793701171875,\n 35.62604706595698\n ],\n [\n -106.94091796875,\n 35.817813158696616\n ],\n [\n -106.875,\n 36.26199220445664\n ],\n [\n -106.842041015625,\n 36.67723060234619\n ],\n [\n -106.864013671875,\n 37.02886944696474\n ],\n [\n -107.0068359375,\n 37.21283151445594\n ],\n [\n -107.33642578124999,\n 37.37015718405753\n ],\n [\n -107.545166015625,\n 37.55328764595765\n ],\n [\n -107.666015625,\n 37.74465712069939\n ],\n [\n -107.42431640625,\n 37.84883250647402\n ],\n [\n -107.07275390625,\n 37.90953361677018\n ],\n [\n -106.6552734375,\n 38.004819966413194\n ],\n [\n -106.666259765625,\n 38.33303882235456\n ],\n [\n -106.69921875,\n 38.685509760012\n ],\n [\n -106.875,\n 39.13006024213511\n ],\n [\n -106.435546875,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n -105.9521484375,\n 39.740986355883564\n ],\n [\n -105.908203125,\n 40.34654412118006\n ],\n [\n -105.99609375,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -106.435546875,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -106.69921875,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -107.57812499999999,\n 42.65012181368025\n ],\n [\n -108.10546875,\n 42.84375132629023\n ],\n [\n -108.8525390625,\n 43.13306116240612\n ],\n [\n -109.423828125,\n 43.197167282501276\n ],\n [\n -109.77539062499999,\n 43.42100882994726\n ],\n [\n -109.9072265625,\n 43.67581809328341\n ],\n [\n -110.3466796875,\n 43.83452678223682\n ],\n [\n -110.61035156249999,\n 43.67581809328341\n ],\n [\n -110.74218749999999,\n 43.13306116240612\n ],\n [\n -110.8740234375,\n 42.19596877629178\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 41.19518982948959\n ],\n [\n -111.181640625,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -111.37939453125,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -111.533203125,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -111.73095703125,\n 40.245991504199026\n ],\n [\n -111.884765625,\n 39.8928799002948\n ],\n [\n -111.97265625,\n 39.33429742980725\n ],\n [\n -112.2802734375,\n 39.11301365149975\n ],\n [\n -112.43408203124999,\n 38.856820134743636\n ],\n [\n -112.60986328125,\n 38.59970036588819\n ],\n [\n -112.60986328125,\n 38.376115424036016\n ],\n [\n -112.67578124999999,\n 38.22091976683121\n ],\n [\n -112.8955078125,\n 37.87485339352928\n ],\n [\n -113.02734374999999,\n 37.579412513438385\n ],\n [\n -113.02734374999999,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n -112.9833984375,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -112.67578124999999,\n 36.756490329505155\n ],\n [\n -112.34619140625,\n 36.5978891330702\n ],\n [\n -111.97265625,\n 36.56260003738548\n ],\n [\n -111.69937133789062,\n 36.730079507078415\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Arizona Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
520 N. Park Avenue
Tucson, AZ 85719
http://az.water.usgs.gov/
The population of Striped Bass Morone saxatilis in Chesapeake Bay has increased significantly since the 1980s because of management efforts while the relative abundance of some key prey fish has declined since the 1970s. We examined the trophic interactions and prey consumption patterns of Striped Bass in Chesapeake Bay to determine how Striped Bass have responded to changing prey resources. Seasonal diet, growth, and thermal data were collected from 1955 to 1959, 1990 to 1992, and 1998 to 2001; these data were coupled with a bioenergetics model approach to characterize temporal patterns in prey consumption for Striped Bass. The estimates were compared across each period to build a historical prey consumption profile from 1955 to 2001. Prey consumption dynamics for Striped Bass have changed dramatically between 1955 and 2001. In general, Striped Bass in the early and late 1990s consumed less Atlantic Menhaden Brevoortia tyranus and more Bay Anchovy Anchoa mitchilli than during the 1950s. The largest differences in consumption were observed in the younger age-classes. During 1998–2001, age-1 and age-2 Striped Bass consumed, respectively, 15.5 and 11.9 times less Atlantic Menhaden than during the 1950sand 12.2 and 7.2 less than during 1990–1992. Bay Anchovy were almost absent in the diet of bass age 3 and older during the 1950s but were consumed by the age-3+ group during 1990–1992 and to a greater extent during 1998–2001. Age-3+ Striped Bass during 1998–2001, on average, consumed twice as much Bay Anchovy than during 1990–1992. Blue crab Callinectes sappidus were consumed only by age 2 in the 1950s and 1990–1992 and by ages 2 and older in 1998–2001. Age-2 bass consumed 8.8 more blue crab in 1990–1992 and 7.5 times more in 1998–2001 than during the 1950s. The patterns in the consumption of Atlantic Menhaden coincided with increased consumption of Bay Anchovy and blue crab, possibly as a result of the declines in Atlantic Menhaden relative abundance in Chesapeake Bay. The difference in consumption was also evident in the total energy consumed; age-1 and age-6 Striped Bass consumed 1.6 times more energy in 1955–1959 than during 1998–2001. Our research demonstrates how the elements of Striped Bass feeding, including diet composition, amount of food eaten, and consumption rates, are affected by prey resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2015.1045989","usgsCitation":"Overton, A.S., Griffin, J., Margraf, F.J., May, E.B., and Hartman, K.J., 2015, Chronicling long-term predator responses to a shifting forage base in Chesapeake Bay: an energetics approach: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 144, no. 5, p. 956-966, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2015.1045989.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"956","endPage":"966","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1955-01-01","temporalEnd":"2001-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-059482","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307928,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.992431640625,\n 36.910372213522535\n ],\n [\n -75.56396484375,\n 38.00049145082287\n ],\n [\n -75.8221435546875,\n 39.690280594818034\n ],\n [\n -76.7340087890625,\n 39.25352462727606\n ],\n [\n -77.0965576171875,\n 38.06539235133249\n ],\n [\n -77.0965576171875,\n 37.16907157713011\n ],\n [\n -76.5802001953125,\n 36.76969233214548\n ],\n [\n -75.992431640625,\n 36.910372213522535\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"144","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e96120e4b0dacf699e7855","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Overton, Anthony S.","contributorId":147350,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Overton","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffin, Jennifer C.","contributorId":147352,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Griffin","given":"Jennifer C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Margraf, F. Joseph jmargraf@usgs.gov","contributorId":257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Margraf","given":"F.","email":"jmargraf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"May, Eric B.","contributorId":147354,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"May","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hartman, Kyle J.","contributorId":6414,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hartman","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16210,"text":"Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70157010,"text":"70157010 - 2015 - Seasonally-dynamic presence-only species distribution models for a cryptic migratory bat impacted by wind energy development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-03T13:01:44","indexId":"70157010","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-03T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonally-dynamic presence-only species distribution models for a cryptic migratory bat impacted by wind energy development","docAbstract":"Understanding seasonal distribution and movement patterns of animals that migrate long distances is an essential part of monitoring and conserving their populations. Compared to migratory birds and other more conspicuous migrants, we know very little about the movement patterns of many migratory bats. Hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus), a cryptic, wide-ranging, long-distance migrant, comprise a substantial proportion of the tens to hundreds of thousands of bat fatalities estimated to occur each year at wind turbines in North America. We created seasonally-dynamic species distribution models (SDMs) from 2,753 museum occurrence records collected over five decades in North America to better understand the seasonal geographic distributions of hoary bats. We used 5 SDM approaches: logistic regression, multivariate adaptive regression splines, boosted regression trees, random forest, and maximum entropy and consolidated outputs to generate ensemble maps. These maps represent the first formal hypotheses for sex- and season-specific hoary bat distributions. Our results suggest that North American hoary bats winter in regions with relatively long growing seasons where temperatures are moderated by proximity to oceans, and then move to the continental interior for the summer. SDMs suggested that hoary bats are most broadly distributed in autumn—the season when they are most susceptible to mortality from wind turbines; this season contains the greatest overlap between potentially suitable habitat and wind energy facilities. Comparing wind-turbine fatality data to model outputs could test many predictions, such as ‘risk from turbines is highest in habitats between hoary bat summering and wintering grounds’. Although future field studies are needed to validate the SDMs, this study generated well-justified and testable hypotheses of hoary bat migration patterns and seasonal distribution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0132599","collaboration":"Prepared in collaboration with University of Colorado Denver","usgsCitation":"Hayes, M.A., Cryan, P.M., and Wunder, M., 2015, Seasonally-dynamic presence-only species distribution models for a cryptic migratory bat impacted by wind energy development: PLoS ONE, v. 10, no. 7, e0132599; 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132599.","productDescription":"e0132599; 20 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1950-01-01","temporalEnd":"2000-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-066454","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471812,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132599","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":307920,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Mexico, United States","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-63.6645,46.55001],[-62.01208,46.44314],[-62.50391,46.03339],[-62.87433,45.96818],[-64.1428,46.39265],[-64.39261,46.72747],[-64.01486,47.03601],[-63.6645,46.55001]]],[[[-61.8063,49.10506],[-63.58926,49.40069],[-64.51912,49.87304],[-64.17322,49.95718],[-62.85829,49.70641],[-61.83559,49.28855],[-61.8063,49.10506]]],[[[-123.51,48.51001],[-124.01289,48.37085],[-125.65501,48.825],[-125.95499,49.18],[-126.85,49.53],[-127.02999,49.815],[-128.05934,49.99496],[-128.44458,50.53914],[-128.35841,50.77065],[-125.75501,50.29502],[-124.92077,49.47527],[-123.92251,49.06248],[-123.51,48.51001]]],[[[-56.13404,50.68701],[-56.79588,49.81231],[-56.14311,50.15012],[-55.47149,49.93582],[-55.8224,49.58713],[-54.93514,49.31301],[-54.47378,49.55669],[-53.47655,49.24914],[-53.78601,48.51678],[-53.08613,48.6878],[-52.6481,47.53555],[-53.06916,46.6555],[-54.17894,46.80707],[-53.96187,47.62521],[-54.24048,47.75228],[-55.40077,46.88499],[-55.99748,46.91972],[-55.29122,47.38956],[-56.2508,47.63255],[-59.26602,47.60335],[-59.41949,47.89945],[-58.79659,48.25153],[-59.23162,48.52319],[-58.3918,49.12558],[-57.35869,50.71827],[-56.73865,51.28744],[-55.87098,51.63209],[-55.40697,51.58827],[-56.13404,50.68701]]],[[[-133.18,54.16998],[-132.71001,54.04001],[-131.74999,54.12],[-132.04948,52.98462],[-131.17904,52.18043],[-131.57783,52.18237],[-133.05461,53.41147],[-133.23966,53.85108],[-133.18,54.16998]]],[[[-79.26582,62.15868],[-79.65752,61.63308],[-80.09956,61.7181],[-80.36215,62.01649],[-79.92939,62.3856],[-79.52002,62.36371],[-79.26582,62.15868]]],[[[-81.89825,62.7108],[-83.06857,62.15922],[-83.77462,62.18231],[-83.99367,62.4528],[-83.25048,62.91409],[-81.87699,62.90458],[-81.89825,62.7108]]],[[[-85.16131,65.65728],[-84.97576,65.21752],[-84.46401,65.37177],[-81.64201,64.45514],[-81.55344,63.97961],[-80.81736,64.05749],[-80.10345,63.72598],[-80.99102,63.41125],[-82.54718,63.65172],[-83.1088,64.10188],[-85.5234,63.05238],[-85.86677,63.63725],[-87.22198,63.54124],[-86.35276,64.03583],[-85.88385,65.73878],[-85.16131,65.65728]]],[[[-75.86588,67.14886],[-76.98687,67.09873],[-77.2364,67.58809],[-76.81166,68.14856],[-75.89521,68.28721],[-75.1145,68.01036],[-75.21597,67.44425],[-75.86588,67.14886]]],[[[-95.64768,69.10769],[-96.26952,68.75704],[-97.6174,69.06003],[-98.4318,68.9507],[-99.7974,69.40003],[-98.21826,70.14354],[-96.5574,69.68003],[-95.64768,69.10769]]],[[[-90.5471,69.49766],[-90.55151,68.47499],[-89.21515,69.25873],[-88.01966,68.61508],[-88.31749,67.87338],[-87.35017,67.19872],[-86.30607,67.92146],[-85.57664,68.78456],[-85.52197,69.88211],[-82.62258,69.65826],[-81.28043,69.16202],[-81.2202,68.66567],[-81.96436,68.13253],[-81.25928,67.59716],[-81.38653,67.11078],[-83.34456,66.41154],[-84.73542,66.2573],[-85.76943,66.55833],[-87.32324,64.77563],[-88.48296,64.09897],[-89.91444,64.03273],[-90.70398,63.61017],[-90.77004,62.96021],[-91.93342,62.83508],[-93.15698,62.02469],[-94.24153,60.89865],[-94.62931,60.11021],[-94.6846,58.94882],[-93.21502,58.78212],[-92.29703,57.08709],[-90.89769,57.28468],[-89.03953,56.85172],[-87.32421,55.99914],[-85.01181,55.3026],[-82.27285,55.14832],[-82.4362,54.28227],[-82.12502,53.27703],[-81.40075,52.15788],[-79.91289,51.20842],[-79.14301,51.53393],[-78.60191,52.56208],[-79.12421,54.14145],[-79.82958,54.66772],[-78.22874,55.13645],[-77.0956,55.83741],[-76.54137,56.53423],[-76.62319,57.20263],[-77.30226,58.05209],[-78.51688,58.80458],[-77.33676,59.85261],[-77.77272,60.75788],[-78.10687,62.31964],[-77.41067,62.55053],[-74.6682,62.18111],[-73.83988,62.4438],[-71.67708,61.52535],[-71.37369,61.13717],[-69.59042,61.06141],[-69.62033,60.22125],[-69.2879,58.95736],[-68.37455,58.80106],[-67.64976,58.21206],[-66.20178,58.76731],[-65.24517,59.87071],[-64.58352,60.33558],[-61.39655,56.96745],[-61.79866,56.33945],[-59.56962,55.20407],[-57.97508,54.94549],[-57.3332,54.6265],[-56.93689,53.78032],[-56.15811,53.64749],[-55.75632,53.27036],[-55.68338,52.14664],[-57.12691,51.41972],[-58.77482,51.0643],[-60.03309,50.24277],[-61.72366,50.08046],[-63.86251,50.29099],[-66.39905,50.22897],[-67.23631,49.51156],[-68.51114,49.06836],[-71.10458,46.82171],[-70.25522,46.98606],[-68.65,48.3],[-66.55243,49.1331],[-65.05626,49.23278],[-64.17099,48.74248],[-65.11545,48.07085],[-64.47219,46.23849],[-63.17329,45.73902],[-61.52072,45.88377],[-60.51815,47.00793],[-60.4486,46.28264],[-59.80287,45.9204],[-61.03988,45.26525],[-64.24656,44.26553],[-65.36406,43.54523],[-66.1234,43.61867],[-66.16173,44.46512],[-64.42549,45.29204],[-67.13741,45.13753],[-66.96466,44.8097],[-70.11617,43.68405],[-70.64548,43.09024],[-70.81489,42.8653],[-70.825,42.335],[-70.495,41.805],[-70.08,41.78],[-70.185,42.145],[-69.88497,41.92283],[-69.96503,41.63717],[-72.87643,41.22065],[-73.71,40.9311],[-72.24126,41.11948],[-71.945,40.93],[-73.345,40.63],[-73.982,40.628],[-73.95232,40.75075],[-74.25671,40.47351],[-73.96244,40.42763],[-74.17838,39.70926],[-74.90604,38.93954],[-74.98041,39.1964],[-75.52805,39.4985],[-75.32,38.96],[-75.07183,38.78203],[-75.05673,38.40412],[-75.94023,37.21689],[-75.72205,37.93705],[-76.23287,38.31921],[-76.35,39.15],[-76.54272,38.71762],[-76.32933,38.08326],[-76.99,38.23999],[-76.30162,37.91794],[-76.25874,36.9664],[-75.9718,36.89726],[-75.72749,35.55074],[-76.36318,34.80854],[-77.39763,34.51201],[-78.05496,33.92547],[-78.55435,33.86133],[-79.06067,33.49395],[-79.20357,33.15839],[-80.30132,32.50935],[-81.33629,31.44049],[-81.49042,30.72999],[-81.31371,30.03552],[-80.53558,28.47213],[-80.53,28.04],[-80.05654,26.88],[-80.13156,25.81677],[-80.38103,25.20616],[-80.68,25.08],[-81.17213,25.20126],[-81.33,25.64],[-81.71,25.87],[-82.85526,27.88624],[-82.65,28.55],[-82.93,29.1],[-83.70959,29.93656],[-84.1,30.09],[-85.10882,29.63615],[-85.7731,30.15261],[-86.4,30.4],[-89.18049,30.31598],[-89.59383,30.15999],[-89.41373,29.89419],[-89.43,29.48864],[-89.21767,29.29108],[-89.40823,29.15961],[-89.77928,29.30714],[-90.15463,29.11743],[-90.88022,29.14854],[-91.62678,29.677],[-92.49906,29.5523],[-93.22637,29.78375],[-93.84842,29.71363],[-94.69,29.48],[-95.60026,28.73863],[-96.59404,28.30748],[-97.14,27.83],[-97.37,27.38],[-97.38,26.69],[-97.14,25.87],[-97.70295,24.27234],[-97.87237,22.44421],[-97.18933,20.63543],[-96.52558,19.89093],[-95.90088,18.82802],[-94.83906,18.56272],[-94.42573,18.14437],[-91.4079,18.87608],[-90.77187,19.28412],[-90.27862,20.99986],[-88.54387,21.49368],[-87.05189,21.54354],[-86.81198,21.33151],[-86.84591,20.84986],[-87.38329,20.2554],[-87.62105,19.64655],[-87.43675,19.4724],[-87.83719,18.25982],[-88.09066,18.51665],[-88.49012,18.48683],[-88.84834,17.8832],[-89.02986,18.00151],[-89.14308,17.80832],[-91.00152,17.81759],[-91.00227,17.25466],[-91.45392,17.25218],[-90.43887,16.41011],[-90.46447,16.06956],[-91.74796,16.06656],[-92.22925,15.25145],[-92.08722,15.06458],[-92.22775,14.53883],[-93.87517,15.94016],[-94.69166,16.20098],[-96.55743,15.65352],[-100.8295,17.17107],[-101.91853,17.91609],[-103.50099,18.29229],[-103.91753,18.74857],[-104.99201,19.31613],[-105.7314,20.4341],[-105.39777,20.53172],[-105.50066,20.8169],[-105.27075,21.07628],[-105.26582,21.4221],[-106.02872,22.77375],[-108.4019,25.17231],[-109.2602,25.58061],[-109.44409,25.82488],[-109.29164,26.44293],[-110.39173,27.16211],[-110.64102,27.85988],[-111.17892,27.94124],[-112.22823,28.95441],[-113.16381,30.78688],[-113.14867,31.17097],[-113.87188,31.56761],[-114.20574,31.52405],[-114.77645,31.79953],[-114.9367,31.39348],[-114.6739,30.16268],[-113.27197,28.75478],[-113.14004,28.41129],[-112.9623,28.42519],[-112.76159,27.78022],[-111.61649,26.66282],[-111.28467,25.73259],[-110.71001,24.826],[-110.65505,24.29859],[-110.17286,24.26555],[-109.4091,23.36467],[-109.43339,23.18559],[-110.03139,22.82308],[-110.29507,23.43097],[-112.18204,24.73841],[-112.30071,26.012],[-113.46467,26.76819],[-113.59673,26.63946],[-114.46575,27.14209],[-115.05514,27.72273],[-114.57037,27.74149],[-114.19933,28.115],[-114.16202,28.56611],[-114.93184,29.27948],[-115.51865,29.55636],[-116.72153,31.63574],[-117.29594,33.04622],[-117.944,33.62124],[-118.4106,33.74091],[-118.51989,34.02778],[-120.62286,34.60855],[-120.74433,35.15686],[-121.71457,36.16153],[-122.54747,37.55176],[-122.51201,37.78339],[-123.7272,38.95166],[-123.86517,39.76699],[-124.39807,40.3132],[-124.17886,41.14202],[-124.2137,41.99964],[-124.53284,42.76599],[-124.14214,43.70838],[-123.89893,45.52341],[-124.07963,46.86475],[-124.68721,48.18443],[-124.5661,48.37971],[-123.12,48.04],[-122.58736,47.096],[-122.34,47.36],[-122.84,49],[-125.62461,50.41656],[-127.43561,50.83061],[-127.99276,51.71583],[-127.85032,52.32961],[-129.12979,52.75538],[-129.30523,53.56159],[-130.51497,54.28757],[-130.53610881133997,54.802751030769095],[-131.96721,55.49778],[-132.25001,56.37],[-133.53918,57.17889],[-134.07806,58.12307],[-136.62806,58.21221],[-137.80001,58.5],[-139.86779,59.53776],[-142.57444,60.08445],[-143.95888,59.99918],[-147.11437,60.88466],[-148.22431,60.67299],[-148.01807,59.97833],[-151.71639,59.15582],[-151.85943,59.74498],[-151.40972,60.7258],[-150.34694,61.03359],[-150.62111,61.28442],[-151.89584,60.7272],[-152.57833,60.06166],[-154.01917,59.35028],[-153.28751,58.86473],[-154.23249,58.14637],[-156.30833,57.42277],[-156.5561,56.97998],[-158.11722,56.46361],[-158.43332,55.99415],[-159.60333,55.56669],[-160.28972,55.64358],[-163.06945,54.68974],[-164.78557,54.40417],[-164.94223,54.57222],[-161.80417,55.89499],[-160.5636,56.00805],[-160.07056,56.41806],[-157.72277,57.57],[-157.55027,58.32833],[-157.04167,58.91888],[-158.19473,58.6158],[-158.51722,58.78778],[-159.05861,58.42419],[-159.71167,58.93139],[-159.98129,58.57255],[-160.35527,59.07112],[-161.355,58.67084],[-161.96889,58.67166],[-162.05499,59.26693],[-161.87417,59.63362],[-162.51806,59.98972],[-163.81834,59.79806],[-165.34639,60.5075],[-165.35083,61.0739],[-166.12138,61.50002],[-165.73445,62.075],[-164.91918,62.63308],[-164.56251,63.14638],[-163.75333,63.21945],[-163.06722,63.05946],[-162.26056,63.54194],[-161.53445,63.45582],[-160.77251,63.76611],[-160.95834,64.2228],[-161.51807,64.40279],[-160.77778,64.7886],[-162.45305,64.55944],[-162.75779,64.33861],[-163.54639,64.55916],[-164.96083,64.44695],[-166.42529,64.68667],[-166.845,65.0889],[-168.11056,65.67],[-164.47471,66.57666],[-163.65251,66.57666],[-163.7886,66.07721],[-161.67777,66.11612],[-162.48971,66.73557],[-163.71972,67.11639],[-165.39029,68.04277],[-166.76444,68.35888],[-166.20471,68.88303],[-164.43081,68.91554],[-163.16861,69.37111],[-162.93057,69.85806],[-161.9089,70.33333],[-159.03918,70.89164],[-158.11972,70.82472],[-156.58082,71.35776],[-155.06779,71.14778],[-154.34417,70.69641],[-153.90001,70.88999],[-152.21001,70.82999],[-152.27,70.60001],[-150.73999,70.43002],[-149.72,70.53001],[-144.92001,69.98999],[-143.58945,70.15251],[-139.12052,69.47102],[-137.54636,68.99002],[-136.50358,68.89804],[-134.41464,69.62743],[-132.92925,69.50534],[-131.43136,69.94451],[-129.79471,70.19369],[-129.10773,69.77927],[-128.36156,70.01286],[-128.13817,70.48384],[-127.44712,70.37721],[-125.75632,69.48058],[-124.42483,70.1584],[-124.28968,69.39969],[-123.06108,69.56372],[-122.6835,69.85553],[-121.47226,69.79778],[-119.94288,69.37786],[-117.60268,69.01128],[-116.22643,68.84151],[-115.2469,68.90591],[-113.89794,68.3989],[-115.30489,67.90261],[-113.49727,67.68815],[-109.94619,67.98104],[-108.8802,67.38144],[-107.79239,67.88736],[-108.81299,68.31164],[-108.16721,68.65392],[-106.15,68.8],[-104.33791,68.018],[-103.22115,68.09775],[-101.45433,67.64689],[-98.4432,67.78165],[-98.5586,68.40394],[-97.66948,68.57864],[-96.11991,68.23939],[-96.12588,67.29338],[-95.48943,68.0907],[-94.685,68.06383],[-94.23282,69.06903],[-95.30408,69.68571],[-96.47131,70.08976],[-96.39115,71.19482],[-95.2088,71.92053],[-93.88997,71.76015],[-92.87818,71.31869],[-91.51964,70.19129],[-92.40692,69.69997],[-90.5471,69.49766]]],[[[-114.16717,73.12145],[-114.66634,72.65277],[-112.44102,72.9554],[-111.05039,72.4504],[-109.92035,72.96113],[-109.00654,72.63335],[-108.18835,71.65089],[-107.68599,72.06548],[-108.39639,73.08953],[-107.51645,73.23598],[-106.52259,73.07601],[-105.40246,72.67259],[-104.46476,70.99297],[-100.98078,70.02432],[-101.08929,69.58447],[-102.73116,69.50402],[-102.09329,69.11962],[-102.43024,68.75282],[-105.96,69.18],[-109,68.78],[-113.3132,68.53554],[-113.85496,69.00744],[-115.22,69.28],[-116.10794,69.16821],[-117.34,69.96],[-112.4161,70.36638],[-114.35,70.6],[-117.9048,70.54056],[-118.43238,70.9092],[-116.11311,71.30918],[-117.65568,71.2952],[-119.40199,71.55859],[-117.86642,72.70594],[-115.18909,73.31459],[-114.16717,73.12145]]],[[[-104.5,73.42],[-105.38,72.76],[-106.94,73.46],[-105.26,73.64],[-104.5,73.42]]],[[[-76.34,73.10268],[-76.2514,72.82639],[-79.48625,72.7422],[-80.8761,73.33318],[-80.83389,73.69318],[-80.35306,73.75972],[-78.06444,73.65193],[-76.34,73.10268]]],[[[-86.56218,73.15745],[-85.77437,72.53413],[-84.85011,73.34028],[-82.31559,73.75095],[-80.60009,72.71654],[-80.74894,72.06191],[-78.77064,72.35217],[-77.82462,72.74962],[-74.22862,71.76714],[-74.09914,71.33084],[-72.24223,71.55692],[-71.20002,70.92001],[-68.78605,70.52502],[-67.91497,70.12195],[-66.96903,69.18609],[-68.80512,68.7202],[-66.44987,68.06716],[-64.86231,67.84754],[-63.42493,66.92847],[-61.85198,66.86212],[-62.16318,66.16025],[-63.91844,64.99867],[-65.14886,65.42603],[-66.72122,66.38804],[-68.01502,66.26273],[-68.14129,65.68979],[-65.32017,64.38274],[-64.66941,63.39293],[-65.0138,62.67419],[-68.78319,63.74567],[-66.3283,62.28007],[-66.16557,61.9309],[-68.87737,62.33015],[-71.02344,62.91071],[-72.23538,63.39784],[-71.88628,63.67999],[-74.83442,64.67908],[-74.8185,64.38909],[-77.70998,64.22954],[-78.55595,64.57291],[-77.89728,65.30919],[-73.9598,65.45476],[-74.29388,65.81177],[-73.94491,66.31058],[-72.65117,67.28458],[-72.92606,67.72693],[-73.31162,68.06944],[-74.84331,68.55463],[-76.8691,68.89474],[-76.22865,69.14777],[-77.28737,69.76954],[-78.16863,69.82649],[-78.95724,70.16688],[-79.49246,69.87181],[-81.30547,69.74319],[-84.94471,69.96663],[-88.68171,70.41074],[-89.51342,70.76204],[-88.46772,71.21819],[-89.88815,71.22255],[-90.20516,72.23507],[-89.43658,73.12946],[-88.40824,73.53789],[-85.82615,73.80382],[-86.56218,73.15745]]],[[[-100.35642,73.84389],[-99.16387,73.63339],[-97.38,73.76],[-97.12,73.47],[-98.05359,72.99052],[-96.54,72.56],[-96.72,71.66],[-98.35966,71.27285],[-99.32286,71.35639],[-100.01482,71.73827],[-102.5,72.51],[-102.48,72.83],[-100.43836,72.70588],[-101.54,73.36],[-100.35642,73.84389]]],[[[-93.1963,72.77199],[-94.26905,72.0246],[-95.40986,72.06188],[-96.03375,72.94028],[-96.01827,73.43743],[-95.49579,73.86242],[-94.50366,74.13491],[-92.42001,74.10003],[-90.50979,73.85673],[-92.00397,72.96624],[-93.1963,72.77199]]],[[[-120.46,71.3836],[-123.09219,70.90164],[-123.62,71.34],[-125.92895,71.86869],[-123.94,73.68],[-124.91775,74.29275],[-121.53788,74.44893],[-120.10978,74.24135],[-117.55564,74.18577],[-115.51081,73.47519],[-119.22,72.52],[-120.46,71.82],[-120.46,71.3836]]],[[[-93.61276,74.98],[-94.15691,74.59235],[-95.60868,74.66686],[-96.82093,74.92762],[-96.28859,75.37783],[-94.85082,75.64722],[-93.61276,74.98]]],[[[-98.5,76.72],[-97.73558,76.25656],[-97.70441,75.74344],[-98.16,75],[-99.80874,74.89744],[-100.88366,75.05736],[-100.86292,75.64075],[-102.50209,75.5638],[-102.56552,76.3366],[-101.48973,76.30537],[-99.98349,76.64634],[-98.57699,76.58859],[-98.5,76.72]]],[[[-108.21141,76.20168],[-107.81943,75.84552],[-106.92893,76.01282],[-105.881,75.9694],[-105.70498,75.47951],[-106.31347,75.00527],[-109.7,74.85],[-112.22307,74.41696],[-113.74381,74.39427],[-113.87135,74.72029],[-111.79421,75.1625],[-116.31221,75.04343],[-117.7104,75.2222],[-116.34602,76.19903],[-115.40487,76.47887],[-112.59056,76.14134],[-110.81422,75.54919],[-109.0671,75.47321],[-110.49726,76.42982],[-109.5811,76.79417],[-108.54859,76.67832],[-108.21141,76.20168]]],[[[-94.68409,77.09788],[-93.57392,76.7763],[-91.60502,76.77852],[-90.74185,76.4496],[-90.96966,76.07401],[-89.18708,75.61017],[-86.37919,75.48242],[-84.78963,75.6992],[-81.12853,75.71398],[-80.05751,75.33685],[-79.83393,74.92313],[-80.45777,74.6573],[-81.94884,74.44246],[-83.22889,74.56403],[-88.15035,74.39231],[-89.76472,74.51556],[-92.42244,74.83776],[-92.88991,75.88266],[-93.89382,76.31924],[-95.96246,76.44138],[-97.12138,76.75108],[-96.74512,77.16139],[-94.68409,77.09788]]],[[[-116.19859,77.64529],[-116.33581,76.87696],[-117.10605,76.53003],[-121.5,75.90002],[-122.85492,76.11654],[-121.15754,76.86451],[-119.10394,77.51222],[-116.19859,77.64529]]],[[[-93.84,77.52],[-96.16965,77.55511],[-96.4363,77.83463],[-94.42258,77.82],[-93.72066,77.63433],[-93.84,77.52]]],[[[-110.18694,77.69701],[-112.05119,77.40923],[-113.53428,77.73221],[-112.72459,78.05105],[-111.26444,78.15296],[-109.85445,77.99632],[-110.18694,77.69701]]],[[[-109.66315,78.60197],[-110.88131,78.40692],[-112.54209,78.4079],[-112.52589,78.55055],[-111.50001,78.84999],[-109.66315,78.60197]]],[[[-95.83029,78.05694],[-97.30984,77.8506],[-98.12429,78.08286],[-98.55287,78.45811],[-98.63198,78.87193],[-96.7544,78.76581],[-95.55928,78.41831],[-95.83029,78.05694]]],[[[-100.06019,78.32475],[-99.67094,77.90754],[-102.94981,78.34323],[-105.17613,78.38033],[-104.21043,78.67742],[-105.41958,78.91834],[-105.49229,79.30159],[-100.82516,78.80046],[-100.06019,78.32475]]],[[[-87.02,79.66],[-85.81435,79.3369],[-87.18756,79.0393],[-89.03535,78.28723],[-90.80436,78.21533],[-92.87669,78.34333],[-93.95116,78.75099],[-93.93574,79.11373],[-93.14524,79.3801],[-94.974,79.37248],[-96.07614,79.70502],[-96.70972,80.15777],[-95.32345,80.90729],[-94.29843,80.97727],[-94.73542,81.20646],[-92.40984,81.25739],[-91.13289,80.72345],[-87.81,80.32],[-87.02,79.66]]],[[[-68.5,83.10632],[-63.68,82.9],[-61.85,82.6286],[-61.89388,82.36165],[-67.65755,81.50141],[-65.48031,81.50657],[-69.4697,80.61683],[-71.18,79.8],[-73.2428,79.63415],[-73.88,79.43016],[-76.90773,79.32309],[-75.52924,79.19766],[-76.22046,79.01907],[-75.39345,78.52581],[-77.88851,77.89991],[-78.36269,77.50859],[-79.75951,77.20968],[-79.61965,76.98336],[-77.91089,77.02205],[-77.88911,76.77796],[-80.56125,76.17812],[-83.17439,76.45403],[-86.11184,76.29901],[-89.49068,76.47239],[-89.6161,76.95213],[-87.76739,77.17833],[-88.26,77.9],[-87.65,77.97022],[-84.97634,77.53873],[-86.34,78.18],[-87.96192,78.37181],[-87.15198,78.75867],[-85.37868,78.9969],[-85.09495,79.34543],[-86.50734,79.73624],[-86.93179,80.25145],[-83.4087,80.1],[-81.84823,80.46442],[-87.59895,80.51627],[-89.36663,80.85569],[-90.2,81.26],[-91.36786,81.5531],[-91.58702,81.89429],[-86.97024,82.27961],[-85.5,82.65227],[-84.26,82.6],[-83.18,82.32],[-82.42,82.86],[-79.30664,83.13056],[-75.71878,83.06404],[-72.83153,83.23324],[-68.5,83.10632]]],[[[-66.28243,18.51476],[-65.7713,18.42668],[-65.591,18.22803],[-65.84716,17.97591],[-67.18416,17.94655],[-67.24243,18.37446],[-67.10068,18.5206],[-66.28243,18.51476]]],[[[-155.54211,19.08348],[-155.68817,18.91619],[-155.93665,19.05939],[-156.07347,19.70294],[-155.85008,19.97729],[-155.86108,20.26721],[-155.22452,19.99302],[-154.80741,19.50871],[-155.54211,19.08348]]],[[[-156.07926,20.64397],[-156.41445,20.57241],[-156.71055,20.92676],[-156.25711,20.91745],[-155.99566,20.76404],[-156.07926,20.64397]]],[[[-156.75824,21.17684],[-157.32521,21.09777],[-157.25027,21.21958],[-156.75824,21.17684]]],[[[-157.65283,21.32217],[-158.12667,21.31244],[-158.29265,21.57912],[-158.0252,21.71696],[-157.65283,21.32217]]],[[[-159.34512,21.982],[-159.46372,21.88299],[-159.80051,22.06533],[-159.36569,22.21494],[-159.34512,21.982]]],[[[-153.00631,57.11584],[-154.00509,56.73468],[-154.5164,56.99275],[-154.67099,57.4612],[-153.22873,57.96897],[-152.56479,57.90143],[-152.14115,57.59106],[-153.00631,57.11584]]],[[[-165.57916,59.90999],[-166.19277,59.75444],[-167.45528,60.21307],[-166.46779,60.38417],[-165.67443,60.29361],[-165.57916,59.90999]]],[[[-171.73166,63.78252],[-171.11443,63.59219],[-170.49111,63.69498],[-168.68944,63.29751],[-169.52944,62.97693],[-170.67139,63.37582],[-171.55306,63.31779],[-171.79111,63.40585],[-171.73166,63.78252]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Canada\"}}]}","volume":"10","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-07-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e96127e4b0dacf699e785e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, Mark A. hayesm@usgs.gov","contributorId":147339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Mark","email":"hayesm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":571312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cryan, Paul M. 0000-0002-2915-8894 cryanp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-8894","contributorId":2356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cryan","given":"Paul","email":"cryanp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wunder, Michael B.","contributorId":80599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wunder","given":"Michael B.","affiliations":[{"id":6674,"text":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70157006,"text":"70157006 - 2015 - Not to put too fine a point on it - does increasing precision of geographic referencing improve species distribution models for a wide-ranging migratory bat?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-03T13:09:46","indexId":"70157006","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-03T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":629,"text":"Acta Chiropterologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Not to put too fine a point on it - does increasing precision of geographic referencing improve species distribution models for a wide-ranging migratory bat?","docAbstract":"Bat specimens held in natural history museum collections can provide insights into the distribution of species. However, there are several important sources of spatial error associated with natural history specimens that may influence the analysis and mapping of bat species distributions. We analyzed the importance of geographic referencing and error correction in species distribution modeling (SDM) using occurrence records of hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus). This species is known to migrate long distances and is a species of increasing concern due to fatalities documented at wind energy facilities in North America. We used 3,215 museum occurrence records collected from 1950–2000 for hoary bats in North America. We compared SDM performance using five approaches: generalized linear models, multivariate adaptive regression splines, boosted regression trees, random forest, and maximum entropy models. We evaluated results using three SDM performance metrics (AUC, sensitivity, and specificity) and two data sets: one comprised of the original occurrence data, and a second data set consisting of these same records after the locations were adjusted to correct for identifiable spatial errors. The increase in precision improved the mean estimated spatial error associated with hoary bat records from 5.11 km to 1.58 km, and this reduction in error resulted in a slight increase in all three SDM performance metrics. These results provide insights into the importance of geographic referencing and the value of correcting spatial errors in modeling the distribution of a wide-ranging bat species. We conclude that the considerable time and effort invested in carefully increasing the precision of the occurrence locations in this data set was not worth the marginal gains in improved SDM performance, and it seems likely that gains would be similar for other bat species that range across large areas of the continent, migrate, and are habitat generalists.
","language":"English","publisher":"Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2015.17.1.013","usgsCitation":"Hayes, M.A., Ozenberger, K., Cryan, P.M., and Wunder, M., 2015, Not to put too fine a point on it - does increasing precision of geographic referencing improve species distribution models for a wide-ranging migratory bat?: Acta Chiropterologica, v. 17, no. 1, p. 159-169, https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2015.17.1.013.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"169","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1950-01-01","temporalEnd":"2000-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-065654","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307922,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Mexico, United States","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-63.6645,46.55001],[-62.01208,46.44314],[-62.50391,46.03339],[-62.87433,45.96818],[-64.1428,46.39265],[-64.39261,46.72747],[-64.01486,47.03601],[-63.6645,46.55001]]],[[[-61.8063,49.10506],[-63.58926,49.40069],[-64.51912,49.87304],[-64.17322,49.95718],[-62.85829,49.70641],[-61.83559,49.28855],[-61.8063,49.10506]]],[[[-123.51,48.51001],[-124.01289,48.37085],[-125.65501,48.825],[-125.95499,49.18],[-126.85,49.53],[-127.02999,49.815],[-128.05934,49.99496],[-128.44458,50.53914],[-128.35841,50.77065],[-125.75501,50.29502],[-124.92077,49.47527],[-123.92251,49.06248],[-123.51,48.51001]]],[[[-56.13404,50.68701],[-56.79588,49.81231],[-56.14311,50.15012],[-55.47149,49.93582],[-55.8224,49.58713],[-54.93514,49.31301],[-54.47378,49.55669],[-53.47655,49.24914],[-53.78601,48.51678],[-53.08613,48.6878],[-52.6481,47.53555],[-53.06916,46.6555],[-54.17894,46.80707],[-53.96187,47.62521],[-54.24048,47.75228],[-55.40077,46.88499],[-55.99748,46.91972],[-55.29122,47.38956],[-56.2508,47.63255],[-59.26602,47.60335],[-59.41949,47.89945],[-58.79659,48.25153],[-59.23162,48.52319],[-58.3918,49.12558],[-57.35869,50.71827],[-56.73865,51.28744],[-55.87098,51.63209],[-55.40697,51.58827],[-56.13404,50.68701]]],[[[-133.18,54.16998],[-132.71001,54.04001],[-131.74999,54.12],[-132.04948,52.98462],[-131.17904,52.18043],[-131.57783,52.18237],[-133.05461,53.41147],[-133.23966,53.85108],[-133.18,54.16998]]],[[[-79.26582,62.15868],[-79.65752,61.63308],[-80.09956,61.7181],[-80.36215,62.01649],[-79.92939,62.3856],[-79.52002,62.36371],[-79.26582,62.15868]]],[[[-81.89825,62.7108],[-83.06857,62.15922],[-83.77462,62.18231],[-83.99367,62.4528],[-83.25048,62.91409],[-81.87699,62.90458],[-81.89825,62.7108]]],[[[-85.16131,65.65728],[-84.97576,65.21752],[-84.46401,65.37177],[-81.64201,64.45514],[-81.55344,63.97961],[-80.81736,64.05749],[-80.10345,63.72598],[-80.99102,63.41125],[-82.54718,63.65172],[-83.1088,64.10188],[-85.5234,63.05238],[-85.86677,63.63725],[-87.22198,63.54124],[-86.35276,64.03583],[-85.88385,65.73878],[-85.16131,65.65728]]],[[[-75.86588,67.14886],[-76.98687,67.09873],[-77.2364,67.58809],[-76.81166,68.14856],[-75.89521,68.28721],[-75.1145,68.01036],[-75.21597,67.44425],[-75.86588,67.14886]]],[[[-95.64768,69.10769],[-96.26952,68.75704],[-97.6174,69.06003],[-98.4318,68.9507],[-99.7974,69.40003],[-98.21826,70.14354],[-96.5574,69.68003],[-95.64768,69.10769]]],[[[-90.5471,69.49766],[-90.55151,68.47499],[-89.21515,69.25873],[-88.01966,68.61508],[-88.31749,67.87338],[-87.35017,67.19872],[-86.30607,67.92146],[-85.57664,68.78456],[-85.52197,69.88211],[-82.62258,69.65826],[-81.28043,69.16202],[-81.2202,68.66567],[-81.96436,68.13253],[-81.25928,67.59716],[-81.38653,67.11078],[-83.34456,66.41154],[-84.73542,66.2573],[-85.76943,66.55833],[-87.32324,64.77563],[-88.48296,64.09897],[-89.91444,64.03273],[-90.70398,63.61017],[-90.77004,62.96021],[-91.93342,62.83508],[-93.15698,62.02469],[-94.24153,60.89865],[-94.62931,60.11021],[-94.6846,58.94882],[-93.21502,58.78212],[-92.29703,57.08709],[-90.89769,57.28468],[-89.03953,56.85172],[-87.32421,55.99914],[-85.01181,55.3026],[-82.27285,55.14832],[-82.4362,54.28227],[-82.12502,53.27703],[-81.40075,52.15788],[-79.91289,51.20842],[-79.14301,51.53393],[-78.60191,52.56208],[-79.12421,54.14145],[-79.82958,54.66772],[-78.22874,55.13645],[-77.0956,55.83741],[-76.54137,56.53423],[-76.62319,57.20263],[-77.30226,58.05209],[-78.51688,58.80458],[-77.33676,59.85261],[-77.77272,60.75788],[-78.10687,62.31964],[-77.41067,62.55053],[-74.6682,62.18111],[-73.83988,62.4438],[-71.67708,61.52535],[-71.37369,61.13717],[-69.59042,61.06141],[-69.62033,60.22125],[-69.2879,58.95736],[-68.37455,58.80106],[-67.64976,58.21206],[-66.20178,58.76731],[-65.24517,59.87071],[-64.58352,60.33558],[-61.39655,56.96745],[-61.79866,56.33945],[-59.56962,55.20407],[-57.97508,54.94549],[-57.3332,54.6265],[-56.93689,53.78032],[-56.15811,53.64749],[-55.75632,53.27036],[-55.68338,52.14664],[-57.12691,51.41972],[-58.77482,51.0643],[-60.03309,50.24277],[-61.72366,50.08046],[-63.86251,50.29099],[-66.39905,50.22897],[-67.23631,49.51156],[-68.51114,49.06836],[-71.10458,46.82171],[-70.25522,46.98606],[-68.65,48.3],[-66.55243,49.1331],[-65.05626,49.23278],[-64.17099,48.74248],[-65.11545,48.07085],[-64.47219,46.23849],[-63.17329,45.73902],[-61.52072,45.88377],[-60.51815,47.00793],[-60.4486,46.28264],[-59.80287,45.9204],[-61.03988,45.26525],[-64.24656,44.26553],[-65.36406,43.54523],[-66.1234,43.61867],[-66.16173,44.46512],[-64.42549,45.29204],[-67.13741,45.13753],[-66.96466,44.8097],[-70.11617,43.68405],[-70.64548,43.09024],[-70.81489,42.8653],[-70.825,42.335],[-70.495,41.805],[-70.08,41.78],[-70.185,42.145],[-69.88497,41.92283],[-69.96503,41.63717],[-72.87643,41.22065],[-73.71,40.9311],[-72.24126,41.11948],[-71.945,40.93],[-73.345,40.63],[-73.982,40.628],[-73.95232,40.75075],[-74.25671,40.47351],[-73.96244,40.42763],[-74.17838,39.70926],[-74.90604,38.93954],[-74.98041,39.1964],[-75.52805,39.4985],[-75.32,38.96],[-75.07183,38.78203],[-75.05673,38.40412],[-75.94023,37.21689],[-75.72205,37.93705],[-76.23287,38.31921],[-76.35,39.15],[-76.54272,38.71762],[-76.32933,38.08326],[-76.99,38.23999],[-76.30162,37.91794],[-76.25874,36.9664],[-75.9718,36.89726],[-75.72749,35.55074],[-76.36318,34.80854],[-77.39763,34.51201],[-78.05496,33.92547],[-78.55435,33.86133],[-79.06067,33.49395],[-79.20357,33.15839],[-80.30132,32.50935],[-81.33629,31.44049],[-81.49042,30.72999],[-81.31371,30.03552],[-80.53558,28.47213],[-80.53,28.04],[-80.05654,26.88],[-80.13156,25.81677],[-80.38103,25.20616],[-80.68,25.08],[-81.17213,25.20126],[-81.33,25.64],[-81.71,25.87],[-82.85526,27.88624],[-82.65,28.55],[-82.93,29.1],[-83.70959,29.93656],[-84.1,30.09],[-85.10882,29.63615],[-85.7731,30.15261],[-86.4,30.4],[-89.18049,30.31598],[-89.59383,30.15999],[-89.41373,29.89419],[-89.43,29.48864],[-89.21767,29.29108],[-89.40823,29.15961],[-89.77928,29.30714],[-90.15463,29.11743],[-90.88022,29.14854],[-91.62678,29.677],[-92.49906,29.5523],[-93.22637,29.78375],[-93.84842,29.71363],[-94.69,29.48],[-95.60026,28.73863],[-96.59404,28.30748],[-97.14,27.83],[-97.37,27.38],[-97.38,26.69],[-97.14,25.87],[-97.70295,24.27234],[-97.87237,22.44421],[-97.18933,20.63543],[-96.52558,19.89093],[-95.90088,18.82802],[-94.83906,18.56272],[-94.42573,18.14437],[-91.4079,18.87608],[-90.77187,19.28412],[-90.27862,20.99986],[-88.54387,21.49368],[-87.05189,21.54354],[-86.81198,21.33151],[-86.84591,20.84986],[-87.38329,20.2554],[-87.62105,19.64655],[-87.43675,19.4724],[-87.83719,18.25982],[-88.09066,18.51665],[-88.49012,18.48683],[-88.84834,17.8832],[-89.02986,18.00151],[-89.14308,17.80832],[-91.00152,17.81759],[-91.00227,17.25466],[-91.45392,17.25218],[-90.43887,16.41011],[-90.46447,16.06956],[-91.74796,16.06656],[-92.22925,15.25145],[-92.08722,15.06458],[-92.22775,14.53883],[-93.87517,15.94016],[-94.69166,16.20098],[-96.55743,15.65352],[-100.8295,17.17107],[-101.91853,17.91609],[-103.50099,18.29229],[-103.91753,18.74857],[-104.99201,19.31613],[-105.7314,20.4341],[-105.39777,20.53172],[-105.50066,20.8169],[-105.27075,21.07628],[-105.26582,21.4221],[-106.02872,22.77375],[-108.4019,25.17231],[-109.2602,25.58061],[-109.44409,25.82488],[-109.29164,26.44293],[-110.39173,27.16211],[-110.64102,27.85988],[-111.17892,27.94124],[-112.22823,28.95441],[-113.16381,30.78688],[-113.14867,31.17097],[-113.87188,31.56761],[-114.20574,31.52405],[-114.77645,31.79953],[-114.9367,31.39348],[-114.6739,30.16268],[-113.27197,28.75478],[-113.14004,28.41129],[-112.9623,28.42519],[-112.76159,27.78022],[-111.61649,26.66282],[-111.28467,25.73259],[-110.71001,24.826],[-110.65505,24.29859],[-110.17286,24.26555],[-109.4091,23.36467],[-109.43339,23.18559],[-110.03139,22.82308],[-110.29507,23.43097],[-112.18204,24.73841],[-112.30071,26.012],[-113.46467,26.76819],[-113.59673,26.63946],[-114.46575,27.14209],[-115.05514,27.72273],[-114.57037,27.74149],[-114.19933,28.115],[-114.16202,28.56611],[-114.93184,29.27948],[-115.51865,29.55636],[-116.72153,31.63574],[-117.29594,33.04622],[-117.944,33.62124],[-118.4106,33.74091],[-118.51989,34.02778],[-120.62286,34.60855],[-120.74433,35.15686],[-121.71457,36.16153],[-122.54747,37.55176],[-122.51201,37.78339],[-123.7272,38.95166],[-123.86517,39.76699],[-124.39807,40.3132],[-124.17886,41.14202],[-124.2137,41.99964],[-124.53284,42.76599],[-124.14214,43.70838],[-123.89893,45.52341],[-124.07963,46.86475],[-124.68721,48.18443],[-124.5661,48.37971],[-123.12,48.04],[-122.58736,47.096],[-122.34,47.36],[-122.84,49],[-125.62461,50.41656],[-127.43561,50.83061],[-127.99276,51.71583],[-127.85032,52.32961],[-129.12979,52.75538],[-129.30523,53.56159],[-130.51497,54.28757],[-130.53610881133997,54.802751030769095],[-131.96721,55.49778],[-132.25001,56.37],[-133.53918,57.17889],[-134.07806,58.12307],[-136.62806,58.21221],[-137.80001,58.5],[-139.86779,59.53776],[-142.57444,60.08445],[-143.95888,59.99918],[-147.11437,60.88466],[-148.22431,60.67299],[-148.01807,59.97833],[-151.71639,59.15582],[-151.85943,59.74498],[-151.40972,60.7258],[-150.34694,61.03359],[-150.62111,61.28442],[-151.89584,60.7272],[-152.57833,60.06166],[-154.01917,59.35028],[-153.28751,58.86473],[-154.23249,58.14637],[-156.30833,57.42277],[-156.5561,56.97998],[-158.11722,56.46361],[-158.43332,55.99415],[-159.60333,55.56669],[-160.28972,55.64358],[-163.06945,54.68974],[-164.78557,54.40417],[-164.94223,54.57222],[-161.80417,55.89499],[-160.5636,56.00805],[-160.07056,56.41806],[-157.72277,57.57],[-157.55027,58.32833],[-157.04167,58.91888],[-158.19473,58.6158],[-158.51722,58.78778],[-159.05861,58.42419],[-159.71167,58.93139],[-159.98129,58.57255],[-160.35527,59.07112],[-161.355,58.67084],[-161.96889,58.67166],[-162.05499,59.26693],[-161.87417,59.63362],[-162.51806,59.98972],[-163.81834,59.79806],[-165.34639,60.5075],[-165.35083,61.0739],[-166.12138,61.50002],[-165.73445,62.075],[-164.91918,62.63308],[-164.56251,63.14638],[-163.75333,63.21945],[-163.06722,63.05946],[-162.26056,63.54194],[-161.53445,63.45582],[-160.77251,63.76611],[-160.95834,64.2228],[-161.51807,64.40279],[-160.77778,64.7886],[-162.45305,64.55944],[-162.75779,64.33861],[-163.54639,64.55916],[-164.96083,64.44695],[-166.42529,64.68667],[-166.845,65.0889],[-168.11056,65.67],[-164.47471,66.57666],[-163.65251,66.57666],[-163.7886,66.07721],[-161.67777,66.11612],[-162.48971,66.73557],[-163.71972,67.11639],[-165.39029,68.04277],[-166.76444,68.35888],[-166.20471,68.88303],[-164.43081,68.91554],[-163.16861,69.37111],[-162.93057,69.85806],[-161.9089,70.33333],[-159.03918,70.89164],[-158.11972,70.82472],[-156.58082,71.35776],[-155.06779,71.14778],[-154.34417,70.69641],[-153.90001,70.88999],[-152.21001,70.82999],[-152.27,70.60001],[-150.73999,70.43002],[-149.72,70.53001],[-144.92001,69.98999],[-143.58945,70.15251],[-139.12052,69.47102],[-137.54636,68.99002],[-136.50358,68.89804],[-134.41464,69.62743],[-132.92925,69.50534],[-131.43136,69.94451],[-129.79471,70.19369],[-129.10773,69.77927],[-128.36156,70.01286],[-128.13817,70.48384],[-127.44712,70.37721],[-125.75632,69.48058],[-124.42483,70.1584],[-124.28968,69.39969],[-123.06108,69.56372],[-122.6835,69.85553],[-121.47226,69.79778],[-119.94288,69.37786],[-117.60268,69.01128],[-116.22643,68.84151],[-115.2469,68.90591],[-113.89794,68.3989],[-115.30489,67.90261],[-113.49727,67.68815],[-109.94619,67.98104],[-108.8802,67.38144],[-107.79239,67.88736],[-108.81299,68.31164],[-108.16721,68.65392],[-106.15,68.8],[-104.33791,68.018],[-103.22115,68.09775],[-101.45433,67.64689],[-98.4432,67.78165],[-98.5586,68.40394],[-97.66948,68.57864],[-96.11991,68.23939],[-96.12588,67.29338],[-95.48943,68.0907],[-94.685,68.06383],[-94.23282,69.06903],[-95.30408,69.68571],[-96.47131,70.08976],[-96.39115,71.19482],[-95.2088,71.92053],[-93.88997,71.76015],[-92.87818,71.31869],[-91.51964,70.19129],[-92.40692,69.69997],[-90.5471,69.49766]]],[[[-114.16717,73.12145],[-114.66634,72.65277],[-112.44102,72.9554],[-111.05039,72.4504],[-109.92035,72.96113],[-109.00654,72.63335],[-108.18835,71.65089],[-107.68599,72.06548],[-108.39639,73.08953],[-107.51645,73.23598],[-106.52259,73.07601],[-105.40246,72.67259],[-104.46476,70.99297],[-100.98078,70.02432],[-101.08929,69.58447],[-102.73116,69.50402],[-102.09329,69.11962],[-102.43024,68.75282],[-105.96,69.18],[-109,68.78],[-113.3132,68.53554],[-113.85496,69.00744],[-115.22,69.28],[-116.10794,69.16821],[-117.34,69.96],[-112.4161,70.36638],[-114.35,70.6],[-117.9048,70.54056],[-118.43238,70.9092],[-116.11311,71.30918],[-117.65568,71.2952],[-119.40199,71.55859],[-117.86642,72.70594],[-115.18909,73.31459],[-114.16717,73.12145]]],[[[-104.5,73.42],[-105.38,72.76],[-106.94,73.46],[-105.26,73.64],[-104.5,73.42]]],[[[-76.34,73.10268],[-76.2514,72.82639],[-79.48625,72.7422],[-80.8761,73.33318],[-80.83389,73.69318],[-80.35306,73.75972],[-78.06444,73.65193],[-76.34,73.10268]]],[[[-86.56218,73.15745],[-85.77437,72.53413],[-84.85011,73.34028],[-82.31559,73.75095],[-80.60009,72.71654],[-80.74894,72.06191],[-78.77064,72.35217],[-77.82462,72.74962],[-74.22862,71.76714],[-74.09914,71.33084],[-72.24223,71.55692],[-71.20002,70.92001],[-68.78605,70.52502],[-67.91497,70.12195],[-66.96903,69.18609],[-68.80512,68.7202],[-66.44987,68.06716],[-64.86231,67.84754],[-63.42493,66.92847],[-61.85198,66.86212],[-62.16318,66.16025],[-63.91844,64.99867],[-65.14886,65.42603],[-66.72122,66.38804],[-68.01502,66.26273],[-68.14129,65.68979],[-65.32017,64.38274],[-64.66941,63.39293],[-65.0138,62.67419],[-68.78319,63.74567],[-66.3283,62.28007],[-66.16557,61.9309],[-68.87737,62.33015],[-71.02344,62.91071],[-72.23538,63.39784],[-71.88628,63.67999],[-74.83442,64.67908],[-74.8185,64.38909],[-77.70998,64.22954],[-78.55595,64.57291],[-77.89728,65.30919],[-73.9598,65.45476],[-74.29388,65.81177],[-73.94491,66.31058],[-72.65117,67.28458],[-72.92606,67.72693],[-73.31162,68.06944],[-74.84331,68.55463],[-76.8691,68.89474],[-76.22865,69.14777],[-77.28737,69.76954],[-78.16863,69.82649],[-78.95724,70.16688],[-79.49246,69.87181],[-81.30547,69.74319],[-84.94471,69.96663],[-88.68171,70.41074],[-89.51342,70.76204],[-88.46772,71.21819],[-89.88815,71.22255],[-90.20516,72.23507],[-89.43658,73.12946],[-88.40824,73.53789],[-85.82615,73.80382],[-86.56218,73.15745]]],[[[-100.35642,73.84389],[-99.16387,73.63339],[-97.38,73.76],[-97.12,73.47],[-98.05359,72.99052],[-96.54,72.56],[-96.72,71.66],[-98.35966,71.27285],[-99.32286,71.35639],[-100.01482,71.73827],[-102.5,72.51],[-102.48,72.83],[-100.43836,72.70588],[-101.54,73.36],[-100.35642,73.84389]]],[[[-93.1963,72.77199],[-94.26905,72.0246],[-95.40986,72.06188],[-96.03375,72.94028],[-96.01827,73.43743],[-95.49579,73.86242],[-94.50366,74.13491],[-92.42001,74.10003],[-90.50979,73.85673],[-92.00397,72.96624],[-93.1963,72.77199]]],[[[-120.46,71.3836],[-123.09219,70.90164],[-123.62,71.34],[-125.92895,71.86869],[-123.94,73.68],[-124.91775,74.29275],[-121.53788,74.44893],[-120.10978,74.24135],[-117.55564,74.18577],[-115.51081,73.47519],[-119.22,72.52],[-120.46,71.82],[-120.46,71.3836]]],[[[-93.61276,74.98],[-94.15691,74.59235],[-95.60868,74.66686],[-96.82093,74.92762],[-96.28859,75.37783],[-94.85082,75.64722],[-93.61276,74.98]]],[[[-98.5,76.72],[-97.73558,76.25656],[-97.70441,75.74344],[-98.16,75],[-99.80874,74.89744],[-100.88366,75.05736],[-100.86292,75.64075],[-102.50209,75.5638],[-102.56552,76.3366],[-101.48973,76.30537],[-99.98349,76.64634],[-98.57699,76.58859],[-98.5,76.72]]],[[[-108.21141,76.20168],[-107.81943,75.84552],[-106.92893,76.01282],[-105.881,75.9694],[-105.70498,75.47951],[-106.31347,75.00527],[-109.7,74.85],[-112.22307,74.41696],[-113.74381,74.39427],[-113.87135,74.72029],[-111.79421,75.1625],[-116.31221,75.04343],[-117.7104,75.2222],[-116.34602,76.19903],[-115.40487,76.47887],[-112.59056,76.14134],[-110.81422,75.54919],[-109.0671,75.47321],[-110.49726,76.42982],[-109.5811,76.79417],[-108.54859,76.67832],[-108.21141,76.20168]]],[[[-94.68409,77.09788],[-93.57392,76.7763],[-91.60502,76.77852],[-90.74185,76.4496],[-90.96966,76.07401],[-89.18708,75.61017],[-86.37919,75.48242],[-84.78963,75.6992],[-81.12853,75.71398],[-80.05751,75.33685],[-79.83393,74.92313],[-80.45777,74.6573],[-81.94884,74.44246],[-83.22889,74.56403],[-88.15035,74.39231],[-89.76472,74.51556],[-92.42244,74.83776],[-92.88991,75.88266],[-93.89382,76.31924],[-95.96246,76.44138],[-97.12138,76.75108],[-96.74512,77.16139],[-94.68409,77.09788]]],[[[-116.19859,77.64529],[-116.33581,76.87696],[-117.10605,76.53003],[-121.5,75.90002],[-122.85492,76.11654],[-121.15754,76.86451],[-119.10394,77.51222],[-116.19859,77.64529]]],[[[-93.84,77.52],[-96.16965,77.55511],[-96.4363,77.83463],[-94.42258,77.82],[-93.72066,77.63433],[-93.84,77.52]]],[[[-110.18694,77.69701],[-112.05119,77.40923],[-113.53428,77.73221],[-112.72459,78.05105],[-111.26444,78.15296],[-109.85445,77.99632],[-110.18694,77.69701]]],[[[-109.66315,78.60197],[-110.88131,78.40692],[-112.54209,78.4079],[-112.52589,78.55055],[-111.50001,78.84999],[-109.66315,78.60197]]],[[[-95.83029,78.05694],[-97.30984,77.8506],[-98.12429,78.08286],[-98.55287,78.45811],[-98.63198,78.87193],[-96.7544,78.76581],[-95.55928,78.41831],[-95.83029,78.05694]]],[[[-100.06019,78.32475],[-99.67094,77.90754],[-102.94981,78.34323],[-105.17613,78.38033],[-104.21043,78.67742],[-105.41958,78.91834],[-105.49229,79.30159],[-100.82516,78.80046],[-100.06019,78.32475]]],[[[-87.02,79.66],[-85.81435,79.3369],[-87.18756,79.0393],[-89.03535,78.28723],[-90.80436,78.21533],[-92.87669,78.34333],[-93.95116,78.75099],[-93.93574,79.11373],[-93.14524,79.3801],[-94.974,79.37248],[-96.07614,79.70502],[-96.70972,80.15777],[-95.32345,80.90729],[-94.29843,80.97727],[-94.73542,81.20646],[-92.40984,81.25739],[-91.13289,80.72345],[-87.81,80.32],[-87.02,79.66]]],[[[-68.5,83.10632],[-63.68,82.9],[-61.85,82.6286],[-61.89388,82.36165],[-67.65755,81.50141],[-65.48031,81.50657],[-69.4697,80.61683],[-71.18,79.8],[-73.2428,79.63415],[-73.88,79.43016],[-76.90773,79.32309],[-75.52924,79.19766],[-76.22046,79.01907],[-75.39345,78.52581],[-77.88851,77.89991],[-78.36269,77.50859],[-79.75951,77.20968],[-79.61965,76.98336],[-77.91089,77.02205],[-77.88911,76.77796],[-80.56125,76.17812],[-83.17439,76.45403],[-86.11184,76.29901],[-89.49068,76.47239],[-89.6161,76.95213],[-87.76739,77.17833],[-88.26,77.9],[-87.65,77.97022],[-84.97634,77.53873],[-86.34,78.18],[-87.96192,78.37181],[-87.15198,78.75867],[-85.37868,78.9969],[-85.09495,79.34543],[-86.50734,79.73624],[-86.93179,80.25145],[-83.4087,80.1],[-81.84823,80.46442],[-87.59895,80.51627],[-89.36663,80.85569],[-90.2,81.26],[-91.36786,81.5531],[-91.58702,81.89429],[-86.97024,82.27961],[-85.5,82.65227],[-84.26,82.6],[-83.18,82.32],[-82.42,82.86],[-79.30664,83.13056],[-75.71878,83.06404],[-72.83153,83.23324],[-68.5,83.10632]]],[[[-66.28243,18.51476],[-65.7713,18.42668],[-65.591,18.22803],[-65.84716,17.97591],[-67.18416,17.94655],[-67.24243,18.37446],[-67.10068,18.5206],[-66.28243,18.51476]]],[[[-155.54211,19.08348],[-155.68817,18.91619],[-155.93665,19.05939],[-156.07347,19.70294],[-155.85008,19.97729],[-155.86108,20.26721],[-155.22452,19.99302],[-154.80741,19.50871],[-155.54211,19.08348]]],[[[-156.07926,20.64397],[-156.41445,20.57241],[-156.71055,20.92676],[-156.25711,20.91745],[-155.99566,20.76404],[-156.07926,20.64397]]],[[[-156.75824,21.17684],[-157.32521,21.09777],[-157.25027,21.21958],[-156.75824,21.17684]]],[[[-157.65283,21.32217],[-158.12667,21.31244],[-158.29265,21.57912],[-158.0252,21.71696],[-157.65283,21.32217]]],[[[-159.34512,21.982],[-159.46372,21.88299],[-159.80051,22.06533],[-159.36569,22.21494],[-159.34512,21.982]]],[[[-153.00631,57.11584],[-154.00509,56.73468],[-154.5164,56.99275],[-154.67099,57.4612],[-153.22873,57.96897],[-152.56479,57.90143],[-152.14115,57.59106],[-153.00631,57.11584]]],[[[-165.57916,59.90999],[-166.19277,59.75444],[-167.45528,60.21307],[-166.46779,60.38417],[-165.67443,60.29361],[-165.57916,59.90999]]],[[[-171.73166,63.78252],[-171.11443,63.59219],[-170.49111,63.69498],[-168.68944,63.29751],[-169.52944,62.97693],[-170.67139,63.37582],[-171.55306,63.31779],[-171.79111,63.40585],[-171.73166,63.78252]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Canada\"}}]}","volume":"17","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e96126e4b0dacf699e785b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, Mark A. hayesm@usgs.gov","contributorId":147339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Mark","email":"hayesm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":571308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ozenberger, Katharine","contributorId":147340,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ozenberger","given":"Katharine","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16824,"text":"University of Colorado Denver","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cryan, Paul M. 0000-0002-2915-8894 cryanp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-8894","contributorId":2356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cryan","given":"Paul","email":"cryanp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wunder, Michael B.","contributorId":80599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wunder","given":"Michael B.","affiliations":[{"id":6674,"text":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70148598,"text":"pp1794B - 2015 - Status and trends of land change in the Great Plains of the United States--1973 to 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T09:26:45","indexId":"pp1794B","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-03T07:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1794","chapter":"B","title":"Status and trends of land change in the Great Plains of the United States--1973 to 2000","docAbstract":"U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Professional Paper 1794–B is the second in a four-volume series on the status and trends of the Nation’s land use and land cover, providing an assessment of the rates and causes of land-use and land-cover change in the Great Plains of the United States between 1973 and 2000. Volumes A, C, and D provide similar analyses for the Western United States, the Midwest–South Central United States, and the Eastern United States, respectively. The assessments of land-use and land-cover trends are conducted on an ecoregion-by-ecoregion basis, and each ecoregion assessment is guided by a nationally consistent study design that includes mapping, statistical methods, field studies, and analysis. Individual assessments provide a picture of the characteristics of land change occurring in a given ecoregion; in combination, they provide a framework for understanding the complex national mosaic of change and also the causes and consequences of change. Thus, each volume in this series provides a regional assessment of how (and how fast) land use and land cover are changing, and why. The four volumes together form the first comprehensive picture of land change across the Nation.
\n\n
Geographic understanding of land-use and land-cover change is directly relevant to a wide variety of stakeholders, including land and resource managers, policymakers, and scientists. The chapters in this volume present brief summaries of the patterns and rates of land change observed in each ecoregion in the Great Plains of the United States, together with field photographs, statistics, and comparisons with other assessments. In addition, a synthesis chapter summarizes the scope of land change observed across the entire Great Plains of the United States. The studies provide a way of integrating information across the landscape, and they form a critical component in the efforts to understand how land use and land cover affect important issues such as the provision of ecological goods and services and also the determination of risks to, and vulnerabilities of, human communities. Results from this project also are published in peer-reviewed journals, and they are further used to produce maps of change and other tools for land management, as well as to provide inputs for carbon-cycle modeling and other climate change research.
\nThis report is only one of the products produced by USGS on land-use and land-cover change in the United States. Other reports and land-cover statistics are available online at http://landcovertrends.usgs.gov.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and trends of land change in the United States--1973 to 2000 (Professional Paper 1794)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1794B","usgsCitation":"Taylor, J.L., Acevedo, W., Auch, R.F., and Drummond, M.A., eds., 2015, Status and trends of land change in the Great Plains of the United States—1973 to 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1794–B, 180 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/pp1794B.","productDescription":"vi, 179 p.","numberOfPages":"190","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051841","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307931,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp1794","text":"Professional Paper 1794","linkHelpText":"This publication is Volume B in Status and trends of land change in the United States—1973 to 2000"},{"id":329086,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp1794D","text":"Professional Paper 1794–D","linkHelpText":"Status and Trends of Land Change in the Eastern United States—1973 to 2000"},{"id":307088,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp1794A","text":"Professional Paper 1794–A","linkHelpText":"Status and Trends of Land Change in the Western United States—1973 to 2000"},{"id":312101,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp1794C","text":"Professional Paper 1794–C","linkHelpText":"Status and Trends of Land Change in the Midwest–South Central United States—1973 to 2000"},{"id":306926,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/b/pp1794b.pdf","text":"Report","size":"44 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1794-B"},{"id":306925,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1794/b/coverthb.gif"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -97.55859375,\n 27.371767300523047\n ],\n [\n -96.8994140625,\n 28.22697003891834\n ],\n [\n -95.99853515625,\n 28.69058765425071\n ],\n [\n -95.38330078125,\n 28.94086176940557\n ],\n [\n -94.94384765625,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -94.21875,\n 29.611670115197377\n ],\n [\n -93.44970703125,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -92.57080078125,\n 29.954934549656144\n ],\n [\n -92.197265625,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -92.43896484375,\n 30.543338954230222\n ],\n [\n -92.7685546875,\n 30.694611546632302\n ],\n [\n -93.44970703125,\n 30.44867367928756\n ],\n [\n -93.779296875,\n 30.12612436422458\n ],\n [\n -95.16357421875,\n 29.973970240516614\n ],\n [\n -95.80078125,\n 30.50548389892728\n ],\n [\n -95.97656249999999,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -96.43798828125,\n 33.247875947924385\n ],\n [\n -96.52587890625,\n 33.8521697014074\n ],\n [\n -96.65771484375,\n 35.04798673426734\n ],\n [\n -96.064453125,\n 35.97800618085568\n ],\n [\n -95.00976562499999,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -94.02099609375,\n 37.87485339352928\n ],\n [\n -92.17529296875,\n 38.634036452919226\n ],\n [\n -90.81298828125,\n 39.2832938689385\n ],\n [\n -91.4501953125,\n 40.06125658140474\n ],\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 40.730608477796636\n ],\n [\n -90.81298828125,\n 41.492120839687786\n ],\n [\n -90.41748046874999,\n 41.68932225997044\n ],\n [\n -90.1318359375,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -91.12060546875,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -92.7685546875,\n 43.389081939117496\n ],\n [\n -92.96630859375,\n 43.83452678223684\n ],\n [\n -92.63671875,\n 44.43377984606825\n ],\n [\n -92.373046875,\n 44.66865287227321\n ],\n [\n -92.79052734375,\n 44.88701247981298\n ],\n [\n -93.2958984375,\n 44.762336674810996\n ],\n [\n -93.9990234375,\n 44.37098696297173\n ],\n [\n -95.80078125,\n 45.598665689820656\n ],\n [\n -96.6796875,\n 46.240651955001695\n ],\n [\n -97.7783203125,\n 46.7549166192819\n ],\n [\n -98.63525390624999,\n 47.635783590864854\n ],\n [\n -98.59130859375,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -98.7451171875,\n 48.850258199721495\n ],\n [\n -99.36035156249999,\n 48.99463598353408\n ],\n [\n -112.2802734375,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 48.44377831058805\n ],\n [\n -111.97265625,\n 47.62097541515849\n ],\n [\n -110.6982421875,\n 46.84516443029279\n ],\n [\n -108.61083984375,\n 45.72152152227954\n ],\n [\n -108.19335937499999,\n 45.042478050891546\n ],\n [\n -108.6328125,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -108.83056640625,\n 43.89789239125797\n ],\n [\n -108.2373046875,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -107.38037109375,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -107.11669921875,\n 42.08191667830631\n ],\n [\n -106.28173828125,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -106.36962890624999,\n 38.788345355085625\n ],\n [\n -106.14990234375,\n 37.49229399862877\n ],\n [\n -106.14990234375,\n 36.19109202182454\n ],\n [\n -105.8642578125,\n 33.486435450999885\n ],\n [\n -104.83154296875,\n 32.08257455954592\n ],\n [\n -102.3046875,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n -101.3818359375,\n 30.44867367928756\n ],\n [\n -101.22802734375,\n 29.53522956294847\n ],\n [\n -100.34912109375,\n 28.362401735238237\n ],\n [\n -99.47021484375,\n 27.27416111737468\n ],\n [\n -98.98681640625,\n 26.254009699865737\n ],\n [\n -97.998046875,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -97.31689453125,\n 25.878994400196202\n ],\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 26.03704188651584\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact information, U.S. Geological Survey
Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls, SD 57198-0001
Long-term temporal trends in water temperature in rivers and streams are typically estimated under the assumption of evenly-spaced space-time measurements. However, sampling times and dates associated with historical water temperature datasets and some sampling designs may be haphazard. As a result, trends in temperature may be confounded with trends in time or space of sampling which, in turn, may yield biased trend estimators and thus unreliable conclusions. We address this concern using multilevel (hierarchical) linear models, where time effects are allowed to vary randomly by day and date effects by year. We evaluate the proposed approach by Monte Carlo simulations with imbalance, sparse data and confounding by trend in time and date of sampling. Simulation results indicate unbiased trend estimators while results from a case study of temperature data from the Illinois River, USA conform to river thermal assumptions. We also propose a new nonparametric bootstrap inference on multilevel models that allows for a relatively flexible and distribution-free quantification of uncertainties. The proposed multilevel modeling approach may be elaborated to accommodate nonlinearities within days and years when sampling times or dates typically span temperature extremes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"Heidelberg, Germany","doi":"10.1007/s10260-015-0334-7","usgsCitation":"Gray, B.R., Lyubchich, V., Gel, Y.R., Rogala, J.T., Robertson, D.M., and Wei, X., 2015, Estimation of river and stream temperature trends under haphazard sampling: Statistical Methods & Applications, v. 25, no. 1, p. 89-105, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10260-015-0334-7.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"105","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062819","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323862,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Illinois River","volume":"25","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57651f33e4b07657d19c7896","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, Brian R. 0000-0001-7682-9550 brgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-9550","contributorId":2615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Brian","email":"brgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyubchich, Vyacheslav","contributorId":147780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lyubchich","given":"Vyacheslav","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12956,"text":"Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":572586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gel, Yulia R.","contributorId":147781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gel","given":"Yulia","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":16934,"text":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":572587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rogala, James T. 0000-0002-1954-4097 jrogala@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1954-4097","contributorId":2651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogala","given":"James","email":"jrogala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wei, Xiaoqiao","contributorId":147782,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wei","given":"Xiaoqiao","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16935,"text":"3M Center, Saint Paul, MN","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":572590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70155164,"text":"sir20155104 - 2015 - Flood-inundation Maps for the Deerfield River, Franklin County, Massachusetts, from the Confluence with the Cold River Tributary to the Connecticut River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-04T12:23:52","indexId":"sir20155104","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-02T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5104","title":"Flood-inundation Maps for the Deerfield River, Franklin County, Massachusetts, from the Confluence with the Cold River Tributary to the Connecticut River","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey developed flood elevations in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency for a 30-mile reach of the Deerfield River from the confluence of the Cold River tributary to the Connecticut River in the towns of Charlemont, Buckland, Shelburne, Conway, Deerfield, and Greenfield in Franklin County, Massachusetts to assist land owners, and emergency management workers prepare for and recover from floods. Peak flows with 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probabilities were computed for the reach from updated flood-frequency analyses. These peak flows were routed through a one-dimensional step-backwater hydraulic model to obtain the corresponding peak water-surface elevations and to place the tropical storm Irene flood of August 28, 2011 into historical context. The hydraulic model was calibrated by using current [2015] stage-discharge relations at two U.S. Geological Survey streamgages in the study reach—Deerfield River at Charlemont, MA (01168500) and Deerfield River near West Deerfield, MA (01170000)—and from documented high-water marks from the tropical storm Irene flood, which had between a 1- and 0.2-percent AEP.
\nThe hydraulic model was used to compute water-surface profiles for flood stages referenced to the two streamgages. Two sets of flood-inundation map libraries were created from the modeled profiles. The library for the upstream, western portion of the modeled reach is 9.1 miles long, extends from just downstream of the confluence of the Deerfield River with the Cold River to just upstream of the confluence with Clesson Brook, and is calibrated to the Deerfield River at Charlemont, MA streamgage. The library for the downstream, eastern portion of the modeled reach is 8.9 miles long, extends from just downstream of the confluence of the Deerfield River with the South River to just upstream of the confluence with the Green River, and is calibrated to the Deerfield River near West Deerfield streamgage. Stages for mapped profiles of the upstream reach range from 8.7 feet (ft) at the local datum (525.6 ft when converted to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 [NAVD 88]) to 25.7 ft (542.6 ft at NAVD 88) at the Charlemont streamgage, and stages for mapped profiles of the downstream reach range from 8.5 ft (165.2 ft at NAVD 88) to 29.0 ft (185.7 ft at NAVD 88) at the West Deerfield streamgage. The simulated water-surface profiles were combined with a geographic information system digital elevation model derived from 0.5-ft vertical accuracy light detection and ranging (lidar) data to create the two sets of flood-inundation maps.
\nThe availability of the flood-inundation maps at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/, combined with information regarding current (near real-time) stage from the two U.S. Geological Survey streamgages in the study reach, can provide emergency management personnel and residents with information to aid in flood response activities, such as evacuations and road closures, and with postflood recovery efforts. The flood-inundation maps are nonregulatory, but provide Federal, State, and local agencies and the public with estimates of the potential extent of flooding during selected peak-flow events.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155104","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Lombard, P.J., and Bent, G.C., 2015, Flood-inundation maps for the Deerfield River, Franklin County, Massachusetts, from the confluence with the Cold River tributary to the Connecticut River: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5104, 22 p., appendixes, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155104.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 22 p.; 2 Appendixes; Metadata","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-061958","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310302,"rank":6,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5104/downloads/sir20155104_flood-inundation_gis_charlemont.xml","text":"Charlemont flood inundation mapping GIS metadata (xml)","size":"12.3 KB","description":"SIR 2015-5104 - Metadata"},{"id":310303,"rank":7,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5104/downloads/sir20155104_flood-inundation_gis_wdeerfield.xml","text":"West Deerfield flood inundation mapping GIS metadata (xml)","size":"12.4 KB","description":"SIR 2015-5104 - Metadata"},{"id":310304,"rank":8,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5104/downloads/sir20155104_flood-inundation_gis_charlemont.zip","text":"Charlemont flood inundation mapping GIS","size":"27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2015-5104 - Spatial Data"},{"id":310305,"rank":9,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5104/downloads/sir20155104_flood-inundation_gis_wdeerfield.zip","text":"West Deerfield flood inundation mapping GIS","size":"85.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2015-5104 - Spatial Data"},{"id":310306,"rank":10,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://wimcloud.usgs.gov/apps/FIM/FloodInundationMapper.html","text":"Flood Inundation Mapper","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2015-5104"},{"id":307531,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5104/downloads/sir20155104_app2metadata.xml","text":"Appendix 2 Metadata (xml)","size":"12.4 KB","description":"SIR 2015-5104 - Metadata"},{"id":307527,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5104/sir20155104.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.66MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5104"},{"id":307526,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5104/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":307536,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5104/downloads/sir20155104_appendix2.zip","text":"Appendix 2","size":"350 KB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2015-5104 Appendix 2","linkHelpText":"Area of Flood Inundation for the 1- and 0.2-Percent Annual Exceedance Probability Flows Along the Deerfield River Study Reach in Franklin County, Massachusetts"},{"id":307528,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5104/downloads/sir20155104_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"24 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015-5104 Appendix 1","linkHelpText":"Water-Surface Elevations at Modeled Cross Sections Along the Deerfield River, Franklin County, Massachusetts"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","county":"Franklin County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.35870361328125,\n 42.72280375732727\n ],\n [\n -72.3175048828125,\n 42.6895017559477\n ],\n [\n -72.24746704101562,\n 42.67839711889057\n ],\n [\n -72.22824096679688,\n 42.65214190481525\n ],\n [\n -72.22137451171874,\n 42.622844161937174\n ],\n [\n -72.26943969726562,\n 42.60465241823049\n ],\n [\n -72.28179931640625,\n 42.589488572714245\n ],\n [\n -72.2625732421875,\n 42.56521874494336\n ],\n [\n -72.24746704101562,\n 42.527784255084676\n ],\n [\n -72.27630615234375,\n 42.50551526821832\n ],\n [\n -72.30926513671875,\n 42.533856237848504\n ],\n [\n -72.32162475585938,\n 42.47310984904908\n ],\n [\n -72.333984375,\n 42.453861188491175\n ],\n [\n -72.322998046875,\n 42.42244277484678\n ],\n [\n -72.32437133789062,\n 42.3839083919257\n ],\n [\n -72.32025146484375,\n 42.34941019930749\n ],\n [\n -72.34634399414061,\n 42.3179394544685\n ],\n [\n -72.34634399414061,\n 42.33926006673673\n ],\n [\n -72.35458374023438,\n 42.39912215986002\n ],\n [\n -72.38616943359375,\n 42.45791402988027\n ],\n [\n -72.38204956054688,\n 42.42142901536395\n ],\n [\n -72.4822998046875,\n 42.39506551565123\n ],\n [\n -72.50564575195312,\n 42.420415239489934\n ],\n [\n -72.79266357421875,\n 42.382894009614056\n ],\n [\n -72.80502319335938,\n 42.445754718858524\n ],\n [\n -72.94235229492188,\n 42.49133996306382\n ],\n [\n -72.93960571289062,\n 42.55510352893436\n ],\n [\n -73.06182861328125,\n 42.58544425738491\n ],\n [\n -73.10440063476562,\n 42.742978093466434\n ],\n [\n -72.35870361328125,\n 42.72280375732727\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
Or visit our Web site at
http://newengland.water.usgs.gov