Dryland ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle, including regulating the inter-annual global carbon sink. Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are essential tools that can help us better understand carbon cycling in different ecosystems. Currently, there is limited knowledge of the performance of these models in drylands partly due to characterizing the heterogeneity of the vegetation and hydrometeorological conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of a DGVM for drylands to facilitate improved understanding of gross primary production (GPP) as one of the important components of the carbon cycle. We performed a sensitivity analysis and calibrated the Ecosystem Demography (EDv2.2) DGVM to simulate GPP in a dryland watershed (Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho) in the western US for the years 2000-2017. GPP capacity and activity were investigated by comparing model simulations with GPP estimated from eddy covariance data (available from 2015-2017) and remote sensing products (2000-2017). Our results show good performance of EDv2.2 at daily timesteps (
Stream temperature data are useful for deciphering watershed processes important for aquatic ecosystems. Accurately extracting signal trends from stream temperature is essential for predicting responses of environmental and ecological indicators to change. Missing data periods are common for various reasons, and pose a challenge for scientists using temperature signal analysis to support stream research and ecological management objectives. However, the sensitivity of estimated temperature signal patterns to missing data has not been thoroughly evaluated, despite the potentially large impact on interpretation. In this study, we explored the effects of simulated missing daily data on the characterization of annual water temperature signals measured at headwater sites in the Pacific Northwest and Mid-Atlantic regions of the USA. For each site, we used linear regressions of sine-waves fitted to complete (365-d) and partial (7–357 consecutive missing data points) annual datasets of daily mean water temperature and computed three thermal parameters (mean, phase, and amplitude), which together can indicate thermally and ecologically influential watershed processes (e.g., depth and magnitude of groundwater discharge). Expected values (derived from complete datasets) ranged from 7.0 to 12.6 °C, 205 to 254 d, and 1.9 to 9.5 °C for annual mean, phase, and amplitude, respectively. While annual phase and amplitude could be accurately estimated (i.e., within 95–99% confidence intervals of expected values) with up to approximately two months of consecutively missing data, annual mean temperature required more complete datasets. We found that datasets with less than seven weeks of consecutively missing data enabled estimation of all annual signal parameters with reasonable accuracy (>75% probability of being within the 95–99% confidence intervals of expected values). Imputation of missing data expanded this range to approximately 20 weeks, with the greatest improvements in parameter estimation between 9 and 27 weeks of imputed missing data. However, caution should be exercised when applying this technique. For example, imputation improved the accuracy of parameter estimation for most sites, but accuracy decreased for some sites exhibiting strong groundwater influence. The timing of consecutive missing data points within a year had inconsistent effects on annual thermal parameter estimates among regions, years, and individual parameters. Utilizing sites with more than approximately seven consecutive weeks of missing data or 20 weeks of imputed data increases the probability of mischaracterization of annual stream thermal regimes. Understanding this limitation is vital for identifying the potential of streams to serve as climate refugia for ecological indicator species and effective future management of stream systems.
Paleoclimate records from ice cores generally are considered to be the most direct indicators of environmental change, but are rare from mid-latitude, continental regions such as the western United States. High-elevation ice patches are known to be important archaeological archives in alpine regions and potentially could provide records important for Earth System Model evaluation and to understand linkages between climate and early human activities, but this potential largely is unexplored. Here we use a well-dated ice-core record from a shallow ice patch to investigate Rocky Mountain winter-season climate during the Holocene. Our records indicate that this ice patch consistently accumulated ice over the past 10 kyr, preserving a regionally representative climate record of stable water isotopes and ice accretion rates that documented generally cooler and wetter conditions during the early Holocene and 500 years of anomalous winter season warmth centered at 4100 cal yr BP followed by a rapid cooling and 1500 years of cooler and wetter winters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2020.100021","usgsCitation":"Chellman, N.J., Pederson, G.T., Lee, C., McWethy, D., Pusman, K., Stone, J.R., Brown, S., and McConnell, J.R., 2021, High elevation ice patch documents Holocene climate variability in the northern Rocky Mountains: Quaternary Science Advances, v. 3, 100021, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qsa.2020.100021.","productDescription":"100021, 8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-102980","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":454090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qsa.2020.100021","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":383250,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Upper Kintla Lake, Beartooth ice patch, Emerald Lake, Beauty Lake, Island Lake, Bighorn Basin, Minnetonka Cave, Bison Lake","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chellman, Nathan J.","contributorId":140597,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chellman","given":"Nathan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pederson, Gregory T. 0000-0002-6014-1425 gpederson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6014-1425","contributorId":3106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pederson","given":"Gregory","email":"gpederson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":810253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Craig","contributorId":250716,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee","given":"Craig","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":50230,"text":"University of Colorado, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Boulder, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":810254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McWethy, Dave","contributorId":250717,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McWethy","given":"Dave","affiliations":[{"id":50231,"text":"Montana State University, Department of Earth Sciences, Bozeman, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":810255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pusman, Kathryn","contributorId":250718,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pusman","given":"Kathryn","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":50232,"text":"Paleoscapes Archaeobotanical Services Team, Baily, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":810256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stone, Jeffery R.","contributorId":222205,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stone","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brown, Sabrina R.","contributorId":222194,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Sabrina R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McConnell, Joseph R.","contributorId":191064,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McConnell","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":810259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70236083,"text":"70236083 - 2021 - Site response, basin amplification, and earthquake stress drops in the Portland, Oregon area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-29T11:46:44.687627","indexId":"70236083","displayToPublicDate":"2020-12-15T06:43:14","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Site response, basin amplification, and earthquake stress drops in the Portland, Oregon area","docAbstract":"Site response, sedimentary basin amplification, and earthquake stress drops for the Portland, Oregon area were determined using accelerometer recordings at 16 sites of 10 local earthquakes with
Nuclear inclusion X (NIX) is a gamma proteobacteria that infects the nuclei of gill epithelial cells in Pacific razor clams. NIX has been associated with clam die-offs in coastal Washington. A quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was developed to detect NIX in Pacific razor clams, and assay specificity was confirmed by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Both tests were applied to evaluate NIX infections in wild Pacific razor clams collected during spring 2019. Consistent with results from earlier histopathological assessments, qPCR and CISH indicated 100% prevalence in razor clams from two Washington beaches and 0% prevalence from two Alaskan beaches.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jip.2020.107519","usgsCitation":"Travis, B.A., Batts, W.N., Groner, M., Hershberger, P., Fradkin, S.C., Conway, C.M., Park, L., and Purcell, M.K., 2021, Novel diagnostic tests for the putative agent of bacterial gill disease in Pacific razor clams (Siliqua patula): Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, v. 178, 107519, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2020.107519.","productDescription":"107519, 4 p.","ipdsId":"IP-116489","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":454093,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2020.107519","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P99QQV5B","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Nuclear inclusion X testing of Pacific Razor clams from select locations in Washington and Alaska"},{"id":382055,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Kalaloch Beach, Katmai Peninsula, Kenai Peninsula, North Long Beach","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.13795471191405,\n 46.30994431269357\n ],\n [\n -123.86741638183594,\n 46.30994431269357\n ],\n [\n -123.86741638183594,\n 46.60794102560568\n ],\n [\n -124.13795471191405,\n 46.60794102560568\n ],\n [\n -124.13795471191405,\n 46.30994431269357\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.45518493652344,\n 47.535746978239125\n ],\n [\n -124.31716918945312,\n 47.535746978239125\n ],\n [\n -124.31716918945312,\n 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]\n}","volume":"178","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Travis, Brooke A","contributorId":247533,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Travis","given":"Brooke","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[{"id":25346,"text":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":807877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Batts, William N. 0000-0002-6469-9004 bbatts@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6469-9004","contributorId":3815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batts","given":"William","email":"bbatts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Groner, Maya 0000-0002-3381-6415","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3381-6415","contributorId":220169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groner","given":"Maya","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hershberger, Paul 0000-0002-2261-7760","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2261-7760","contributorId":203322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fradkin, Steven C.","contributorId":168638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fradkin","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5106,"text":"National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth, Wyoming 82190","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":807881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Conway, Carla M. 0000-0002-3851-3616 cmconway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3851-3616","contributorId":2946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"Carla","email":"cmconway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Park, Linda","contributorId":247534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Park","given":"Linda","affiliations":[{"id":49574,"text":"Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":807883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Purcell, Maureen K. 0000-0003-0154-8433 mpurcell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0154-8433","contributorId":168475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purcell","given":"Maureen","email":"mpurcell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70223853,"text":"70223853 - 2021 - Spatial patterns and drivers of nonperennial flow regimes in the contiguous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-10T13:45:18.247157","indexId":"70223853","displayToPublicDate":"2020-12-14T08:35:22","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial patterns and drivers of nonperennial flow regimes in the contiguous United States","docAbstract":"Over half of global rivers and streams lack perennial flow, and understanding the distribution and drivers of their flow regimes is critical for understanding their hydrologic, biogeochemical, and ecological functions. We analyzed nonperennial flow regimes using 540 U.S. Geological Survey watersheds across the contiguous United States from 1979 to 2018. Multivariate analyses revealed regional differences in no-flow fraction, date of first no flow, and duration of the dry-down period, with further divergence between natural and human-altered watersheds. Aridity was a primary driver of no-flow metrics at the continental scale, while unique combinations of climatic, physiographic and anthropogenic drivers emerged at regional scales. Dry-down duration showed stronger associations with nonclimate drivers compared to no-flow fraction and timing. Although the sparse distribution of nonperennial gages limits our understanding of such streams, the watersheds examined here suggest the important role of aridity and land cover change in modulating future stream drying.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2020GL090794","usgsCitation":"Hammond, J., Zimmer, M., Shanafield, M., Kaiser, K.E., Godsey, S., Mims, M.C., Zipper, S., Burrow, R., Kampf, S.K., Dodds, W., Jones, C., Krabbenhoft, C., Boersma, K., Datry, T., Olden, J., Allen, G., Price, A.N., Costigan, K., Hale, R., Ward, A.S., and Allen, D., 2021, Spatial patterns and drivers of nonperennial flow regimes in the contiguous United States: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 48, no. 2, e2020GL090794, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090794.","productDescription":"e2020GL090794, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-119781","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":454097,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl090794","text":"External Repository"},{"id":436624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data 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These additions allow us, for the first time, to calculate probabilistic seismic hazard curves for an expanded set of spectral periods (0.01 to 10 s) and site classes (VS30 = 150 to 1500 m/s) for the CONUS, as well as account for amplification of long-period ground motions in deep sedimentary basins in the Los Angeles, San Francisco Bay, Seattle, and Salt Lake City areas. Two sets of 2018 NSHM hazard data (hazard curves and uniform-hazard ground motions) are available: (1) 0.05°-latitude-by-0.05°-longitude gridded data for the CONUS and (2) higher resolution 0.01°-latitude-by-0.01°-longitude gridded data for the four WUS basins. Both sets of data contain basin effects in the WUS deep sedimentary basins. Uniform-hazard ground motion data are interpolated for 2, 5, and 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years from the hazard curves. 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Samples from 1204 wells in aquifers representing 70% of the volume pumped for drinking supply were analyzed for 109 pesticides (active ingredients) and 116 degradates. Among the 41% of wells where pesticide compounds were detected, nearly two-thirds contained compound mixtures and three-quarters contained degradates. Atrazine, hexazinone, prometon, tebuthiuron, four atrazine degradates, and one metolachlor degradate were each detected in >5% of wells. Detection frequencies were largest for aquifers with more shallow, unconfined wells producing modern-age groundwater. To screen for potential human-health concerns, benchmark quotients (BQs) were calculated by dividing concentrations by the human-health benchmark, when available. For degradates without benchmarks, estimated values (estimated benchmark quotients (BQE)) were first calculated by assuming equimolar toxicity to the most toxic parent; final analysis excluded degradates with likely overestimated toxicity. Six pesticide compounds and 1.6% of wells had concentrations approaching levels of potential concern (individual or summed BQ or BQE values >0.1), and none exceeded these levels (values >1). Therefore, although pesticide compounds occurred frequently, concentrations were low, even accounting for mixtures and degradates without benchmarks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.0c05793","usgsCitation":"Bexfield, L.M., Belitz, K., Lindsey, B.D., Toccalino, P., and Nowell, L.H., 2021, Pesticides and pesticide degradates in groundwater used for public supply across the United States: Occurrence and human-health context: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 55, no. 16, p. 362-372, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c05793.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"362","endPage":"372","ipdsId":"IP-120418","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":454101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c05793","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":381318,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Continental United States","geographicExtents":"{\n 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":213728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lindsey, Bruce D. 0000-0002-7180-4319 blindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7180-4319","contributorId":175346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"Bruce","email":"blindsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Toccalino, Patricia 0000-0003-1066-1702","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1066-1702","contributorId":213727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toccalino","given":"Patricia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38131,"text":"WMA - Office of Planning and Programming","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nowell, Lisa H. 0000-0001-5417-7264 lhnowell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5417-7264","contributorId":490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowell","given":"Lisa","email":"lhnowell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70217007,"text":"70217007 - 2021 - Determination of four arsenic species in environmental water samples by liquid chromatography- inductively coupled plasma - tandem mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-29T12:41:06.267628","indexId":"70217007","displayToPublicDate":"2020-12-14T06:48:04","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7479,"text":"MethodsX","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of four arsenic species in environmental water samples by liquid chromatography- inductively coupled plasma - tandem mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"Robust and sensitive methods for monitoring inorganic and organic As species As(III), As(V), dimethylarsinate (DMA), and monomethylarsonate (MMA) in environmental water are necessary to understand the toxicity and redox processes of As in a specific environment. The method is sufficiently sensitive and selective to ensure accurate and precise quantitation of As(III), As(V), DMA, and MMA in surface water and groundwater samples with As species concentrations from tens of nanograms per liter to 50 µg/L without dilution of the sample. Mean recoveries of the four species spiked into reagent water, surface water and groundwater and measured periodically over three months ranged from 87.2 % to 108.7 % and relative standard deviation of replicates of all analytes ranged from 1.1 % to 9.0 %.
The depth of active groundwater circulation is a fundamental control on stream flows and chemistry in mountain watersheds, yet it remains challenging to characterize and is rarely well constrained. We collected hydraulic conductivity, hydraulic head, temperature, chemical, noble gas, and 3H/3He groundwater age data from discrete levels in two boreholes 46 and 81 m deep in an alpine watershed, in combination with chemical and age data from shallow groundwater discharge, to discern groundwater flow rates at different depths and directly observe active and inactive groundwater. Vertical head gradients are steep (average of 0.4) and thermal profiles are consistent with typical linear conductive continental geotherms. Groundwater deeper than ∼20 m is distinct from shallow groundwater and creek water in its chemistry, noble gas signature, and age (dominantly >65 years compared to <9 years). Together these results suggest low vertical groundwater flow velocities and a relatively shallow active circulation depth of ∼20 m. This hypothesis is tested with a simple 2‐D numerical fluid flow and heat transport model representing a hillslope transect through the two boreholes. The modeling indicates that the subhorizontally bedded sedimentary rocks underlying the basin are highly anisotropic with low vertical hydraulic conductivity, and at most ∼10% of bedrock recharge (equivalent to <2% of stream baseflow) flows below a depth of 20 m. The study demonstrates the considerable value of discrete‐depth hydrogeologic, chemical, and age data for determining active circulation depth, and illustrates an approach for maximizing the utility of individual boreholes drilled for mountain bedrock aquifer characterization.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2020WR028548","usgsCitation":"Manning, A.H., Ball, L.B., Wanty, R., and Williams, K.H., 2021, Direct observation of the depth of active groundwater circulation in an alpine watershed: Water Resources Research, v. 57, no. 2, e2020WR028548, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR028548.","productDescription":"e2020WR028548, 21 p.","ipdsId":"IP-121573","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr028548","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":384621,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Redwell Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.13043212890625,\n 38.792626957868904\n ],\n [\n -106.80084228515625,\n 38.792626957868904\n ],\n [\n -106.80084228515625,\n 38.99997583555929\n ],\n [\n -107.13043212890625,\n 38.99997583555929\n ],\n [\n -107.13043212890625,\n 38.792626957868904\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-02-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manning, Andrew H. 0000-0002-6404-1237 amanning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-1237","contributorId":1305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew","email":"amanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":812857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ball, Lyndsay B. 0000-0002-6356-4693 lbball@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6356-4693","contributorId":1138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"Lyndsay","email":"lbball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":812858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wanty, Richard B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":209899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"Richard","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":812859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, Kenneth H. 0000-0002-3568-1155","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3568-1155","contributorId":176791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":812860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70217722,"text":"70217722 - 2021 - The Alaska convergent margin backstop splay fault zone, a potential large tsunami generator between the frontal prism and continental framework","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-01T14:30:59.583569","indexId":"70217722","displayToPublicDate":"2020-12-13T06:50:17","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7143,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, and Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Alaska convergent margin backstop splay fault zone, a potential large tsunami generator between the frontal prism and continental framework","docAbstract":"The giant tsunami that swept the Pacific from Alaska to Antarctica in 1946 was generated along one of three Alaska Trench instrumentally recorded aftershock areas following great and giant earthquakes. Aftershock areas were investigated during the past decade with multibeam bathymetry, ocean bottom seismograph wide‐angle seismic, reprocessed legacy, and new seismic reflection images. Summarized and updated here are previous papers and additional data. Tectonic structures collocated with aftershock area boundaries indicate possible lengths of rupture in future great earthquakes. NE aftershock area boundaries relate to subducted lower plate structures whereas the SW zone upper plate retains Beringian structural relicts. The lower to middle slope transition separating a stronger continental framework rock from a weaker accreted prism occurs along splay fault zones previously interpreted as backstops in seismic images. Damage zones along splay faults are generally 1‐km‐wide dipping typically 21°. Splays form slip paths from the plate interface to the seafloor much shorter than the 3–4° dipping plate interface beneath the frontal prism. Associated seafloor vent structures indicate overpressured fluids at depth. Splay fault dip and its rigid hanging wall impart greater seafloor uplift than the accreted prism per unit of slip making them effective tsunami generators. Backstop splay fault zones (BSFZs) run along the entire Alaska Trench. Beneath the frontal prism, active bend faults add rugosity to the plate interface and km high relief is commonly imaged in reprocessed legacy and new seismic data. The 1946 Unimak great (M8.6) earthquake epicenter is located near the BSFZ.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2019GC008901","usgsCitation":"von Huene, R., Miller, J.J., and Krabbenhoeft, A., 2021, The Alaska convergent margin backstop splay fault zone, a potential large tsunami generator between the frontal prism and continental framework: Geochemistry, Geophysics, and Geosystems, v. 22, no. 1, e2019GC008901, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008901.","productDescription":"e2019GC008901, 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-123030","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gc008901","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":382780,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Plate","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.7099609375,\n 59.17592824927136\n ],\n [\n -158.8623046875,\n 56.04749958329888\n ],\n [\n -167.51953124999997,\n 53.067626642387374\n ],\n [\n -165.498046875,\n 52.53627304145948\n ],\n [\n -156.26953125,\n 55.1286490684888\n ],\n [\n -150.7763671875,\n 58.44773280389084\n ],\n [\n -152.7099609375,\n 59.17592824927136\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"von Huene, Roland 0000-0003-1301-3866","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":208085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","affiliations":[{"id":37709,"text":"USGS, emeritus, 800 Blossom Hill Road, Los Gatos, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, John J. 0000-0002-9098-0967 jmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9098-0967","contributorId":3785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"John","email":"jmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krabbenhoeft, Anne","contributorId":208084,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krabbenhoeft","given":"Anne","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37708,"text":"GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70263957,"text":"70263957 - 2021 - Pervasive low-velocity layer atop the 410-km discontinuity beneath the northwest Pacific subduction zone: Implications for rheology and geodynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-03T15:36:19.470968","indexId":"70263957","displayToPublicDate":"2020-12-11T09:30:08","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pervasive low-velocity layer atop the 410-km discontinuity beneath the northwest Pacific subduction zone: Implications for rheology and geodynamics","docAbstract":"Regional triplication waveforms of five intermediate-depth events are modeled to simultaneously obtain the compressional (P) and shear (SH) wave velocity structure beneath northwestern Pacific subduction zone. Both the P- and SH-wave velocity models for three different sub-regions show a low-velocity layer (LVL) with a thickness of ∼55-80 km lying above the 410-km discontinuity with a ∼900 km lateral extent from the Japan Sea to the northeastern Asian continental margin. With the dihedral angle approaching to zero around 400 km, a minute amount of melt atop the 410-km discontinuity caused by the hydrous slab might completely wet olivine grain boundaries and result in a low seismic velocity layer in this specific subduction zone. This mechanism suggests that the 410-LVL is a low viscosity zone that would partially decouple the upper mantle from the transition zone. We infer that the widespread 410-LVL provides evidence for a water-bearing mantle transition zone beneath the western Pacific subduction zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116642","usgsCitation":"Han, G., Li, J., Guo, G., Mooney, W.D., Karato, S., and Yuen, D., 2021, Pervasive low-velocity layer atop the 410-km discontinuity beneath the northwest Pacific subduction zone: Implications for rheology and geodynamics: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 554, 116642, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116642.","productDescription":"116642, 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-122067","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116642","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":482740,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"554","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Han, Guangjie","contributorId":351730,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Han","given":"Guangjie","affiliations":[{"id":32415,"text":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":929342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Li, Juan","contributorId":351731,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Juan","affiliations":[{"id":32415,"text":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":929343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guo, Guangrui","contributorId":351732,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guo","given":"Guangrui","affiliations":[{"id":32415,"text":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":929344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":929345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Karato, Shun-Ichiro","contributorId":351733,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karato","given":"Shun-Ichiro","affiliations":[{"id":37550,"text":"Yale University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":929346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yuen, David A.","contributorId":351734,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yuen","given":"David A.","affiliations":[{"id":7171,"text":"Columbia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":929347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70217056,"text":"70217056 - 2021 - Permafrost promotes shallow groundwater flow and warmer headwater streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-05T21:14:01.609787","indexId":"70217056","displayToPublicDate":"2020-12-11T07:09:54","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Permafrost promotes shallow groundwater flow and warmer headwater streams","docAbstract":"The presence of permafrost influences the flow paths of water through Arctic landscapes and thereby has the potential to impact stream discharge and thermal regimes. Observations from eleven headwater streams in Alaska showed that July water temperatures were higher in catchments with more near‐surface permafrost. We apply a fully coupled cryohydrology model to investigate if the impact of permafrost on flow path depth could cause the same pattern in temperatures of groundwater discharging from hillslopes to streams. The model simulates surface energy and water balances, snow, and subsurface water and energy balances for two‐dimensional hillslope model cases with varying permafrost extent. We find that hillslopes with continuous permafrost have more shallow flow paths and twice as high rates of evapotranspiration, compared to hillslopes with no permafrost. For our simulated cases, 6.7 % of the horizontal water flux moves through the top organic soil layers when there is continuous permafrost, while only 0.5 % moves through organic layers without permafrost. The deeper flow paths in permafrost‐free simulations buffer seasonal temperature extremes, so that summer groundwater discharge temperatures are highest with continuous permafrost. Our results suggest that permafrost thawing alters groundwater flow paths and can lead to decreases in summer stream temperatures and reductions in evapotranspiration in headwater catchments. These changes are of potential importance for stream biotic components of ecosystems, however, the full impact remains unknown.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2020WR027463","usgsCitation":"Sjoberg, Y., Janke, A.K., Painter, S., Coonradt, E., Carey, M.P., O’Donnell, J.A., and Koch, J.C., 2021, Permafrost promotes shallow groundwater flow and warmer headwater streams: Water Resources Research, v. 57, no. 2, e2020WR027463, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR027463.","productDescription":"e2020WR027463, 20 p.","ipdsId":"IP-117601","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":491329,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P91HI62H","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Stream Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Conductivity, and Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) in River Basins of Northwest Alaska, 2017-2024"},{"id":454110,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr027463","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436625,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9C3JYUH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Physical, Hydraulic, and Thermal Properties of Soils in the Noatak River Basin, Alaska, 2016"},{"id":381798,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Noatak National Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163.685302734375,\n 66.93866882358137\n ],\n [\n -154.8193359375,\n 66.93866882358137\n ],\n [\n -154.8193359375,\n 68.62854757995426\n ],\n [\n -163.685302734375,\n 68.62854757995426\n ],\n [\n -163.685302734375,\n 66.93866882358137\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-02-23","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sjoberg, Ylva 0000-0002-4292-5808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4292-5808","contributorId":194635,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sjoberg","given":"Ylva","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":807421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Janke, Adam K. 0000-0003-2781-7857","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2781-7857","contributorId":130959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Janke","given":"Adam","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7176,"text":"Dept of Natl Res Mgmt, SDSU, Brookings, SD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":807422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Painter, S 0000-0002-0901-6987","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0901-6987","contributorId":245978,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Painter","given":"S","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37070,"text":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":807423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coonradt, E. 0000-0001-8124-9622","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8124-9622","contributorId":140134,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coonradt","given":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13388,"text":"ADF&G - Commercial Fisheries, 304 Lake Street, Sitka, Alaska 99835","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":807424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carey, Michael P. 0000-0002-3327-8995 mcarey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3327-8995","contributorId":5397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carey","given":"Michael","email":"mcarey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Donnell, Jonathan A. 0000-0001-7031-9808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7031-9808","contributorId":191423,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Donnell","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":807426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Koch, Joshua C. 0000-0001-7180-6982 jkoch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7180-6982","contributorId":202532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Joshua","email":"jkoch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70218730,"text":"70218730 - 2021 - Seasonal periphyton response to low-level nutrient exposure in a least disturbed mountain stream, the Buffalo River, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-10T13:14:06.685619","indexId":"70218730","displayToPublicDate":"2020-12-11T07:06:33","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal periphyton response to low-level nutrient exposure in a least disturbed mountain stream, the Buffalo River, Arkansas","docAbstract":"Like most streams located in the Ozark Plateaus, the Buffalo River in Arkansas generally has excellent water quality. Water-quality conditions in Big Creek, however, a major tributary of the middle Buffalo River, have been less favorable than that of other Buffalo River tributaries. Concerns regarding the influence of water quality in Big Creek on the Buffalo River magnified in 2013 when a large confined animal feeding operation (CAFO) began operating in the watershed. In response to these concerns, the U.S. Geological Survey compared monthly nutrient concentrations and seasonal periphyton assemblage metrics of a site on Big Creek downstream of the CAFO, two Buffalo River control sites upstream of the confluence with Big Creek, and three Buffalo River test sites downstream of the confluence with Big Creek. In addition to identifying potential nutrient patterns and periphyton responses along a low-level nutrient exposure gradient, the study determined how nutrient contributions from Big Creek (and the CAFO) are affecting ecological conditions and consequent ecosystem services in the Buffalo River. Nutrient and periphyton data exhibited more temporal than spatial variability. Nutrient concentrations were generally highest of all sites at the Big Creek site. Concentrations at the five sites on the Buffalo River were typically low (near laboratory reporting limits), and concentrations at the three test sites rarely exceeded those of the two control sites. An index developed with three ecologically relevant periphyton metrics (oligotrophic taxa and Homoeothrix percent relative abundance and mesotrophic diatoms percent taxa richness) suggested that nutrient uptake at sites downstream of the Big Creek-Buffalo River confluence resulted in subtle shifts in downstream periphyton assemblages. The periphyton index of biological integrity at control sites was slightly and generally more favorable compared to test sites. Even so, when periphyton data were considered in conjunction with both hydrology and water-quality data, the negative consequences of antecedent high flows and associated scouring exceeded the potential positive effects that low-level nutrients had on algal productivity. These findings emphasize the importance of comparing biological and chemical data across extended temporal scales, particularly when working with low-level nutrient gradients.
A boosted regression tree model was developed to predict pH conditions in three dimensions throughout the glacial aquifer system of the contiguous United States using pH measurements in samples from 18,386 wells and predictor variables that represent aspects of the hydrogeologic setting. Model results indicate that the carbonate content of soils and aquifer materials strongly controls pH and, when coupled with long flowpaths, results in the most alkaline conditions. Conversely, in areas where glacial sediments are thin and carbonate‐poor, pH conditions remain acidic. At depths typical of drinking‐water supplies, predicted pH >7.5—which is associated with arsenic mobilization—occurs more frequently than predicted pH <6—which is associated with water corrosivity and the mobilization of other trace elements. A novel aspect of this model was the inclusion of numerically based estimates of groundwater flow characteristics (age and flowpath length) as predictor variables. The sensitivity of pH predictions to these variables was consistent with hydrologic understanding of groundwater flow systems and the geochemical evolution of groundwater quality. The model was not developed to provide precise estimates of pH at any given location. Rather, it can be used to more generally identify areas where contaminants may be mobilized into groundwater and where corrosivity issues may be of concern to prioritize areas for future groundwater monitoring.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13063","usgsCitation":"Stackelberg, P.E., Belitz, K., Brown, C., Erickson, M., Elliott, S.M., Kauffman, L.J., Ransom, K.M., and Reddy, J., 2021, Machine learning predictions of pH in the Glacial Aquifer System, Northern USA: Groundwater, v. 37, no. 4, p. 531-543, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13063.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"531","endPage":"543","ipdsId":"IP-122702","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":454116,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13063","text":"External Repository"},{"id":436626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9RF0R6E","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data for machine learning predictions of pH in the glacial aquifer system, northern USA"},{"id":382483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stackelberg, Paul E. 0000-0002-1818-355X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1818-355X","contributorId":204864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stackelberg","given":"Paul","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":201889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Craig J. 0000-0002-3858-3964","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3858-3964","contributorId":210450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Craig J.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Erickson, Melinda L. 0000-0002-1117-2866 merickso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1117-2866","contributorId":3671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erickson","given":"Melinda L.","email":"merickso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Elliott, Sarah M. 0000-0002-1414-3024 selliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1414-3024","contributorId":1472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Sarah","email":"selliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kauffman, Leon J. 0000-0003-4564-0362","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":206428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Leon","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ransom, Katherine Marie 0000-0001-6195-7699","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6195-7699","contributorId":239552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ransom","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"Marie","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Reddy, James E. 0000-0002-6998-7267","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6998-7267","contributorId":206426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"James E.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70217541,"text":"70217541 - 2021 - Characterizing strain between rigid crustal blocks in the southern Cascadia forearc: Quaternary faults and folds of the northern Sacramento Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-08T14:45:40.880531","indexId":"70217541","displayToPublicDate":"2020-12-10T15:42:17","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterizing strain between rigid crustal blocks in the southern Cascadia forearc: Quaternary faults and folds of the northern Sacramento Valley, California","docAbstract":"Topographic profiles across late Quaternary surfaces in the northern Sacramento Valley (California, USA) show offset and progressive folding on series of active east- and northeast—trending faults and folds. Optically stimulated luminescence ages on deposits draping a warped late Pleistocene river terrace yielded differential incision rates along the Sacramento River and indicate tectonic uplift equal to 0.2 ± 0.1 and 0.6 ± 0.2 mm/yr above the anticline of the Inks Creek fold system and Red Bluff fault, respectively. Uplift rates correspond to a total of 1.3 ± 0.4 mm/yr of north-directed crustal shortening, accounting for all of the geodetically observed contractional strain in the northern Sacramento Valley, but only part of the far-field contraction between the Sierra Nevada–Great Valley and Oregon Coast blocks. These structures define the southern limit of the transpressional transition between the two blocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G48114.1","usgsCitation":"Angster, S.J., Wesnousky, S.G., Figueiredo, P., Owen, L., and Sawyer, T., 2021, Characterizing strain between rigid crustal blocks in the southern Cascadia forearc: Quaternary faults and folds of the northern Sacramento Valley, California: Geology, v. 49, no. 4, p. 387-391, https://doi.org/10.1130/G48114.1.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"391","ipdsId":"IP-119779","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":454119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/g48114.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":382460,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.211669921875,\n 38.65119833229951\n ],\n [\n -120.82763671875,\n 38.65119833229951\n ],\n [\n -120.82763671875,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n -123.211669921875,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n -123.211669921875,\n 38.65119833229951\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"49","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Angster, Stephen J. 0000-0001-9250-8415","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9250-8415","contributorId":225610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angster","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wesnousky, Steven G.","contributorId":193416,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wesnousky","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":33746,"text":"Center for Neotectonic Studies, Reno, NV","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Figueiredo, Paula","contributorId":248217,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Figueiredo","given":"Paula","affiliations":[{"id":49830,"text":"North Carolina University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Owen, Lewis A.","contributorId":138784,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Owen","given":"Lewis A.","affiliations":[{"id":6694,"text":"Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sawyer, Thomas","contributorId":248218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sawyer","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[{"id":49833,"text":"Piedmont GeoSciences Inc.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70216892,"text":"70216892 - 2021 - The impact of ventilation patterns on calcite dissolution rates within karst conduits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-30T14:53:23.957547","indexId":"70216892","displayToPublicDate":"2020-12-10T08:47:42","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The impact of ventilation patterns on calcite dissolution rates within karst conduits","docAbstract":"Erosion rates in streams vary dramatically over time, as differences in streamflow and sediment load enhance or inhibit erosion processes. Within cave streams, and other bedrock channels incising soluble rocks, changes in water chemistry are an important factor in determining how erosion rates will vary in both time and space. Prior studies in surface streams, springs, and caves suggest that variation in dissolved CO2 is the strongest control on variation in calcite dissolution rates. However, the controls on CO2 variation remain poorly quantified. Limited data suggest that ventilation of karst systems can substantially influence dissolved CO2 within karst conduits. However, the interactions among cave ventilation, air-water CO2 exchange, and dissolution dynamics have not been studied in detail. In this study, three years of time series measurements of dissolved and gaseous CO2, cave airflow velocity, and specific conductance from Blowing Springs Cave, Arkansas, were analyzed and used to estimate continuous calcite dissolution rates and quantify the correlations between those rates and potential physical and chemical drivers. We find that chimney effect airflow creates temperature-driven switches in airflow direction, and that the resulting seasonal changes in airflow regulate both gaseous and dissolved CO2 within the cave. As in previous studies, partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) is the strongest chemical control of dissolution rate variability. However, we also show that cave airflow direction, rather than streamflow, is the strongest physical driver of changes in dissolution rate, contrary to the typical situation in surface channel erosion where floods largely determine the timing and extent of geomorphic work. At the study site, chemical erosion is typically active in the summer, during periods of cave downdraft (airflow from upper to lower entrances), and inactive in the winter, during updraft (airflow from lower to upper entrances). Storms provide only minor perturbations to this overall pattern. We also find that airflow direction modulates dissolution rate variation during storms, with higher storm variability during updraft than during downdraft. Finally, we compare our results with the limited set of other studies that have examined dissolution rate variation within cave streams and draw an initial hypothesis that evolution of cave ventilation patterns strongly impacts how dissolution rate dynamics evolve over the lifetime of karst conduits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125824","usgsCitation":"Covington, M.D., Knierim, K.J., Young, H.H., Rodriguez, J., and Gnoza, H., 2021, The impact of ventilation patterns on calcite dissolution rates within karst conduits: Journal of Hydrology, v. 593, 125824, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125824.","productDescription":"125824, 17 p.","ipdsId":"IP-118284","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381252,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Missouri","city":"Bella Vista","otherGeospatial":"Blowing Springs Cave","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.47624206542969,\n 36.380937621825886\n ],\n [\n -94.13360595703125,\n 36.380937621825886\n ],\n [\n -94.13360595703125,\n 36.61111838494165\n ],\n [\n -94.47624206542969,\n 36.61111838494165\n ],\n [\n -94.47624206542969,\n 36.380937621825886\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"593","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Covington, Matthew D.","contributorId":192015,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Covington","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":806758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knierim, Katherine J. 0000-0002-5361-4132 kknierim@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5361-4132","contributorId":191788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knierim","given":"Katherine","email":"kknierim@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Young, Holly H","contributorId":222433,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"Holly","email":"","middleInitial":"H","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rodriguez, Josue","contributorId":245654,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Josue","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6623,"text":"University of Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gnoza, Hannah","contributorId":245655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gnoza","given":"Hannah","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6623,"text":"University of Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70216939,"text":"70216939 - 2021 - Effect of temperature, nitrate concentration, pH and bicarbonate addition on biomass and lipid accumulation in the sporulating green alga PW95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-17T14:16:12.365392","indexId":"70216939","displayToPublicDate":"2020-12-10T08:13:07","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5275,"text":"Algal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of temperature, nitrate concentration, pH and bicarbonate addition on biomass and lipid accumulation in the sporulating green alga PW95","docAbstract":"The mixed effects of temperature (20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C), nitrate concentration (0.5 mM and 2.0 mM), pH buffer, and bicarbonate addition (trigger) on biomass growth and lipid accumulation were investigated in the environmental alga PW95 during batch experiments in standardized growth medium. PW95 was isolated from coal-bed methane production water and classified as a Chlamydomonas-like species by morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis (18S, ITS, rbcL). A factorial experimental design tested the mixed effects on PW95 before and after nitrate depletion to determine a low cost, high efficiency combination of treatments for biomass growth and lipid accumulation. Results showed buffer addition affected growth for most of the treatments and bicarbonate trigger had no statistically significant effect on growth and lipid accumulation. PW95 displayed the highest growth rate and chlorophyll content at 30 °C and 2.0 mM nitrate and there was an inverse relation between biomass accumulation and lipid accumulation at the extremes of nitrate concentration and temperature. The combination of higher temperature (30 °C) and lower nitrate level (0.5 mM) without the use of a buffer or bicarbonate addition resulted in maximal daily biomass accumulation (5.30 × 106 cells/mL), high biofuel potential before and after nitrate depletion (27% and 20%), higher biofuel productivity (16 and 15 mg/L/d, respectively), and desirable fatty acid profiles (saturated and unsaturated C16 and C18 chains). Our results indicate an important interaction between low nitrate levels, temperature, and elevated pH for trade-offs between biomass and lipid production in PW95. This work serves as a model to approach and advance the study of physiological responses of novel microalgae to diverse culture conditions that mimic environmental changes for outdoor biofuel production. The most promising conditions for growth and biofuel production were identified for PW95 and this approach can be implemented for other microalgal production systems.
Forecasting heightened magmatic activity is key to assessing and mitigating global volcanic hazards, including eruptions from lateral rift zones at basaltic volcanoes. At Kı-lauea volcano, Hawai’i (United States), planar dikes intrude its east rift zone (ERZ) and repeatedly affect the same segments. Here we show that Kı-lauea’s upper and middle ERZ dikes in the last four decades intruded at regular intervals of ∼8 or ∼14 yr. Segments with shorter recurrence intervals are adjacent to faster-moving parts of the flank, and ∼1–5 MPa of tension accumulates from flank spreading in the time between dike events. Intrusion frequency was neither advanced nor delayed during magma supply variations, supporting the role of long-term flank motion on the timing of dike intrusions. Although fewer historical dikes have occurred near the 2018 CE eruption site in the lower ERZ and the adjacent slowly sliding lower eastern flank, similar tension accumulated between the 1955 and 2018 eruptions. Regular dike intrusion recurrence intervals indicate the importance of including both extrusive and (commonly neglected) intrusive activity in eruption hazard analyses.
The introduction of exotic species has the potential to cause resource competition with native species and may lead to competitive exclusion when resources are limiting. On the other hand, information is lacking to predict under what alternate trophic conditions coexistence may occur. Comparing diets of native yellow perch Perca flavescens and nonindigenous white perch Morone americana, we examined variation in resource partitioning and body condition across a prominent longitudinal nutrient gradient in Lake Erie (north‐eastern United States, Canada). As measured with Analysis of Similarity and Schoener's index, diet similarity declined monotonically from west to east tracking declines in nutrients, productivity and relative abundance of both species. Additionally, diet similarity increased from spring through fall, following seasonal development of stratification and hypolimnetic hypoxia—phenomena which tend to increase spatial overlap between these species. Finally, relative weights of both species peaked in the Central Basin (relative weights > 0.85), which, on average, had intermediate values of prey diversity, ecosystem trophic status and water clarity. Our results highlight that native yellow perch coexist with invasive white perch under a wide range of trophic conditions. Of importance to fishery managers, mesotrophy in the Central Basin correlated with the highest body conditions and intermediate prey resource partitioning, although the effect size was small and variable. While competitive exclusion appears unlikely, the goal of reducing nutrient inputs in Lake Erie could affect not only the distributions of both species but also stakeholder decisions about where to fish.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/eff.12586","usgsCitation":"Kraus, R., Schmitt, J., and Keretz, K.R., 2021, Resource partitioning across a trophic gradient between a freshwater fish and an intraguild exotic: Ecology of Freshwater Fish, v. 30, no. 3, p. 320-333, https://doi.org/10.1111/eff.12586.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"320","endPage":"333","ipdsId":"IP-112101","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381415,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Erie","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.2548828125,\n 42.65012181368022\n ],\n [\n -83.07861328125,\n 42.16340342422401\n ],\n [\n -83.5400390625,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -81.71630859375,\n 41.36031866306708\n ],\n [\n -79.98046875,\n 42.08191667830631\n ],\n [\n -78.7060546875,\n 42.8115217450979\n ],\n [\n -79.47509765625,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -81.2548828125,\n 42.65012181368022\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kraus, Richard 0000-0003-4494-1841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4494-1841","contributorId":216548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"Richard","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmitt, Joseph 0000-0002-8354-4067","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-4067","contributorId":221020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keretz, Kevin R. 0000-0002-4808-8350 kkeretz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4808-8350","contributorId":5859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keretz","given":"Kevin","email":"kkeretz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":17848,"text":"Mississippi State University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":806929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70217253,"text":"70217253 - 2021 - Examining the potential conflict between sea otter recovery and Dungeness crab fisheries in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-14T13:38:15.995228","indexId":"70217253","displayToPublicDate":"2020-12-10T07:34:25","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Examining the potential conflict between sea otter recovery and Dungeness crab fisheries in California","docAbstract":"Human exploitation of marine mammals led to precipitous declines in many wild populations within the last three centuries. Legal protections enacted throughout the 20th century have enabled the recovery of many of these species and some recoveries have resulted in conflict with humans for shared resources. With legal protections and reintroduction programs, the southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) has returned to portions of its former range from which it had been extirpated for decades, causing concern that the Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) fishery could be negatively affected by increasing otter range and population size. The Dungeness crab fishery is one of the most valuable in California, and these crabs are a known prey item of sea otters. We examine sea otter population growth by port region in relation to Dungeness crab catch using landing receipts since the early 1980s. We find Dungeness crab landings and fishing success, as measured by landings per trip receipt, increased across all ports. In the most recent decade, we observed slower growth in fishing success in northern ports where otters were absent, relative to southern ports where sea otters exist and their populations have grown. In ports where otters were present, fishing success was positively correlated with otter population size over time. Further, an extensive dataset of 83,000 sea otter foraging dives identified Dungeness crab to be less than 2% of the total diet. Though we find no evidence that sea otter populations impact the Dungeness crab fishery in California, other potential conflicts could be considered before expanding reintroduction programs.
Coastal subsidence contributes to relative sea-level rise and exacerbates flooding hazards, with the at-risk population expected to triple by 2070. Natural processes of vertical land motion, such as tectonics, glacial isostatic adjustment and sediment compaction, as well as anthropogenic processes, such as fluid extraction, lead to globally variable subsidence rates. In this Review, we discuss the key physical processes driving vertical land motion in coastal areas. Use of space-borne and land-based techniques and the associated uncertainties for monitoring subsidence are examined, as are physics-based models used to explain contemporary subsidence rates and to obtain future projections. Steady and comparatively low rates of subsidence and uplift owing to tectonic processes and glacial isostatic adjustment can be assumed for the twenty-first century. By contrast, much higher and variable subsidence rates occur owing to compaction associated with sediment loading and fluid extraction, as well as large earthquakes. These rates can be up to two orders of magnitude higher than the present-day rate of global sea-level rise. Multi-objective predictive models are required to account for the underlying physical processes and socio-economic factors that drive subsidence.
Mountain lakes, while seemingly pristine, have been subjected to historical fish stocking practices and exposure to atmospherically deposited contaminants like mercury. Mercury bioaccumulation in these ecosystems varies widely due to strong environmental gradients, and there are complex, hierarchical factors that affect mercury transport and loading, methylmercury production, and food web biomagnification. We sought to assess how representative variables associated with watershed, lake, and food web‐scale processes—specifically, catchment tree cover, lake benthic primary production, and fish diet, respectively—are associated with mercury concentrations in mountain lake fish. Mean fish mercury concentrations varied threefold between lakes, with nearshore tree cover and fish diet accounting for the most variance in fish mercury. Tree cover was likely positively correlated to fish Hg due to its contributions to local deposition and its effect on lake biogeochemistry. Fish with benthic diets tended to have higher mercury concentrations, illustrating that food web processes are an important consideration when investigating drivers of contaminant bioaccumulation. Our results suggest that both landscape and ecological factors are determinants of fish mercury bioaccumulation, and thus variables at multiple scales should be considered when managing mountain lake food webs for mercury exposure risk.
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Consequently, a new channel system evolved. Initially, a range of streamflows eroded channels (tens of meters incision, hundreds of meters widening) and transported immense sediment loads. Now, single, large‐magnitude or multiple moderate‐magnitude events are needed to accomplish substantial channel modification. Three large floods (two ≥100‐year events; one ∼10–25‐year event along lower Toutle River) from 1996 to 2015 indicate flood effectiveness in this environment is affected by both geomorphic and environmental factors. The largest and smallest of these floods (February 1996, November 2006) transported the most sediment by single floods since 1982; erosion and sediment transport by an ∼100‐year flood in December 2015 was not exceptional. Strong coupling between NFTR and its tall corridor banks, local geologic and hydraulic conditions promoting threshold erosion, event sequencing, and possibly a longitudinal gradient in stream power are important factors affecting event effectiveness on channel modification. In addition, environmental factors have also been influential, as variations in snowpack, storm trajectories and rainfall distributions, and episodic mobilization of debris flows have also influenced geomorphic response. Other factors such as vegetation anchoring, strong channel–hillside coupling, disparities between flood frequencies and perturbation relaxation times, and large variations in flood duration do not appear to be critical influences. Climate forecasts for warmer temperatures and a shift from snowfall to rainfall at high elevations may promote further acute geomorphic responses.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2019WR026851","usgsCitation":"Major, J.J., Spicer, K.R., and Mosbrucker, A.R., 2021, Effective hydrological events in an evolving mid‐latitude mountain river system following cataclysmic disturbance—A saga of multiple influences: Water Resources Research, v. 57, no. 2, e2019WR026851, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR026851.","productDescription":"e2019WR026851","ipdsId":"IP-123125","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381991,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-02-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Major, Jon J. 0000-0003-2449-4466 jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spicer, Kurt R. 0000-0001-5030-3198 krspicer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5030-3198","contributorId":2684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spicer","given":"Kurt","email":"krspicer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mosbrucker, Adam R. 0000-0003-0298-0324 amosbrucker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0298-0324","contributorId":4968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosbrucker","given":"Adam","email":"amosbrucker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70217082,"text":"70217082 - 2021 - Monitoring network changes during the 2018 Kīlauea Volcano eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-05T13:26:58.381604","indexId":"70217082","displayToPublicDate":"2020-12-09T07:23:05","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring network changes during the 2018 Kīlauea Volcano eruption","docAbstract":"In the summer of 2018, Kīlauea Volcano underwent one of its most significant eruptions in the past few hundred years. The volcano’s summit and East Rift Zone magma system partially drained, resulting in a series of occasionally explosive partial caldera collapses, and widespread lava flows in the lower East Rift Zone. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) operates a robust permanent monitoring network of about 250 stations, recording a variety of real‐time data streams: seismic (short‐period, broadband, strong‐motion), infrasound, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), tilt, camera, laser rangefinder, and gas geochemistry. During the eruption, HVO staff quickly established 35 new temporary monitoring stations, to better constrain evolving volcanic hazards. The partial collapses of the caldera threatened to disrupt important telemetry links in the HVO monitoring network, and a major effort was undertaken in the midst of the eruption crisis to reroute radio telemetry and maintain continuity of data flow. In the process, a new data center was established in Hilo, to mitigate a long‐standing potential single point of failure at the HVO facility. Over the course of the eruption from May through August, lava, ashfall, wildfire, and cliff collapse destroyed or disabled 36 stations. Thousands of earthquakes damaged the main HVO facility at Uēkahuna Bluff, causing staff to evacuate the building and relocate observatory operations in the midst of the eruption response, adding more complexity to the response effort. Throughout these events, the HVO team maintained the monitoring network, provided timely information to the public and emergency managers, and collected valuable scientific data to better understand Kīlauea Volcano.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0220200284","usgsCitation":"Shiro, B., Zoeller, M.H., Kamibayashi, K., Johanson, I.A., Parcheta, C., Patrick, M.R., Nadeau, P.A., Lee, R., and Miklius, A., 2021, Monitoring network changes during the 2018 Kīlauea Volcano eruption: Seismological Research Letters, v. 92, no. 1, p. 102-118, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200284.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"102","endPage":"118","ipdsId":"IP-120285","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381873,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.56640625,\n 19.041348796589013\n ],\n [\n -154.57763671874997,\n 19.041348796589013\n ],\n [\n -154.57763671874997,\n 20.05593126519445\n ],\n [\n -155.56640625,\n 20.05593126519445\n ],\n [\n -155.56640625,\n 19.041348796589013\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shiro, Brian 0000-0001-8756-288X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8756-288X","contributorId":204040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shiro","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zoeller, Michael H. 0000-0003-4716-8567","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4716-8567","contributorId":214557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoeller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kamibayashi, Kevan 0000-0001-6364-5218 kevank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6364-5218","contributorId":215614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamibayashi","given":"Kevan","email":"kevank@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johanson, Ingrid A. 0000-0002-6049-2225","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6049-2225","contributorId":215613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johanson","given":"Ingrid","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Parcheta, Carolyn 0000-0001-6556-4630 cparcheta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6556-4630","contributorId":215617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parcheta","given":"Carolyn","email":"cparcheta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Patrick, Matthew R. 0000-0002-8042-6639 mpatrick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-6639","contributorId":2070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patrick","given":"Matthew","email":"mpatrick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nadeau, Patricia A. 0000-0002-6732-3686","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6732-3686","contributorId":215616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nadeau","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lee, R. Lopaka 0000-0002-6352-0340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6352-0340","contributorId":215133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R. Lopaka","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Miklius, Asta 0000-0002-2286-1886","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-1886","contributorId":215615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miklius","given":"Asta","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ]}