The determination of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEMs) in sediment by treatment with dilute HCl shows promise as a tool for predicting the potential for metal toxicity to sediment-dwelling organisms. Effective quality control measures must be developed if this method is to become a reliable procedure and to ensure comparability of data. However, establishing quality control measures that assess procedural errors for an operationally defined method can be problematic. For example, preextraction spikes added for assessing the accuracy of AVS and SEMs may be poorly recovered due to adsorption or reaction with sediment constituents. For a variety of sediment types, we found preextraction spikes of sulfide, mercury, and copper to be prone to variable recoveries for the AVS/SEM procedure; recoveries averaged 76.3% (SD, 20.9) for sulfide, 61.9% (39.6) for Hg, and 90.1% (12.7) for Cu. The average recovery was near 100% for preextraction spikes of sediments for Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and the recoveries of preextraction blank spikes for all analytes were consistently 95 to 105%. Binding of Cu or Hg with sulfides is sufficiently strong that 1 N hydrochloric acid will not necessarily keep the spiked metal in the dissolved state. This does not mean that the SEM procedure is invalid for these metals, only that the quality control of procedural error is difficult to assess. However, Hg will generally not be detected when measured as an SEM because of its tendency to adsorb onto sulfide minerals even at extremely low pH. Some reference sediments may be useful for assessing consistency of AVS determinations; we measured 5.97 ± 0.65 μmol/g in National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 1645 and 1.34 ± 0.14 μmol/g in NIST 2704 for repeated determinations conducted over the past 3 years. Apparently, some sediments may contain an oxidation-resistant sulfide component that can release low to moderate AVS when treated with dilute HCl.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620150309","usgsCitation":"Brumbaugh, W.G., and Arms, J.W., 1996, Quality control considerations for the determination of acid-volatile sulfide and simultaneously extracted metals in sediments: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 15, no. 3, p. 282-285, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150309.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"282","endPage":"285","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348026,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fadd2ae4b0531197b13d0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brumbaugh, William G. 0000-0003-0081-375X bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-375X","contributorId":493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"William","email":"bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arms, Jesse W. jarms@usgs.gov","contributorId":4533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arms","given":"Jesse","email":"jarms@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70193440,"text":"70193440 - 1996 - Effects of spatial and temporal variation of acid-volatile sulfide on the bioavailability of copper and zinc in freshwater sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-01T13:34:26","indexId":"70193440","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of spatial and temporal variation of acid-volatile sulfide on the bioavailability of copper and zinc in freshwater sediments","docAbstract":"Variation in concentrations of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) in sediments from the upper Clark Fork River of Montana, USA, was associated with differences in bioaccumulation of Cu and Zn and growth of larvae of the midge, Chironomus tentans. Growth of midge larvae was significantly greater and bioaccumulation of Cu was significantly less in surface sections (0–3 cm depth) of sediment cores, which had greater concentrations of AVS and lesser ratios of simultaneously extracted metals to AVS (SEM:AVS ratios) than in subsurface sediments (6–9 cm). Concentrations of AVS were significantly less in sediments incubated with oxic overlying water for 9 weeks than in the same sediments incubated under anoxic conditions. Bioaccumulation of Cu differed significantly between incubation treatments, corresponding to differences in concentrations of AVS and SEM:AVS ratios, although midge growth did not. Bioaccumulation of Zn did not differ significantly between depth strata of sediment cores or between incubation treatments. When results from the two sets of bioassays were combined, bioaccumulation of Cu and Zn, but not growth, was significantly correlated with SEM:AVS ratios and other estimates of bioavailable metal fractions in sediments. Growth of midge larvae was significantly correlated with bioaccumulation of Zn, but not Cu, suggesting that Zn was the greater contributor to the toxicity of these sediments. Assessments of the toxicity of metal-contaminated freshwater sediments should consider the effects of spatial and temporal variation in AVS concentrations on metal bioavailability.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620150310","usgsCitation":"Besser, J.M., Ingersoll, C.G., and Giesty, J.P., 1996, Effects of spatial and temporal variation of acid-volatile sulfide on the bioavailability of copper and zinc in freshwater sediments: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 15, no. 3, p. 286-293, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150310.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"286","endPage":"293","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348017,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fadd2ae4b0531197b13d1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, John M. 0000-0002-9464-2244 jbesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-2244","contributorId":2073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"John","email":"jbesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Giesty, John P.","contributorId":199417,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giesty","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70193441,"text":"70193441 - 1996 - Estimating aquatic toxicity as determined through laboratory tests of great lakes sediments containing complex mixtures of environmental contaminants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-01T13:41:41","indexId":"70193441","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating aquatic toxicity as determined through laboratory tests of great lakes sediments containing complex mixtures of environmental contaminants","docAbstract":"We developed and evaluated a total toxic units modeling approach for predicting mean toxicity as measured in laboratory tests for Great Lakes sediments containing complex mixtures of environmental contaminants (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, chlorinated dioxins, and metals). The approach incorporates equilibrium partitioning and organic carbon control of bioavailability for organic contaminants and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) control for metals, and includes toxic equivalency for planar organic chemicals. A toxic unit is defined as the ratio of the estimated pore-water concentration of a contaminant to the chronic toxicity of that contaminant, as estimated by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC). The toxic unit models we developed assume complete additivity of contaminant effects, are completely mechanistic in form, and were evaluated without any a posteriori modification of either the models or the data from which the models were developed and against which they were tested. A linear relationship between total toxic units, which included toxicity attributable to both iron and un-ionized ammonia, accounted for about 88% of observed variability in mean toxicity; a quadratic relationship accounted for almost 94%. Exclusion of either bioavailability components (i.e., equilibrium partitioning control of organic contaminants and AVS control of metals) or iron from the model substantially decreased its ability to predict mean toxicity. A model based solely on un-ionized ammonia accounted for about 47% of the variability in mean toxicity. We found the toxic unit approach to be a viable method for assessing and ranking the relative potential toxicity of contaminated sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00419746","usgsCitation":"Springer, 1996, Estimating aquatic toxicity as determined through laboratory tests of great lakes sediments containing complex mixtures of environmental contaminants: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 41, no. 3, p. 255-289, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00419746.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"289","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":348019,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes region","volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fadd2ae4b0531197b13d1a"} ,{"id":31960,"text":"ofr96199 - 1996 - Plan for assessment of the occurrence, status, and distribution of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:17","indexId":"ofr96199","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-199","title":"Plan for assessment of the occurrence, status, and distribution of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States","docAbstract":"The occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water is of national concern because of their relatively high aqueous solubility, mobility, and persistence, because many are known or suspected carcinogens, because of their widespread use, and because they have been found in drinking-water supplies. Because of this national concern, VOCs were selected for National investigation (hereafter termed "National Synthesis") by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program in 1994. The broad goals of this National Synthesis are to: (1) describe current water- quality conditions with respect to VOCs; (2) define trends, or lack of trends, in VOCs in surface and ground water; and (3) identify, describe, and explain causal relations among the occurrence and distribution of VOCs in surface water and ground water, and natural and human factors. The National Synthesis of VOCs in ground water has three objectives: (1) to describe their occurrence, status, and distribution; (2) to determine relations among VOCs in shallow ground water and natural and human factors; and (3) to determine, compare, and contrast the occurrence, transformation, transport, and fate of selected VOCs in the hydrologic cycle for several regionally or nationally important aquifer systems. The description of VOC occurrence, status, and distribution in ground water focuses on major aquifers of the United States. Occurrence describes the presence or absence of VOCs, their frequency of occurrence, and their ranges of concentrations. Status compares the concentrations of VOCs detected in relation to water-quality regulations or advisories, such as Maximum Contaminant Levels, Proposed Maximum Contaminant Levels, Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, and Health Advisories. Distribution describes the variability of VOCs in ground water, areally and by depth. This report describes the study design for conducting such an assessment. The assessment focuses on aquifers, or parts of aquifers, that are currently used or have the potential to be used as sources of water supplies, using data collected as part of local, State, and Federal ground-water monitoring programs since 1985. Assessment by aquifer and comparison of results among aquifers will be completed for those aquifers for which adequate spatial or depth-related data are available. Assessment of VOCs in aquifers also will be completed at regional and national scales. A set of criteria for well-network design, well construction, sample-collection methods, and methods of laboratory analysis must be met before VOC data are used for assessment. An appropriate well-network design will provide a generally unbiased, random, equal-area distribution of sampling sites throughout the aquifer, or part of the aquifer, of interest. Well-construction information must be sufficient to ensure that the hydrogeologic unit (or units) represented by the water level measured and the hydrologic unit (or units) contributing water to the well are known. In addition, the well construction and pumping equipment in the well need to be of a type that are not likely to affect concentrations of VOCs in the water sample. VOC data will be considered suitable for use in the occurrence assessment if nationally accepted methods for collection and analysis were used and if the quantitation level for VOC analytes was less than about 5 micrograms per liter; laboratory analysis was done by a laboratory certified by the U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency; and the sample was collected from untreated (raw) water at or near the well head before being held in a pressure tank or holding tank.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96199","usgsCitation":"Lapham, W., and Tadayon, S., 1996, Plan for assessment of the occurrence, status, and distribution of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-199, 44 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96199.","productDescription":"44 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0199/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60117,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0199/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6856b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lapham, W.W.","contributorId":36583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapham","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tadayon, Saeid stadayon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tadayon","given":"Saeid","email":"stadayon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":207365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30089,"text":"wri964044 - 1996 - Ground-water flow and the potential effects of remediation at Graces Quarters, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:07","indexId":"wri964044","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4044","title":"Ground-water flow and the potential effects of remediation at Graces Quarters, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","docAbstract":"Ground water in the east-central part of Graces Quarters, a former open-air chemical-agent test facility at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, is contaminated with chlorinated volatile organic compounds. The U.S. Geological Survey's finite- difference model was used to help understand ground-water flow and simulate the effects of alternative remedial actions to clean up the ground water. Scenarios to simulate unstressed conditions and three extraction well con- figurations were used to compare alternative remedial actions on the contaminant plume. The scenarios indicate that contaminants could migrate from their present location to wetland areas within 10 years under unstressed conditions. Pumping 7 gal/min (gallons per minute) from one well upgradient of the plume will not result in containment or removal of the highest contaminant concentrations. Pumping 7 gal/min from three wells along the central axis of the plume should result in containment and removal of dissolved contami- nants, as should pumping 7 gal/min from three wells at the leading edge of the plume while injecting 7 gal/min back into an upgradient well.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964044","usgsCitation":"Tenbus, F., and Fleck, W., 1996, Ground-water flow and the potential effects of remediation at Graces Quarters, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4044, iv, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964044.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4044/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58903,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4044/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ca11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tenbus, F.J.","contributorId":45730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tenbus","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleck, W.B.","contributorId":14862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29983,"text":"wri954246 - 1996 - Streambed-material characteristics and surface-water quality, Green Pond Brook and tributaries, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, 1983-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T12:48:19","indexId":"wri954246","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4246","title":"Streambed-material characteristics and surface-water quality, Green Pond Brook and tributaries, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, 1983-90","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a study conducted at Picatinny Arsenal, Morris County, New Jersey, to (1) determine whether streambed sediments in Green Pond Brook and its tributaries are contaminated with inorganic or organic constituents, (2) determine the extent of contamination in those reaches, and (3) characterize the quality of water in the brook. Shallow auger samples and results of an electromagnetic-conductivity and natural-gamma-ray survey were used to describe the distribution of streambed and substreambed sediment types and particle sizes.
Forty-five streambed samples were analyzed for trace elements, base/neutral- and acid-extractable compounds, organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorinated naphthalenes to determine whether contaminants have migrated to the brook from the surrounding area. Historical results of analyses of 63 surface-water and 27 streambed samples also are presented. Samples of streambed material collected from three areas in Green Pond Brook and its tributaries Green Pond Brook, from the area near the outflow of Picatinny Lake downstream to Parley Avenue; Bear Swamp Brook, from the area near building 241 downstream to the confluence with Green Pond Brook; and Green Pond Brook, from the open burning area downstream to the dam near building 1178 contained organic and (or) inorganic constituents in concentrations greater than those found under natural conditions and greater than those found in other areas sampled at the arsenal. Contaminants identified include trace elements, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine insecticides.
Surface-water samples from Green Pond Brook contained several volatile organic compounds, including trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and 1,2-dichloroethylene, at maximum concentrations of 3.8,4.6, and 11 micrograms per liter, respectively. Volatilization and dilution by surface- water and ground-water inflow reduce concentrations of volatile organic compounds from surface water in the steep, fast-flowing reaches of the brook at the southern end of the arsenal. No organic or inorganic constituents were detected in surface-water samples in concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary drinking-water regulations. Only two constituents, iron and manganese, were detected in concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary drinking-water regulations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954246","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Armament Research Development and Engineering Center","usgsCitation":"Storck, D.A., and Lacombe, P., 1996, Streambed-material characteristics and surface-water quality, Green Pond Brook and tributaries, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, 1983-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4246, Report: v, 56 p.; 2 Plates: 22.43 x 43.97 inches and 35.58 x 16.48 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954246.","productDescription":"Report: v, 56 p.; 2 Plates: 22.43 x 43.97 inches and 35.58 x 16.48 inches","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358957,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4246/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358958,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4246/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4246/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58791,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4246/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.6,\n 40.88333333\n ],\n [\n -74.45,\n 40.88333333\n ],\n [\n -74.45,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -74.6,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -74.6,\n 40.88333333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0c71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storck, Donald A. dstorck@usgs.gov","contributorId":4311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storck","given":"Donald","email":"dstorck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lacombe, Pierre J. placombe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacombe","given":"Pierre J.","email":"placombe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":202479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28244,"text":"wri954195 - 1996 - Effects of agricultural best-management practices on the Brush Run Creek headwaters, Adams County, Pennsylvania, prior to and during nutrient management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-22T10:00:48","indexId":"wri954195","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4195","title":"Effects of agricultural best-management practices on the Brush Run Creek headwaters, Adams County, Pennsylvania, prior to and during nutrient management","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Susquehanna River Basin Commission and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, investigated the effects of agricultural best-management practices on surface-water quality as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Chesapeake Bay Program. This report characterizes a 0.63-square- mile agricultural watershed underlain by shale, mudstone, and red arkosic sandstone in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin. The water quality of the Brush Run Creek site was studied from October 1985 through September 1991, prior to and during the implementation of nutrient management designed to reduce sediment and nutrient discharges into Conewago Creek, a tributary to the Chesapeake Bay. The original study area was 0.38 square mile and included an area immediately upstream from a manure lagoon. The study area was increased to 0.63 square mile in the fall of 1987 after an extensive tile-drain network was discovered upstream and downstream from the established streamflow gage, and the farm owner made plans to spray irrigate manure to the downstream fields. Land use for about 64 percent of the 0.63 square mile watershed is cropland, 14 percent is pasture, 7 percent is forest, and the remaining 15 percent is yards, buildings, water, or gardens. About 73 percent of the cropland was used to produce corn during the study. The average annual animal population consisted of 57,000 chickens, 1,530 hogs, and 15 sheep during the study. About 59,340 pounds of nitrogen and 13,710 pounds of phosphorus were applied as manure and commercial fertilizer to fields within the subbasin during the 3-year period prior to implementation of nutrient management. During nutrient management, about 14 percent less nitrogen and 57 percent less phosphorus were applied as commercial and manure fertilizer. Precipitation totaled 209 inches, or 13 percent less than the long-term normal, during the 6-year study. Concentrations of total ammonia in precipitation were as high as 2.7 mg/L (milligrams per liter); in dry deposition the concentrations were as high as 5.4 mg/L, probably because of the ammonia that had volatilized from the manure-storage lagoon. Nitrate nitrogen in the upper 4 feet of the soil ranged from 17 to 452 pounds per acre and soluble phosphorus content ranged from 0.29 to 65 pounds per acre. The maximum concentration of total nitrogen was 2,400 mg/L on September 10, 1986, in discharge from the tile drain near the streamflow gage. Median concentrations of total nitrogen and dissolved nitrite plus nitrate in base flow at the water-quality gage were 14 mg/L and 4.4 mg/L, respectively; prior to nutrient management and during nutrient management, median concentrations were 14 mg/L and 6.2 mg/L, respectively. Significant reductions in total phosphorus and suspended-sediment concentrations occurred at the water-quality gage. The maximum concentrations of total phosphorus (160 mg/L) and suspended sediment (3,530 mg/L) were measured at a tile line above the water-quality gage. Concentrations of total nitrogen, dissolved ammonia, and total phosphorus in base flow increased during dry periods when discharges from the tile drain were not diluted. During nutrient management, only base-flow loads of suspended sediment increased. Total streamflow was about 121.8 inches. About 81 percent was storm runoff. Loads of total nitrogen, total phosphorus in stormflow, and suspended sediment increased 14, 44, and 41 percent during nutrient management, respectively. A load of about 787,780 pounds of sediment, 22,418 pounds of nitrogen, and 5,479 pounds of phosphorus was measured during 214 sampled stormflow days that represented 84 percent of the stormflow. About 812,924 pounds of sediment, 38,421 pounds of nitrogen, and 6,377 pounds of phosphorus were discharged during the 6-year study.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954195","usgsCitation":"Langland, M., and Fishel, D.K., 1996, Effects of agricultural best-management practices on the Brush Run Creek headwaters, Adams County, Pennsylvania, prior to and during nutrient management: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4195, vi, 80 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954195.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57071,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4195/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4195/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Adams","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-77.1386,40.0718],[-77.1344,40.0708],[-77.1236,40.0676],[-77.1152,40.0649],[-77.1122,40.0644],[-77.1092,40.0639],[-77.1074,40.0635],[-77.0984,40.0612],[-77.0954,40.058],[-77.087,40.0512],[-77.084,40.048],[-77.0781,40.0407],[-77.0733,40.0335],[-77.0667,40.0275],[-77.0619,40.0243],[-77.0571,40.0234],[-77.0481,40.022],[-77.0385,40.0197],[-77.0331,40.0193],[-77.0277,40.0188],[-77.023,40.0165],[-77.0182,40.011],[-76.9986,39.981],[-76.9683,39.9374],[-76.9683,39.936],[-76.9719,39.9342],[-76.9731,39.932],[-76.9732,39.9256],[-76.9726,39.9234],[-76.9708,39.9211],[-76.9708,39.9188],[-76.972,39.9161],[-76.9763,39.9107],[-76.9811,39.9066],[-76.9835,39.9035],[-76.9848,39.9007],[-76.9801,39.8808],[-76.9783,39.8767],[-76.9771,39.8749],[-76.9742,39.874],[-76.9706,39.8735],[-76.9676,39.8735],[-76.9658,39.8739],[-76.9652,39.8721],[-76.964,39.868],[-76.9622,39.8653],[-76.9599,39.8621],[-76.9587,39.8607],[-76.9581,39.8585],[-76.9581,39.8567],[-76.9605,39.8544],[-76.9641,39.8526],[-76.9653,39.8521],[-76.9713,39.8508],[-76.9731,39.8499],[-76.9815,39.8477],[-76.9828,39.8445],[-76.9858,39.8391],[-76.9888,39.8359],[-76.9918,39.8337],[-76.9954,39.8328],[-77.0002,39.8314],[-76.9998,39.8002],[-76.9994,39.7752],[-76.9995,39.7589],[-76.9996,39.7503],[-76.9998,39.7197],[-77.1212,39.7194],[-77.2152,39.7196],[-77.3927,39.72],[-77.4596,39.7204],[-77.4608,39.7499],[-77.4608,39.7594],[-77.4614,39.7798],[-77.4626,39.8007],[-77.4632,39.8138],[-77.4632,39.8211],[-77.4644,39.8356],[-77.465,39.8442],[-77.465,39.8474],[-77.4656,39.8519],[-77.4656,39.8528],[-77.4656,39.8546],[-77.4656,39.8569],[-77.4656,39.8583],[-77.4662,39.8614],[-77.4662,39.8651],[-77.4679,39.9018],[-77.4703,39.9444],[-77.4217,39.9798],[-77.4019,39.9933],[-77.3322,40.0096],[-77.3142,40.0127],[-77.3022,40.015],[-77.2968,40.0159],[-77.2757,40.0195],[-77.2583,40.0222],[-77.2541,40.0226],[-77.1976,40.0302],[-77.1814,40.0324],[-77.1573,40.0564],[-77.1386,40.0718]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Adams\",\"state\":\"PA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624b35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langland, M. J.","contributorId":36173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langland","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fishel, D. K.","contributorId":72028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22862,"text":"ofr95729 - 1996 - Reconnaissance of volatile organic compounds in the subsurface at Rutgers University, Busch Campus, Piscataway Township, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-26T08:16:26","indexId":"ofr95729","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-729","title":"Reconnaissance of volatile organic compounds in the subsurface at Rutgers University, Busch Campus, Piscataway Township, New Jersey","docAbstract":"During 1991-92, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a hydrogeologic reconnaissance at a site near the Rutgers University, Busch Campus, Chemical Engineering building, C-Wing. Results of analyses of the soil-gas samples, which were collected at 43 locations, indicated the presence of volatile organic compounds, primarily carbon tetrachloride, near the C-Wing building and about 550 feet downgradient from and southwest of the C-Wing building. Concentrations of the compound in soil-gas samples were highest (2.1 ug/L (micrograms per liter)) along the southwestern wall of the C-Wing building. Ground-water samples were collected at depths as great as 55 feet from five wells and piezometers near the C-Wing building. Samples collected along the southwestern wall of the building also contained the highest concentrations of volatile organic compounds. Concentrations of carbon tetrachloride in the ground-water samples ranged from < 0.35 ug/L to 3,400 ug/L, and concentrations of tetrachloro- ethylene ranged from < 0.28 ug/L to 85 ug/L. Ground-water samples collected at depths of 55 feet or more from two wells located on the Rutgers University Golf Course about 2,400 feet down- gradient from the C-Wing building contained concentrations of tetrachloroethylene as great as 17.7 ug/L. Water levels measured in six wells and six piezometers indicated that the general flow direction in the shallow part of the aquifer is to the southwest of the C-Wing building. An electrical-resistivity survey was conducted by azimuthal resistivity techniques. The results of the survey were consistent with field measurements, and the dominant vertical fractures near the Busch Campus trend northeast. An electromagnetic survey was ineffective as a result of cultural interferences and could not be used to determine the hydrogeologic characteristics of the site.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95729","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"DePaul, V.T., 1996, Reconnaissance of volatile organic compounds in the subsurface at Rutgers University, Busch Campus, Piscataway Township, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-729, Report: v, 26 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95729.","productDescription":"Report: v, 26 p. 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Vincent T. 0000-0002-7977-5217 vdepaul@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7977-5217","contributorId":2778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DePaul","given":"Vincent","email":"vdepaul@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5271,"text":"fs13896 - 1996 - Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in ground water in the White River Basin, Indiana, 1994–95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-02T10:23:42","indexId":"fs13896","displayToPublicDate":"1996-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1996–0138","displayTitle":"Occurrence of Volatile Organic Compounds in Ground Water in the White River Basin, Indiana, 1994–95","title":"Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in ground water in the White River Basin, Indiana, 1994–95","docAbstract":"Water samples collected in 1994 and 1995 from 100 monitoring wells (91 shallow and 9 deep) screened in shallow unconsolidated aquifers in the White River Basin were analyzed for 58 volatile organic compounds (VOC’s). Twelve different VOC’s were detected. Chloroform was the most commonly detected VOC (found in 12 wells), whereas the highest measured VOC concentration was 39 micrograms per liter of 1,1-dichloroethane. No VOC had a measured concentration in ground water that exceeded a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency national drinking-water standard or guideline. Slightly more than fifty percent of the shallow wells in urban settings, as compared to six percent of the shallow wells in agricultural settings, had at least one VOC detected.
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U.S. Geological Survey
5957 Lakeside Blvd.
Indianapolis, IN 46278
VOC’s are carbon-containing chemicals that readily evaporate at normal air temperature and pressure. They are contained in many commercial products such as gasoline, paints, adhesives, solvents, wood preservatives, dry-cleaning agents, pesticides, cosmetics, correction fluid, and refrigerants. Approximately 15 million pounds of VOC’s were released to the atmosphere in the focused study area (fig. 1) in 1992 by facilities registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Millions of additional pounds of VOC’s are emitted to the atmosphere and to land and water by smaller unregistered users of these compounds in the focused study area.
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Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-23T18:55:50.990228","indexId":"wri934119","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4119","title":"Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Characterization of surface-runoff and ground-water quantity and quality in a small carbonate basin near Churchtown, Pennsylvania, prior to terracing and implementation of nutrient management: Water-quality study of the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection1 , conducted a study as part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Rural Clean Water Program to determine the effects of agricultural best-management practices on surface-water and ground-water quality in the Conestoga River headwaters basin. This report describes Field-Site 1 and characterizes the surface-runoff and ground-water quantity and quality at the site from January 1983 through September 1984, before the implementation of terracing and nutrient-management best-management practices. The 22.1-acre site, part of two dairy farms, was cropland used primarily for the production of corn and alfalfa, and is underlain by carbonate rock.
During the 21-month study period, 91.2 inches of precipitation fell, of which 66 percent occurred during the 1984 water year. Of the 169 storms of 0.10 inch or larger, 97 produced measurable runoff.
The average annual application of nutrients to the 14.4 acres of cornfields was 410 pounds per acre of nitrogen and 110 pounds per acre of phosphorus. About three times more nutrients were applied during 1984 water year than during the 1983 water year. The approximate soil-nitrate concentration as nitrogen for the study period was 8.2 milligrams per kilogram in the top 8 inches of soil.
Runoff for the study period totalled 714,000 cubic feet, or 9.8 percent of total precipitation. Eighty-eight percent of the runoff occurred during the 1984 water year. Regression analyses indicate that total runoff was controlled primarily by total precipitation amounts during storms and by antecedent moisture conditions; mean event and maximum instantaneous discharges are controlled by precipitation intensity and by antecedent moisture conditions. Regression analyses also suggest that crop cover on the corn acreage affected runoff amounts and rates.
Mean concentrations in runoff ranged from 24 to 73,000 milligrams per liter for suspended sediment, 0.45 to 24 milligrams per liter for total phosphorus, and 1.5 to 55 milligrams per liter for total nitrogen. Of the total nitrogen in instantaneous runoff samples, a median of 72 percent was total organic nitrogen.
Results of multiple regression analyses suggest that mean nitrogen concentrations in runoff (1) increased with increased surface-nitrogen applications made prior to runoff, and (2) were diluted with increased precipitation duration. Runoff from storms on frozen ground produced the highest loads of nitrogen in runoff. Over the 21-month study period, an estimated 258 tons of suspended sediment, 314 pounds of nitrogen, and 176 pounds of phosphorus were transported with runoff from the site. Of this, 88 percent of the nitrogen and phosphorus loads and 94 percent of the suspended-sediment load were discharged during the wet 1984 water year. The loads for the study period represent 2.5 percent of the total nitrogen and 5.5 percent of the total phosphorus applied to the site as manure and commercial fertilizer.
The ground-water basin at the site is slightly larger than the surface-water basin. Ground-water levels, except at one well, responded quickly to recharge; water levels peaked several hours to a day after precipitation. Surface-applied materials moved rapidly to the water table through macropores and slowly by transport through micropores in the unsaturated zone.
Median concentrations of dissolved nitrate ranged from 9.2 to 13 milligrams per liter as nitrogen for ground-water samples collected monthly from five wells and a spring. Dissolved nitrate comprised 93 percent (median percentage) of the total nitrogen in ground-water samples. The effect of recharge on ground-water nitrate concentrations was affected by variations in nutrient availability at the land surface and in the unsaturated zone. A lag time of 1 to 3 months was observed between the time that nitrogen was applied to the land surface and local maximums in nitrate concentrations were detected in ground water unaffected by recharge events. Approximately 3,187,000 cubic feet of ground water and an associated 2,200 pounds of nitrate-nitrogen discharged from the site during the study period.
For the study period, 42 percent of the precipitation recharged to ground water, 10 percent became runoff, and 48 percent evapotranspired. Inputs of nitrogen to the study area were estimated to be 93 percent from manure, 5 percent from commercial fertilizer, and 2 percent from precipitation. Nitrogen outputs from the system were estimated to be 38 percent to crop uptake, 39 percent to volatilization, 20 percent to ground-water discharge, and 3 percent to surface runoff.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934119","usgsCitation":"Lietman, P.L., Hall, D.W., Langland, M., Chichester, D., and Ward, J.R., 1996, Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Characterization of surface-runoff and ground-water quantity and quality in a small carbonate basin near Churchtown, Pennsylvania, prior to terracing and implementation of nutrient management: Water-quality study of the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4119, ix, 103 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934119.","productDescription":"ix, 103 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54210,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4119/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400905,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34880.htm"},{"id":123528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4119/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Churchtown","otherGeospatial":"Conestoga River headwaters","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.976,\n 40.122\n ],\n [\n -75.983,\n 40.122\n ],\n [\n -75.983,\n 40.132\n ],\n [\n -75.976,\n 40.132\n ],\n [\n -75.976,\n 40.122\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6258fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lietman, Patricia L.","contributorId":64227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lietman","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, D. 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R.","contributorId":18015,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ward","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":26474,"text":"wri954247 - 1996 - Water quality, bed-sediment quality, and simulation of potential contaminant transport in Foster Creek, Berkeley County, South Carolina, 1991-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T12:42:34","indexId":"wri954247","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4247","title":"Water quality, bed-sediment quality, and simulation of potential contaminant transport in Foster Creek, Berkeley County, South Carolina, 1991-93","docAbstract":"Foster Creek, a freshwater tidal creek in Berkeley County, South Carolina, is located in an area of potential contaminant sources from residential, commercial, light industrial, and military activities. The creek is used as a secondary source of drinking water for the surrounding Charleston area. Foster Creek meets most of the freshwater- quality requirements of State and Federal regulatory agencies, but often contains low concentrations of dissolved oxygen and has been characterized as eutrophic. Investigations of water- and bed-sediment quality were made between 1991 and 1993 to assess the effects of anthropogenic sources of contamination on Foster Creek. Low-flow surface-water samples were generally free of toxic compounds with the exception of laboratory artifacts and naturally occurring trace metals. Storm-runoff samples generally contained very low concentrations (near detection limits) of a small number of volatile and semivolatile organics and naturally occurring trace metals. Concentrations of toxic compounds in excess of current (1995) South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations were not detected in surface-water samples collected from Foster Creek. Chemical analyses of streambed sediments indicated minimal anthropogenic effects on sediment quality. The particle-tracking option of the U.S. Geological Survey one-dimensional unsteady-flow model (BRANCH) indicated that as the simulated volume of rainfall runoff increased in the Foster Creek Basin, simulated particles in Foster Creek were transported greater distances. Simulating flow through the Bushy Park Dam (also known as Back River Dam) had little effect on particle movement in Foster Creek. Simulating typical withdrawal rates at a water-supply intake resulted in a slight attraction of particles toward the intake during conditions of relatively low runoff. These withdrawals had a greater influence on particles downstream of the intake than on those upstream of the intake. Simulations confirmed earlier findings which suggested that the creek would not flush during baseflow conditions, with the exception of the lower 1-mile reach, where flushing results from tidal movements. According to the simulations, Foster Creek will fully flush if a 2-year, 7-day storm occurs. Flushing appears to be affected more by the total volume of storm runoff than by typical municipal withdrawals or tidal effects.","language":"English ","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954247","usgsCitation":"Campbell, T., and Bower, D., 1996, Water quality, bed-sediment quality, and simulation of potential contaminant transport in Foster Creek, Berkeley County, South Carolina, 1991-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4247, ix, 136 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954247.","productDescription":"ix, 136 p. 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Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4215","title":"Soil, water, and streambed quality at a demolished asphalt plant, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, 1992-94","docAbstract":"A number of potentially hazardous chemicals were used at an asphalt plant on the Fort Bragg U.S. Army Reservation near Fayetteville, North Carolina. This plant was demolished in the late 1960's. Samples collected from soil, ground water, surface water, and streambed sediment were tested for the presence of contaminants. The sediment immediately underlying the demolished asphalt plant site consists mainly of sands, silts, and clayey sands with interbedded clay occurring at various depths. About 12 inches of rainfall per year infiltrate the unconfined surficial aquifer. The water table in this area is about 233 to 243 feet above sea level. Local ground water moves laterally, mainly towards the north- to-northwest at a rate of about 35 feet per year. where it discharges to Tank Creek, Little River, or one of their tributaries. A series of confining clays separate the surficial aquifer from the underlying upper Cape Fear aquifer. These clays help retard vertical migration of constituents dissolved in ground water. The saprolite-bedrock aquifer lies below the upper Cape Fear aquifer. In general ground water in the seven monitoring wells screened in the upper and lower part of the surficial aquifer did not contain detectable concentrations of chemicals related to past asphalt-plant activities. A small number of chemicals that were assumed to be unrelated to the asphalt plant were present in some of the study area monitoring wells. Ground water in four wells contained concentrations of organochlorine pesticides. Of these pesticides, concentrations of gamma-benzene hexachloride (lindane) (maximum of 0.76 micrograms per liter) exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 0.2 micrograms per liter in two wells. In addition, one well contained a trichloroethane concentration (7.7 micrograms per liter) that is assumed to be unrelated to demolished asphalt-plant operations, but exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 5.0 micrograms per liter. One well contained a fluoride concentration of 5.2 milligrams per liter that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 4.0 milligrams per liter. Total and dissolved metals concentrations were generally typical of background levels. Some of the wells contained elevated levels of chloride (maximum of 749 milligrams per liter), specific conductance (maximum of 2,780 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius), and dissolved solids (maximum of 1,520 milligrams per liter). Twelve of twenty-two soil samples that were collected at various depths at monitoring-well locations did not contain volatile organic compounds or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The remaining ten soil samples contained very low concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and (or) analytical laboratory-related volatile organic compounds. The maximum concentrations were for fluoranthene and pyrene, at 780 and 750 micrograms per kilogram, respectively. In general, the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations were in sediment near the land surface. Streambed sediment from an unnamed, eastern tributary to Tank Creek in the eastern part of the site contained a small number of organochlorine pesticide compounds (a maximum of 1,400 milligrams per kilogram of 4,4'-DDD) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (113 milligrams per kilogram). Concentrations of metals and other inorganic constituents were generally typical of background concentrations. Surface water in this tributary did not contain elevated concentrations of anthropogenic chemicals.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954215","usgsCitation":"Campbell, T., 1996, Soil, water, and streambed quality at a demolished asphalt plant, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, 1992-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4215, viii, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954215.","productDescription":"viii, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4215/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55292,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4215/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","city":"Fort Bragg","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.62890625,\n 34.79576153473033\n ],\n [\n -79.62890625,\n 36.09349937380574\n ],\n [\n -78.145751953125,\n 36.09349937380574\n ],\n [\n -78.145751953125,\n 34.79576153473033\n ],\n [\n -79.62890625,\n 34.79576153473033\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49efe4b07f02db5edbc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, T.R.","contributorId":99594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23759,"text":"ofr95282 - 1996 - Contamination of ground water, surface water, and soil, and evaluation of selected ground-water pumping alternatives in the Canal Creek area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-28T19:42:35.141759","indexId":"ofr95282","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-282","title":"Contamination of ground water, surface water, and soil, and evaluation of selected ground-water pumping alternatives in the Canal Creek area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","docAbstract":"Chemical manufacturing, munitions filling, and other military-support activities have resulted in the contamination of ground water, surface water, and soil in the Canal Creek area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Chlorinated volatile organic compounds, including 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and trichloroethylene, are widespread ground-water contaminants in two aquifers that are composed of unconsolidated sand and gravel. Distribution and fate of chlorinated organic compounds in the ground water has been affected by the movement and dissolution of solvents in their dense immiscible phase and by microbial degradation under anaerobic conditions. Detection of volatile organic contaminants in adjacent surface water indicates that shallow contaminated ground water discharges to surface water. Semivolatile organic compounds, especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are the most prevalent organic contaminants in soils. Various trace elements, such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and zinc, were found in elevated concentrations in ground water, surface water, and soil. Simulations with a ground-water-flow model and particle tracker postprocessor show that, without remedial pumpage, the contaminants will eventually migrate to Canal Creek and Gunpowder River. Simulations indicate that remedial pumpage of 2.0 million gallons per day from existing wells is needed to capture all particles originating in the contaminant plumes. Simulated pumpage from offsite wells screened in a lower confined aquifer does not affect the flow of contaminated ground water in the Canal Creek area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95282","usgsCitation":"Lorah, M.M., and Clark, J.S., 1996, Contamination of ground water, surface water, and soil, and evaluation of selected ground-water pumping alternatives in the Canal Creek area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-282, xvi, 318 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95282.","productDescription":"xvi, 318 p.","numberOfPages":"334","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":52990,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0282/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156353,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0282/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Aberdeen Proving Ground","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.317,\n 39.411\n ],\n [\n -76.317,\n 39.383\n ],\n [\n -76.267,\n 39.383\n ],\n [\n -76.267,\n 39.411\n ],\n [\n -76.317,\n 39.411\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696b5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorah, Michelle M. 0000-0002-9236-587X mmlorah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-587X","contributorId":1437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"Michelle","email":"mmlorah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Jeffrey S.","contributorId":85222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175834,"text":"70175834 - 1996 - Volatile organic compounds in surface water and ground water in parts of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, 1998-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:12:31","indexId":"70175834","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-16T12:30:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Volatile organic compounds in surface water and ground water in parts of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, 1998-94","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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Monitoring and sampling of stormwater runoff from seven drainage basins in Madison, Wis., was performed from April 1993 through November 1994 by the U.S. Geological Survey and the city of Madison to (1) characterize the quantity and quality of wet-weather discharge, (2) determine storm and annual loadings of selected constituents, and (3) characterize rainfall and runoff conditions. The seven basins were selected for monitoring rainfall and runoff on the basis of land-use characteristics, dry-weather flow conditions, and monitorability.
\nAs required by Section 402(P) of the Water Quality Control Act of 1987, stormwater-runoff samples collected during storms that met three criteria (rainfall depths 50 to 150 percent of average depth range, rainfall durations 50 to 150 percent of average duration, and antecedent dry-weather period of at least 72 hours) were analyzed for semivolatile organic chemicals, total metals, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, inorganic constituents, bacteria, oil and grease, pH, and water temperature. Two of the seven sites also had samples analyzed for volatile organic chemicals. In addition to the required sampling, additional runoff samples that did not necessarily meet the three rainfall criteria, were analyzed for total metals and inorganic constituents. Storm loads of selected constituents were computed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95733","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Waschbusch, R., 1996, Stormwater-runoff data, Madison, Wisconsin, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-733, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95733.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0733/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53812,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0733/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"Madison","otherGeospatial":"Lake Mendota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.53067779541016,\n 43.038532412654774\n ],\n [\n -89.53067779541016,\n 43.17463764270232\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 43.17463764270232\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 43.038532412654774\n ],\n [\n -89.53067779541016,\n 43.038532412654774\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1633","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waschbusch, R.J.","contributorId":107307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waschbusch","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019008,"text":"70019008 - 1996 - Temporal changes in VOC discharge to surface water from a fractured rock aquifer during well installation and operation, Greenville, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-29T17:04:56.485282","indexId":"70019008","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1864,"text":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal changes in VOC discharge to surface water from a fractured rock aquifer during well installation and operation, Greenville, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Analysis of the vapor in passive vapor samplers retrieved from a streambed in fractured rock terrain implied that volatile organic carbon (VOC) discharge from ground water to surface water substantially increased following installation of a contaminant recovery well using air rotary drilling. The air rotary technique forced air into the aquifer near the stream. The injection produced an upward hydraulic gradient that appears to have transported water and contaminants from deeper parts of the aquifer through fractures into shallow parts of the aquifer. Once in the shallow flow regime, the contamination was transported to the stream, where it discharged during the next several weeks following well installation. After the recovery well was activated and began continuously pumping contaminated ground water to a treatment facility, the VOC concentrations in the stream bottom passive vapor samplers decreased to below detectable concentrations, suggesting that the withdrawal had captured the contaminated ground water that previously had discharged to the stream.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1996.tb00150.x","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D., and Robertson, J., 1996, Temporal changes in VOC discharge to surface water from a fractured rock aquifer during well installation and operation, Greenville, South Carolina: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 16, no. 3, p. 196-201, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1996.tb00150.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"196","endPage":"201","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226400,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"Greenville","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.41845490856826,\n 34.87094793698718\n ],\n [\n -82.41845490856826,\n 34.83138739957376\n ],\n [\n -82.3707092381589,\n 34.83138739957376\n ],\n [\n -82.3707092381589,\n 34.87094793698718\n ],\n [\n -82.41845490856826,\n 34.87094793698718\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4fde4b08c986b320712","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, D.A.","contributorId":101691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, J. F.","contributorId":11194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24457,"text":"ofr95759 - 1996 - Water-quality data of stormwater runoff from Davenport, Iowa, 1992 and 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-16T15:03:49","indexId":"ofr95759","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-759","title":"Water-quality data of stormwater runoff from Davenport, Iowa, 1992 and 1994","docAbstract":"The Water Quality Act of 1987 required the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to regulate stormwater discharges under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System program, and guidelines for obtaining permits under this program were established for areas served by municipal separate storm sewer systems with populations greater than 100,000 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992a, 1992b). The City of Davenport, Iowa, and the U.S. Geological Survey cooperatively conducted a study designed to meet technical conditions of the permit application and to develop criteria for ongoing monitoring during the term of the permit.
\nDuring 1992 and 1994, stormwater runoff in Davenport, Iowa, was sampled from the following land use types: agricultural and vacant, residential, commercial, parks and wooded areas, and industrial. Grab samples collected within the first hour of the runoff event were analyzed for many constituents including volatile organic compounds. Flow-weighted composite samples, composed from discrete samples collected at 15-minute intervals during the first three hours of the event or until discharge returned to pre-event levels, also were analyzed for many constituents including major ions, nitrogen, phosphorus, metals, total organic carbon, acid/base-neutral organics, organochlorine pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","doi":"10.3133/ofr95759","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Davenport, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Schaap, B., and Einhellig, R., 1996, Water-quality data of stormwater runoff from Davenport, Iowa, 1992 and 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-759, iv, 46 p.: maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95759.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p.: maps; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0759/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53525,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0759/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","city":"Davenport","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.49507141113281,\n 41.51680395810118\n ],\n [\n -90.52047729492188,\n 41.52245918082221\n ],\n [\n -90.54039001464844,\n 41.52657175967683\n ],\n [\n -90.55755615234375,\n 41.52348735004112\n ],\n [\n -90.56991577148438,\n 41.51680395810118\n ],\n [\n -90.59326171875,\n 41.51166241770766\n ],\n [\n -90.60287475585938,\n 41.50240661583931\n ],\n [\n -90.60356140136719,\n 41.492120839687786\n ],\n [\n -90.63446044921875,\n 41.475660200278234\n ],\n [\n -90.64750671386719,\n 41.465884717221364\n ],\n [\n -90.65574645996094,\n 41.49983532494226\n ],\n [\n -90.71548461914062,\n 41.51166241770766\n ],\n [\n -90.7415771484375,\n 41.54044978347556\n ],\n [\n -90.72921752929686,\n 41.57898422585703\n ],\n [\n -90.670166015625,\n 41.58155237169248\n ],\n [\n -90.66879272460938,\n 41.6257084937525\n ],\n [\n -90.50193786621094,\n 41.625195224114876\n ],\n [\n -90.49507141113281,\n 41.51680395810118\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaap, B.D.","contributorId":56249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaap","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Einhellig, R.F.","contributorId":41032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Einhellig","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23311,"text":"ofr95763 - 1996 - Well-construction, water-level, and water-quality data for ground-water monitoring wells for the J4 hydrogeologic study, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:01","indexId":"ofr95763","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-763","title":"Well-construction, water-level, and water-quality data for ground-water monitoring wells for the J4 hydrogeologic study, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Between December 1993 and March 1994, 27 wells were installed at 12 sites near the J4 test cell at Arnold Engineering Development Center in Coffee County, Tennessee. The wells ranged from 28 to 289 feet deep and were installed to provide information on subsurface lithology, aquifer characteristics, ground-water levels, and ground-water quality. This information will be used to help understand the effects of dewatering operations at the J4 test cell on the local ground-water-flow system. The J4 test cell, extending approximately 250 feet below land surface, is used in the testing of rocket motors. Ground water must be pumped continuously from around the test cell to keep it structurally intact. The amount of water discharged from the J4 test cell was monitored to estimate the average rate of ground-water withdrawal at the J4 test cell. Ground- water levels were monitored continuously at 14 wells for 12 months. Water-quality samples were collected from 26 of the new wells, 9 existing wells, and the ground-water discharge from the J4 test cell. All samples were analyzed for common inorganic ions, trace metals, and volatile organic compounds.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;","doi":"10.3133/ofr95763","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Haugh, C., 1996, Well-construction, water-level, and water-quality data for ground-water monitoring wells for the J4 hydrogeologic study, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-763, iv, 81 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95763.","productDescription":"iv, 81 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1678,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr95763","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155133,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b4e4b07f02db532d2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haugh, C.J.","contributorId":24380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugh","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017820,"text":"70017820 - 1996 - Magmatic infiltration and melting in the lower crust and upper mantle beneath the Cima volcanic field, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-22T15:53:49.786719","indexId":"70017820","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magmatic infiltration and melting in the lower crust and upper mantle beneath the Cima volcanic field, California","docAbstract":"Xenoliths of lower crustal and upper mantle rocks from the Cima volcanic field (CVF) commonly contain glass pockets, veins, and planar trains of glass and/or fluid inclusions in primary minerals. Glass pockets occupy spaces formerly occupied by primary minerals of the host rocks, but there is a general lack of correspondence between the composition of the glass and that of the replaced primary minerals. The melting is considered to have been induced by infiltration of basaltic magma and differentiates of basaltic magma from complex conduits formed by hydraulic fracturing of the mantle and crustal rocks, and to have occurred during the episode of CVF magmatism between ∼7.5 Ma and present. Variable compositions of quenched melts resulted from mixing of introduced melts and products of melting of primary minerals, reaction with primary minerals, partial crystallization, and fractionation resulting from melt and volatile expulsion upon entrainment of the xenoliths. High silica melts ( >∼60% SiO2) may result by mixing introduced melts with siliceous melts produced by reaction of orthopyroxene. Other quenched melt compositions range from those comparable to the host basalts to those with intermediate Si compositions and elevated Al, alkalis, Ti, P, and S; groundmass compositions of CVF basalts are consistent with infiltration of fractionates of those basalts, but near-solidus melting may also contribute to formation of glass with intermediate silica contents with infiltration only of volatile constituents.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s004100050162","usgsCitation":"Wilshire, H.G., and McGuire, A.V., 1996, Magmatic infiltration and melting in the lower crust and upper mantle beneath the Cima volcanic field, California: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 123, no. 4, p. 358-374, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050162.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"358","endPage":"374","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228629,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cima volcanic field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.02550509321948,\n 35.32292533796851\n ],\n [\n -115.35991917480636,\n 35.46967873616198\n ],\n [\n -115.77162601234674,\n 35.388077102511104\n ],\n [\n -116.00900653128927,\n 35.29226619011037\n ],\n [\n -115.72340809443676,\n 35.04465122779344\n ],\n [\n -115.26719240959433,\n 35.15794019309148\n ],\n [\n -115.05453902804177,\n 35.22765587200068\n ],\n [\n -115.02550509321948,\n 35.32292533796851\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"123","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b48e4b0c8380cd69417","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, A. V. 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":50928,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018155,"text":"70018155 - 1996 - Shallow ground-water quality beneath a major urban center: Denver, Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T09:14:43","indexId":"70018155","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow ground-water quality beneath a major urban center: Denver, Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"A survey of the chemical quality of ground water in the unconsolidated alluvial aquifer beneath a major urban center (Denver, Colorado, USA) was performed in 1993 with the objective of characterizing the quality of shallow ground-water in the urban area and relating water quality to land use. Thirty randomly selected alluvial wells were each sampled once for a broad range of dissolved constituents. The urban land use at each well site was sub- classified into one of three land-use settings: residential, commercial, and industrial. Shallow ground-water quality was highly variable in the urban area and the variability could be related to these land-use setting classifications. Sulfate (SO4) was the predominant anion in most samples from the residential and commercial land-use settings, whereas bicarbonate (HCO3) was the predominant anion in samples from the industrial land-use setting, indicating a possible shift in redox conditions associated with land use. Only three of 30 samples had nitrate concentrations that exceeded the US national drinking-water standard of 10 mg l-1 as nitrogen, indicating that nitrate contamination of shallow ground water may not be a serious problem in this urban area. However, the highest median nitrate concentration (4.2 mg l-1) was in samples from the residential setting, where fertilizer application is assumed to be most intense. Twenty-seven of 30 samples had detectable pesticides and nine of 82 analyzed pesticide compounds were detected at low concentrations, indicating that pesticides are widely distributed in shallow ground water in this urban area. Although the highest median total pesticide concentration (0.17 ??g l-1) was in the commercial setting, the herbicides prometon and atrazine were found in each land-use setting. Similarly, 25 of 29 samples analyzed had detectable volatile organic compounds (VOCs) indicating these compounds are also widely distributed in this urban area. The total VOC concentrations in sampled wells ranged from nondetectable to 23 442 ??g l-1. Widespread detections and occasionally high concentrations point to VOCs as the major anthropogenic ground-water impact in this urban environment. Generally, the highest VOC concentrations occurred in samples from the industrial setting. The most frequently detected VOC was the gasoline additive methyl tertbutyl ether (MTBE, in 23 of 29 wells). Results from this study indicate that the quality of shallow ground water in major urban areas can be related to land-use settings. Moreover, some VOCs and pesticides may be widely distributed at low concentrations in shallow ground water throughout major urban areas. As a result, the differentiation between point and non-point sources for these compounds in urban areas may be difficult.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03031-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Bruce, B.W., and McMahon, P., 1996, Shallow ground-water quality beneath a major urban center: Denver, Colorado, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 186, no. 1-4, p. 129-151, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03031-4.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"151","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227323,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"186","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e27e4b08c986b318771","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bruce, B. W.","contributorId":19577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruce","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003051,"text":"1003051 - 1996 - A comparison of solids collected in sediment traps and automated water samplers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-22T11:04:47.570771","indexId":"1003051","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of solids collected in sediment traps and automated water samplers","docAbstract":"Sediment traps are being used in some pollution monitoring programs in the USA to sample suspended solids for contaminant analyses. This monitoring approach assumes that the characteristics of solids obtained in sediment traps are the same as those collected in whole-water sampling devices. We tested this assumption in the upper Mississippi River, based on the inorganic particle-size distribution (determined with a laser particle-analyzer) and volatile matter content of solids (a Surrogate for organic matter). Cylindrical sediment traps (aspect ratio 3) were attached to a rigid mooring device and deployed in a flowing side channel in Navigation Pool 7 of the upper Mississippi River. On each side of the mooring device, a trap was situated adjacent to a port of an autosampler that collected raw water samples hourly to form 2-d composite samples. Paired samples (one trap and one raw water, composite sample) were removed from each end of the mooring device at 2-d intervals during the 30-d study period and compared. The relative particle collection efficiency of paired samples did not vary temporally. Particle-size distributions of inorganic solids from sediment traps and water samples were not significantly different. The volatile matter content of solids was lesser in sediment traps (mean, 9.5%) than in corresponding water samples (mean, 22.7%). This bias may have been partly due to under-collection of phytoplankton (mainly cyanobacteria), which were abundant in the water column during the study. The poisoning of water samplers and sediment traps in the mooring device did not influence the particle-size distribution or total solids of samples. We observed a small difference in the amount of organic matter collected by water samplers situated at opposite ends of the mooring device.
We examined the temporal and vertical distribution of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and un-ionized ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in sediment pore water and compared the temporal patterns of TAN and NH3-N concentrations in overlying surface water with those in pore water. Pore water was obtained by core extraction and subsequent centrifugation. We measured TAN concentrations and calculated NH3-N concentrations from February through October 1993 at four sites in Pool 8, upper Mississippi River, at depths of 0 to 4, 4 to 8, and 8 to 12 cm below the sediment-water interface. Total ammonia nitrogen and NH3-N concentrations were significantly different among sampling dates (p = 0.0001) and sediment depths (p = 0.0001). Concentrations of TAN and NH3-N in surface water were significantly less than those in pore water from all sediment depths (p < 0.05). Concentrations in pore water ranged from 0.07 to 4.0 mg TAN/L and less than 1 to 20 μg NH3-N/L in winter, and from 0.07 to 10.0 mg TAN/L and 1 to 175 μg NH3-N/L in summer; greatest concentrations were usually found in sediments 8 to 12 cm deep. Annual mean TAN concentrations were positively correlated with silt and volatile solids content and were negatively correlated with sand content. Because of the high variability of TAN and NH3-N concentrations in pore water, sediment toxicity studies should take into account the season and the depth at which sediments are obtained. The annual mean NH3-N concentration in pore water at one site (55 μg/L) exceeded the concentration (30 μg/L) demonstrated to inhibit growth of fingernail clams in laboratory studies. However, these concentrations apparently were not lethal, as evidenced by the presence of fingernail clams at this site.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620150204","usgsCitation":"Frazier, B.E., Naimo, T.J., and Sandheinrich, M.B., 1996, Temporal and vertical distribution of total ammonia nitrogen and un-ionized ammonia nitrogen in sediment pore water from the upper Mississippi River: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 15, no. 2, p. 92-99, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150204.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"92","endPage":"99","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c4dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frazier, Bradley E.","contributorId":91456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frazier","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naimo, Teresa J.","contributorId":8039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naimo","given":"Teresa","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sandheinrich, Mark B.","contributorId":86736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandheinrich","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018953,"text":"70018953 - 1996 - Volatile emissions from the crater and flank of Oldoinyo Lengai volcano, Tanzania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-12T17:56:54.898029","indexId":"70018953","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatile emissions from the crater and flank of Oldoinyo Lengai volcano, Tanzania","docAbstract":"As a comparison to airborne infrared (IR) flux measurements, ground-based sampling of fumarole and soil gases was used to characterize the quiescent degassing of CO2 from Oldoinyo Lengai volcano. Aerial and ground-based measurements are in good agreement: ∼75% of the aerially measured CO2 flux at Lengai (0.05–0.06 × 1012 mol yr−1 or 6000–7200 tonnes CO2 d−1) can be attributed to seven large crater vents. In contrast to Etna and Vulcano Island, where 15–50% of the total CO2 flux emanates diffusely through the volcanic flanks, diffuse emissions were measured only within 500 m of the crater rim at Lengai, contributing <2% of the total flux. The lack of extensive flank emissions may reflect the dimensions of the magma chamber and/or the lack of a shallow fluid flow system. Thermodynamic restoration of fumarole analyses shows that gases are the most CO2-rich and H2O-poor reported for any volcano, containing 64–74% CO2, 24–34% H2O, 0.88–1.0% H2, 0.1–0.4% CO and <0.1% H2S, HCl, HF, and CH4. Volatile emissions of S, Cl, and F at Oldoiyno Lengai are estimated as 4.5, 1.5, and 1.0 × 107 mol yr−1, respectively. Accuracy of the airborne technique was also assessed by measuring the C emission rate from a coal-burning power plant. CO2 fluxes were measured within ±10% near the plant; however, poor resolution at increased distances caused an underestimation of the flux by a factor of 2. The relatively large CO2 fluxes measured for alkaline volcanoes such as Oldoinyo Lengai or Etna may indicate that midplate volcanoes represent a large, yet relatively unknown, natural source of CO2.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.1029/96JB00173","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Koepenick, K., Brantley, S., Thompson, J., Rowe, G., Nyblade, A., and Moshy, C., 1996, Volatile emissions from the crater and flank of Oldoinyo Lengai volcano, Tanzania: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 6, p. 13819-13830, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00173.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"13819","endPage":"13830","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226897,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-06-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2bfe4b08c986b32ad33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koepenick, K.W.","contributorId":98052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koepenick","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brantley, S.L.","contributorId":71676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brantley","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, J. M.","contributorId":77142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rowe, G.L.","contributorId":23978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"G.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nyblade, A.A.","contributorId":75703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nyblade","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moshy, C.","contributorId":92441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moshy","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}