Photographs and other images of the Earth taken from the air and from space show a great deal about the planet's landforms, vegetation, and resources. Aerial and satellite images, known as remotely sensed images, permit accurate mapping of land cover and make landscape features understandable on regional, continental, and even global scales. Transient phenomena, such as seasonal vegetation vigor and contaminant discharges, can be studied by comparing images acquired at different times.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), which began using aerial photographs for mapping in the 1930's, archives photographs from its mapping projects and from those of some other Federal agencies. In addition, many images from such space programs as Landsat, begun in 1972, are held by the USGS. Most satellite scenes can be obtained only in digital form for use in computer-based image processing and geographic information systems, but in some cases are also available as photographic products.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70045328","collaboration":"Archived Publication--Most of the information contained in this publication is no longer current and is not expected to be updated.","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, Aerial Photographs and Satellite Images: General Information Product, HTML document, https://doi.org/10.3133/70045328.","productDescription":"HTML document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":270725,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70045328.gif"},{"id":286864,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/AerialPhotos_SatImages/"},{"id":286865,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/AerialPhotos_SatImages/aerial.html"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51653860e4b077fa94dadf5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019209,"text":"70019209 - 1997 - The Landsat program: Its origins, evolution, and impacts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T13:46:14","indexId":"70019209","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Landsat program: Its origins, evolution, and impacts","docAbstract":"Landsat 1 began an era of space-based resource data collection that changed the way science, industry, governments, and the general public view the Earth. For the last 25 years, the Landsat program - despite being hampered by institutional problems and budget uncertainties - has successfully provided a continuous supply of synoptic, repetitive, multi-spectral data of the Earth's land areas. These data have profoundly affected programs for mapping resources, monitoring environmental changes, and assessing global habitability. The societal applications this program generated are so compelling that international systems have proliferated to carry on the tasks initiated with Landsat data.","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Lauer, D.T., Morain, S., and Salomonson, V., 1997, The Landsat program: Its origins, evolution, and impacts: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 63, no. 7, p. 831-838.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"831","endPage":"838","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226635,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad7ce4b08c986b323c43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lauer, D. T.","contributorId":47907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lauer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morain, S.A.","contributorId":9275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morain","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Salomonson, V.V.","contributorId":61968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salomonson","given":"V.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5583,"text":"fs08497 - 1997 - Landsat Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-17T11:47:02","indexId":"fs08497","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"084-97","title":"Landsat Data","docAbstract":"In the mid-1960's, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) embarked on an initiative to develop and launch the first Earth monitoring satellite to meet the needs of resource managers and earth scientists. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) entered into a partnership with NASA in the early 1970?s to assume responsibility for archiving data and distributing data products. On July 23, 1972, NASA launched the first in a series of satellites designed to provide repetitive global coverage of the Earth?s land masses. Designated initially as the \"Earth Resources Technology Satellite-A\" (\"ERTS-A\"), it used a Nimbus-type platform that was modified to carry sensor systems and data relay equipment. When operational orbit was achieved, it was designated \"ERTS-1.\"\n\nThe satellite continued to function beyond its designed life expectancy of 1 year and finally ceased to operate on January 6, 1978, more than 5 years after its launch date. The second in this series of Earth resources satellites (designated ?ERTS-B?) was launched January 22, 1975. It was renamed \"Landsat 2\" by NASA, which also renamed \"ERTS-1\" as \"Landsat 1.\" Three additional Landsats were launched in 1978, 1982, and 1984 (Landsats 3, 4, and 5 ). (See table 1).\n\nNASA was responsible for operating the program through the early 1980?s. In January 1983, operation of the Landsat system was transferred to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). In October 1985, the Landsat system was commercialized and the Earth Observation Satellite Company, now Space Imaging EOSAT, assumed responsibility for its operation under contract to NOAA. Throughout these changes, the USGS EROS Data Center (EDC) retained primary responsibility as the Government archive of Landsat data.\n\nThe Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-5555) officially authorized the National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive and assigned responsibility to the Department of the Interior. In addition to its Landsat data management responsibility, the EDC investigates new methods of characterizing and studying changes on the land surface with Landsat data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs08497","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, Landsat Data: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 084-97, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs08497.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0084/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32106,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0084/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6620,"text":"fs08397 - 1997 - Finding international Landsat data online","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-16T17:16:06","indexId":"fs08397","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"083-97","title":"Finding international Landsat data online","docAbstract":"The Global Land Information System (GLIS) lists Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) and thematic mapper (TM) data available from the participating international ground stations shown below. These databases of the Landsat Ground Station Operations Working Group (LGSOWG) can be searched, but not ordered, using GLIS. To order Landsat scenes identified on the GLIS data search, contact the international ground station where those scenes are available, indicated by the second character of the Entity ID.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs08397","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, Finding international Landsat data online: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 083-97, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs08397.","productDescription":"1 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122395,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0083/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34060,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0083/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f470d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4893,"text":"ds41 - 1996 - Great Basin geoscience data base","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-28T13:28:18","indexId":"ds41","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"41","title":"Great Basin geoscience data base","docAbstract":"This CD-ROM serves as the archive for 73 digital GIS data set for the Great Basin. The data sets cover Nevada, eastern California, southeastern Oregon, southern Idaho, and western Utah. Some of the data sets are incomplete for the total area. On the CD-ROM, the data are provided in three formats, a prototype Federal Data Exchange standard format, the ESRI PC ARCVIEW1 format for viewing the data, and the ESRI ARC/INFO export format. Extensive documentation is provided to describe the data, the sources, and data enhancements. The following data are provided. One group of coverages comes primarily from 1:2,000,000-scale National Atlas data and can be assembled for use as base maps. These various forms of topographic information. In addition, public land system data sets are provided from the 1:2,500,000-scale Geologic Map of the United States and 1:500,000-scale geologic maps of Nevada, Oregon, and Utah. Geochemical data from the National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) program are provided for most of the Great Basin. Geophysical data are provided for most of the Great Basin, typically gridded data with a spacing of 1 km. The geophysical data sets include aeromagnetics, gravity, radiometric data, and several derivative products. The thematic data sets include geochronology, calderas, pluvial lakes, tectonic extension domains, distribution of pre-Cenozoic terranes, limonite anomalies, Landsat linear features, mineral sites, and Bureau of Land Management exploration and mining permits.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ds41","issn":"1088-1018","isbn":"060786141X","collaboration":"The USGS does not provide technical support for the software associated with this publication.","usgsCitation":"Raines, G.L., Sawatzky, D.L., and Connors, K.A., 1996, Great Basin geoscience data base: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 41, 1 computer laser optical disc ;4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds41.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disc ;4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282962,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/041/application.zip"}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.25,35 ], [ -122.25,44.5 ], [ -110.75,44.5 ], [ -110.75,35 ], [ -122.25,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671cd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, Gary L.","contributorId":48162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sawatzky, Don L.","contributorId":99110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawatzky","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Connors, Katherine A.","contributorId":53785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connors","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26625,"text":"wri964111 - 1996 - Ground-water pumpage in the Willamette lowland regional aquifer system, Oregon and Washington, 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:40:00","indexId":"wri964111","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4111","title":"Ground-water pumpage in the Willamette lowland regional aquifer system, Oregon and Washington, 1990","docAbstract":"Ground-water pumpage for 1990 was estimated for an area of about 5,700 square miles in northwestern Oregon and southwestern Washington as part of the Puget-Willamette Lowland Regional Aquifer System Analysis study. The estimated total ground-water pumpage in 1990 was about 340,000 acre-feet. Ground water in the study area is pumped mainly from Quaternary sediment; lesser amounts are withdrawn from Tertiary volcanic materials. Large parts of the area are used for agriculture, and about two and one-half times as much ground water was pumped for irrigation as for either public- supply or industrial needs. Estimates of ground- water pumpage for irrigation in the central part of the Willamette Valley were generated by using image-processing techniques and Landsat Thematic Mapper data. Field data and published reports were used to estimate pumpage for irrigation in other parts of the study area. Information on public- supply and industrial pumpage was collected from Federal, State, and private organizations and individuals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri964111","usgsCitation":"Collins, C., and Broad, T.M., 1996, Ground-water pumpage in the Willamette lowland regional aquifer system, Oregon and Washington, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4111, iii, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964111.","productDescription":"iii, 27 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125024,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4111/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55498,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4111/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"549.91 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Willamette Regional Aquifer System","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.16748046874999,\n 43.78695837311561\n ],\n [\n -124.16748046874999,\n 49.76707407366792\n ],\n [\n -119.00390625,\n 49.76707407366792\n ],\n [\n -119.00390625,\n 43.78695837311561\n ],\n [\n -124.16748046874999,\n 43.78695837311561\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6673ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, Charles A.","contributorId":79510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Charles A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Broad, Tyson M.","contributorId":76786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broad","given":"Tyson","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22896,"text":"ofr9630 - 1996 - Resource assessment of the Bureau of Land Management's Winnemucca District and Surprise Resource Area, Northwest Nevada and Northeast California; geology and its relation to resource genesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-05T13:36:23","indexId":"ofr9630","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-30","title":"Resource assessment of the Bureau of Land Management's Winnemucca District and Surprise Resource Area, Northwest Nevada and Northeast California; geology and its relation to resource genesis","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is a party to joint interagency Memorandum of Understandings (MOUs) with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) to coordinate resource assessments and evaluations of BLM administered lands. Resource assessments of BLM Resource Areas, that are conducted by the USGS under these MOUs, assist the BLM in meeting inventory and evaluation, resource-management planning, and other management requirements of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (FLPMA). This report is one of several to be generated as part of a resource assessment of BLMadministered lands in northwest Nevada and northeast California.
The project area is composed of three contiguous BLM Resource Areas (RAs), totalling 13.5 million acres, in northwest Nevada and northeast California (figs. 1, 2). The SonomaGerlach and Paradise-Denio Resource Areas in northwest Nevada together comprise the BLM's Winnemucca District. The Surprise RA is located in extreme northwest Nevada and northeast California and is part of the BLM's Susanville District, which is administered by the BLM's California state office. Henceforth in this report, the project area will be referred to as the Winnemucca-Surprise Resource Assessment Area (WSRAA).
Sources of geologic data used in this compilation include the state geologic maps of Nevada (Stewart and Carlson, 1978) and California (Jennings, 1977). Other regional, largerscale geologic maps of the area that were used include the 1:250,000 scale Nevada county geologic maps (Willden, 1964; Bonham, 1969; Willden and Speed, 1974; Johnson, 1977), l:125,000-scale geologic quadrangle maps (Ferguson and others, 1951, 1952; Muller and others, 1951), 1:62,500-scale geologic quadrangle maps (Gilluly, 1967; Silberling and Wallace, 1967; Wallace and others, 1969a, b) and several 1:48,000- and 1:24,000-scale geologic quadrangle maps (e.g., Erickson and Marsh, 1974 b, c; Vikre, 1985b; Theodore, 1991 a, b; 1994; Doebrich, 1994, 1995; Jones, in press a, b).
The geology of the WSRAA records a complex history of Paleozoic and Mesozoic accretionary and plutonic events followed by Tertiary extensional tectonism and magmatism. This report chronologically outlines sedimentologic, magmatic, and tectonic events that shaped the geology of the WSRAA and relates these events to the genesis and distribution of the region's mineral and non-mineral resources. This is the initial report of several scheduled to be prepared on the WSRAA. Others reports include geochemistry, geophysics, hydrothermal alteration classification using Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery, assessment of metallic mineral resources, assessment of non-metallic mineral resources, and assessment of oil and gas resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9630","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Doebrich, J., 1996, Resource assessment of the Bureau of Land Management's Winnemucca District and Surprise Resource Area, Northwest Nevada and Northeast California; geology and its relation to resource genesis: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-30, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9630.","productDescription":"46 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0030/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52304,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0030/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629e27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doebrich, J. L. 0009-0009-3427-0985","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3427-0985","contributorId":61422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doebrich","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70202451,"text":"70202451 - 1996 - Origins and philosophy of building a temporal database to examine human transformation processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T15:10:11","indexId":"70202451","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T09:27:13","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Origins and philosophy of building a temporal database to examine human transformation processes","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in partnership with the University of Maryland Baltimore County, is using historical maps and satellite images to map human-induced land transformations for the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area. This work builds on an earlier effort that documented the historical urban development for the San Francisco Bay area. That effort used a geographic information system to compile a database that provided a visual and historical perspective of the urban growth experienced in the Bay area between 1850 and 1990. Historical overviews of urban development can be used to provide insights into the future. The Bay area work was inspired by the desire to draw upon the USGS's rich 100-year topographic map, and 20-year Landsat satellite data archives. A methodology was developed to combine the information from a variety of sources into an integrated, multi-scale, and multi-resolution dataset. Temporal urban mapping is used to examine past landscapes by incorporating historic maps, census statistics, and commerce records to generate a progressive geo-referenced representation of the past changes in the region. Contemporary analysis focuses on the use of remotely sensed data, existing digital land use data, digital census information, and a variety of Earth science infrastructure data, such as Digital Line Graphs, Digital Elevation Models, and key ancillary demographic information. The resulting database of temporal urban demographic changes provides an ideal source of test data and information for both urban geographers and global change research scientists.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annual Convention and Exhibition, Baltimore, Md., 22–25 April 1996, Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Annual Convention and Exhibition","conferenceDate":"April 22-25, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore, Maryland","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, Maryland","usgsCitation":"Acevedo, W., Foresman, T.W., and Buchanan, J., 1996, Origins and philosophy of building a temporal database to examine human transformation processes, in Annual Convention and Exhibition, Baltimore, Md., 22–25 April 1996, Proceedings, Baltimore, Maryland, April 22-25, 1996.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361662,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/landcover.usgs.gov/urban/umap/pubs/asprs_wma.php.html"},{"id":361663,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.64862060546875,\n 37.391981943533544\n ],\n [\n -121.74362182617188,\n 37.391981943533544\n ],\n [\n -121.74362182617188,\n 38.238180119798635\n ],\n [\n -122.64862060546875,\n 38.238180119798635\n ],\n [\n -122.64862060546875,\n 37.391981943533544\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Acevedo, William wacevedo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acevedo","given":"William","email":"wacevedo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foresman, Timothy W.","contributorId":213897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foresman","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buchanan, Janis T.","contributorId":213898,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buchanan","given":"Janis T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70201858,"text":"70201858 - 1996 - Regional land cover characterization using multiple sources of intermediate-scale data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-01T09:48:57","indexId":"70201858","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-31T12:26:56","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Regional land cover characterization using multiple sources of intermediate-scale data","docAbstract":"Many United States federal agencies need accurate, intermediate scaled, land cover information. While many techniques and approaches have been successfully used to classify land cover in relatively small regions, there are substantial problems in applying these techniques to large multi-scene regions. An evaluation was conducted of the multiple layer land characteristics data base approach for generating large area land cover information. Mosaicked leaves-on Landsat thematic mapper scenes were used in conjunction with leaves-off thematic mapper data, digital elevation (and derived slope, aspect and shaded relief) data, population census information, defense meteorological satellite program \"city lights\" data, land use and land cover data, digital line graph data, and national wetlands inventory data to derive land cover information. This approach was evaluated for Region III of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (middle Atlantic states).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium: Remote sensing for a sustainable future","conferenceDate":"May 27-31, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Lincoln, NE","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516305","usgsCitation":"Vogelmann, J., Howard, S.M., and Sohl, T.L., 1996, Regional land cover characterization using multiple sources of intermediate-scale data, in IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Lincoln, NE, May 27-31, 1996, p. 246-247, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516305.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"246","endPage":"247","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360866,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"MacIntosh, R.E.","contributorId":212092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacIntosh","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":755558,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frasier, S.J.","contributorId":212094,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frasier","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":755559,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swift, C.T.","contributorId":212226,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swift","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":755749,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Vogelmann, James 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":192352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":755541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, S. M.","contributorId":39153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":755542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sohl, Terry L. 0000-0002-9771-4231 sohl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9771-4231","contributorId":648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Terry","email":"sohl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":755543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008650,"text":"1008650 - 1996 - Remote sensing of forest fire severity and vegetation recovery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-14T17:45:33.404174","indexId":"1008650","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2083,"text":"International Journal of Wildland Fire","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing of forest fire severity and vegetation recovery","docAbstract":"Burned forested areas have patterns of varying burn severity as a consequence of various topographic, vegetation, and meteorological factors. These patterns are detected and mapped using satellite data. Other ecological information can be abstracted from satellite data regarding rates of recovery of vegetation foliage and variation of burn severity on different vegetation types. Middle infrared wavelengths are useful for burn severity mapping because the land cover changes associated with burning increase reflectance in this part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Simple stratification of Landsat Thematic Mapper data define varying classes of burn severity because of changes in canopy cover, biomass removal, and soil chemical composition. Reasonable maps of burn severity are produced when the class limits of burn severity reflectance are applied to the entire satellite data. Changes in satellite reflectance over multiple years reveal the dynamics of vegetation and fire severity as low burn areas have lower changes in reflectance relative to high burn areas. This results as a consequence of how much the site was altered due to the burn and how much space is available for vegetation recovery. Analysis of change in reflectance across steppe, riparian, and forested vegetation types indicate that fires potentially increase biomass in steppe areas, while riparian and forested areas are slower to regrow to pre-fire conditions. This satellite-based technology is useful for mapping severely burned areas by exploring the ecological manifestations before and after fire.
","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","doi":"10.1071/WF9960125","usgsCitation":"White, J., Ryan, K., Key, C., and Running, S.W., 1996, Remote sensing of forest fire severity and vegetation recovery: International Journal of Wildland Fire, v. 6, no. 3, p. 125-136, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF9960125.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"136","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132147,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bf4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, J.D.","contributorId":42923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryan, K.C.","contributorId":34455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Key, C.H.","contributorId":74343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Key","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Running, S. W.","contributorId":51257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Running","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018646,"text":"70018646 - 1996 - Establishing the moon as a spectral radiance standard","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T22:13:36.48206","indexId":"70018646","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2186,"text":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Establishing the moon as a spectral radiance standard","docAbstract":"A new automated observatory dedicated to the radiometry of the moon has been constructed to provide new radiance information for calibration of earth-orbiting imaging instruments, particularly Earth Observing System instruments. Instrumentation includes an imaging photometer with 4.5-in. resolution on a fully digital mount and a full-aperture radiance calibration source. Interference filters within 0.35–0.95 µm correspond to standard stellar magnitude systems, accommodate wavelengths of lunar spectral contrast, and approximate some band-passes of planned earth-orbiting instruments (ASTER, Landsat-7 ETM, MISR, MODIS, and SeaWIFS).
The same equipment is used for lunar and stellar observations, with the use of an aperture stop in lunar imaging to comply with Nyquist's theorem and lengthen exposure times to avoid scintillation effects. A typical robotic night run involves observation of about 60 photometric standard stars and the moon; about 10 of the standard stars are observed repeatedly to determine atmospheric extinction, and the moon is observed several times. Observations are to be made on every photometric night during the bright half of the month for at least 4.5 years to adequately cover phase and libration variation. Each lunar image is reduced to absolute exoatmospheric radiance and reprojected to a fixed selenographic grid system. The collection of these images at various liberators and phase angles will be reduced to photometric models for each of the approximately 120 000 points in the lunar grid for each filter. Radiance models of the moon can then be produced for the precise geometry of an orbiting instrument observation. Expected errors are under 1% relative and 2.5% absolute. A second telescope operating from 1.0 to 2.5 µm is planned.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013%3C0360:ETMAAS%3E2.0.CO;2","issn":"07390572","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, H.H., and Wildey, R., 1996, Establishing the moon as a spectral radiance standard: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, v. 13, no. 2, p. 360-375, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013%3C0360:ETMAAS%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"360","endPage":"375","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227486,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a65e4b0c8380cd5233b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, H. H.","contributorId":40725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wildey, R.L.","contributorId":9700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildey","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019027,"text":"70019027 - 1996 - Calibration of GOES-VISSR, visible-band satellite data and its application to the analysis of a dust storm at Owens Lake, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-02T21:56:25.859664","indexId":"70019027","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calibration of GOES-VISSR, visible-band satellite data and its application to the analysis of a dust storm at Owens Lake, California","docAbstract":"As part of a joint Russian/American dust-storm experiment, GOES-VISSR (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, Visible-Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer), data from a visible-band satellite image of a large dust storm emanating from Owens Lake, California were acquired on March 10 and 11, 1993. The satellite data were calibrated to targets of known ground reflectance factors and processed with radiative transfer techniques to yield aerosol (dust) optical depth at those stages of the dust storm when concurrent ground-based measurements of optical depth were made. Calibration of the satellite data is crucial for comparing surficial changes in remotely sensed data acquired over a period of time from the same area and for determining accurate concentrations of atmospheric aerosols using radiative transfer techniques.
The calibration procedure forces the distribution of visible-band, DN (digital number) values, acquired on July 1, 1992, at 1731 GMT from the GOES-VISSR sensor over a large test area, to match the distribution of visible-band, DN values concurrently acquired from a Landsat MSS (Multispectral Scanner) sensor over the same test area; the Landsat MSS DN values were directly associated with reflectance factors measured from ground targets. The calibrated GOES-VISSR data for July 1, 1992, were then used to calibrate other GOES-VISSR data acquired on March 10 and 11, 1993, during the dust storm. Uncertainties in location of ground targets, bi-directional reflectance and atmospheric attenuation contribute an error of approximately ±0.02 in the satellite-inferred ground reflectance factors.
On March 11 at 1031 PST the satellite-received radiances during the peak of the storm were 3 times larger than predicted by our radiative transfer model for a pure clay dust plume of infinite optical depth. This result supported ground-based measurements that the plume at that time was composed primarily of large salt grains, probably sodium sulfate, which could not be properly characterized in our radiative transfer model. Further, the satellite data showed that the salt fell out of the plume within 35 km from the source. Finer-grained, clay dust was observed to extend beyond the salt-laden plume and was the major component of the dust plume after 1131 PST, when erosion of the salt crust on Owens Lake ceased. By 1331 and 1401 PST satellite-inferred, optical depths compared favorably with measurements concurrently acquired at the ground. Uncertainties in bi-directional reflectance, atmospheric attenuation, and locating ground points in the satellite data manifest errors between the inferred and measured optical depths in the range of 20 to 50%; these errors would be much greater without the calibration of the GOES-VISSR data.
Changes in satellite-inferred reflectance factors over the lake bed during the course of the storm showed that 76 km2 of the surface was disrupted during the March 11 storm, suggesting as much as 76 × 103 m3 of crustal material were displaced for each millimeter of several estimated to have been moved during the storm; an unknown fraction of the displaced material was suspended. The satellite data also showed dust fallout on mountain snowfields. Whereas fallout may have removed most of the salt, satellite data acquired at 1631 PST, when the plume had a large brightness contrast with the ground, showed that it covered over 2500 km2 and contained at least 1.6 × 109 g of sediment. For such a small source area, the dust represents a substantial contribution to the regional and global load of aerosols.
Five overlapping Landsat multispectral scanner satellite images of the interior of the West Antarctic ice sheet were enhanced with principal component analysis, high-pass filtering, and linear contrast stretching and merged into a mosaic by aligning surface features in the overlap areas. The mosaic was registered to geodetic coordinates, to an accuracy of about 1 km, using the five scene centers as control points. The onset of streaming flow of two tributaries of ice stream C and one tributary of ice stream D is visible in the mosaic. The onset appears to occur within a relatively short distance, less than the width of the ice stream, typically at a subglacial topographic feature, such as a step or ridge. The ice streams extend farther up into the interior than previously mapped. Ice stream D starts about 150 km from the ice divide, at an altitude of about 1500 m, approximately halfway up the convex-upward dome shape of the interior ice sheet. Ice stream D is relatively much longer than ice stream C, possibly because ice stream D is currently active, whereas ice stream C is currently inactive. The grounded portion of the West Antarctic ice sheet is perhaps best conceptualized as an ice sheet in which ice streams are embedded over most of its area, with slow-moving ice converging into fast-moving ice streams in a widely distributed pattern, much like that of streams and rivers in a hydrologic basin. A relic margin appears to parallel most of the south margin of the tributary of ice stream D, separated from the active shear margin by about 10 km or less for a distance of over 200 km. This means there is now evidence for recent changes having occurred in three of the five major ice streams which drain most of West Antarctica (B, C, and D), two of which (B and D) are currently active.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JC02961","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hodge, S.M., and Doppelhammer, S., 1996, Satellite imagery of the onset of streaming flow of ice streams C and D, West Antarctica: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 101, no. C3, p. 6669-6677, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC02961.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"6669","endPage":"6677","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227531,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"C3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-03-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b86dee4b08c986b31618b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodge, S. M.","contributorId":94665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hodge","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doppelhammer, S.K.","contributorId":28388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doppelhammer","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44310,"text":"ofr96739 - 1996 - City of Flagstaff Project: Ground Water Resource Evaluation, Remote Sensing Component","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:05","indexId":"ofr96739","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-739","title":"City of Flagstaff Project: Ground Water Resource Evaluation, Remote Sensing Component","docAbstract":"Many regions, cities, and towns in the Western United States need new or expanded water resources because of both population growth and increased development. Any tools or data that can help in the evaluation of an area's potential water resources must be considered for this increasingly critical need. Remotely sensed satellite images and subsequent digital image processing have been under-utilized in ground water resource evaluation and exploration. Satellite images can be helpful in detecting and mapping an area's regional structural patterns, including major fracture and fault systems, two important geologic settings for an area's surface to ground water relations. Within the United States Geological Survey's (USGS) Flagstaff Field Center, expertise and capabilities in remote sensing and digital image processing have been developed over the past 25 years through various programs. For the City of Flagstaff project, this expertise and these capabilities were combined with traditional geologic field mapping to help evaluate ground water resources in the Flagstaff area. Various enhancement and manipulation procedures were applied to the digital satellite images; the results, in both digital and hardcopy format, were used for field mapping and analyzing the regional structure. \r\n\r\nRelative to surface sampling, remotely sensed satellite and airborne images have improved spatial coverage that can help study, map, and monitor the earth surface at local and/or regional scales. Advantages offered by remotely sensed satellite image data include: \r\n1. a synoptic/regional view compared to both aerial photographs and ground sampling, \r\n2. cost effectiveness, \r\n3. high spatial resolution and coverage compared to ground sampling, and \r\n4. relatively high temporal coverage on a long term basis.\r\n\r\nRemotely sensed images contain both spectral and spatial information. The spectral information provides various properties and characteristics about the surface cover at a given location or pixel (that is, vegetation and/or soil type). The spatial information gives the distribution, variation, and topographic relief of the cover types from pixel to pixel. Therefore, the main characteristics that determine a pixel's brightness/reflectance and, consequently, the digital number (DN) assigned to the pixel, are the physical properties of the surface and near surface, the cover type, and the topographic slope. In this application, the ability to detect and map lineaments, especially those related to fractures and faults, is critical. Therefore, the extraction of spatial information from the digital images was of prime interest in this project. The spatial information varies among the different spectral bands available; in particular, a near infrared spectral band is better than a visible band when extracting spatial information in highly vegetated areas. In this study, both visible and near infrared bands were analyzed and used to extract the desired spatial information from the images. \r\n\r\nThe wide swath coverage of remotely sensed satellite digital images makes them ideal for regional analysis and mapping. Since locating and mapping highly fractured and faulted areas is a major requirement for ground water resource evaluation and exploration this aspect of satellite images was considered critical; it allowed us to stand back (actually up about 440 miles), look at, and map the regional structural setting of the area. The main focus of the remote sensing and digital image processing component of this project was to use both remotely sensed digital satellite images and a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to extract spatial information related to the structural and topographic patterns in the area. The data types used were digital satellite images collected by the United States' Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and French Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de laTerre (SPOT) imaging systems, along with a DEM of the Flagstaff region. The USGS Mini Image Processing Sy","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr96739","usgsCitation":"Chavez, P.S., Velasco, M.G., Bowell, J., Sides, S., Gonzalez, R.R., and Soltesz, D.L., 1996, City of Flagstaff Project: Ground Water Resource Evaluation, Remote Sensing Component: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-739, Images, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96739.","productDescription":"Images","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":273,"text":"Flagstaff Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672c1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chavez, Pat S. Jr.","contributorId":39870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez","given":"Pat","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Velasco, Miguel G. 0000-0003-2559-7934 mvelasco@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2559-7934","contributorId":2103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velasco","given":"Miguel","email":"mvelasco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":229531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowell, Jo-Ann","contributorId":103722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowell","given":"Jo-Ann","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sides, Stuart C. ssides@usgs.gov","contributorId":5055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sides","given":"Stuart C.","email":"ssides@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":229532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gonzalez, Rosendo R.","contributorId":64093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Rosendo","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Soltesz, Deborah L.","contributorId":59680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soltesz","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5210728,"text":"5210728 - 1995 - Accuracy of migrant landbird habitat maps produced from LANDSAT TM data: Two case studies in southern Belize","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:19","indexId":"5210728","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"727","title":"Accuracy of migrant landbird habitat maps produced from LANDSAT TM data: Two case studies in southern Belize","docAbstract":"The study investigated the utility of Landsat TM data applied to produce geo-referenced habitat maps for two study areas (Toledo and Stann Creek). Locational and non-site-specific map accuracy was evaluated by stratified random sampling and statistical analysis of satellite classification (SCR) versus air photo interpretation results (PIR) for the overall classification and individual classes. The effect of classification scheme specificity on map accuracy was also assessed. A decision criteria was developed for the minimum acceptable level of map performance (i.e., classification accuracy and scheme specificity). A satellite map was deemed acceptable if it has a useful degree of classification specificity, plus either an adequate overall locational agreement (< 70%) and/or non-site specific agreement (Chi Square goodness of fit test results indicating insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis that the overall classification distribution for the SCR and PIR are equal). For the most detailed revised classification, overall locational accuracy ranges from 52% (5 classes) for the Toledo to 63% (9 classes) for the Stann Creek. For the least detailed revised classification, overall locational accuracy ranges from 91% (2 classes) for Toledo to 86% (5 classes) for Stann Creek. Considering both location and non-site-specific accuracy results, the most detailed yet insufficient accurate classification for both sites includes low/medium/tall broadleaf forest, broadleaf forest scrub and herb-dominated openings. For these classifications, the overall locational accuracy is 72% for Toledo (4 classes) and 75% for Stann Creek (7 classes). This level of classification detail is suitable for aiding many analyses of migrant landbird habitat use.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation of Neotropical Migratory Birds in Mexico: Symposium-Workshop ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station.","collaboration":"Title and abstract are also in Spanish. OCLC 34281491","usgsCitation":"Spruce, J., Sader, S., Robbins, C., and Dowell, B., 1995, Accuracy of migrant landbird habitat maps produced from LANDSAT TM data: Two case studies in southern Belize, chap. of Conservation of Neotropical Migratory Birds in Mexico: Symposium-Workshop , p. 271-272(abs).","productDescription":"viii, 288","startPage":"271","endPage":"272(abs)","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698d68","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wilson, Marcia H.","contributorId":6149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Marcia","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506976,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sader, Steven A.","contributorId":112282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sader","given":"Steven A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506977,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Spruce, J.P.","contributorId":34232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spruce","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sader, S.","contributorId":10906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sader","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dowell, B.A.","contributorId":35842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowell","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70196427,"text":"70196427 - 1995 - Glaciological observations of Brúarjökull, Iceland, using synthetic aperture radar and thematic mapper satellite data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-06T11:05:01","indexId":"70196427","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glaciological observations of Brúarjökull, Iceland, using synthetic aperture radar and thematic mapper satellite data","docAbstract":"The first European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images offer opportunities for studying glacier surface properties and near-surface features. Analysis of back-scatter values from digital SAR data from 18 January, 7 June, 1 September and 25 October 1993 of Brúarjökull, an outlet glacier on the northeastern margin of the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland, that has a history of episodic surges, reveals several back-scatter boundaries that may relate to glacier facies and, inferentially, to mass balance. For example, a strong back-scatter boundary on the 18 January image of the snow-covered glacier, representing a back-scatter coefficient, σ°, difference of 4.34dB, appears to coincide with the position of the transient snow line at the end of the 1990–91 budget year. The boundary is visible on the 7 September 1991 Landsat thematic mapper (TM) image. The terminus is very difficult to define because of back-wasting from the last surge (1963–64) but is most easily delineated on the 1 September 1993 SAR and the 7 September 1991 TM images, in part due to the presence of ice-margin lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Glaciological Society","doi":"10.3189/S0260305500015937","usgsCitation":"Hall, D.K., Williams, R.S., and Sigurdsson, O., 1995, Glaciological observations of Brúarjökull, Iceland, using synthetic aperture radar and thematic mapper satellite data: Annals of Glaciology, v. 21, p. 271-276, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500015937.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"276","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500015937","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":353216,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","otherGeospatial":"Brúarjökull","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -18.3251953125,\n 63.61698233975829\n ],\n [\n -14.589843749999998,\n 63.61698233975829\n ],\n [\n -14.589843749999998,\n 64.95146502589559\n ],\n [\n -18.3251953125,\n 64.95146502589559\n ],\n [\n -18.3251953125,\n 63.61698233975829\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2081e4b0da30c1bfd5a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Dorothy K.","contributorId":24697,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hall","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7049,"text":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":732886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":19946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sigurdsson, Oddur","contributorId":38666,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sigurdsson","given":"Oddur","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":17269,"text":"ofr95652 - 1995 - Integrating multisource land use and land cover data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T10:43:12","indexId":"ofr95652","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-652","title":"Integrating multisource land use and land cover data","docAbstract":"As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) land use and land cover (LULC) program, the USGS in cooperation with the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) is collecting and integrating LULC data for a standard USGS 1:100,000-scale product. The LULC data collection techniques include interpreting spectrally clustered Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images; interpreting 1-meter resolution digital panchromatic orthophoto images; and, for comparison, aggregating locally available large-scale digital data of urban areas. The area selected is the Vancouver, WA-OR quadrangle, which has a mix of urban, rural agriculture, and forest land. Anticipated products include an integrated LULC prototype data set in a standard classification scheme referenced to the USGS digital line graph (DLG) data of the area and prototype software to develop digital LULC data sets.
This project will evaluate a draft standard LULC classification system developed by the USGS for use with various source material and collection techniques. Federal, State, and local governments, and private sector groups will have an opportunity to evaluate the resulting prototype software and data sets and to provide recommendations. It is anticipated that this joint research endeavor will increase future collaboration among interested organizations, public and private, for LULC data collection using common standards and tools.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95652","usgsCitation":"Wright, B.E., Tait, M., Lins, K., Crawford, J., Benjamin, S., and Brown, J.F., 1995, Integrating multisource land use and land cover data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-652, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95652.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":46414,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0652/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0652/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0e6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Bruce E.","contributorId":93885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tait, Mike","contributorId":71189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tait","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lins, K.F.","contributorId":41844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crawford, J.S.","contributorId":97926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Benjamin, S.P.","contributorId":69172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benjamin","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brown, Jesslyn F. 0000-0002-9976-1998 jfbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9976-1998","contributorId":3241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Jesslyn","email":"jfbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":175685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70048798,"text":"70048798 - 1995 - Historical Landsat data comparisons: illustrations of the Earth's changing surface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-02T05:49:32","indexId":"70048798","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-05T15:45:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Historical Landsat data comparisons: illustrations of the Earth's changing surface","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC) has managed the Landsat data archive for more than two decades. This archive provides a rich collection of information about the Earth's land surface. Major changes to the surface of the planet can be detected, measured, and analyzed using Landsat data. The effects of desertification, deforestation, pollution, cataclysmic volcanic activity, and other natural and anthropogenic events can be examined using data acquired from the Landsat series of Earth-observing satellites. The information obtainable from the historical and current Landsat data play a key role in studying surface changes through time.
\nThis document provides an overview of the Landsat program and illustrates the application of the data to monitor changes occurring on the surface of the Earth. To reveal changes that have taken place within the past 20 years, pairs and triplicates of images were constructed from the Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) and thematic mapper (TM) sensors. Landsat MSS data provide a historical record of the Earth's land surface from the early 1970's to the early 1990's. Landsat TM data provide land surface information from the early 1980's to the present.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70048798","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995, Historical Landsat data comparisons: illustrations of the Earth's changing surface, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70048798.","productDescription":"45 p.","numberOfPages":"48","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287916,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287915,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70048798/report.pdf"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527a2187e4b051792d019547","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70202450,"text":"70202450 - 1995 - Dynamic mapping of urban regions: Growth of the San Francisco/Sacramento region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T15:13:36","indexId":"70202450","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T09:05:54","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Dynamic mapping of urban regions: Growth of the San Francisco/Sacramento region","docAbstract":"A methodology has been developed to document the tremendous growth large metropolitan regions have experienced over time. A GIS was used to compile a database of urbanization for the San Francisco/ Sacramento urban region spanning 140 years. Historical records, USGS topographic maps, aerial photographs, and Landsat imagery were used to identify the urban spatial extent. Digital transportation data and tabular census data were also incorporated into the database to provide a more complete picture of changes occurring over time. A time-series animation of urban growth for the urbanized region depicts the alarming growth patterns the area experienced between the mid-1800s and the 1990s. The same process is being used to document growth in other urban regions, such as the Baltimore-Washington area. This innovative use of temporal spatial data and animation focuses attention on the dramatic increases in urban development and the spatial patterns that have developed over time.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 1995 Annual Urban and Regional Information Systems Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1995 Annual Urban and Regional Information Systems Association","conferenceDate":"July 16-20, 1995","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, Texas","language":"English","publisher":"Urban and Regional Information Systems Association","publisherLocation":"Des Plaines, Illinois","usgsCitation":"Bell, C., Acevedo, W., and Taylor, J., 1995, Dynamic mapping of urban regions: Growth of the San Francisco/Sacramento region, in Proceedings of the 1995 Annual Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, v. 1, San Antonio, Texas, July 16-20, 1995, p. 723-734.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"723","endPage":"734","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361661,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Sacramento; San Francisco","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, Cindy","contributorId":191964,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bell","given":"Cindy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Acevedo, William wacevedo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acevedo","given":"William","email":"wacevedo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, Janis 0000-0002-9418-5215 jltaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9418-5215","contributorId":3869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Janis ","email":"jltaylor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":758639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38212,"text":"pp1386C - 1995 - Glaciers of Greenland","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38212,"text":"pp1386C - 1995 - Glaciers of Greenland","indexId":"pp1386C","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Glaciers of Greenland"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-02T15:17:21.732053","indexId":"pp1386C","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1386","chapter":"C","title":"Glaciers of Greenland","docAbstract":"Landsat imagery, combined with aerial photography, sketch maps, and diagrams, is used as the basis for a description of the geography, climatology, and glaciology, including mass balance, variation, and hazards, of the Greenland ice sheet and local ice caps and glaciers. The Greenland ice sheet, with an estimated area of 1,736,095+/-100 km2 and volume of 2,600,000 km3, is the second largest glacier on the planet and the largest relict of the Ice Age in the Northern Hemisphere. Greenland also has 48,599+/-100 km2 of local ice caps and other types of glaciers in coastal areas and islands beyond the margin of the ice sheet.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the World (Professional Paper 1386)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1386C","usgsCitation":"Weidick, A., Williams, R.S., and Ferrigno, J.G., 1995, Glaciers of Greenland (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386, Report: xii, 141 p.; 1 Plate: 27.86 x 49.14 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1386C.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 141 p.; 1 Plate: 27.86 x 49.14 inches","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123899,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1386_c.jpg"},{"id":3487,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1386c/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Greenland","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-46.76379,82.62796],[-43.40644,83.22516],[-39.89753,83.18018],[-38.62214,83.54905],[-35.08787,83.64513],[-27.10046,83.51966],[-20.84539,82.72669],[-22.69182,82.34165],[-26.51753,82.29765],[-31.9,82.2],[-31.39646,82.02154],[-27.85666,82.13178],[-24.84448,81.78697],[-22.90328,82.09317],[-22.07175,81.73449],[-23.16961,81.15271],[-20.62363,81.52462],[-15.76818,81.91245],[-12.77018,81.71885],[-12.20855,81.29154],[-16.28533,80.58004],[-16.85,80.35],[-20.04624,80.17708],[-17.73035,80.12912],[-18.9,79.4],[-19.70499,78.75128],[-19.67353,77.63859],[-18.47285,76.98565],[-20.03503,76.94434],[-21.67944,76.62795],[-19.83407,76.09808],[-19.59896,75.24838],[-20.66818,75.15585],[-19.37281,74.29561],[-21.59422,74.22382],[-20.43454,73.81713],[-20.76234,73.46436],[-22.17221,73.30955],[-23.56593,73.30663],[-22.31311,72.62928],[-22.29954,72.18409],[-24.27834,72.59788],[-24.79296,72.3302],[-23.44296,72.08016],[-22.13281,71.46898],[-21.75356,70.66369],[-23.53603,70.471],[-24.30702,70.85649],[-25.54341,71.43094],[-25.20135,70.75226],[-26.36276,70.22646],[-23.72742,70.18401],[-22.34902,70.12946],[-25.02927,69.2588],[-27.74737,68.47046],[-30.67371,68.12503],[-31.77665,68.12078],[-32.81105,67.73547],[-34.20196,66.67974],[-36.35284,65.9789],[-37.04378,65.93768],[-38.37505,65.69213],[-39.81222,65.45848],[-40.66899,64.83997],[-40.68281,64.13902],[-41.1887,63.48246],[-42.81938,62.68233],[-42.41666,61.90093],[-42.86619,61.07404],[-43.3784,60.09772],[-44.7875,60.03676],[-46.26364,60.85328],[-48.26294,60.85843],[-49.23308,61.40681],[-49.90039,62.38336],[-51.63325,63.62691],[-52.14014,64.27842],[-52.27659,65.1767],[-53.66166,66.09957],[-53.30161,66.8365],[-53.96911,67.18899],[-52.9804,68.35759],[-51.47536,68.72958],[-51.08041,69.14781],[-50.87122,69.9291],[-52.01358,69.57492],[-52.55792,69.42616],[-53.45629,69.28363],[-54.68336,69.61003],[-54.75001,70.28932],[-54.35884,70.82131],[-53.43131,70.83576],[-51.39014,70.56978],[-53.10937,71.20485],[-54.00422,71.54719],[-55,71.40654],[-55.83468,71.65444],[-54.71819,72.58625],[-55.32634,72.95861],[-56.12003,73.64977],[-57.32363,74.71026],[-58.59679,75.09861],[-58.58516,75.51727],[-61.26861,76.10238],[-63.39165,76.1752],[-66.06427,76.13486],[-68.50438,76.06141],[-69.66485,76.37975],[-71.40257,77.00857],[-68.77671,77.32312],[-66.76397,77.37595],[-71.04293,77.63595],[-73.297,78.04419],[-73.15938,78.43271],[-69.37345,78.91388],[-65.7107,79.39436],[-65.3239,79.75814],[-68.02298,80.11721],[-67.15129,80.51582],[-63.68925,81.21396],[-62.23444,81.3211],[-62.65116,81.77042],[-60.28249,82.03363],[-57.20744,82.19074],[-54.13442,82.19962],[-53.04328,81.88833],[-50.39061,82.43883],[-48.00386,82.06481],[-46.59984,81.98595],[-44.523,81.6607],[-46.9007,82.19979],[-46.76379,82.62796]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Greenland\"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac0e4b07f02db676d61","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":23160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard S.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":914464,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":914465,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Weidick, Anker","contributorId":344665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weidick","given":"Anker","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":19946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":914636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":914637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":67536,"text":"i2272 - 1995 - Geologic map of Port Moller, Stepovak Bay, and Simeonof Island quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T08:27:33","indexId":"i2272","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2272","title":"Geologic map of Port Moller, Stepovak Bay, and Simeonof Island quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska","docAbstract":"Geologic mapping of Port Moller, Stevopak Bay, and Simeonof Island 1° by 2° quadrangles on the Alaska Peninsula was conducted as part of the Alaska Mineral Resource Assessment Program (AMRAP). Geologic observations was obtained by using helicopter overflights, vertical aerial photography, and enhanced and extensively processed Landsat imagery (York and others, 1984; Wilson and York, 1985). Helicopter-supported field investigations were conducted from Sand Point in 1982 and 1986 and from both Sand Point and Port Moller in 1985 and 1985. In addition, field work was conducted from the U.S. Geological Survey Research Vessel Don J. Miller II in 1983 and 1984. The mapping of Burk (1965), Kennedy and Waldron (1955), and Moore (1974) provided an excellent basis for the AMRAP mapping. The present map duplicates both Moore’s map of the outer Shumagin Islands and Kennedy and Waldron’s map of the Pavlof Volcano area with minor additions. However, important changes have been made to Burk’s pioneering work.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","doi":"10.3133/i2272","usgsCitation":"Wilson, F.H., Detterman, R.L., Miller, J.W., and Case, J.E., 1995, Geologic map of Port Moller, Stepovak Bay, and Simeonof Island quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2272, 2 Sheets: 43.29 x 33.78 and 36.36 x 28.17 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2272.","productDescription":"2 Sheets: 43.29 x 33.78 and 36.36 x 28.17 inches","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":188630,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":107356,"rank":698,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10206.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"10206"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Port Moller quadrangle, Simeonof Island quadrangle, Stepovak Bay quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -162,54.75 ], [ -162,56 ], [ -158.5,56 ], [ -158.5,54.75 ], [ -162,54.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2c80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":276597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Detterman, Robert L.","contributorId":71526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detterman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, John W.","contributorId":70357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Case, James E.","contributorId":68702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Case","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70200795,"text":"70200795 - 1995 - Velocities and mass balance of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, derived from ERS-1 SAR images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-01T13:44:40","indexId":"70200795","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T13:43:30","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Velocities and mass balance of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, derived from ERS-1 SAR images","docAbstract":"Pine Island Glacier is one of the major ice streams draining West Antarctica. We calculated average velocities for both its grounded and floating parts by tracking crevasses and other patterns moving with the ice on two sequential images acquired in February and December 1992 by ERS-1 SAR (European Remote-Sensing Satellite, Synthetic Aperture Radar). Velocities in the fast-moving central parts of the glacier range from about 1.3 km a−1 on the grounded part to about 2.6 km a−1on the floating part. Velocity increases rapidly just below the grounding line. For the floating part, velocities are approximately 0.3 km a−1 faster than previously established from Landsat images by other workers. This observation suggests that the discharge is larger and, therefore, the mass balance less positive than previously thought; however, our study also shows that current information is insufficient to allow for precise mass-balance calculations. Images of the glacier front show that a calving event released an iceberg about 5 km wide between February and December 1992. The position of the glacier front has not changed substantially between 1973 (Landsat image) and 1992 (ERS-1 images).
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.3189/S0260305500015949","usgsCitation":"Lucchitta, B.K., Rosanova, C.E., and Mullins, K., 1995, Velocities and mass balance of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, derived from ERS-1 SAR images: Annals of Glaciology, v. 21, p. 277-283, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500015949.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"277","endPage":"283","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500015949","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":359075,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Antarctica","otherGeospatial":"Pine Island Glacier","volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c110fa1e4b034bf6a811718","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucchitta, Baerbel K. blucchitta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Baerbel","email":"blucchitta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":750551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosanova, Christina E.","contributorId":71497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosanova","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mullins, K.F.","contributorId":10741,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mullins","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70134359,"text":"70134359 - 1995 - Rift flank segmentation, basin initiation and propagation: a neotectonic example from Lake Baikal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-04T13:59:17","indexId":"70134359","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2545,"text":"Journal of the Geological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rift flank segmentation, basin initiation and propagation: a neotectonic example from Lake Baikal","docAbstract":"New surficial data (field, Landsat TM and topography) define morpho-tectonic domains and rift flank segmentation in the Ol'khon region of the Central Baikal rift. Deformation, drainage and depositional patterns indicate a change in the locus of active extension that may relate to a recent (<l Ma) change in the kinematics of the Siberian plate boundary. The westwards migration of the border fault location has broadened the rift with concomitant shifts in depocentres. Within the hanging wall of the new western border fault, distinct segments control the location of drainage paths and syn-rift deposits. Morphology, sediment thicknesses and fault scarp amplitude indicate that a segmented rift flank graben has propagated southwards along the rift flank and is still actively fragmenting. These surficial data are used to constrain a model for the time-dependent topographic variations during progressive subsidence along a rift flank, involving the transfer of footwall units to hanging-wall domains. Rapid changes in border fault footwall relief in this model are associated with change in the active border fault location with widespread mass-wasting. The model shows that time-dependent histories need to be integrated with flexural uplift models for active normal faults. The active, syn-rift depositional systems of the Ol'khon region provide a valuable analogue for the early evolution of continental margins and the structural controls on syn-rift hydrocarbon sources and reservoirs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/gsjgs.152.5.0849","usgsCitation":"Agar, S.M., and Klitgord, K.D., 1995, Rift flank segmentation, basin initiation and propagation: a neotectonic example from Lake Baikal: Journal of the Geological Society, p. 849-860, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.152.5.0849.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"849","endPage":"860","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296312,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","state":"Siberia","otherGeospatial":"Lake Baikal","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5475a83de4b08250614204f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Agar, Susan M.","contributorId":13255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Agar","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":25254,"text":"Northwestern University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187033,"text":"70187033 - 1995 - Assessment of forest fragmentation in southern New England using remote sensing and geographic information systems technology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-20T11:08:00","indexId":"70187033","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of forest fragmentation in southern New England using remote sensing and geographic information systems technology","docAbstract":"Spatial patterns and rates of forest fragmentation were assessed using digital remote sensing data for a region in southern New England that included 157 townships in southern New Hampshire and northeastern Massachusetts. The study area has undergone marked population increases over the last several decades. Following classification of 1973 and 1988 Landsat Multispectral Scanner data into forest and nonforest classes, data were incorporated into a geographic information system. The natural logarithms of forest area to perimeter ratios, referred to as the forest continuity index, were used to assess patterns and trends of forest fragmentation across the region Forest continuity index values were extracted from each township for both data sets and compared with population data. Forest continuity index values were found to decrease with increasing population density until about 200 persons per square kilometer, after which the relationship stabilized. With slight population increases at low densities forest continuity index values declined sharply, implying abrupt increases in forest fragmentation. Results from the study indicated good negative correlations (r2 values of 0.81 and 0.77) between the Multispectral Scanner-derived forest continuity index and natural logs of township population density. Socioeconomic indicators such as affluence and commuting patterns did not appear to correlate well with forest fragmentation estimates. Decreases in forest continuity index values occurred throughout much of the study region between 1973 and 1988, suggesting that forest fragmentation is occurring over large regions within the eastern United States. It is technologically feasible to assess patterns and rates of forest fragmentation across much larger areas than analyzed in this study; such analyses would provide useful overviews enabling objective assessment of the magnitude of forest fragmentation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9020439.x","usgsCitation":"Vogelmann, J., 1995, Assessment of forest fragmentation in southern New England using remote sensing and geographic information systems technology: Conservation Biology, v. 9, no. 2, p. 439-449, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9020439.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"449","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339961,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts, New Hampshire","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.4053955078125,\n 42.26511445833756\n ],\n [\n -70.5487060546875,\n 42.26511445833756\n ],\n [\n -70.5487060546875,\n 43.329173667843904\n ],\n [\n -72.4053955078125,\n 43.329173667843904\n ],\n [\n -72.4053955078125,\n 42.26511445833756\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f877c4e4b0b7ea54521c4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vogelmann, James E. 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James E.","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":692022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}